I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
~
1
9
2
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ee
cs
.
v
1
2
.i
1
.
p
p
182
-
1
9
2
182
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
ijeec
s
Intentiona
l Isla
nd
ing
Metho
ds a
s P
o
st F
a
ult
Re
m
edi
a
l Act
io
n:
A Review
N.
Z
.
Sa
ha
rudd
in
1
,
I
.
Z
a
ina
l
Abid
i
n
2
,
H
.
M
o
k
hli
s
3
,
K
.
Na
idu
4
1
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
si
a
M
e
lak
a
,
7
6
1
0
0
Du
r
ian
T
u
n
g
g
a
l,
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
1,
2
In
stit
u
te o
f
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
n
a
g
a
N
a
sio
n
a
l,
Ja
lan
Ik
ra
m
-
Un
it
e
n
,
4
3
0
0
0
Ka
jan
g
,
S
e
lan
g
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
3
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
la
y
a
,
5
0
6
0
3
K
u
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r,
M
a
lay
sia
4
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
S
e
c
ti
o
n
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r,
Brit
ish
M
a
la
y
sia
n
In
stit
u
te,
5
3
1
0
0
G
o
m
b
a
k
,
Ku
a
la L
u
m
p
u
r,
M
a
la
y
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
A
p
r
2
,
2
0
1
8
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
u
n
3
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
Ju
n
17
,
2
0
1
8
In
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
islan
d
in
g
is
th
e
las
t
d
e
f
e
n
se
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
e
x
e
c
u
ted
to
a
v
o
id
c
a
sc
a
d
in
g
f
a
il
u
re
s
a
n
d
to
tal
b
lac
k
o
u
t
in
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
n
e
tw
o
rk
d
u
rin
g
se
v
e
re
o
r
c
rit
ica
l
c
o
n
ti
n
g
e
n
c
y
.
It
is
p
e
r
fo
rm
e
d
w
h
e
n
o
th
e
r
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
a
re
u
n
a
b
le
t
o
sa
v
e
th
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
f
ro
m
c
o
ll
a
p
se
.
In
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
isla
n
d
i
n
g
is
p
re
f
e
rre
d
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
u
n
in
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
islan
d
in
g
,
w
h
ich
p
ro
d
u
c
e
s
u
n
s
tab
le
isl
a
n
d
s.
T
h
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
o
f
in
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
islan
d
i
n
g
is
to
sp
li
t
th
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
b
y
d
isc
o
n
n
e
c
ti
n
g
a
p
p
ro
p
riate
tran
sm
issio
n
li
n
e
s
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
ll
y
s
tab
le
a
n
d
b
a
lan
c
e
d
islan
d
s.
T
h
e
re
a
re
m
a
n
y
m
e
th
o
d
s
su
g
g
e
ste
d
b
y
p
re
v
io
u
s
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
o
n
in
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
islan
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
a
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
re
v
ie
w
o
n
v
a
rio
u
s
in
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
islan
d
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
p
ro
p
o
se
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
u
se
d
w
h
ich
a
re
m
in
ima
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
m
b
a
lan
c
e
a
n
d
m
in
im
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w
d
isru
p
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
n
f
iv
e
in
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
islan
d
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
w
h
ich
a
re
a
n
a
l
y
ti
c
a
l,
n
u
m
e
rica
l,
h
e
u
risti
c
,
m
e
t
a
-
h
e
u
risti
c
a
n
d
h
y
b
rid
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s.
T
h
is
re
v
ie
w
p
a
p
e
r
w
il
l
se
r
v
e
a
s
g
u
id
e
l
in
e
a
n
d
re
f
e
re
n
c
e
f
o
r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
e
rs
to
e
x
p
lo
re
f
u
rth
e
r
in
th
is
t
o
p
ic o
f
in
t
e
re
st.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
alan
ce
d
is
lan
d
C
ascad
in
g
f
ail
u
r
es
I
n
ten
t
io
n
al
is
lan
d
i
n
g
Min
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
Min
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
i
m
b
alan
ce
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
N.
