Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
6
8
9
~
6
95
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
6
8
9
-
6
95
689
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Impact o
f cluste
ring in
AODV
ro
utin
g protocol f
or wir
eless
body are
a netw
ork in
re
m
ote healt
h monito
ring syst
em
Wan Aid
a N
adi
a
W
an A
bd
ull
ah
1
, N
aima
h Ya
akob
2
, R.
Bad
li
sh
ah
Ahm
ad
3
,
Moham
ed El
s
ha
ikh
El
obaid
4
, S
iti
Asilah
Yah
5
1
,2,4,5
ENAC,
Sch
ool
of
Com
pute
r
and
Com
m
unicati
on
Engi
n
ee
r
in
g
(SCC
E),
Univ
e
rsiti Mal
a
y
si
a
P
erl
is (
UniMA
P),
Perli
s,
Ma
lay
si
a
3
Facul
t
y
of
Infor
m
at
ic
s a
nd
Com
puti
ng,
Univer
sit
i
Sulta
n
Z
ai
n
al
Abidin
(UniS
ZA
),
Kual
a Te
r
engg
anu,
Ma
lay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
3
, 2
018
Re
vised
Oct
2
9
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Nov
2
8
, 201
8
Proper
sel
ection
of
rout
ing
protocol
in
tra
nsm
it
ti
n
g
and
r
ec
e
ivi
ng
m
edi
ca
l
d
ata
in
W
ireless
Bod
y
Ar
ea
Ne
twork
(W
BAN
)
is
one
of
th
e
appr
oa
ches
tha
t
woul
d
hel
p
in
ensuri
ng
high
net
wo
rk
per
form
anc
e
s.
How
eve
r,
a
cont
inuous
m
onit
oring
of
h
ea
l
th
stat
us
thro
ugh
sensing
of
var
ious
vital
bo
d
y
sign
al
s
b
y
m
ult
ipl
e
b
iosensors
coul
d
produ
ce
a
bulk
o
f
m
edi
c
al
d
at
a
and
le
ad
to
t
h
e
inc
re
ase
of
net
w
ork
tr
aff
i
c.
Oc
cu
rre
nce
of
h
igh
traffic
cou
ld
result
t
o
ne
twork’s
conge
stion
whi
c
h
have
h
igh
t
end
ency
to
loss som
e
of
import
ant
(
c
rit
ical)
data
and
ca
use
longe
r
del
a
y
tha
t
woul
d
le
ad to
fal
se
d
i
agnosis
of
disea
s
es.
In
orde
r
to
an
aly
z
e
an
d
val
id
at
e
thi
s
issue,
Ad
-
Hoc
On
Dem
and
Dista
nce
Ve
ct
o
r
(AO
DV
)
which
is
known
as
rea
c
ti
ve
rout
ing
prot
ocol
is
ev
al
ua
te
d
in
W
BAN
sce
nar
io
throug
h
var
y
i
ng
num
ber
of
nod
es
and
c
luste
rs.
The
p
rese
nce
of
cl
uster
ing
h
el
ps
in
r
educ
ing
the
burde
n
of
the
sink
nod
es
in
h
a
ndli
ng
high
tra
ffi
cs.
The
ne
t
work’s
per
form
anc
es
of
th
is
prot
ocol
are
m
ea
sure
d
in
te
rm
s
o
f
end
to
end
de
lay,
p
ercent
ag
e
pa
c
ket
loss,
through
put
and
ene
rg
y
c
onsum
pti
on
using
Network
Sim
ula
tor
(NS
-
2).
Based
on
th
e
exp
eri
m
ent
a
l
result
s,
th
e
pre
senc
e
of
c
luste
r
hel
ps
in
imp
roving
n
et
work
per
form
anc
es
b
y
a
chi
ev
ing
red
uction
in
de
lay
,
pac
k
et
loss
and
ene
rg
y
co
nsum
pti
on.
How
eve
r,
low
throughput
is
a
c
hie
ved
as
num
ber
of
cl
usters
ar
e
i
ncr
ea
se
du
e
to
lo
w
dut
y
c
y
c
l
e
of
the node
s.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
AOD
V
Cl
us
te
rin
g
RHMS
Rou
ti
ng
WBA
N
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Wan Ai
da Nad
ia
W
an
Ab
du
ll
ah,
ENA
C
, S
c
hool
of Com
pu
te
r
a
nd Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
E
nginee
ring (
SCC
E
),
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s (U
niMAP
),
02600 A
ra
u,
P
erli
s,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: ai
dan
ad
ia
@stud
e
ntm
ail.u
nim
ap.
ed
u.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
W
i
reless
B
od
y
Ar
ea
Net
w
ork
(
W
B
A
N)
te
ch
no
l
og
y
i
s
sp
eci
fical
ly
ge
ner
at
e
d
for
healt
hcare
app
li
cat
io
n.
Th
is
te
ch
no
l
og
y
c
om
pr
ise
s
of
ti
ny
an
d
m
ulti
ple
bio
se
nsors
wh
i
ch
ha
ve
high
a
bili
ty
to
co
ntin
uous
ly
sense
a
nd
sa
m
ple
m
edical
data
befor
e
transm
itti
ng
t
hem
to
t
he
m
edical
per
s
onnel
t
hro
ugh
In
te
r
net
connecti
on
[
1]
.
These
bi
os
e
nsors
ca
n
be
wea
rab
le
on
the
ga
rm
ents
or
body
as
well
as
can
be
im
planted
in
the
hu
m
an
body
as
in
[2
-
3]
.
I
n
ad
diti
on
,
this
te
chnolo
gy
has
be
en
pro
gr
esse
d
as
one
of
the
I
nt
ern
et
of
T
hing
s
(
Io
T
)
app
li
cat
io
ns
as
m
entioned
i
n
[4
-
5]
.
Althou
gh
this
te
ch
no
l
ogy
is
a
su
bse
t
of
W
i
reless
Se
ns
or
Netw
ork
(
WSN),
there
a
re
sti
ll
so
m
e
m
ajo
r
dif
f
eren
ces
e
xisti
ng
i
n
bo
t
h
te
c
hnologies.
