Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber
2021
, pp.
1281
~
1288
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijee
cs
.v
23
.i
3
.
pp
1281
-
1288
1281
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Effect of
electri
cal disch
arge
on th
e proper
ties of n
atu
ra
l
est
ers
insu
lating fluid
s
Imran
Suta
n
Chairul
1
, S
h
ar
in
Ab Gh
an
i
2
,
N
ur H
ak
im
ah A
b
Az
i
z
3
,
M
oh
d
Shahril
A
hma
d
Khi
ar
4
,
Muhamm
ad S
yahrani
Joh
al
5
,
M
oh
d
A
iz
z
at
A
z
mi
6
1
-
4
High
Volta
ge
Engi
ne
eri
ng
R
ese
arc
h
L
abor
at
or
y
,
Fakul
ti
K
ej
ur
ute
ra
an El
ek
tri
k
,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
,
Ma
lay
sia
5
Fakult
i Te
kno
lo
gi
Kejur
u
te
r
aa
n
El
ektrik
d
an El
e
ktroni
k,
Univer
s
it
i Te
kn
ika
l
Mal
a
y
si
a
Me
la
k
a, Ma
lay
si
a
6
EIC
Adv
ance
S
dn.
Bhd.
,
Putr
aja
y
a
,
Ma
lay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
9
,
2021
Re
vised
Ju
l
1
6
,
2021
Accepte
d
J
ul
29
,
2021
Vege
ta
b
le
oi
ls
have
be
en
an
a
lt
ern
at
iv
e
to
m
i
ner
al
o
il
for
oi
l
-
imm
erse
d
tra
nsform
ers
due
to
conc
ern
o
n
le
ss
fla
m
m
abl
e,
envi
ronm
ental
-
fri
end
l
y
,
biode
gra
d
abl
e
,
a
nd
sus
ta
in
abl
e
r
esourc
es
of
p
et
r
ole
um
-
base
d
insula
ti
ng
o
il.
Thi
s
pap
er
pre
s
ent
s
the
eff
ect
of
elec
tr
ical
d
ischa
rge
s
(200
u
p
to
1000
discha
rge
s)
und
er
50
Hz
inho
m
ogene
ous
elec
tri
c
fi
el
d
on
th
e
prope
rties
(a
ci
d
ity
,
wat
er
c
onte
nt
,
and
br
eakdow
n
volt
ag
e)
of
two
v
arieties
of
veg
et
ab
le
-
base
d
insula
t
ing
oil
s
;
i
)
n
at
ur
al
est
er
(NE)
and
ii
)
lo
w
viscosity
insul
at
ing
flu
ids
der
ive
d
from
a
n
at
ura
l
est
er
(NE
LV
).
Result
s
sho
w
the
wa
te
r
content,
a
cid
i
t
y
and
br
ea
kdown
volt
ag
e
of
NE
fl
uct
ua
te
due
to
ap
pli
ed
disch
arg
es,
while
NE
LV
display
insigni
fi
ca
nt
ch
ange
s.
H
enc
e
,
result
s
ind
ic
a
te
that
the
lo
w
viscos
i
t
y
insula
ti
ng
flu
ids
der
iv
ed
from
n
at
ura
l
este
r
te
nd
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
eir
prope
rt
ies
compare
d
to
na
t
ura
l
este
r
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Break
dow
n vo
l
ta
ge
Ele
ct
rical
d
isc
harges
Natu
ral este
r
PD
I
V
Viscosity
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sh
a
rin A
b Gh
a
ni
Fakult
i
Keju
ru
t
eraan
Elektri
k
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knik
al
Mal
ay
sia
Mel
aka
Hang T
ua
h
Jay
a, 76
100 D
ur
ia
n
T
unggal
, Me
la
ka,
Mal
ay
sia
Em
a
il
:
sh
arina
g@utem
.ed
u.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Mi
ner
al
ins
ula
ti
ng
oil
(MO
)
is
extensi
vely
us
e
d
w
orl
dwid
e
f
or
over
a
c
entu
ry
due
t
o
it
s
adequate
agein
g
be
hav
i
our,
go
od
diele
ct
ric
stre
ng
t
h,
lo
w
visc
os
it
y,
le
ss
s
us
ce
ptible
to
oxidati
on,
e
ff
ect
ively
go
od
op
e
rati
on
in
l
ow
te
m
per
at
ure,
wi
dely
ava
il
able
petr
o
le
um
reso
ur
ces
,
com
patible
an
d
reli
able
us
e
d
in
trans
form
er
as
well
as
cost
ben
e
fit
[
1]
.
Y
et
,
disa
dv
a
nta
ges
of
MO
s
uc
h
as
no
n
-
biodeg
ra
dab
le
pr
op
e
rtie
s,
enfor
cem
ent
of
env
i
ronm
ental l
aws,
a
nd
li
m
i
te
d rese
rv
e
s
of
naphthe
nic
cr
ude
oil
in
f
utu
re
hav
e
dir
ect
e
d t
o t
he
qu
e
st f
or alt
ernat
ive f
lui
ds
[2
]
,
[
3]
.
Ex
plo
rati
on
on
al
te
rn
at
ive
in
su
la
ti
ng
oil
to
rep
la
ce
e
xisti
ng
M
O
ha
ve
s
ta
rted
nea
rly
f
our
de
cades
back
[
4]
,
w
he
re
resea
rc
hes
on
ve
getable
-
ba
sed
in
su
la
ti
ng
oil
as
an
al
t
ern
at
ives
to
M
O
are
gai
ning
m
uch
at
te
ntion
[5
]
-
[
8]
.
T
o
date,
ve
getable
-
b
ase
d
ins
ulati
ng
oil
is
bei
ng
dev
e
lop
e
d
from
edible
oil.
For
e
xam
ple
cocon
ut
oil,
s
unfl
ow
e
r
oil,
soy
bean
o
il
,
ra
pe
seed o
il
,
an
d
pa
l
m
oil
[9
]
-
[
15]
.
Othe
r
resea
r
ches
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
in
the
fiel
d
of
no
n
-
e
dib
le
oil.
F
or
exa
m
ple
Pon
ga
mia
pinna
t
a
oil,
J
atrop
ha
curc
as
oil,
Termi
na
li
a
c
ata
ppa
oil,
kar
a
nj
i
oil,
sesba
nia
se
eds
oil,
an
d
ca
stor
oil
[16
]
-
[
22]
.
Acc
ordin
g
to
BS
EN
62770
[
23
]
,
the
re
are
tw
o
cat
eg
ori
es
of
veg
et
a
ble
-
base
d
ins
ulati
ng
oil:
i
)
m
ai
nly
trigly
cerides
nat
ur
a
l
est
ers
(N
E
)
a
nd
2
)
l
ow
-
visc
os
it
y
insu
la
ti
ng
fluids
der
i
ved
from
natur
al
est
ers
(
NE
LV
).
C
on
t
ra
st
to
m
ineral
oi
ls,
NE
are
usual
ly
char
act
er
iz
ed
by
it
s
high
flas
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
2
02
1
:
12
81
-
12
88
1282
p
oi
nt
(less
fla
m
m
able),
ye
t
hav
e
hi
gh
e
r
viscosity
and
a h
ig
her
pour
point.
On
t
he
ot
her
hand,
pr
op
e
rtie
s
of
t
he
NE
LV
are
cl
os
e
to
th
os
e
of
m
i
ner
al
oils
(i.e.