Z
.
Sa
h
ar
u
d
d
in
,
Facu
lt
y
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
la
y
s
ia
Me
lak
a,
7
6
1
0
0
Du
r
ian
T
u
n
g
g
al,
Me
la
k
a,
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
E
m
ail:
n
u
r
za
w
a
n
i
@
u
te
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
ec
u
r
it
y
i
s
v
ital
in
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
d
esig
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
ec
u
r
it
y
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
a
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
o
p
er
ate
n
o
r
m
a
ll
y
a
n
d
r
eliab
ly
d
u
r
in
g
an
y
c
o
n
ti
n
g
e
n
cies.
Me
an
w
h
i
le,
co
n
tin
g
e
n
c
y
r
e
f
er
s
to
an
ac
t
o
f
lo
s
in
g
o
n
e
o
r
t
w
o
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
(
s
u
c
h
as
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
l
in
e
s
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
)
o
r
s
u
d
d
e
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
lo
ad
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
n
y
f
ail
u
r
es o
r
o
u
ta
g
es [
1
]
.
P
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
w
it
h
N
-
1
,
N
-
2
o
r
N
-
1
-
1
co
n
t
in
g
e
n
c
y
.
T
h
is
is
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
o
p
er
ate
in
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
r
eliab
le
p
o
w
er
i
s
d
eliv
er
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
i
n
g
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
u
ta
g
e
(
N
-
1
)
,
t
w
o
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
o
u
t
ag
e
(
N
-
2
)
o
r
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
u
tag
e
s
(
N
-
1
-
1
)
at
a
ti
m
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
ce
r
tain
s
e
v
er
e
o
u
ta
g
es
co
u
ld
v
io
late
th
e
N
-
1
,
N
-
2
o
r
N
-
1
-
1
co
n
ti
n
g
e
n
c
y
cr
iter
i
o
n
,
w
h
ich
w
ill
lead
to
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
s
tab
il
it
y
a
n
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
co
llap
s
e.
Gen
er
all
y
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
iv
e
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tate
s
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
[
2
]
:
a)
No
r
m
a
l
s
tate
-
All
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
ar
e
w
ith
in
s
u
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
lev
el
o
f
s
tab
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
s
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
elec
tr
icit
y
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
ab
le
to
w
it
h
s
ta
n
d
an
y
co
n
ti
n
g
e
n
c
y
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
b)
A
ler
t
s
tate
-
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
e
n
ter
s
in
to
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
lev
el
o
f
s
ta
b
ilit
y
m
ar
g
i
n
as
s
o
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
ar
e
v
io
lated
d
u
e
to
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
co
n
tin
g
e
n
c
y
e
v
en
t
s
.
P
o
w
er
is
s
till
s
u
p
p
lied
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
P
r
ev
en
t
iv
e
ac
tio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
ten
tio
n
a
l
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Meth
o
d
s
a
s
P
o
s
t F
a
u
lt R
eme
d
ia
l A
ctio
n
:
A
R
ev
iew
(
N
.
Z.
S
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
in
)
183
h
av
e
to
b
e
ex
ec
u
ted
to
r
etu
r
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
ac
k
to
n
o
r
m
al
s
ta
te.
I
f
p
r
ev
en
ti
v
e
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ex
ec
u
ted
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill en
te
r
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
o
r
in
ex
tr
emis
s
tate.
c)
E
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
s
tate
-
T
h
is
s
tate
t
ak
es
p
lace
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
t
in
g
e
n
c
y
e
v
en
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
i
n
aler
t
s
tate.
S
y
s
te
m
i
s
s
till
i
n
tact
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
.
E
m
er
g
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ex
ec
u
ted
to
r
etu
r
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
n
o
r
m
al
s
tate
o
r
at
least
to
aler
t
s
tate.
I
f
th
e
s
e
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
tak
e
n
in
ti
m
e,
it
w
il
l
ca
u
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
en
ter
in
ex
tr
emis
s
tate.