As
WB
A
N
te
ch
no
l
ogy
is
w
idely
a
pp
li
ed
in
m
edical
app
l
ic
at
ion
nam
ely
Rem
ote
Healt
h
Mo
nitor
i
ng
Sy
stem
(RHMS),
the
m
edical
data
ge
nerat
ed
c
a
n
be
div
ide
d
int
o
3
kinds
of
t
raffic
s
w
hic
h
a
re
on
-
dem
and
,
em
erg
ency
or
crit
ic
al
data
an
d
nor
m
al
[6]
.
Ge
nerat
ion
of
var
i
ou
s
ty
pe
of
m
edical
data
f
ro
m
dif
fer
e
nt
bi
os
ens
ors
w
ou
l
d
le
a
d
t
o
c
onge
sti
on
.
Co
ngest
ion
in
netw
ork
woul
d
neg
at
ively
a
ff
e
ct
the
syst
em
’s
pe
rfor
m
ance
s
uch
as
delay
a
nd
pac
ket
lo
ss.
Acc
ordin
g
t
o
[7
-
9]
,
lo
nger
de
la
y
in
trans
ferrin
g
th
e
m
edical
data
as
well
as
the
loss
of
t
hese
crit
ic
al
data
ar
e
not
enc
oura
ge
in
W
B
A
N
as
it
will
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
6
89
–
6
95
690
cause
la
te
i
n
m
edical
ser
vice
a
nd
w
r
ong
i
n
diagnosi
ng
disea
ses
w
hich
c
ou
l
d
br
i
ng
se
ver
e
i
m
pact
to
the
pa
ti
ent,
thu
s
inc
rease
m
or
ta
lity
. He
nc
e,
t
his
pro
blem
sh
ou
l
d
be
a
voide
d
thr
ough
pro
per
sel
ect
io
n
of
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ol
i
n
WBA
N durin
g sen
ding a
nd r
e
cei
vin
g b
ul
k of m
e
dical
d
at
a.
The
sam
e
con
c
ept
of
r
outi
ng
protoc
ol
in
cl
a
ssic
W
S
N
wh
i
ch
is
known
a
s
ad
-
hoc
netw
ork
c
ou
l
d
be
us
e
d
in
W
B
A
N
in
order
t
o
s
et
u
p
the c
onne
ct
ion
b
et
wee
n
var
i
ou
s
de
vices su
c
h
as act
ua
tors,
se
nsor
s,
r
ecei
ve
r
s
and
tra
ns
cei
ve
rs
[7]
[
10]
.
In
[
11
]
,
a
d
-
ho
c
ne
twork
re
fers
t
o
t
he
i
nterc
onnecti
on
of
se
ve
ral
nodes
via
r
oute
r
without
a
fi
xe
d
str
uctu
re
an
d
poses
dyna
m
ic
arr
an
gem
e
nt.
T
her
e
a
re
2
ty
pes
of
cl
a
ssific
at
ion
s
in
routin
g
protoc
ol
w
hic
h
are
reacti
ve
(on
-
dem
and
)
and
p
ro
act
ive
(table
-
dr
i
ven)
as
sta
te
d
in
[10]
.
Th
e
well
-
know
n
reacti
ve
proto
c
ol
is
A
d
-
H
oc
On
-
Dem
and
D
ist
ance
Vector
(
AOD
V)
an
d
proacti
ve
is
D
est
inati
on
Se
quence
Dista
nce
Vect
or
(
DS
D
V
).
In
reacti
ve
r
outi
ng
protoc
ol,
dis
cov
e
ry
of
rout
e
only
ha
pp
e
ns
base
d
on
the
dem
and
of
a
node
in
order
to
se
nd
an
d
receive
the
da
ta
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
AODV
us
es
f
loodin
g
m
echan
ism
du
ri
ng
fi
ndi
ng
the
r
ou
te
a
nd
m
essage
pro
pa
gation.
On
t
he
con
t
rar
y,
c
onti
nuous
route
be
tween
pair
of
node
s
is
m
ai
ntain
ed
i
n
proacti
ve
r
ou
ti
ng
pr
oto
c
ol.
Si
nce
WB
A
N
w
orks
be
st
in
lo
w
dat
a
rate
of
25
0kbps
i
n
IEEE
802.1
5.4
(Zig
be
e)
as
discusse
d
in
[12
-
13]
,
A
O
DV
protoc
ol
has
be
en
c
hosen
in
this
researc
h
t
o
be
te
ste
d
sinc
e
it
is
s
uitable
in
this
en
vi
ronm
ent
[14]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
since
AOD
V
us
es
flo
odin
g
te
chn
i
qu
e
as
m
entioned
ear
li
er,
there
is
a
high
po
s
sibil
it
y
of
ne
twork
c
ongest
ion
would
a
rise
du
e
t
o
la
r
ge
nu
m
ber
of
bi
os
e
nsors
i
nvol
ve
in
WB
A
N.
In
a
dd
it
ion
,
these
sen
sors
c
ou
l
d ge
ne
rate
f
ro
m
low t
o
high
traf
fic
of
var
i
ou
s
m
edical
data.
Hen
ce
,
pr
es
ence
of
cl
ust
ering
i
n
AOD
V w
ou
l
d
assist
in
i
m
pr
ovin
g net
work
pe
rfor
m
ances
of
W
B
A
N by
al
le
viati
ng
the
bu
rd
e
n o
f t
he si
nk
no
de
wh
e
n recei
vi
ng and
pr
ocessi
ng the
se
data.
The
m
ajo
r
c
on
cern
of
this
pa
per
is
t
o
in
vest
igate
the
im
pa
ct
of
cl
ust
erin
g
in
A
ODV
pro
tocol
to
t
he
netw
ork
perfor
m
ance
of
WB
A
N
i
n
te
rm
s
of
end
t
o
en
d
del
ay
,
per
ce
ntage
pack
et
l
os
s,
t
hroug
hput
an
d
e
nergy
consum
ption
.
The
af
or
em
entione
d
m
et
rics
are
m
easur
ed
by
var
yi
ng
the
nu
m
ber
of
nodes
and
nu
m
ber
of
cl
us
te
rs
in
the
sim
ulati
on.
The
rem
ain
de
r
of
this
pa
per
is
str
uctu
re
d
as
f
ollows.