,
low
flash
poin
t,
low
pour
po
i
nt
an
d
lo
w
vis
cosity
).
Most
of
the
stud
ie
s
reg
a
r
din
g
el
ect
rical
di
sch
ar
ges
in
di
el
ect
ric
li
qu
id
are
f
oc
us
ed
on
m
ineral
oil,
wh
il
e
only
fe
w
we
re
reg
a
rds
to
natu
ral
est
ers
a
nd
s
yntheti
c
est
ers
[24
]
-
[
27]
.
Ele
c
tric
al
discha
rges
co
uld
be
divi
de
d
i
nto
;
i
)
l
ow
;
ii
)
m
edium
;
an
d
i
ii
)
hi
gh
e
nergy
disc
harges
[26]
.
T
he
discha
rg
e
m
agn
it
ud
e
f
or
l
ow
(e
.g.,
coro
na)
a
nd
m
edium
(e.
g.
,
par
ti
al
discharge
)
e
ne
rgy
disc
harge
wa
s
ar
ound
2.5
nC
an
d
20
nC,
r
especti
vely
.
W
hile
arci
ng
is
a
hi
gh
energy
discha
r
ges
ty
pe
.
This
pap
e
r
prese
nts
the
e
ff
ect
of
200
a
nd
up
to
1000
el
ect
rical
di
scha
rg
e
s
(i.e.
,
under
50
Hz
in
hom
og
ene
ous
el
ect
ric
fiel
d)
on
t
he
pro
per
ti
es
(aci
dity
,
water
co
nt
ent
and
br
ea
kdow
n
volt
age
)
of
t
w
o
ty
pes
of
veg
et
a
ble
-
based
ins
ul
at
ing
oils
i
) NE
and
ii
) NE
LV
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Me
thodo
l
og
y
a
dap
te
d
in
this s
tud
y i
s s
umm
a
rized i
n
a
flo
w chart,
as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
Figure
1.
Flo
w
ch
a
rt of m
et
hodo
l
og
y a
da
pted
in
this
stu
dy
2.1.
S
amp
le
prepar
ati
on
In
order
to
sta
nd
a
r
dize
the
w
at
er
c
on
te
nt
of
oil
sam
ples
to
be
le
ss
t
han
or
equ
al
to
200
ppm
(i.e.,
th
e
sti
pu
la
te
d
li
m
its
f
or
wate
r
c
onte
nt
of
“
new
na
tural
est
er
fl
uids”
),
both
oil
sa
m
ples
;
i
)
NE
a
nd
ii
)
NE
LV
we
re
fi
rst
treat
ed
via
wat
er
t
reatm
ent
process.
T
he
pro
cess
was
do
ne
by
bubbli
ng
ni
tro
gen
gas
into
oil
sam
ples
[
28]
f
or
30 m
inu
te
s o
r
un
ti
l t
he wat
er
con
te
nt li
m
it
s
are fulfil
le
d.
2.2.
P
art
i
al d
isc
ha
r
ge
ince
p
tion v
olt
ag
e
(PDI
V)
tes
t
The
blo
c
k
dia
gr
am
fo
r
par
ti
al
discharge
i
ncep
ti
on
vo
lt
a
ge
(PD
IV)
m
e
asur
em
ent
is
as
show
n
in
Figure
2.
T
he
PD
I
V
is
de
fine
d
as
the
vo
lt
ag
e
at
wh
ic
h
par
t
ia
l
discharge
oc
cur
s
with
a
n
app
a
re
nt
charge
equa
l
or
great
er
tha
n
100
pC.
T
he
P
DIV
of
the
oil
sam
ples
wer
e
m
easur
ed
us
in
g
Om
ic
ro
n
MP
D60
0
par
ti
al
discharg
e
m
easur
em
ent
dev
ic
e.
T
he
P
DIV
te
st
set
up
was
cal
ib
ra
te
d
acco
r
ding
to
the
IEC
60270
sta
ndar
d.
T
he
exp
e
rim
ental
a
pp
a
ratus
was
placed
within
a
Fara
day
cag
e
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
unwa
nted
noise
duri
ng
t
he
P
D
I
V
m
easur
em
ents.
Af
te
r
the
e
qu
i
pm
ent
set
up
f
or
P
DIV
m
easur
em
ent
was
f
ree
from
discharges,
the
pre
-
proce
ssi
ng
sam
ple (
~ 400 m
l) w
as
fill
ed
i
n
a test
cell
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gur
e 3
.
T
he
te
st ce
ll
co
ns
ist
e
d of
a g
la
ss
vess
el
with a
W
ate
r
tr
eat
m
en
t pr
o
cess
Measu
re
m
en
t on
(
1
)
water
con
ten
t,
(2) ac
id
it
y
,
(3) bre
ak
d
o
wn
vo
ltag
e
PDIV
t
est
Electr
i
cal dis
ch
arg
es test
(20
0
,
4
0
0
,
6
0
0
,
8
0
0
,
1
0
0
0
dis
ch
arges
)
End
Start
Oil sa
m
p
les
(1) N
E
&
(
2
)
NE
LV
W
ate
r
co
n
ten
t
≤ 20
0
pp
m
No
Yes
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Eff
ect
o
f el
ect
ric
al d
isc
ha
r
ge on t
he pr
opert
ie
s o
f
natur
al es
te
rs
…
(
Im
r
an
Su
t
an Ch
airu
l
)
1283
tungsten
nee
dl
e
(tip
ra
diu
s:
3
μm
,
le
ng
t
h:
50
m
m
,
dia
m
et
e
r:
1
m
m
)
and
a
brass
plane
el
ect
rode
(d
ia
m
e
te
r:
40
m
m
,
thickness:
10
m
m
)
separa
te
d
by
a
ve
rtic
al
gap
(
50
m
m
).
The
need
l
e
el
ect
ro
de
act
s
as
the
high
volt
age
el
ect
ro
de
wh
e
r
eas
the
plane
e
le
ct
ro
de
act
s
a
s
the
gro
unding
el
ect
r
ode.
T
he
sam
ple
was
a
ll
ow
ed
t
o
rest
f
or
15
m
inu
te
s
be
fore
the
first
volt
ag
e
was
a
pp
li
e
d.
The
vo
lt
age
wa
s
increase
d
fro
m
0
at
1
kV
/s
unti
l
par
ti
al
disc
harge
was
occurri
ng
above
t
he
th
res
ho
l
d
of
100
pC
.
The
volt
age
a
pp
li
ed
was
the
n
de
crease
d
to
0.
T
he
volt
age
le
vel
durin
g
pa
rtia
l
di
scharge
i
niti
at
ion
s
wa
s
recor
ded.
Me
as
ure
m
ent
on
t
he
s
a
m
ple
was
re
pe
at
ed
10
ti
m
es.
Af
te
r
the
m
easur
em
ent
wer
e
com
plete
d,
t
he
oil
was
drai
ne
d
f
r
om
the
te
st
cel
l.
Fo
ll
ow
i
ng
this,
the
te
st
cel
l
was
c
le
aned
,
and
a
ne
w
ne
e
dle
el
ect
erode
was
inse
rted
.
W
it
h
that,
m
easur
em
ent
of
P
DIV
on
ne
w
oi
l
sa
m
ple
was
ta
ke
place.
Figure
2.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
f
or
PD
I
V
m
easur
e
m
ent
[29]
Figure
3.