L
o
ad
s
h
ed
d
i
n
g
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
e
tr
ip
p
in
g
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
g
en
er
ati
n
g
u
n
it
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
th
e
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
s
ta
k
en
to
av
o
id
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
e
n
ter
in
ex
tr
em
is
s
tate.
d)
I
n
ex
tr
e
m
i
s
s
tate
-
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
ar
ea
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
f
a
ce
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
u
e
to
p
ar
tial
o
r
co
m
p
lete
b
lack
o
u
t.
An
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
em
ed
ial
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
ti
o
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
ec
u
ted
to
r
e
d
u
ce
ca
s
ca
d
i
n
g
f
ail
u
r
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
ex
ten
s
iv
e
d
a
m
ag
e.
e)
R
esto
r
ati
v
e
s
tate
-
A
p
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ex
ec
u
ted
to
r
esto
r
e
an
d
r
ec
o
n
n
ec
t
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
ac
k
to
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
ll
r
etu
r
n
to
th
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
s
tate
o
r
aler
t
s
tate
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
is
ess
e
n
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
a
n
o
r
m
al
s
tate
at
all
ti
m
es.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
s
ev
er
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
s
o
r
o
u
tag
e
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
f
a
cto
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
n
a
tu
r
al
d
is
a
s
ter
,
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
f
ai
lu
r
e
,
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
m
a
lf
u
n
ctio
n
,
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
s
,
m
o
d
er
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
at
ar
e
o
p
er
ated
clo
s
er
to
li
m
it
s
ca
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
m
an
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
to
t
h
e
n
et
wo
r
k
.
W
o
r
s
t
s
till
,
it
ca
n
ev
e
n
ca
u
s
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
ese
o
u
tag
es c
a
n
tr
ig
g
er
ca
s
c
ad
in
g
f
ail
u
r
es t
h
at
ev
e
n
t
u
all
y
r
esu
lt i
n
p
ar
tial o
r
to
tal
b
lack
o
u
t o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Sev
er
e
b
la
c
k
o
u
t
ca
s
es
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
w
er
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ca
s
ca
d
i
n
g
e
v
en
t
s
w
h
ic
h
i
s
i
n
itiated
b
y
s
in
g
le
o
r
m
u
lt
ip
le
ev
en
ts
.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
m
illi
o
n
s
o
f
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
ar
e
af
f
ec
ted
d
u
e
to
th
e
b
lack
o
u
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
I
tal
y
[
6
]
,
S
w
ed
en
/De
n
m
ar
k
[
3
]
an
d
US
A
/C
a
n
ad
a
[
7
]
in
2
0
0
3
.
I
n
2
0
0
6
[
8
]
,
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
ev
e
n
t
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
s
ev
er
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
in
U
C
T
E
s
y
s
te
m
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
s
p
lit au
to
m
atica
ll
y
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
t
h
r
ee
is
lan
d
s
.
P
r
o
p
er
r
em
ed
ial
ac
tio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
ev
ices
tr
ip
p
in
g
,
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e,
g
en
er
ato
r
r
esch
ed
u
li
n
g
o
r
r
e
-
d
is
p
atc
h
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t d
u
r
in
g
co
n
ti
n
g
e
n
c
y
e
v
en
t
s
to
a
v
o
id
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
i
n
g
f
ai
lu
r
e
to
s
p
r
ea
d
.
T
h
ese
s
tep
s
ar
e
also
ex
ec
u
ted
to
ai
d
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
o
p
er
ate
in
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ta
te.
I
n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
e
s
,
th
e
r
e
m
ed
ial
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
a
b
le
to
s
av
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
r
o
m
co
llap
s
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
ten
tio
n
al
is
la
n
d
in
g
is
th
e
b
est
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
av
o
id
an
u
n
in
te
n
tio
n
al
is
lan
d
i
n
g
(
au
to
m
at
ic
is
la
n
d
in
g
)
th
at
h
ap
p
en
s
d
u
e
to
s
o
m
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
l
in
e
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
tr
ip
p
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
ca
l
r
ela
y
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
ca
s
ca
d
i
n
g
f
ail
u
r
e.