S
ect
ion
2
delive
rs
co
nce
pt
of
AOD
V
protoc
ol
an
d
re
views c
urre
nt
r
esearch
on
AODV
i
n
W
B
A
N.
Sect
ion
3 el
a
bora
te
s
on
m
et
h
od
i
n c
onduct
ing
t
he
si
m
ulati
on
.
Se
ct
ion
4
analy
se
s
an
d
disc
us
se
s
the
sig
nifica
nt
fi
nd
i
ngs
fro
m
colle
ction
of
se
ver
al
pe
rfo
rm
ance
m
et
rics fr
om
this sim
ulati
on
. Sec
ti
on
5
c
onc
lud
es
the
pa
per an
d pro
vid
es
f
uture
works.
2.
LIT
ERATUR
E REVIE
W
This
sect
io
n
hi
gh
li
ghts
t
he
c
oncept
of
Ad
-
H
oc
On
Dem
and
Dista
nce
Ve
ct
or
(AO
DV)
protoc
ol
a
nd
rev
ie
ws
si
gn
ifi
cant existi
ng
re
searche
s
on AODV es
pecial
ly
in W
B
A
N.
2
.
1.
G
e
neral
Concept
of
A
d
-
H
oc On
De
man
d
D
is
tanc
e V
ec
to
r
(AO
DV) p
r
otoc
ol
Ad
-
H
oc
O
n
De
m
and
Dista
nce
Vecto
r
(
AOD
V)
protoc
ol
is
m
ai
nly
us
ed
in
well
-
kn
own
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
of
ad
-
hoc
wireles
s
netw
orks
s
uc
h
as
in
Mo
bile
Ad
-
H
oc
Netw
ork
(MA
NET
)
and
Wireless
Se
ns
or
Netw
ork
(
WSN
)
as
in
[
15
-
16]
.
T
his
prot
oco
l
use
s
co
ncep
t
of
broa
dcast
du
rin
g
route
disc
ov
e
r
y
and
un
ic
ast
i
n
r
ou
te
rep
ly
m
essage
[17]
.
T
he
te
r
m
br
oad
cast
r
efers
t
o
the
tr
ansm
issi
on
of
data
to
t
he
m
ul
ti
ple
recipients
at
the
sa
m
e
tim
e.
Conver
sel
y, un
ic
ast
d
efin
es se
nd
i
ng the
data
from
o
ne
s
ourc
e to
on
e
d
e
sti
n
at
ion
.
Pr
eci
sel
y,
AODV
is
a
reacti
ve
routin
g
prot
oco
l
w
hich
operates
wh
e
n
an
y
node
(
source
)
inte
nds
t
o
sen
d
data
by
form
ing
a
Rou
te
Re
qu
est
m
essage
or
te
rm
ed
as
RR
EQ
to
fi
nd
al
l
the
pote
nt
ia
l
ro
utes
to
a
rri
ve
at
the
de
sti
nation
[
18
]
.
RR
E
Q
pack
et
co
ntain
s
net
work
a
ddress
of
the
sou
rce
a
nd
de
sti
na
ti
on
node
,
se
qu
e
nc
e
nu
m
ber
of s
our
ce an
d desti
nat
ion
a
nd
un
i
qu
e
iden
ti
ficat
io
n kno
wn as
requ
est
I
D
as
de
picte
d
in
Fig
ur
e
1.
Figure
1. F
or
m
at
o
f
RR
EQ pa
cket
On
ce
t
he
RR
EQ
pac
ket
is
re
cei
ved
,
neig
hb
or
i
ng
nodes
wi
ll
check
w
heth
er
the
data
is
i
nten
ded
f
or
them
or
not.
If
ye
s,
the
Ro
uting
Re
spo
ns
e
or
kn
own
as
R
REP
will
be
de
li
ver
ed
to
t
he
source
no
de.
Af
te
r
receivin
g
RR
E
P
m
essage,
a
r
ou
te
f
ro
m
sou
r
ce
to
destinat
io
n
node
w
ou
l
d
be
e
sta
blishe
d.
Othe
rw
ise
,
th
e
RR
EQ
would
be
f
orwarde
d
agai
n
to
the
inte
nde
d
node
(d
est
in
at
ion
)
by
cr
eat
ing
a
RE
PL
Y
m
essage
that
co
ns
ist
increm
ent
nu
m
ber
of
hops
to
the
destinat
io
n
[10
-
11]
.
I
f
the
re
is
any
li
nk
i
s
bro
ken
or
the
destinat
io
n
no
de
is
no
t
act
ive
, t
he
route
re
quest
error
(RRER
) m
essage
would
be
receive
d.
T
he
form
at
of
RR
EQ
pack
et
in
AOD
V
is r
eflect
ed
in Fi
gure
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Impact
o
f cl
us
te
ring i
n a
od
v
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ol
for
wi
rel
ess
body
area…
(
W
an Aid
a
N
ad
i
a Wa
n
A
bdulla
h
)
691
Figure
2. F
or
m
at
o
f
RR
EP
pa
cket
In
sho
rt,
this
protoc
ol
is
e
ne
rg
y
-
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
since
it
in
voke
s
only
w
he
n
r
ecei
vin
g
re
que
st
m
essage
durin
g
f
orward
ing
pac
ket
an
d
util
iz
ing
sm
all
ba
ndwidt
h
ba
sed
on
[
19
]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
lo
ng
e
r
delay
m
igh
t
oc
cur
since
no
t al
l
of the
nodes
coul
d qu
ic
kly pe
rfo
rm
the r
oute
disco
ver
y
proces
s.
2
.
2.
E
xistin
g
r
esearches
on
AODV
in WB
A
N
Seve
ral
resea
r
ches
hav
e
bee
n
car
ried
out
in
eval
uati
ng
the
pe
rfo
rm
ances
of
A
ODV
protoc
ol
with
diff
e
re
nt
num
ber
of
no
des
in
[
11
]
,
[20]
.
T
he
perform
ance
of
dep
l
oym
ent
mu
lt
iple
m
ob
il
e
sink
nodes
is
a
na
ly
zed
in
[14]
.