Test
cel
l fo
r
P
DIV a
nd elec
tric
al
d
i
scharges
m
eas
ur
em
ent
2.
3.
El
ectric
al
dischar
ge tes
t
Ele
ct
rical
discharges
(i.e.
,
th
e
ap
plied
vo
lt
age
at
wh
ic
h
par
ti
al
disc
harge
occurs
with
an
a
ppare
nt
charge
e
qu
al
or
gr
eat
e
r
tha
n
100
pC)
we
re
ap
plied
a
nd
c
ount
ed
with
a
serie
s
of
200
su
cce
s
sive
disc
harges
(i.e.
,
200,
40
0,
600
,
800
a
nd
1000
d
isc
harges)
on
t
he
oil
sam
ples
;
i
)
NE
an
d
ii
)
N
E
LV
.
A
fter
eac
h
series
of
disc
ha
rg
es
,
water c
onte
nt, a
ci
dity
an
d b
re
akdo
wn volt
ag
e of
oil sam
ple
s ar
e m
easur
e
d.
2.
4.
W
ater c
on
t
ent
Water
c
on
te
nt
of
oil
sam
ple
was
determ
ined
ba
sed
on
the
ox
i
datio
n
of
s
ulphur
dioxide
by
io
din
e
in
m
et
han
olic
hydro
xid
e
so
l
ution.
Me
as
ur
em
ent
of
wate
r
c
on
te
nt
in
oil
was
done
bas
ed
on
AS
TM
D15
33
sta
nd
a
rd
[30]
by
us
in
g
89
9
Kar
l
Fische
r
c
ou
l
om
et
er
(Met
rohm
).
Firstl
y,
hydranal
-
c
ou
lom
a
t
(10
0
m
l
)
wa
s
inj
ect
e
d
into
a
n
el
ect
r
olysi
s
cel
l.
Nex
t
,
a
5
m
l
syringe
fill
ed
with
1
m
l
of
oil
sam
ple
was
weig
hed
us
in
g
a
pr
eci
sio
n
bala
nc
e.
T
he
n
t
he
oi
l
sam
ple
was
inj
ect
e
d
into
th
e
el
ect
ro
ly
sis
c
el
l.
The
wighte
d
of
oil
sam
ple
we
r
e
keyed
i
nto
th
e
cou
l
om
et
er,
wh
ere
ti
trat
io
n
proces
s
was
init
ia
te
d.
Th
e
wate
r
c
onte
nt
of
the
oil
sam
ple
sh
own
on
the
dis
play
m
on
it
or
was
rec
or
ded.
T
he
water
con
te
nt
m
easurem
ent
was
re
pe
at
ed
th
ree
ti
m
e
s
f
or
each
oil
sa
m
p
l
e
in or
der
t
o
e
nsure
consist
enc
y of t
he res
ults.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
2
02
1
:
12
81
-
12
88
1284
2.
5.
Acidit
y
Acidity
or
t
ota
l
aci
d
num
ber
(TAN)
te
st
is
a
m
easur
em
ent
of
aci
dity
that
determ
ines
the
su
m
of
al
l
aci
d
c
om
po
un
ds
prese
nt
in
i
ns
ulati
ng
oil
s
a
m
ples.
T
AN
was
m
easur
ed
ba
sed
on
the
a
m
ou
nt
of
pot
assiu
m
hydro
xid
e
(i
n
m
g)
require
d
t
o
ne
utrali
ze
hy
drog
e
n
i
ons
(
H
+
)
in
1
g
of
oil
sam
ple.
T
AN
is
e
xpress
ed
i
n
m
g
KO
H/
g.
In
this
w
ork
,
T
A
N
was
m
easure
d
us
in
g
a
c
om
pact
t
it
rator
(Mo
del:
848
T
it
rino
plu
s
,
Me
tro
hm
)
a
ccordin
g
to
t
he
AS
TM
D
97
4
sta
nd
a
r
d
[31
]
.
Be
fore
any
m
easur
em
ent
wan
ts
to
be
c
onduct
ed
,
t
he
el
ect
rode
was
cal
ib
rated
first
with
th
ree
buf
fer
points,
pH
4,
7
a
nd
9
at
room
tem
pe
ratur
e
.
T
he
cal
ibrati
on
asses
s
m
ent
was
rep
eat
e
d
t
wice
by
us
i
ng
new
bu
ff
e
r
s
olu
ti
ons.
Ne
xt,
a
sta
nd
a
rd
iz
at
io
n
s
te
p
was
c
onduct
ed
t
o
e
xam
i
ne
th
e
act
ual
co
nce
ntr
at
ion
of
pota
ss
ium
hydrox
i
de
in
iso
pro
panol
(
IPA)
with
a
m
olarity
of
0.1
m
ol/L
by
weigh
i
ng
arou
nd
0.1
g
of
pota
ssium
hydro
ge
n
ph
t
halat
e
(
KH
P
) a
nd
a
dd
e
d a
ppr
oxim
at
el
y
80
m
L
of
disti
ll
ed wat
er
into
a
sam
e
beak
e
r.
T
his
ste
p
was
re
peated
twic
e
w
it
h
ne
w
K
HP
a
nd
disti
ll
ed
wat
er
i
n
a
new
cl
e
an
bea
ker.
Af
te
r
t
hat,
20
m
L
of
s
olve
nt
was
in
serte
d
into
a
nothe
r
beak
e
r
a
nd
it
s
aci
dity
was
m
e
asur
e
d
as
a
blank
s
olv
e
nt.
T
hi
s
ste
p
was
re
peated
two
ti
m
es
with
fr
es
h
20
m
L
of
so
l
v
ent
into
a
nothe
r c
le
a
n
bea
ker.
F
or
aci
dity
m
easur
em
ent
on
oi
l
sam
ple:
Firstl
y
5
g of oil
sam
ple w
as
w
ei
ghte
d
us
i
ng
a
syri
ng
e
.
The
n,
t
he
oil
sam
ple
was
p
oure
d
int
o
a
b
ea
ke
r
with
20
m
L
of
so
lve
nt.
Af
te
r
t
hat,
the
s
olv
e
nt
-
oil
sam
ple
m
i
xture
is
ti
trat
ed
IPA
to
ob
ta
in
the
T
AN.
Eac
h
sam
pl
e
was
te
ste
d f
or thr
ee
tim
es in ord
e
r
to
ensu
re
consi
ste
ncy of
the r
es
ults.
2.
6.
Br
e
ak
d
ow
n voltage
Break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
of
oil
sa
m
ple
was
m
ea
su
re
d
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
AS
TM
D
1816
sta
nd
a
r
d
[32]
by
usi
ng
OTS60PB
port
able
oil
te
ste
r
(
m
egg
e
r
).
Th
e
e
qu
i
pm
ent
is
capab
le
to
m
easur
e
br
ea
kdow
n
vo
lt
age
up
to
60
kV.
The
el
ect
rode
config
ur
at
io
n
f
or
the
te
st
set
up
wer
e
tw
o
s
e
m
i
-
sp
he
re
el
e
ct
rodes
of
t
he
Verba
nd
Deu
t
sche
r
Ele
ktro
te
c
hnik
er
(
V
DE)
with
the
ga
p
distanc
e
of
1
m
m
.