W
o
r
s
t
s
ti
ll,
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
elec
tr
ical
i
s
la
n
d
s
ar
e
al
w
a
y
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
u
n
in
ten
tio
n
al
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
s
c
en
ar
io
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ev
er
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
n
in
ten
t
io
n
al
is
la
n
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
h
i
ch
w
ill
b
e
th
e
m
ain
f
o
cu
s
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
e
an
d
in
ten
t
io
n
al
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
ar
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
i
n
Sectio
n
2
.
Deta
il
s
elab
o
r
atio
n
s
o
n
i
n
ten
tio
n
al
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
i
n
Sectio
n
3
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
n
in
ten
t
io
n
al
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
i
s
r
ev
ie
w
ed
i
n
Sectio
n
4
.
Fin
a
ll
y
,
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
f
o
r
th
is
p
ap
er
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t in
Sectio
n
5
.
2.
T
RANSM
I
SS
I
O
N
L
I
NE
A
N
D
I
NT
E
N
T
I
O
NA
L
I
S
L
AN
D
I
NG
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ele
m
en
t
in
n
at
io
n
al
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
e
is
e
lectr
ical
p
o
w
er
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
[9
]
-
[
10]
.
Failu
r
e
o
f
t
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
u
e
to
b
lack
o
u
t
s
m
a
y
lead
to
m
an
y
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
i
n
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
ar
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
n
atio
n
al
g
r
o
w
t
h
.
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e
s
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ar
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
b
y
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
ev
ice
s
s
u
c
h
as
r
ela
y
s
a
n
d
cir
cu
i
t
b
r
ea
k
er
s
.
Oc
cu
r
r
en
ce
s
o
f
f
au
lts
o
r
o
u
tag
e
s
in
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
lin
es
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
li
n
es
to
b
e
tr
ip
p
ed
o
p
en
w
h
en
th
e
p
er
m
is
s
ib
le
li
m
it
s
ar
e
ex
ce
ed
ed
.
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
es
ar
e
tr
ip
p
ed
o
p
en
to
av
o
id
f
u
r
th
er
d
am
a
g
e
to
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
ac
h
in
e
s
as
w
ell
as
to
av
o
id
an
y
i
n
s
tab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
lem
in
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
v
er
lo
ad
in
g
is
s
u
es
m
ig
h
t
o
cc
u
r
to
o
th
er
lin
es
th
a
t
s
h
a
r
es
a
co
m
m
o
n
b
u
s
.
T
h
is
w
i
ll
ca
u
s
e
o
th
er
li
n
es
to
b
e
o
v
er
lo
ad
ed
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
tr
ip
p
ed
b
y
t
h
eir
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
d
ev
ice.
T
h
is
w
ill
lead
to
ca
s
ca
d
i
n
g
f
a
ilu
r
es
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
C
ascad
i
n
g
f
a
ilu
r
e
ca
n
s
p
r
ea
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
a
n
d
ca
n
r
es
u
lt
in
to
s
e
v
er
e
lo
ad
an
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
i
m
b
a
lan
ce
.
T
o
tal
s
y
s
te
m
b
lac
k
o
u
t
i
s
th
e
w
o
r
s
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
f
ail
u
r
es.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
o
n
lar
g
e
b
la
ck
o
u
t
e
v
e
n
ts
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
in
te
n
tio
n
al
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
(
also
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
p
litt
i
n
g
)
as
a
n
e
m
e
r
g
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
w
id
e
-
ar
ea
b
lac
k
o
u
t.