This
work
is
inten
de
d
f
or
WSN
a
nd
m
anag
e
to
con
cl
ud
e
t
hat
us
in
g
m
ulti
ple
m
ob
il
e
sin
k
node
s
has
achieve
d red
uc
ti
on
in
d
el
ay
.
Howe
ver,
us
in
g
m
ul
ti
ple sink nod
e
s c
ou
l
d
in
crease the
e
nergy co
nsum
ption
.
Anothe
r
perfor
m
ance
of
m
ob
il
it
y
in
AO
D
V
for
WSN
is
re
f
le
ct
ed
in
[
18]
.
This
pap
e
r
has
disco
ve
red
that
rand
om
based
m
ob
il
it
y
has
e
ff
ect
on
the
perform
ances
of
pac
ket
de
li
ver
y
rati
o
(
PD
R)
,
th
rou
ghpu
t
a
nd
la
te
ncy.
Although
s
peed
of
t
he
node
s
is
vari
ed
from
1m
/s
to
20
m
/s,
a
st
eady
in
crem
ent
rea
ding
of
P
DR
a
nd
thr
oughput
a
re
recorde
d.
Me
a
nwhile
,
decr
e
m
ent
in
la
te
ncy
in
data
tra
ns
m
issi
on
is
al
so
noti
fied.
But,
thi
s
stu
dy
do
e
s
no
t
c
over
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
e
nergy
c
on
s
um
ption
w
hich
is
one
of
the
m
easur
em
e
nts
that
nee
d
t
o
be
consi
der
e
d
a
s
nodes
in WS
N i
s known as
ba
tt
ery
-
op
e
rated
.
Anothe
r
c
rite
rion
in
m
easur
in
g
perform
anc
e
of
A
O
DV
pr
ot
oco
l
s
pecifica
l
ly
fo
r
W
B
A
N
is
analy
zed
unde
r
dif
fer
e
nt
transm
issi
on
r
at
e
(100
a
nd
250
kbps)
a
nd
pa
cket
siz
e
(32,
64
a
nd
12
8
By
te
s)
by
[
10
]
a
nd
has
su
ccess
fu
ll
y
c
oncl
uded
t
hat
A
ODV
r
outi
ng
prot
oco
l
is
fitt
ed
f
or
data
tran
s
m
issi
on
of
hu
m
an
body
by
a
tt
ai
nin
g
low delay
and
pack
et
l
os
s
rat
e com
par
ed
to DS
DV r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ol.
Ba
sed
on
the
a
forem
entioned
rev
ie
w
of
pr
e
vi
ou
s
w
orks,
it
cou
l
d
be
no
ti
f
i
ed
that
not
m
uch
work
ha
s
been
don
e o
n
c
lusterin
g
in
A
ODV
f
or
W
B
A
N
.
Alth
ough W
B
A
N
is
a
subset
of W
S
N
but
it
diff
er
s
fro
m
W
S
N
as
it
po
ses
stri
ct
req
ui
rem
ent
s
in
te
rm
s
of
low
data
rate,
l
ow
la
te
ncy
in
tr
ansf
e
rr
i
ng
t
he
data
an
d
hi
gh
s
ecur
it
y
com
par
ed
to
WSN
[7
-
8]
.
In
ad
diti
on,
it
co
uld
be
sim
ply
con
cl
ud
e
d
that
the
m
ajo
r
c
onsiderati
on
in
a
naly
zi
ng
the
perform
ance
of
WB
A
N
ar
e
delay
a
n
d
pac
ket
los
s
si
nce
t
hese
t
wo
par
a
m
et
ers
ha
ve
si
gn
i
ficant
e
ff
ect
s
du
rin
g
the pr
ocess of
analy
zi
ng
t
he
c
ollec
te
d
m
edical
d
at
a f
ro
m
conti
nuous m
on
it
or
i
ng of
healt
h st
at
us
of
patie
nt
s.
As
disc
us
se
d
i
n
Sect
ion
1,
A
ODV
us
e
s
flo
od
i
ng
te
ch
niqu
e
in
deali
ng
w
it
h
t
ra
ns
m
issi
o
n
of
bu
l
k
of
m
edical
data
f
ro
m
m
ulti
ple
bio
se
nsors
t
o
s
earch
t
he
r
oute
for
se
nd
i
ng
t
he
data
t
o
the
intende
d
destinat
ion.
Ba
sed
on
t
his
f
act
,
it
m
ay
be
po
s
sible
t
hat
th
e
prese
nce
of
s
ever
al
cl
us
te
r
s
would
le
sse
n
t
he
bur
de
n
of
th
e
si
nk
node
in
pr
oc
es
sing
a
nd
re
cei
ving
a
bu
l
k
of
m
edical
data.
This
w
ou
l
d
dir
ect
ly
reduce
t
he
cha
nce
of
ne
twor
k
congesti
on.
High
perform
ance
of
A
O
DV
protoc
ol
i
n
WB
A
N
a
re
m
easu
red
in
te
rm
s
of
reducin
g
delay
an
d
pack
et
l
os
s.
A
l
so
, t
his
would
ens
ur
e
high
dat
a reli
abili
ty
o
f t
h
e syst
em
.
3.
METHO
DOL
OGY
In
this
pa
per,
t
he
perf
or
m
ance
of
A
ODV
pr
oto
c
ol
(
with
ou
t
any
m
od
ific
a
ti
on
)
with
the
pr
ese
nce
of
cl
us
te
r
is
asse
ssed
in
W
B
A
N
sce
na
rio
usi
ng
Net
wor
k
Si
m
ulator
(NS
-
2)
with
integ
rati
on
of
Ma
nnasi
m
fr
am
ewo
r
k. Th
e sim
ulatio
n
e
nvir
on
m
ent
us
in
g
cl
ust
erin
g
i
n AOD
V of
WB
A
N
is il
lustrate
d
in
Fig
ure
3.
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
C
L
U
S
T
E
R
2
C
L
U
S
T
E
R
1
S
I
NK
NODE
Figure
3. Sim
ulati
on
en
vir
on
m
ent
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
6
89
–
6
95
692
Accor
ding
to
[
21
-
2
2]
,
a
s
uitable
pa
cket
siz
e
of
ti
m
e
-
crit
ic
a
l
app
li
cat
io
n
s
hould
li
es
with
in
30
to
60
byte
s.