Fir
stl
y,
a
m
ini
m
u
m
vo
lum
e
o
f
350
m
l
oil
was
slow
l
y
poured
into
a
te
st
cel
l,
to
e
nsur
e
no
bubble
tra
p
in
the
oil.
Th
en,
t
he
te
m
per
a
ture
of
the
oil
s
a
m
ple
was
m
easure
d
pr
i
or
t
o
the
te
st.
The
te
st
w
as
co
nducte
d
within
ra
ng
e
tem
per
at
ure
of
20°C
t
o
30°
C.
A
fter
t
he
e
le
ct
ro
de
i
m
m
ersed
i
nto
sam
ple
oil
an
d
le
ft
to
rest,
vo
lt
age
was
i
nc
reased
gr
a
du
a
ll
y
at
a
rate
of
0.5
kV/s
±
5%
unti
l
br
ea
kdow
n
occ
ur
s
.
T
he
volt
ag
e
at
w
hich
brea
kdown
occ
urs
was
recor
ded
a
s
the
break
dow
n
vo
lt
a
ge.
A
se
tt
le
-
dow
n
pe
rio
d
of
1
m
in
was
s
et
betwee
n
re
pe
ti
ti
on
te
sts
to
assu
re
the
res
ult
obta
ined
f
or
the
ne
xt
te
st
is
no
t
aff
ect
ed
by
the
pr
e
vious
te
st.
Ba
sed
on
A
ST
M
D18
16
sta
nd
ard,
on
e
brea
kdown
cy
cl
e
c
ons
ist
s
of
five
in
di
vidual
te
sts i
n
se
qu
e
nc
e, whe
re th
e
m
ean v
al
ue
s
of the
br
ea
kdow
n vo
lt
age
for fi
ve
in
div
i
dual
test
s w
e
r
e
deter
m
ined.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND D
I
SCUS
S
ION
S
The
oil
sam
ple
s
;
i
)
NE
an
d
ii
)
N
E
LV
we
re
firstly
treat
ed
via
water
treat
m
ent
pr
ocess.
A
s
the
wate
r
con
te
nt
is
sat
isfyi
ng
t
he
li
m
it
as
sta
te
d
in
sta
nd
a
r
d,
the
PDI
V
on
both
oil
sa
m
ples
wer
e
t
he
n
de
te
rm
ined.
The
PD
I
V
le
vels
will
be
a
re
fe
ren
ce
f
or
e
xec
uting
the
el
ect
rical
disc
harge
s
te
sts.
Af
t
er
el
ect
rical
discharges
exp
e
rim
ent
on
oil
sam
ples
w
ere
done,
it
s
pro
per
ti
es
(w
at
e
r
c
on
te
nt,
aci
di
ty
,
and
break
dow
n
vo
lt
age
)
we
r
e
m
easur
ed
, pres
ented
a
nd
disc
us
se
d.
3.1.
S
amp
le
prepar
ati
on
Table
1
sho
ws
the
pro
pe
rtie
s
(
water
c
on
te
nt,
aci
dity
,
viscosi
ty
,
br
ea
kdown
vo
lt
age
)
a
nd
P
DIV
of
oil
sam
ples
(N
E
and
NE
LV
)
us
e
d i
n t
his
stu
dy
af
te
r bein
g t
reate
d t
hro
ugh
water
treat
m
ent
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
(i.e.
, nit
roge
n
bubbli
ng
in
t
he
oil
sam
ples).
It
can
be
see
n
that
t
he
pr
operti
es
of
both
NE
a
nd
NE
LV
sat
isfyi
ng
th
e
lim
i
t
sti
p
ulate
d
in
A
STM
D68
71
st
and
a
r
d
[33]
,
w
her
e
;
i
)
water
c
on
te
nt
s
houl
d
be
≤
20
0
ppm
;
ii
)
aci
dity
shou
l
d
be
≤
0.06
m
g
KOH/
g
;
iii
)
visc
os
it
y
s
hould
be
≤
50
m
m
2
/s
;
and
iv
)
brea
kdown
volt
age
s
hould
be
≥
20
kV.
N
ote
d
t
hat
the
visc
os
it
y
of
NE
LV
(
8
m
m
2
/s)
is
lowe
r
tha
n
visc
os
it
y
of
NE
(
35
m
m
2
/s)
.
At
the
sam
e
t
i
m
e,
the
viscosi
ty
of
NE
LV
is
al
so
cl
os
e
to
th
os
e
of
m
ineral
oils,
as
acc
ordin
g
t
o
A
STM
D34
87
st
and
a
r
d
[34]
,
w
her
e
viscosity
s
houl
d
be
≤
12
m
m
2
/s
.
As
for
P
DIV,
it
sh
ows
that
PD
I
V
of
NE
LV
is
higher
tha
n
PD
I
V
of
NE.
Si
m
il
arly
,
b
reak
do
w
n
vo
lt
age
of
N
E
LV
is
hi
gh
e
r
t
ha
n
PDIV
of
NE
.
O
ne
reas
on
of
NE
LV
ha
ving
higher
P
DIV
a
nd
higher
brea
kdow
n
vo
lt
age
co
m
pa
red to
NE
is
m
i
gh
t
be d
ue
to
it
s low v
isc
os
it
y.
Table
1.
T
he
pro
per
ti
es
of o
il
sam
ples after
water treatm
ent
Prop
erties
Un
it
Natu
r
al este
r
o
il sa
m
p
l
es
NE
NE
LV
W
ate
r
co
n
ten
t
m
g
/k
g
1
5
0
.20
1
4
1
.60
Acid
ity
m
g
KO
H/g
0
.00
5
6
0
.03
0
4
Visco
sity
mm
2
/s
35
8
Breakd
o
wn
vo
ltag
e
kV
2
4
.92
2
6
.66
PDIV
kV
1
5
.42
1
7
.87
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Eff
ect
o
f el
ect
ric
al d
isc
ha
r
ge on t
he pr
opert
ie
s o
f
natur
al es
te
rs
…
(
Im
r
an
Su
t
an Ch
airu
l
)
1285
3.2.
W
ater c
on
t
ent
Figure
4
sho
ws
the
water
co
nt
ent
of
NE
an
d
NE
LV
sam
ples
after
s
ubj
ect
e
d
to
el
ect
rical
dis
charges.
It
can
be
sai
d
t
ha
t
the
water
c
onte
nt
of
both
NE
a
nd
NE
LV
oil
sam
ples
we
re
un
c
ha
ng
e
d
up
to
40
0
discharges.
Howe
ver,
wat
er
c
on
te
nt
of
NE
sta
rte
d
t
o
f
luctuat
e
(
dec
re
ased,
an
d
i
ncrea
sed)
f
or
the
rem
ai
nin
g
dis
c
harges
.
In
it
ia
l
water
c
on
te
nt
of
NE
is
15
0.20
ppm
bu
t
dec
rease
t
o
73.74
ppm
a
fter
1000
el
ect
rical
disc
harge
s.
T
he
reducti
on
in
w
a
te
r
co
ntent
wit
h
the
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
of
disc
harges
on
NE
m
igh
t
be
du
e
t
o
eva
por
at
ion
of
wate
r
traces
that
are
pr
ese
nt
in
the
z
one
of
discha
rg
e
s
occ
urren
ce
.
Mo
re
over
,
N
E
co
ntain
unsat
ur
at
e
d
f
at
ty
aci
d,
wh
e
r
e
easi
ly
influ
e
nce
by
st
resses.