I
n
te
n
tio
n
al
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
i
s
ex
ec
u
ted
to
p
ar
titi
o
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
to
i
s
lan
d
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
ti
v
e
o
f
in
te
n
tio
n
al
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
i
s
to
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
es
to
f
o
r
m
b
ala
n
ce
d
an
d
s
t
ab
le
is
la
n
d
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
ten
tio
n
al
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ch
al
len
g
i
n
g
as
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
cu
ts
ets
g
r
o
w
s
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
l
y
a
s
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ize
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ich
p
o
s
es
a
ch
al
len
g
e
t
o
r
ese
a
r
ch
e
r
s
t
o
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
b
est
s
p
li
ttin
g
p
o
in
ts
in
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
le
ad
in
g
t
o
a
s
t
a
b
le
is
l
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
in
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
is
lan
d
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
w
ill
r
ev
iew
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
u
s
e
d
in
in
ten
tio
n
al
is
l
an
d
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
e
d
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
i
d
e
d
in
t
o
f
iv
e
c
at
eg
o
r
ies
w
h
ich
ar
e
an
aly
tica
l,
n
u
m
er
ica
l,
h
eu
r
is
t
ic
,
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
is
t
ic
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
:
1
8
2
–
192
184
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
il
lu
s
tr
at
es
an
o
v
e
r
all
v
i
ew
o
f
in
ten
ti
o
n
al
is
l
an
d
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
a
r
e
r
ev
iew
ed
in
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
tw
o
co
m
m
o
n
o
b
jec
tiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
th
e
b
est
cu
ts
e
t
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
m
in
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
i
m
b
alan
ce
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
.
Mi
n
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
i
m
b
a
lan
ce
as
a
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
e
m
p
h
a
s
izes
o
n
s
m
all
to
ler
an
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
l
o
ad
in
th
e
is
la
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
ti
v
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
to
less
en
t
h
e
q
u
an
tit
y
o
f
lo
ad
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
h
ed
af
ter
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
litt
i
n
g
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
m
i
n
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
m
i
n
i
m
izes
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
is
,
is
lan
d
in
g
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
m
u
s
t
s
atis
f
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
co
n
s
t
r
ain
ts
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
tab
le
is
lan
d
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
p
lit
tin
g
s
u
ch
as
g
en
er
at
io
n
lo
a
d
b
alan
c
e,
g
en
e
r
at
o
r
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
cy
,
th
er
m
al
lim
its
,
v
o
l
tag
e
s
t
ab
i
lity
,
t
r
an
s
i
en
t
s
ta
b
i
lity
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
s
tab
i
lity
.
Me
th
o
d
s
r
ev
ie
w
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
ca
n
b
e
class
if
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
tab
le
an
d
b
alan
ce
d
is
lan
d
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gen
er
al
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
in
ten
tio
n
al
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
T
ab
le
1
.
Ob
j
ec
tiv
e
Fu
n
c
tio
n
u
s
ed
in
th
e
R
ev
ie
w
ed
Me
th
o
d
s
G
r
o
u
p
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
M
e
t
h
o
d
M
a
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
mo
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
[
1
1
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
U
n
i
f
i
e
d
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
r
a
me
w
o
r
k
[
1
2
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
T
h
r
e
e
-
st
a
g
e
me
t
h
o
d
[
1
6
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
d
i
sr
u
p
t
i
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
F
l
o
w
T
r
a
c
i
n
g
M
e
t
h
o
d
[
1
7
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
P
a
r
t
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
M
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
K
e
r
n
e
l
k
-
M
e
a
n
s
A
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
[
1
3
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