T
his
is
because
bigge
r
pac
ket
siz
e
w
ou
l
d
i
ncr
eas
e
t
he
c
ha
nces
of
error
pack
et
an
d
l
onge
r
delay
durin
g
sen
ding
the
dat
a.
He
nce,
a
pac
ket
siz
e
of
30
by
te
s
is
cho
se
n
t
o
be
te
ste
d.
Th
e
perf
or
m
ances
of
A
ODV
prot
ocol
is
evaluate
d
in
te
rm
s
of
en
d
t
o
e
nd
delay
,
pe
rcen
ta
ge
pa
ck
et
loss,
th
r
oughput
a
nd
e
ne
rgy
con
s
um
ption
unde
r
diff
e
re
nt
num
ber
of
nodes
w
hi
ch
ra
ng
i
ng
f
rom
10
to
50
a
nd
nu
m
ber
of
cl
ust
ers
f
ro
m
0
to
2
wit
h
20
0m
x2
00
m
area
of
de
plo
y
m
ent. Th
e
d
et
a
il
s o
f pa
ram
et
e
rs
set
ti
ng in
thi
s sim
ulatio
n
a
r
e tabu
la
te
d
as i
n
Ta
ble
1.
Table
1.
Sett
ing
s
of Para
m
et
e
rs of
WB
AN
Para
m
eters
Valu
e
Pack
et size
30B
Qu
eu
e L
en
g
th
50
Data Rate
2
5
0
kbps
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Nod
es
1
0
to 5
0
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Clu
ster
s
0
to 2
Area
of
Deplo
y
m
e
n
t
2
0
0
m
x 2
0
0
m
4.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
This
sect
ion
e
m
ph
asi
zes
on
ou
t
pu
t
a
naly
sis
f
r
om
the
si
m
ula
ti
on
i
n
te
rm
s
of
en
d
to
en
d
delay
,
per
ce
ntage
of
pack
et
lo
ss,
thr
oughput
an
d
ene
r
gy
co
nsum
ption
base
d
on
A
ODV
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ol
with
cl
us
te
rin
g
i
n WB
A
N.
4
.
1.
E
nd
to E
nd Del
ay
En
d t
o
e
nd
delay
ref
le
ct
s
t
he t
i
m
e
ta
ken
f
or
da
ta
transm
issi
on
from
so
urce
to
destinat
io
n.
As
de
picte
d
in
Fig
ur
e
4,
t
he
re
is
a
ra
pid
inc
rem
ent
in
delay
wh
e
n
the
num
ber
of
no
des
are
incre
ase
d
.
But,
as
s
oon
as
cl
us
te
rs
are int
rod
uced,
ther
e
is a
sig
ni
ficant
reducti
on i
n delay
co
m
par
e
d
t
o n
o
cl
ust
er.
T
his
has
prove
n
that
the
us
e
of
cl
us
te
r
can
reduce
the
burd
e
n
of
the
si
nk
no
de
w
hich
le
sse
n
the
ris
k
of
c
onge
sti
on.
Re
du
ct
ion
in
delay
would
le
ad
to
highe
r e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of da
ta
tran
sm
issi
on
a
nd r
ece
ptio
n partic
ula
rly
dea
li
ng
with c
riti
cal
p
ackets.
Figure
4
.
Grap
h
of
en
d
t
o
e
nd d
el
ay
v
e
rs
us
num
ber
of
node
s and cl
us
te
rs
4
.
2.
P
erce
nta
ge
P
acke
t
L
oss
Perce
ntage
pa
cket
los
s
si
gn
i
fies
num
ber
of
los
s
pack
et
d
uri
ng
data
tr
ansm
issi
on
an
d
receptio
n.
Re
fer
ri
ng
to
Fi
gure
5,
highest
rate
of
pe
rce
nt
age
pac
ket
los
s
is
recor
ded
wh
e
n
th
ere
is
abse
nce
of
cl
ust
er
is
pr
ese
nted
as
num
ber
of
no
de
s
inc
rease.
H
oweve
r,
the
re
is
a
si
gn
ific
a
nt
diff
e
re
nce
i
n
l
os
s
of
pac
kets
w
he
n
n
um
ber
of
no
de
s
inc
rease
d
to
50
nodes
to
ge
ther
with
t
he
presence
of
2
cl
us
te
rs
.
With
th
is
hu
ge
dif
fer
e
nce
i
n
pack
et
loss
,
the
re
is
l
ow
possi
bi
li
t
y
of
c
onge
sti
on
occ
urre
nce
in
this
sim
ulati
on.
L
ow
c
onge
sti
on
br
i
ngs
posit
ive
i
m
pact
to
the
ne
twork
pe
rform
ances
in
te
r
m
s
of
decr
em
ent
in
l
os
s
of
pa
ckets.
T
o
be
e
xact,
the
ris
k
of
losi
ng
crit
ic
al
m
edical
is
re
duced
w
hich
w
ould
le
ad
t
o
rig
ht
diag
no
si
ng
a
nd
pro
vid
e
quic
k
m
e
dical
treat
m
ent
to
t
he
patie
nts.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Impact
o
f cl
us
te
ring i
n a
od
v
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ol
for
wi
rel
ess
body
area…
(
W
an Aid
a
N
ad
i
a Wa
n
A
bdulla
h
)
693
Figure
5
.
Per
ce
ntage
pac
ket lo
ss v
e
rs
us
nu
m
ber
of
node
s a
nd
cl
us
te
rs
4
.
3
.
T
hr
ough
put
Thro
ughput
de
fines
the
s
ucce
ssfu
l
delivery
of
t
he
t
otal
nu
m
ber
of
bits
in
a
certai
n
pe
rio
d
of
ti
m
e.
Fr
om
Figure
6,
high
th
rou
ghput
is
noti
fied
as
th
e
num
ber
of
node
s
a
re
i
ncr
e
ased.
Howe
ver,
as
the
cl
us
te
rs
a
re
introd
uced,
t
he
val
ue
of
thr
ou
ghput
is
sli
ghtl
y
dec
rease
d
c
om
par
ed
to
whe
n
t
her
e
is
no
presence
of
cl
ust
er.