O
n
to
p
of
that,
w
he
n t
her
e
are
inc
rea
se
of
el
ect
rical
discha
rg
e
s
a
ppli
ed t
o t
he
oil
s
a
m
ple,
it
will
allow
f
r
ee
rad
ic
al
to
c
ut
the
m
olecules
in
the
oi
l,
know
n
as
aut
oc
at
al
yt
ic
reacti
on
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
NE
ha
s
su
pe
rio
r
water
tolera
nce
that
can
a
bsor
bs
l
arg
e
am
ou
nts
of
wate
r
i
nd
ic
at
ing
a
high
sa
turati
on
li
m
i
t
m
aking
pr
eci
pitat
ion
of f
ree
w
at
e
r virt
ually
i
m
po
ssibl
e.
On
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
t
he
water
con
te
nt
of
NE
L
V
was
no
t
af
fe
ct
ed
by
t
he
el
e
ct
rical
disc
harges,
wh
e
re
it
sh
ows
val
ue
of
water
c
on
te
nt
in
t
he
range
of
betwee
n
141.5
6
pp
m
an
d
147.5
4
pp
m
.
T
he
water
c
onte
nt
of
NE
LV
is
firstly
decr
e
ased
to
140.7
6
m
g/k
g
at
200
el
ect
rical
disch
arg
es
,
the
n
inc
reased
slo
wly
wit
h
inc
rem
ent
of
t
he
rem
ai
nin
g
el
ect
rical
discha
rges
(
200
t
o
1000
discha
rg
e
s).
The
reu
lt
s
is
m
igh
t
be
due
t
o
NE
LV
str
uctu
re
that
consi
st
of
m
ai
nly
sat
ur
at
ed
fatt
y
aci
d
hydroca
r
bon
c
hain
with
hydro
ge
n,
wh
e
re
it
s
no
t
easi
ly
gav
e
up
it
hydr
ox
yl
gro
up to
a
bsor
b
water.
Figure
4.
Ef
fec
ts of el
ect
rical
d
isc
ha
rg
e
s to
water c
onte
nt
of N
E
and
NE
LV
sam
ples
3.3.
Acidit
y
Figure
5
sho
w
s
the
cha
ng
e
s
in
aci
dity
of
N
E
and
NE
LV
af
te
r
subj
ect
e
d
to
el
ect
rical
discharges
.
Th
e
aci
dity
of
NE
was
gr
a
dual
ly
increa
se
up
t
o
400
disc
harges,
but
decr
e
ases
afte
rw
a
rds
with
the
nu
m
ber
of
discha
rg
e
s.
In
con
t
rast,
in
sig
nificant
c
ha
nges
is
detect
ed
f
or
t
he
aci
dity
of
NE
LV
,
i
nd
ic
at
ing
that
NE
LV
is
no
t
m
uch
aff
ect
e
d
by
el
ect
rical
di
scharges
.
T
he
diff
e
re
nt
cha
ng
es
of
aci
dity
m
i
gh
t
be
co
ntribu
te
d
to
the
sta
bili
ty
of
m
on
oester
(
NE
LV
)
c
om
par
ed
to
t
riglyc
eride
(
NE).
Th
ough
t
he
aci
dity
of
N
E
inc
rease
d
ab
ov
e
0.0
6
m
g
K
OH
/
g
(i.e.,
the
pr
esc
r
ibed
li
m
it
of
“
new
natu
ral
est
er
fluids”
),
t
he
le
vel
is
0.3
0
m
g
K
OH
/
g
(i.e.
,
within
the
sti
pula
te
d
lim
it
f
or
“co
ntinu
e
d
us
e
of
i
n
-
serv
ic
e
nat
ur
al
est
er
fl
uid
s”
).
I
n c
hem
ic
al
po
int
of
view
, t
he
aci
dity
(d
e
gr
a
da
ti
on
by
-
products
of
natu
ral
est
er
)
are
m
os
tl
y
hig
h
m
olecular
weig
ht
aci
d
(
HMA
).
HMA
is
no
t
detrim
e
ntal
to
cel
lulose m
at
erial
(
e.g.
pap
e
r a
nd press
boar
d).
Figure
5.
Ef
fec
ts of el
ect
rical
d
isc
ha
rg
e
s to
a
ci
dity
o
f H
VNE an
d NEL
V
s
a
m
ples
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
2
02
1
:
12
81
-
12
88
1286
3.4.
Br
e
ak
d
ow
n voltage
The
diele
ct
ric
br
ea
kdow
n
vol
ta
ge
of
an
i
ns
ul
at
ing
li
qu
i
d
is
vital
as
it
rep
re
sents
the
li
quid
’s
abili
ty
to
withstan
d
el
ect
ric
stress
with
ou
t
fail
ure.
T
he
diele
ct
ric
bre
akdo
wn
vo
lt
ag
e
ser
ves
to
in
di
cat
e
the
pr
ese
nce
of
con
ta
m
inati
ng
ag
ents
s
uch
as
w
at
er,
d
i
rt,
cel
lulosic
fibe
rs, o
r
c
onduct
in
g
pa
rtic
le
s
in
the
li
qu
id
. F
ig
ur
e
6
s
how
the
brea
kdown
volt
age
of
NE
an
d
NE
LV
.
Ge
ner
al
ly
,
the
bre
akdo
wn
volt
ag
e
of
N
E
is
inc
r
ease
after
el
ect
rical
discha
rg
e
s
were
ap
plied.
T
he
reason
is
because
wate
r c
onte
nt
is
al
s
o
re
du
c
ed a
t
the
sim
e
t
i
m
e.
The
brea
kd
ow
n
vo
lt
age
of
NE
is
init
ia
ll
y
decr
e
ase
f
ro
m
24.92
kV
t
o
16.77
kV,
but
the
n
gra
du
al
ly
inc
rease
d
to
46.87
a
fter
1000
discha
rg
e
s.
On
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
break
dow
n
volt
age
of
NE
LV
is
firstly
alm
os
t
un
c
ha
ng
e
d,
up
t
o
200
disc
harges.
T
he
n
the
brea
kdow
n
volt
age
f
luctuat
ed
(i.e.,
decr
ease
from
25.47
kV
to
21
.20
kV,
bu
t
the
n
grad
ually
increase
d
to
30.73
at
60
0
discha
r
ges
a
nd
re
duced
a
ga
in
un
ti
l
24.67
kV
a
fter
10
00
discha
r
ges.
This
m
igh
t
du
e
to
t
he
pr
ese
nce
of
w
at
er
in
NE
LV
,
because
water
i
s
on
e
of
t
he
l
eadin
g
ca
us
es
of
el
ect
rical
breakdo
wn
beca
us
e
i
t
increases
the
i
on
ic
c
onduct
iv
it
y
of
the
oil
he
nce
dro
ppin
g
the
br
ea
kdow
n
volt
age
.
O
n
t
op
of
that,
el
e
ct
rical
discha
rg
e
s c
ould also
ch
a
nge
the m
olecules structu
res w
here n
um
ber
of el
ect
rons
inc
r
eas
ed.
Figure
6.
Ef
fec
ts of el
ect
rical
d
isc
ha
rg
e
s to
break
dow
n v
oltage
of N
E
and
NEL
V
sam
ples
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
stu
dy, t
he e
f
fect
of
el
ect
rical
discharg
es
on
tw
o t
ype
s
of
ve
getable
-
base
d i
nsula
ti
ng
oils
;
i
) N
E
and
ii
)
NE
LV
w
ere
in
vestigat
e
d
in
te
rm
s
of
w
at
er
co
ntent,
ac
idit
y,
and
br
ea
kdown
volt
age.