d
i
sr
u
p
t
i
o
n
B
a
c
k
w
a
r
d
El
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
t
h
o
d
[
1
4
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
C
l
u
st
e
r
i
n
g
[
1
5
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
d
i
sr
u
p
t
i
o
n
N
u
me
r
i
c
a
l
M
e
t
h
o
d
L
i
n
e
a
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
mm
i
n
g
M
I
L
P
[
1
8
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
P
i
e
c
e
w
i
se
L
i
n
e
a
r
A
C
P
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
[
1
9
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
H
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
M
e
t
h
o
d
A
n
t
me
c
h
a
n
i
sm
[
2
0
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
M
e
t
a
-
H
e
u
r
i
st
i
c
M
e
t
h
o
d
C
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
B
i
n
a
r
y
P
S
O
[
2
1
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
A
M
P
S
O
[
2
2
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
H
y
b
r
i
d
M
e
t
h
o
d
G
r
a
p
h
p
a
r
t
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
O
B
D
D
t
w
o
-
p
h
a
se
[
2
3
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
O
B
D
D
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
se
[
2
4
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
O
B
D
D
w
i
t
h
t
r
a
n
si
e
n
t
s
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
[
2
5
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
S
i
mp
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
[
2
6
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
C
o
h
e
r
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
W
A
M
S
[
2
7
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
d
i
sr
u
p
t
i
o
n
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
S
e
l
f
-
h
e
a
l
i
n
g
[
2
8
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
S
l
o
w
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
y
[
3
0
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
S
l
o
w
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
y
w
i
t
h
mi
n
i
m
u
m
c
u
t
se
t
[
3
1
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
S
l
o
w
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
y
w
i
t
h
g
r
a
p
h
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
[
3
2
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
l
o
w
d
i
sr
u
p
t
i
o
n
C
u
t
se
t
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m[
3
3
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
K
r
y
l
o
v
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
[
3
4
]
M
i
n
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
i
mb
a
l
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
me
th
o
d
Heu
ri
s
ti
c
me
th
o
d
Gra
p
h
p
a
rt
it
io
n
in
g
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
Gen
e
ra
to
r
Gro
u
p
in
g
c
o
mp
u
ta
ti
o
n
a
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
L
in
e
a
r
P
ro
g
ra
mmin
g
ma
th
e
ma
ti
c
a
l
mo
d
e
ll
in
g
[1
1
]
a)
OB
DD
tw
o
-
p
h
a
s
e
[2
3
]
b)
OB
DD
th
re
e
-
phase
[2
4
]
c)
OB
DD
w
it
h
t
ra
n
s
ie
n
t
s
ta
b
il
it
y
[2
5
]
d)
S
imp
li
fi
c
a
ti
o
n
me
th
o
d
[2
6
]
e)
Coh
e
re
n
t
g
ro
u
p
id
e
n
ti
fi
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
W
A
MS
[2
7
]
a)
S
e
lf
-
h
e
a
li
n
g
[2
8
]
b)
S
lo
w
c
o
h
e
re
n
c
y
[3
0
]
c)
S
lo
w
c
o
h
e
re
n
c
y
w
it
h
min
imu
m
c
u
ts
e
t
[3
1
]
d)
S
lo
w
c
o
h
e
re
n
c
y
w
it
h
g
ra
p
h
th
e
o
re
ti
c
[3
2
]
e)
Cut
s
e
t
Det
e
rmi
n
a
ti
o
n
A
lg
o
ri
th
m[3
3
]
f)
K
ry
lo
v
P
ro
je
c
ti
o
n
me
th
o
d
[3
4
]
a)
B
in
a
ry
P
S
O
[2
1
]
b)
A
MP
S
O [2
2
]
a)
MIL
P
[
18]
b)
P
ie
c
e
w
is
e
L
in
e
a
r
A
C
P
o
w
e
r
fl
o
w
[
1
9
]
A
n
t
me
c
h
a
n
is
m
[2
0
]
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
te
m Sec
u
ri
ty
Gen
e
ra
ti
o
n
T
ra
n
s
mis
s
io
n
Dis
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
Con
s
u
me
r
P
o
s
t
fa
u
lt
re
me
d
ia
l
a
c
ti
o
n
s
In
te
n
ti
o
n
a
l
Is
la
n
d
in
g
L
o
a
d
S
h
e
d
d
in
g
G
e
n
e
ra
to
r
R
e
s
c
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
@
Re
-
d
is
p
a
tc
h
P
ro
te
c
ti
v
e
Dev
ic
e
Hy
b
ri
d
me
th
o
d
Gra
p
h
p
a
rt
it
io
n
in
g
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
a)
Mu
lt
il
e
v
e
l
K
e
rn
e
l
k
-
Me
a
n
s
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
[
13
]
b)
B
a
c
k
w
a
rd
E
li
min
a
ti
o
n
Me
th
o
d
[
14
]
c)
S
p
e
c
tr
a
l
Clu
s
te
ri
n
g
[
15
]
Nume
ri
c
a
l
me
th
o
d
Me
ta
-
h
e
u
ri
s
ti
c
me
th
o
d
a)
Uni
fi
e
d
s
ta
b
il
it
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
fr
a
me
w
o
rk
[1
2
]
T
h
re
e
-
s
ta
g
e
me
th
o
d
[1
6
]
P
o
w
e
r
F
lo
w
T
ra
c
in
g
Me
th
o
d
[1
7
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
ten
tio
n
a
l
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Meth
o
d
s
a
s
P
o
s
t F
a
u
lt R
eme
d
ia
l A
ctio
n
:
A
R
ev
iew
(
N
.