The
or
et
ic
al
ly
,
the
value
of
t
he
thr
oughput
s
hould
be
hi
gh
e
r
a
s
num
ber
of
pa
cket
loss
are
re
du
ce
d.
T
his
prob
le
m
arises
due
to
s
et
ti
ng
up
of
lo
w
duty
cy
cl
e
i
n
the
nod
e.
In
gen
e
ral,
du
ty
c
yc
le
ref
le
ct
s
the
rati
o
of
act
iv
e
per
i
od
and
f
ull
act
ive
pe
rio
d
of
a
node
.
T
he
no
de
s
will
be
i
n
ac
ti
ve
pe
rio
d
on
ce
any
act
ivit
y
or
e
ve
nt
is
de
te
ct
ed.
Othe
rw
ise
,
the
nodes
will
be
in
l
onge
r
sle
e
pi
ng
m
od
e.
D
ue
to
t
his
reas
on,
only
fe
w
no
des
are
a
vaila
ble
t
o
r
oute
the
data
in
lo
w
du
ty
cy
cl
e
en
vir
on
m
ent.
Althou
gh
l
onge
r
s
le
eping
m
od
e
prom
otes
to
en
erg
y
sa
ving
bu
t
as
a
trade
-
off, t
he p
erfor
m
ance of
thr
oughput i
s
de
creased
.
Figure
6
.
Thr
ough
pu
t
ve
rsus
nu
m
ber
of no
de
s and cl
us
te
rs
4
.
4
.
Perce
nta
ge
Ener
gy
Consump
tion
Perce
ntage
e
ne
rg
y
c
on
s
um
ption
refe
rs
t
o
the
am
ou
nt
of
ene
rg
y
us
es
by
the
nodes
duri
ng
t
ran
s
ferrin
g
and
receivi
ng
data.
Ba
se
d
on
Figure
7,
t
here
is
an
inc
rem
ent
in
e
nergy
c
on
s
um
ption
w
hen
num
ber
of
nodes
increase
d.
But,
the
e
n
e
rg
y
is
le
ss
co
nsum
ed
in
the
prese
nce
of
tw
o
cl
us
te
r
s
com
par
es
t
o
abse
nce
of
cl
ust
ers
.
This
res
ult
has
prov
e
n
the
a
bi
li
ty
of
cl
us
te
rs
to
ha
nd
le
a
suc
cessf
ul
deliver
y
of
the
pac
ket
s
to
the
destina
ti
on
.
In
s
pecific
te
r
m
,
the
nu
m
ber
of
pack
et
retr
ansm
issi
on
i
s
le
ss
since
retra
ns
m
issi
on
of
pa
cket
co
nsum
e
s
m
or
e
energy.
In ad
di
ti
on
, e
ne
rg
y
use
in
the
no
de
is
r
el
at
ed
t
o
the
processi
ng po
wer as
well
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
6
89
–
6
95
694
Figure
7.
G
raph
of ene
rg
y c
onsu
m
ption ve
rs
us
nu
m
ber
of
node
s a
nd cluste
rs
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
per,
AOD
V
prot
oc
ol
f
or
WB
A
N
with
the
pr
ese
nce
of
cl
us
te
rs
is
stud
ie
d
t
hroug
h
va
ryi
ng
nu
m
ber
of
node
s
an
d
cl
us
te
rs
.
The
sim
ulati
on
res
ults
co
nve
y
ed
sig
nifica
nt
netw
ork
pe
rform
ances
by
achi
evin
g
reducti
on
i
n
en
d
t
o
en
d
delay
,
pe
rce
ntage
pa
cket
l
os
s
,
th
rough
pu
t
an
d
e
ne
rg
y
co
nsum
ption
with
t
he
pr
esence
of
cl
us
te
r
node
s.
Pr
e
sence
of
c
luster
has
be
en
a
gr
eat
help
i
n
reducin
g
the
bur
de
n
of
the
sink
node
in
pro
cessi
ng
and
recei
ving
m
edical
data.
Also
,
this
would
e
nsure
l
ow
c
han
ce
of
netw
ork
c
onge
sti
on
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
lo
w
t
hroug
hput
is
r
ecorde
d
du
e
to
low
duty
cy
cl
e
of
t
he
nodes
.
T
her
e
fore,
so
m
e
m
od
ific
at
ion
s
are
need
e
d
t
o
ha
nd
le
this
iss
ue
for
im
pr
ov
em
ent.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
by
cl
assify
ing
the
pac
kets
into
di
ff
ere
nt
ty
pe
s
of
data
(
e.
g:
N
or
m
al
,
Crit
ic
al
and
O
n
-
Dem
and
)
is
belie
ved
to
c
ontrib
ute
t
o
higher
ne
tw
ork
pe
rfor
m
ances
as
C
riti
cal
data
s
houl
d
be
a
m
on
g
the
highest
pri
ori
ty
co
ncerne
d
f
or
em
erg
e
nt
data
t
ra
ns
m
issi
on
com
par
e
d
to
the
Norm
al
and
O
n
-
D
e
m
and
data in t
he fut
ure
work.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
re
ported
r
esearch
in
this
pap
e
r
is
fi
nan
c
ia
ll
y
fu
nde
d
by
Mi
nistry
of
Higher
E
du
cat
i
on
(M
OHE)
Ma
la
ysi
a
un
de
r
Re
searc
h
Ac
culturati
on
Grant
Schem
e
(RAGS)
[
G
ran
t
num
ber
:
9018
-
0008
2]
and
U
niv
ersit
i
Ma
la
ysi
a
Perlis.
T
he
a
uthors
w
ould
al
so
li
ke
t
o
tha
nk
Fa
culty
of
I
nform
at
ic
s
and
Co
m
pu
ti
ng
of
Universit
i
Su
lt
an Za
inal
Ab
i
din
(
Un
iSZ
A)
f
or
colla
bor
at
ing
in
this
pa
per.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Deva
pr
i
y
a
an
d
R.
Sudha,
“
A
Surve
y
on
W
ire
l
ess Bod
y
Sensor
Networks for
H
ea
l
th ca
r
e
m
onitoring,
”
Int
.
J
.
S
c
i.
Re
s.
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–
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2014
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[2]
Y.
-
D.
Le
e
and
W
.