The
ap
plied
el
ect
rical
discha
rg
e
s
we
r
e
from
20
0
t
o
1000
disc
harge
s.
It
is
f
ound
th
at
NE
(
c
onta
in
un
s
at
ur
at
e
d
fat
ty
aci
d)
can
a
bsor
bs
la
rg
e
am
ou
nts
of
water
i
nd
i
cat
ing
a
high
sat
u
rati
on
li
m
i
t.
Decr
em
ent
of
water
c
onte
nt
in
NE
res
ul
ti
ng
i
n
increm
ent
of
break
dow
n
volt
age
of
NE
with
t
he
num
ber
of
discha
rg
e
s.
Othe
r
t
han
t
ha
t,
the
aci
dity
of
N
E
decr
ease
s
with
the
nu
m
ber
of
disc
ha
rg
es
,
w
hich
al
so
i
nd
ic
at
ing
the
cha
nges
on
m
olecules
str
uc
tu
res
of
oil.
In
con
t
rast,
NE
LV
is
found t
o
be a
sta
bil
oil
becau
se
it
s
pro
per
t
ie
s
(w
at
er
c
on
t
ent,
aci
dity
and
br
ea
kdown
vo
lt
age)
are
no
t
m
uch
a
ff
ect
ed
by
the
el
ect
rical
disch
arg
es
.
It
is
bec
ause
NE
LV
is
m
os
tly
con
ta
in
sat
ur
at
e
d
fatt
y
chai
n
thu
s
not easi
ly
to for
m
f
ree
ra
dical
f
r
om
it
s m
olecules.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
ac
knowle
dge the
su
pp
or
t
pro
vide
d
by t
he
U
nive
rsiti
Tek
ni
kal
Ma
la
ysi
a Me
lak
a (
UTeM
)
in
f
unding
the
stud
y.
T
he
a
ut
hors
al
so
t
hank
Mr.
M
ohd
Wah
y
ud
i
M
d
Hu
s
sai
n
f
r
om
Faculty
of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gin
eeri
ng,
U
TeM
f
or
prov
i
ding
as
sist
ance
on
t
he
prepa
ra
ti
on
a
nd
m
easur
em
ents
of
the
m
at
erial
s
us
ed
in
this
stud
y.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
I.
Fofan
a,
“
50
yea
rs
in
th
e
d
evel
opm
ent
of
insulating
li
quids,
”
I
E
EE
Elec
tri
cal
In
sulati
on
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A.
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d
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C.
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d
S.
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“
Com
par
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ev
al
u
at
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lterna
t
i
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flu
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tra
nsform
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”
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le
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Vege
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IE
EE
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le
c
tric
al
In
sulati
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ellos,
“
Sus
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El
e
ct
r
ic
a
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En
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usin
g
Natur
al E
ste
r
T
e
chnol
og
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” in
21
st I
nte
rnat
ional
Confe
renc
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E
le
c
tric
i
ty
Distrib
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D)
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2011,
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
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4752
Eff
ect
o
f el
ect
ric
al d
isc
ha
r
ge on t
he pr
opert
ie
s o
f
natur
al es
te
rs
…
(
Im
r
an
Su
t
an Ch
airu
l
)
1287
[8]
K.
Band
ara,
C
.
E
kana
y
ak
e,
and
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K.
Sah
a,
“
Com
par
ative
stud
y
for
under
standi
ng
th
e
beh
avi
our
of
n
at
ura
l
este
r
with
m
ine
ral
oi
l
as
a
tra
nsform
er
ins
ula
ti
ng
li
qu
id,
”
i
n
2014
IEE
E
Confe
renc
e
on
E
l
ec
tri
cal
Insulat
i
on
and
Diel
e
ct
ri
c
Phe
nomena
(
CE
IDP)
,
2014,
p
p.
792
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7
95,
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09/
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B.
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M.
S.
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Matha
r
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.
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Fe
rna
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M
.
A.
A.
P.
Band
ara,
G.
A.
Ja
y
a
ntha,
and
C.
S.
Ka
lpage,
“
Perform
anc
e
of
coc
onut
o
il
as
an
alter
na
ti
v
e
tr
ansform
er
li
quid
insula
ti
on
,
”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
Diel
e
ct
r.
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A.
K.
Das,
D.
C.
Shill
,
and
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Ch
at
t
erj
e
e,
“
Potenti
al
of
co
conut
oi
l
as
a
diele
ct
ri
c
li
q
uid
in
distri
bu
ti
o
n
tra
nsform
ers,
”
IEE
E
Elec
tric
al
Insulati
on
Maga
zine
,
vo
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no.
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[11]
BIOTEMP®,
“
BIOTEMP® die
l
e
ct
ri
c
insul
at
ing
f
lui
d,
”
A
BB
.
pp
.
1
-
11,
2011
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[12]
E.
Cop
er
,
“
FR
3
flui
d
form
ulated
f
or
per
form
ance
,
”
En
vi
rotemp
,
p
p.
1
-
8
,
2018
.
[13]
MID
EL
®eN1204,
“
MID
EL
®
eN
1204
na
tural
este
r
tr
ansform
er
fl
uid
(ra
p
ese
ed)
,
”
M
&
I
Mate
rials
.
pp.
1
-
4
,
2017
.
[14]
Ki
y
oshi
W
ak
imoto,
“
Fea
ture
s
of
e
co
-
frie
nd
l
y
t
ran
s
form
ers
using
pa
lm
fat
t
y
a
ci
d
ester
(PF
AE),
a
new
vege
t
abl
e
-
b
ase
d
insula
ti
on
oi
l,
”
Me
ide
n
R
ev
i
ew
,
vol.
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[15]
J.
Tokuna
g
a,
M.
Nikai
do
,
H.
Ko
ide
,
and
T.
Hik
osaka
,
“
P
al
m
fa
t
t
y
a
ci
d
este
r
as
biode
gra
d
abl
e
di
el
e
ct
ri
c
flu
id
in
tra
nsform
ers:
A
rev
ie
w,
”
I
EE
E
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Insulati
on
M
agazine
,
vol
.
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,
no.
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[16]
T.
Maripr
asa
th
and
V
.
Ki
ruba
k
ara
n,
“
A
critical
rev
ie
w
on
the
cha
ra
cteri
sti
cs
o
f
a
lt
e
rna
t
ing
li
q
uid
d
ie
l
ectric
s
a
nd
fea
sibi
li
t
y
stud
y
on
pongamia
pin
nat
a
o
il
as
li
qu
id
die
l
ec
t
ric
s,
”
R
e
new.
Sustain
.
En
ergy
R
ev
.
,
vol
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6
5,
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-
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2016
,
doi
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rser
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2016.
07
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036
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H.
B.
H.
Sito
rus,
R
.
Seti
abud
y
,
S.
Bism
o
,
and
A.
B
ero
ua
l,
“
Jatro
pha
cur
c
as
m
et
h
y
l
este
r
oil
ob
ta
i
ning
as
veg
etabl
e
insula
ti
ng
oi
l,”
I
EE
E
Tran
sac
tions
on
Di
ele
ctri
cs
an
d
Electri
ca
l
Insul
ation
,
vol
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23
,
no
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[18]
N.