Z.
S
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
in
)
185
3.
I
NT
E
N
T
I
O
NA
L
I
S
L
AN
DIN
G
M
E
T
H
O
DS
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
f
iv
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ies o
f
in
te
n
tio
n
al
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
w
ill b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
an
d
elab
o
r
ated
.
3
.
1
.
Ana
ly
t
ica
l A
pp
ro
a
ch
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
tical
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
e
s
s
tep
b
y
s
tep
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
(
an
al
y
s
is
)
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
m
a
th
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
s
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
s
e
ar
ch
f
o
r
an
o
p
tim
a
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
o
u
tli
n
es
s
o
m
e
ex
a
m
p
les
o
f
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
3.
1
.
1.
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
ica
l M
o
delli
ng
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
in
[
1
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
is
lan
d
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
av
o
id
th
e
b
lack
o
u
t
i
n
B
an
g
lad
e
s
h
P
o
w
er
Dev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
B
o
ar
d
(
B
P
DB
)
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
B
P
DB
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
t
w
o
to
f
i
v
e
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
is
la
n
d
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
ev
er
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
u
l
t.
I
n
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
,
a
m
ath
e
m
at
ical
m
o
d
el
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
u
s
e
s
in
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
th
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
en
er
ato
r
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
FO
R
T
A
N
7
7
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
h
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
li
n
es
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
is
la
n
d
s
ar
e
th
e
cu
ts
et
f
o
r
is
la
n
d
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Mic
r
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
ar
e
in
s
ta
lle
d
at
b
o
th
e
n
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
lin
e
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
t
h
ese
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
s
li
n
es
in
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
.
I
n
t
h
e
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
at
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
l
o
w
(
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
)
e
x
ce
ed
s
t
h
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
5
%
at
b
o
th
e
n
d
s
o
f
an
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
li
n
e,
t
h
is
li
n
e
w
il
l
b
e
d
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
is
la
n
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
at,
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t if
it is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
b
alan
ce
i
n
an
y
o
f
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
s
.
3.
1
.
2.
Unifi
ed
Sta
bil
it
y
Co
nt
ro
l F
ra
m
ew
o
rk
M
et
ho
d
Net
w
o
r
k
s
p
litt
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
2
]
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
le
x
o
s
cillatio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
s
u
c
h
as
m
u
ltip
le
g
en
er
ato
r
s
o
u
ta
g
es
o
r
m
u
lt
ip
le
li
n
es
o
u
tag
es.
I
n
th
i
s
m
eth
o
d
,
a
u
n
i
fied
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
i
s
m
o
d
elled
to
e
v
alu
a
te
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
e
i
n
te
n
ti
o
n
al
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es
(
s
u
c
h
as
g
en
er
ato
r
s
h
ed
d
in
g
,
f
ast
v
al
v
i
n
g
,
lo
a
d
s
h
ed
d
in
g
)
f
o
r
g
i
v
e
n
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
co
n
tin
g
e
n
c
ies
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
P
o
s
s
ib
le
co
n
ti
n
g
en
cies
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
t
h
at
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
s
y
s
te
m
in
s
tab
ilit
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
in
w
h
ic
h
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ex
ec
u
ted
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
ten
tio
n
a
l
is
lan
d
i
n
g
is
o
n
l
y
e
x
ec
u
ted
w
h
en
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
m
a
in
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
p
litt
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
y
u
s
ed
in
th
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
ar
e
ex
p
lain
ed
as f
o
llo
w
:
a.