-
Y.
Chung,
“
W
ire
le
ss
sensor
net
work
b
ase
d
wea
rab
le
sm
art
shi
rt
for
ubiqu
it
ous
hea
l
th
and
activit
y
m
onit
oring,
”
Se
nsor
s A
ct
uators
B
Chem.
,
vo
l. 14
0,
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.
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,
pp
.
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–
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2009
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[3]
Le
i
Song,
Yong
c
ai
W
ang,
Ji
-
Ji
an
g
Yang,
and
Ji
an
qia
ng
L
i,
“
Hea
l
t
h
sensing
b
y
we
a
rab
le
sensors
an
d
m
obil
e
phones
:
A
surve
y
,
”
in
2
014
IE
EE
16th
Int
ernati
onal
Confe
renc
e
on
e
-
Healt
h
N
et
wo
rking,
App
li
ca
tions
and
Serv
i
ces
(
Healt
hcom)
,
2014,
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.
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459
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[4]
S.
Li,
L.
Da
Xu,
and
S.
Zh
a
o,
“
The
in
te
rn
et
of
t
hin
gs :
a
surve
y
,
”
In
fomati
on
S
yst.
F
ront.
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vol.
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D.
Miorand
i,
S.
Sica
ri
,
F.
De
Pe
ll
egr
in
i,
and
I.
Chla
m
ta
c
,
“
Int
er
net
of
th
ings :
V
ision
,
app
licati
ons
and
r
ese
ar
c
h
cha
l
le
nges,
”
Ad H
oc
Net
work
s
,
v
ol.
10
,
no
.
7
,
pp
.
1497
–
1516,
201
2.
[6]
S. U
llah,
“
A
R
ev
ie
w
of
W
ir
el
ess
Bod
y
Are
a
Netw
orks
for
Medi
ca
l
Appli
ca
t
ions,”
I
nt’l
J
.
Comm
un.
Net
w.
S
yst.
Sc
i.
,
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.
8
,
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.
797
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803,
2009
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[7]
S.
M.
R
.
Al
M
asud,
“
Stud
y
an
d
Anal
y
sis
of
Scie
n
ti
fi
c
Scop
es
,
Iss
ues
and
C
hal
l
enge
s
towar
ds
Deve
lopi
ng
a
Right
eous
W
irel
ess Bod
y
Area
Network,
”
Int
.
J. S
oft
Comput
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Eng
.
,
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201
3.
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M.
Chen,
S.
Gon
za
l
ez,
A.
Vasi
la
k
os,
H.
Cao
,
and
V.
C.
M.
L
eung,
“
Body
Area
Net
works
:
A
Surve
y
,
”
Mob
.
N
et
work
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.
,
vo
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o.
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–
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3,
2011
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[9]
L.
Fi
li
pe
,
F.
Fdez
-
rive
rol
a,
and
N
.
Costa,
“
W
ire
l
ess
Bod
y
Area
Net
works
for
Hea
l
th
ca
re
Appli
ca
t
ion
s:
Protocol
Stac
k
Revi
ew,”
In
t.
J
.
Distrib.
S
ens.
N
et
works
,
vol.
20
15,
no
.
Spe
cial
I
ss
ue
on
Mobil
e
Sensing
and
Soc
ia
l
Com
puti
ng,
p
.
23
page
s,
2015
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[10]
P.
He,
X.
Li
,
L.
Yan,
S.
Yang
,
an
d
B.
Zh
ang,
“
Per
form
anc
e
An
aly
s
is
of
W
BAN
Based
on
AO
DV
an
d
DS
DV
Routi
n
g
Protocol
s,”
in
2
015
2nd
Int
ernati
onal
S
ymposiu
m
on
Fut
ure
Inf
orm
ati
on
and
C
omm
unic
ati
on
T
ec
hnolog
ie
s
for
Ubiquit
ous Heal
thCare
(
Ubi
-
Healt
hTech)
,
2015
,
pp.
1
–
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Impact
o
f cl
us
te
ring i
n a
od
v
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ol
for
wi
rel
ess
body
area…
(
W
an Aid
a
N
ad
i
a Wa
n
A
bdulla
h
)
695
[11]
S. M
ohapa
tra
an
d
P. K
anungo,
“
Perform
anc
e an
a
l
y
sis
of A
OD
V
,
DS
R
,
OLSR
and DS
DV
Routi
n
g
Protocol
s
using
NS
2
Sim
ula
tor,
”
in
Int
ernati
onal
Confe
renc
e
on
Comm
unic
ati
on
Technol
ogy
and
Syste
m
Design
2
011
,
2012,
vol
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no
.
2011
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pp
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–
76.
[12]
M.
W
ci
slik,
M.
Pozoga,
and
P.
Sm
erd
z
y
nski,
“
W
ire
le
ss
Hea
l
th
Monitori
ng
S
y
s
te
m
,
”
In
t.
Fe
d
.
Aut
om.
Control
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-
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vo
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2015.
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A.
AR,
“
W
ire
l
e
ss
Bod
y
Are
a
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Mediu
m
Acc
ess
Con
tr
ol
(MA
C):
IE
E
E
802
.
15.
4
and
IEE
E
802
.
15.
6
,
”
J
.
Net
w.
Comm
un.
Eme
rg.
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chnol
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,
vol
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15
–
19
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2015
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C.
Chen
and
J
.
Ma,
“
Sim
ula
ti
on
Stud
y
of
AO
DV
Perform
anc
e
over
IE
EE
802
.
15
.
4
MA
C
in
W
SN
with
Mobile
Sinks
,
”
in
21
st
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
ren
ce
on
Adv
anc
e
d
Information
Net
working
and
Appl
icatio
ns
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AINA
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K.
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ja
n
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k,
M.
A.
R
i
zvi
,
and
D.
S.
Kara
ul
ia
,
“
Eve
n
t
Drive
n
D
y
namic
Path
Optimizati
on
for
AO
DV
i
n
MA
NET,
”
in
Proce
ed
ings
-
201
4
6th
Inte
rnat
ion
al
Confe
ren
ce
o
n
Computati
onal
Inte
l
li
gen
ce
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unic
ati
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M.