Beltrán
,
E
.
P
al
a
ci
os,
and
G.
Bla
ss
,
“
Potent
i
al
of
jatropha
cur
c
as
oil
as
a
d
ie
l
ectric
f
lui
d
f
or
po
wer
tra
nsform
er
s,”
IEE
E
Elec
tric
al
Insulati
on
Maga
zine
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vo
l. 33
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[19]
M.
C.
Menki
ti,
C.
M.
Agu,
P.
M.
Ej
ik
eme,
and
O
.
E.
On
y
el
u
cheya,
“
Chemica
l
l
y
i
m
prove
d
Te
rm
in
al
i
a
ca
t
appa
L
.
oi
l:
A
poss
ibl
e
r
enew
abl
e
subs
ti
tute
for
conve
n
ti
ona
l
m
ine
r
al
tra
nsfo
rm
er
oil,”
J
.
En
vi
ron.
Chem.
En
g.
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vol
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no
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037
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M.
Maha
ran
a,
S.
K.
Na
y
ak
,
and
N.
Sahoo,
“
Kara
nji
oi
l
as
a
pot
en
ti
al
diele
ct
ri
cs
liquid
for
tr
ansfor
m
er,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Diel
e
ct
r.
Elec
tr
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Insul.
,
vol. 25
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n
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[21]
S.
Ravulapa
l
li,
K.
Ra
vindhr
anat
h,
and
M.
R
amam
oort
y
,
“
Prepa
r
at
ion
,
ch
aracteri
za
t
ion
and
fe
asi
bil
ity
an
aly
sis
o
f
m
et
h
y
l
este
r
of
Sesbania
see
ds
o
il
(MESS
O)
as
al
te
rn
at
e
li
quid
d
i
el
e
ct
ri
cs
in
distribution
tra
nsform
ers,
”
RSC
Adv.
,
vol.
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[22]
E.
T
.
Nkouet
ch
a,
G.
M.
Meng
ounou,
and
A.
M.
Im
ano,
“
El
a
bora
ti
on
and
pe
rform
anc
e
an
alys
is
of
a
bio
-
bas
ed
insula
ti
ng
l
iqui
d
from
c
astor
o
il
for
pow
er
tra
n
sform
ers,
”
Open
Acce
ss
Libr
.
J
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,
vo
l.
6
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no.
5
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1
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16
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doi:
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l
i
b.
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[23]
BS
EN
62770,
“
Fluids
for
el
e
ct
r
ote
chn
ic
a
l
appl
i
c
at
ions
-
Unus
ed
nat
ura
l
este
rs
for
tra
nsform
ers
an
d
sim
il
ar
elec
tri
c
a
l
equi
pm
ent
,
”
BSI
Standards
.
pp
.
1
-
22,
2014
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[24]
N.
A.
Muham
ad,
B.
T
.
Phung
,
a
nd
T.
R.
Blackb
urn,
“
Diss
olve
d
gas
ana
l
y
sis
for
comm
on
tra
nsform
er
fau
lt
s
in
so
y
see
d
-
base
d
oil,”
IET
Elec
tr
.
Pow
er
Appl.
,
vol
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5
,
no.
1
,
pp
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-
1
42,
2011
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doi
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et
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epa.201
0.
0030
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[25]
N.
A.
Muham
ad, B.
T.
Phung
,
an
d
T.
R.
B
lackbur
n,
“
Applic
ation
of
comm
on
tra
nsform
ers
fau
lt
s di
agnosis
m
et
hod
s
on
biod
egr
ad
able
o
il
-
fi
lled
tra
nsf
orm
ers,
”
El
e
ct
r.
Eng.
,
vo
l. 94
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216
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doi
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202
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012
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0232
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[26]
M.
G.
Ni
asa
r,
N.
Tay
l
or,
P.
Janus
,
X.
W
ang,
H.
E
din,
and
R
.
C
.
K
ii
z
a,
“
Parti
al
dis
cha
rge
s
in
a
ca
v
i
t
y
embedde
d
in
oil
-
impregna
te
d
pape
r:
Eff
e
ct
of
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
th
ermal
ag
ing,”
IE
EE
Tr
ans.
Die
lectr.
El
e
ct
r.
Insul
.
,
vo
l.
22
,
no
.
2
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2015
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70
76808
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[27]
A.
Reff
as
,
et
a
l.
,
“
Influe
nc
e
of
th
ermal
ag
ei
ng
an
d
elec
tr
ical
d
isch
arg
es
on
un
inhi
b
it
ed
oli
v
e
oi
l
pro
per
ties,”
IET
Sc
i
.
Me
as.
Te
chnol
.
,
vol.
10
,
no
.
7
,
pp
.
711
-
718
,
2016
,
do
i :
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1049
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e
t
-
sm
t.
2016.
0045
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[28]
J.
W
ada,
G.
Ue
ta
,
S.
Okab
e
,
a
nd
T
.
Am
imoto,
“
T
ec
hniqu
es
t
o
inh
ibi
t
tr
ansform
er
insulating
oil
d
egr
ad
at
ion
-
Eff
ective
n
ess
ev
al
ua
ti
on
of
the
r
emoval
of
d
egr
a
dat
ion
p
roduc
ts
using
adsorbe
nts
,
”
I
EE
E
Tr
ans.
Diel
e
ct
r.
Elec
tr.
Insul.
,
vol. 20
,
n
o.
6
,
pp
.
2307
-
2
316,
2013
,
doi
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0.
1109/T
DEI
.
20
13.
6678884
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[29]
T.
F.
Sip
ahut
a
r,
A.
A.
Kem
m
a,
N.
Patt
an
adech,
F.
Pratomos
iwi,
Suw
arn
o,
and
M
.
Muhr,
“
Eff
e
ct
of
te
st
m
et
hod
a
nd
nee
dl
e
pl
ane
co
nfigura
t
ion
on
p
art
i
al
d
ischa
rge
inc
ep
ti
on
vol
ta
g
e
m
ea
surem
ent
of
m
ine
ral
oil
b
ase
d
on
W
ei
bu
ll
ana
l
y
sis,
”
Procedia
Techno
l.
,
vol
.
11
,
pp
.
411
-
41
8,
2013
,
doi
:10.
1
016/j
.
pro
tcy
.
201
3.
12.
210
.
[30]
AS
TM
D1533,
“
Standa
rd
te
st
m
e
thod
for
wat
er
i
n
insulating
li
qu
ids
b
y
coul
om
etric
K
arl
Fis
che
r
ti
tration
,
”
ASTM
Inte
rnational
,
pp
.
1
-
5
,
2012
,
doi
:
10.
1520/d1533
-
20.
[31]
AS
TM
D974,
“
Standa
rd
te
st
m
et
hod
f
or
ac
id
a
nd
base
num
ber
b
y
col
or
-
ind
icat
or
titration,
”
AS
TM
Inte
rnationa
l
,
pp.
1
-
7
,
201
4
,
d
oi:
10.
1520
/d097
4
-
21.
[32]
AS
TM
D1816,
“
Standa
rd
te
st
m
e
thod
for
diele
ct
ri
c
br
ea
kdown
vo
l
ta
ge
of
insulatin
g
li
qu
ids
using VDE
elec
trod
es,
”
ASTM
Inte
rnat
io
nal
.
pp
.