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Suresha,
“
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-
AO
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:
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v
e
Method
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Im
pr
oving
AO
DV
protoc
ol
for
W
SN
,
”
in
Proceedi
ngs
of
the
2015
In
te
r
nati
onal
Conf
ere
nce
on
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ee
n
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[17]
Gee
tha.N
and
S
anka
r.
A
,
“
Perfor
m
anc
e
ana
l
y
sis
of
Certain
Topo
log
y
base
d
rout
i
ng
protoc
o
ls
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Ad
hoc
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”
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[18]
S.
H.
Manjula,
C
.
N.
Abhil
ash,
K.
R.
Venugopa
l,
a
nd
L.
M.
Patnaik
,
“
Perform
anc
e
o
f
AO
DV
Routi
ng
Protocol
using
Group
and
Entit
y
Mob
il
i
t
y
Models
i
n
W
ir
el
ess
Sensor
N
et
works
,
”
in
P
roce
edi
ngs
of
the
Intrnati
ona
l
Mult
iConf
ere
nc
e
of Engi
ne
ers an
d
Computer
Sc
ientists (
IME
CS)
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I
I.
[19]
C.
-
H.
Li
u
and
S.
-
S.
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,
“
The
stud
y
of
e
ffe
ctivene
ss
for
ad
-
hoc
wire
le
s
s
net
work,
”
in
2nd
Inte
rnat
ion
al
Confe
renc
e
on
I
nte
racti
on
Sc
ie
n
ce
s Inf
orm
ati
on
Technol
ogy
,
Cul
ture
and
Hum
an
-
ICIS
’09
,
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,
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417.
[20]
B.
Man
imekala
and
M.
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y
a
lviz
hi,
“
A
Data
T
ran
sfer
in
W
ireless
Sensor
Network
s
Us
ing
AO
DV
Protocol
,
”
I
JCSI
Int.
J. Comput. S
ci
.
Iss
ues
,
vol
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9
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no.
1,
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191
–
2
00,
2012
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[21]
A.
Kum
ar
and
G
.
K.
Ban
ee
r
jee,
“
A
Com
pre
hensiv
e
Stud
y
on
Da
ta
Mining
and
W
BS
N
for
it
s
applic
abi
lit
y
in
R
emote
Hea
lt
h
Monitoring S
y
stem,
”
In
t.
J.
Adv. Re
s.
Elec
tr.
E
lectron.
Instrum
.
Eng.
,
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,
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,
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7818
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7822,
2015
.
[
22]
X.
L
ia
ng
and
I.
Bal
asingh
am,
“
Perform
anc
e
Anal
y
sis
of
th
e
I
EEE
802.
15
.
4
base
d
ECG
Moni
tori
n
g
Network,”
in
7th
IASTED
In
ter
nati
onal
Conf
ere
nce
s on
Wire
le
s
s and
Optic
a
l
Co
mm
unic
ati
ons
,
2
007,
pp
.
99
–
104
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
W
an
Aida
Nadia
W
an
Abdulla
h
re
ce
iv
ed
B
.
Eng
.
(
Hons
)
degr
ee
in
Com
pute
r
Netw
ork
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia
Per
li
s
(UniMA
P),
Perli
s,
Malay
sia
in
2
015.
Curre
nt
l
y
,
she
is
pursuing
her
stud
y
in
Ph.D
degr
ee
of
Com
pute
r
Eng
i
nee
ring
in
Uni
MA
P.
Her
rese
arc
h
foc
uses
on
Congesti
on
Cont
rol
for
W
ir
el
ess
Bod
y
Ar
ea Net
w
ork.
Naimah
Ya
akob
rec
e
ive
d
B
.
Sc.
a
nd
M.Sc
.
degr
ees
in
Com
pute
r
an
d
Inform
ation
En
gine
er
ing
from
the
Int
ern
ationa
l
Islamic
Unive
rsit
y
(
IIUM
),
Kuala
Lumpur,
Malay
s
ia,
in
20
04
and
2008,
respe
ctively
.
Sh
e
re
ceive
d
the
P
h.
D.
d
egr
e
e
in
2
014
from
the
Sc
hool
of
Com
pute
r
Sci
ence
an
d
Inform
at
ion
Te
c
hnolog
y
,
RMIT
Univer
sit
y
,
Mel
bourne
,
Aus
tra
lia.
She
is
a
Senio
r
L
ec
tur
er
at
t
h
e
School
of
Com
pute
r
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Eng
ine
er
ing,
Unive
rsit
y
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Perli
s,
Per
li
s,
Malay
s
ia.
Her
r
ese
arc
h
intere
st
s
inc
lude
W
ire
l
ess
Sensor
Net
works
,
W
ire
le
ss
Bod
y
Sensor
Networks,
Vehi
c
ula
r
Ad
-
Hoc
N
etw
ork,
conge
st
io
n
cont
ro
l
in
distr
ibut
ed
n
et
workin
g
s
y
stems
and
per
vasive c
om
m
unic
a
ti
on
in
h
ea
l
thc
ar
e envi
ronm
ent
.
R.
B
adl
ishah
A
hm
ad
gra
dua
te
d
in
Diploma
o
f
E
le
c
trica
l
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
fr
om
Univer
siti
Te
knologi
Ma
lay
sia
(UTM).
He
rec
e
ive
d
B.
Eng.
(Hons
)
in
El
e
ct
r
i
ca
l
and
El
e
ct
roni
c
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
1994
from
U
nive
rsit
y
of
Glas
gow
(Scotland,
UK
).
He
re
ce
iv
e
d
M.Sc.
in
1995
and
PhD
from
Univer
sit
y
of
St
rat
hc
l
y
de
(Sco
tland,
UK
in
199
9.
He
is
cu
rr
e
ntly
Deput
y
V
i
ce
Chan
cellor
(Rese
arc
h
and
Innova
ti
on)
,
Un
ive
rsiti
Sult
an
Za
in
al
Abidin
(UniSZA).
His
exp
ert
ise
and
spec
ialized
in
C
om
pu
te
r
an
d
T
el
ecom
m
un
ic
ation
Netw
ork
M
od
el
li
ng,
Em
bed
de
d
Syst
em
Desig
n
a
nd
Open
S
ource
S
of
t
war
e
.
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