1
-
5
,
20
1
2,
doi
:10.
1520
/d
1816
-
12r19.
[33]
AS
TM
D6871,
“
Standa
rd
spec
if
ic
a
ti
on
for
n
at
ur
al
(ve
g
etable
oil)
este
r
f
lui
ds
us
ed
in
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
appa
ra
tus,”
ASTM
Inte
rnational
.
pp
.
1
-
4
,
20
08
,
doi
:
10.
1520/d6871
-
17.
[34]
AS
TM
D3487,
“
Standa
rd
spec
ifica
t
ion
for
m
ine
r
al
insulating
oi
l
used
in
elec
tr
ic
a
l
app
aratus,”
ASTM
Int
ernati
onal
.
pp.
1
-
5
,
201
6
,
d
oi:
10.
1520
/d348
7
-
16e01.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
2
02
1
:
12
81
-
12
88
1288
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Imran
Su
tan
C
hairul
was
born
in
Kuala
Lumpur,
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
in
1
984.
He
r
ec
e
ive
d
his
BEng
.
(Hons
.
)
degr
ee
i
n
Elec
tri
c
al
Eng
i
nee
ring
from
UT
eM
in
2008
and
MEng.
d
egr
e
e
in
Elec
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Univer
siti
Tenaga
Nasion
al
i
n
2012.
He
is
c
urre
ntly
pursuin
g
his
PhD
degr
ee
at
UTe
M
,
where
his
r
ese
arc
h
is
foc
used
on
vegeta
bl
e
-
ba
sed
tra
nsform
er
die
l
ec
tr
ic
li
quids.
Sh
ari
n
Ab
Ghan
i
re
ce
iv
ed
his
BEng.
(Hons
.
)
d
egr
ee
in
Elec
tr
ical
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
fr
om
UTe
M
in
2008
,
MEng.
Degre
e
in
E
lectr
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
from
Univ
ersit
i
Te
nag
a
N
asiona
l
in
2012
,
and
PhD
degr
ee
in
Elec
tri
c
al
E
ngine
er
ing
from
Univer
sit
i
Te
k
nologi
Ma
lay
si
a
in
2019.
Curre
ntly
,
h
e
is
serving
as
Seni
o
r
L
ec
tur
er
a
t
Fa
cul
t
y
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Univer
siti
Te
knik
al
Malay
s
ia
Me
la
k
a.
His
r
ese
arc
h
in
te
r
ests
ar
e
ce
nt
ere
d
on
high
vol
ta
g
e
eng
ine
er
ing,
power
equ
ipmen
t
condi
t
ion
m
oni
tori
ng,
gr
ee
n
e
lectr
i
ca
l
insul
ation
,
d
esign
of
experim
ent
s,
and
op
ti
m
izati
on
.
To
date,
h
is
out
standi
ng
rese
arch
works
h
ave
be
en
pub
li
shed
in
W
oS
-
SC
I
(3)
and
Scopus
(29)
inde
x
ed
jo
urna
ls.
He
al
so
has
expe
r
ie
nc
e
i
n
consult
a
ti
on
work
with
industri
es
r
el
a
ted
to
elec
tr
ical
i
nstal
lation
desig
n,
tr
ansform
er
c
ondit
ion
assess
m
ent
,
and
par
tial
d
ischa
rg
e
anal
y
s
is.
Nu
r
Hakimah
Ab
A
z
i
z
rec
ei
ve
d
her
BEng
.
(Ho
ns.)
degr
ee
in
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
e
ring
f
rom
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Ma
lay
sia
,
MEng.
degr
ee
in
Elec
tr
ical
Pow
er
Engi
ne
er
ing
from
Univer
sit
y
of
S
outh
Aus
tra
lia,
Aus
tra
li
a
,
and
PhD
degr
ee
in
Elec
tr
ic
a
l
Eng
inee
ring
from
Univer
sit
y
of
Str
at
hc
l
y
de
Glasgo
w.
She
is c
urre
nt
l
y
serv
ing
as
a
s
eni
or
l
ec
tur
er
a
t
Univer
siti
Te
knik
al
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Mela
k
a,,
Mal
a
y
si
a.
Her
r
ese
ar
ch
int
er
ests
inc
l
ude
condi
t
ion
m
onit
oring
,
dia
gnostic
s
and
prognostic
s, as
well
as
ag
ei
ng
of
dielectri
c
insul
a
ti
ons.
Mohd
Sh
ahril
Ah
mad
Khiar
was
born
in
Sel
a
ngor,
Malay
si
a
in
1984
.
He
received
h
is
BS
c
.
in
Elec
tri
c
al
&
El
e
ct
roni
cs
Enginee
ring
from
Korea
Univ
ersity
in
2008,
Mast
er’
s
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
from
Un
ive
rsiti
Te
n
aga
Nasiona
l
in
201
2,
and
PhD
deg
ree
from
Univer
sit
y
of
So
utha
m
pton,
UK
in
2019.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
serv
ing
as
Senior
Lectu
r
er
at
Facu
l
t
y
of
Elec
tri
c
al
E
ngine
er
ing,
UT
eM
and
Hea
d
of
High
Voltage
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Rese
arch
La
bora
tor
y
in
U
Te
M,
where
he
is
al
so
th
e
Deput
y
He
ad
of
Ene
rg
y
and
Pow
er
S
y
s
te
m
s
(EPS)
Resea
rch
Group
.
His
r
ese
ar
ch
i
nte
rests
inc
lud
e
high
voltage
e
ngine
er
ing
and
insula
ti
on
m
at
eri
a
ls,
s
ensors,
cond
it
ion
m
onit
oring
for
powe
r
equ
ipment,
and
asset
m
ana
geme
nt.
Sinc
e
2013,
he
has
pu
bli
shed
over
20
ref
ereed
conf
erence
and
journa
l
pape
rs
associate
d
with
th
e
tra
nsfor
m
er
con
dit
ion
m
onit
o
rin
g
and
asset
m
an
a
gement.
Muhammad
Sy
ahrani
Johal
was
born
in
Malacc
a
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
i
n
1984.
He
re
ceive
d
his
BEng.
(Hons
.
)
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
from
UTe
M
in
2008.
He
is
se
rving
as
Te
a
chi
ng
Engi
n
ee
r
at
Facu
lty
of
Elec
tri
c
al
and
E
le
c
troni
c
Eng
ineeri
ng
Technol
og
y
,
UT
eM.
He
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
pursuing
his
M
aste
r
d
egr
e
e
at
UTe
M,
wher
e
h
is
rese
a
rch
is
fo
cuse
d
on
vege
t
abl
e
-
b
ase
d
tra
nsform
er
di
elec
tr
ic
li
qu
ids.
H
e
a
lso
has
expe
r
i
enc
e
in
consultat
ion
work
with
industr
ie
s r
el
a
te
d
to el
e
ct
r
ical insta
l
la
t
ion
d
e
sign.
Mohd
Aiz
z
at
A
z
mi
was
born
in
Mela
k
a,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
in
1993
.
H
e
r
ec
e
ive
d
his
B
En
g
(Hons
.
)
degr
ee
in
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
Eng
ineeri
ng
from
UTe
M
in
2018.
Cur
ren
t
l
y
,
he
is
serv
ing
as
Fac
il
i
t
y
Mana
ger
at E
IC
Advanc
e
Sdn
Bh
d,
Putra
jay
a
.
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