Use h
e
u
r
is
tic
m
et
h
o
d
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
s
p
litt
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
b.
P
er
f
o
r
m
tr
an
s
ien
t
s
tab
ili
t
y
an
al
y
s
i
s
(
T
-
D
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
)
,
ad
j
u
s
t
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
-
cl
u
s
ter
ce
n
ter
-
of
-
i
n
er
t
i
a
r
elativ
e
m
o
tio
n
(
C
C
C
OI
-
R
M)
m
ap
p
in
g
in
ea
c
h
is
la
n
d
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
te
t
h
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t stab
ilit
y
m
ar
g
i
n
s
.
c.
E
x
ec
u
te
s
p
litt
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
y
i
f
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
m
ar
g
in
b
ec
o
m
e
s
s
u
i
tab
le
in
ea
ch
i
s
lan
d
d.
Or
else,
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es
(
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
h
ed
d
in
g
,
f
as
t
v
al
v
i
n
g
,
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
)
w
ill
b
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l d
esig
n
er
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
G
ra
ph
P
a
rt
it
io
nin
g
M
et
ho
d
Gr
ap
h
p
ar
titi
o
n
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
u
s
es
g
r
ap
h
t
h
eo
r
y
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
Au
t
h
o
r
in
[
1
3
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
i
n
g
Mu
l
tile
v
el
Ker
n
el
k
-
Me
an
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
in
te
n
tio
n
al
is
lan
d
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
o
f
lar
g
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
r
e
e
p
h
ases
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
ag
g
r
eg
a
tio
n
,
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
an
d
r
etr
iev
al.
I
n
p
h
ase
1
,
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
a
l
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
a
s
m
aller
s
ize
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
r
u
les
a
n
d
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
en
,
g
r
ap
h
p
a
r
titi
o
n
i
n
g
i
s
ex
ec
u
ted
an
d
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
i
n
p
h
a
s
e
2
.
I
n
p
h
a
s
e
3
,
th
e
r
etr
iev
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
Ker
n
el
k
-
Me
a
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
p
h
ases
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
Mu
l
tile
v
el
Ker
n
e
l
k
-
Me
a
n
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
h
ases
o
f
m
u
l
tilev
e
l a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
I
n
[
1
4
]
,
is
lan
d
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
b
u
lk
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
d
u
r
in
g
s
e
v
er
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
s
lo
w
co
h
e
r
en
c
y
b
ased
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
to
g
r
o
u
p
th
e
co
h
er
en
t
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
.
Gr
ap
h
s
i
m
p
li
f
icat
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
also
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
h
u
g
e
s
e
ar
ch
s
p
ac
e
o
f
s
p
litt
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
.
B
ac
k
w
ar
d
E
li
m
i
n
atio
n
Me
t
h
o
d
(
B
E
M)
is
th
e
n
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
to
o
b
tai
n
all
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
is
la
n
d
in
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
.
E
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
:
1
8
2
–
192
186
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
is
lan
d
s
is
ex
ec
u
te
d
u
s
in
g
Ne
w
to
n
R
ap
h
s
o
n
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
an
d
Q
-
V
m
o
d
al
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
m
in
i
m
iza
tio
n
o
f
g
en
er
ati
o
n
-
lo
ad
i
m
b
ala
n
ce
is
ta
k
e
n
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
to
g
et
h
er
w
it
h
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
is
o
late
d
b
u
s
,
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
o
lta
g
e
r
an
g
e
an
d
s
tatic
v
o
ltag
e
s
ta
b
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
B
in
ar
y
I
m
p
er
ialis
tic
C
o
m
p
etiti
v
e
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
B
I
C
A
)
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
i
n
[
1
5
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
a
t
w
o
-
s
tep
co
n
tr
o
lled
is
la
n
d
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
f
i
n
d
a
s
u
i
tab
le
is
la
n
d
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
av
o
id
th
e
in
itiat
io
n
o
f
w
id
e
ar
ea
b
lack
o
u
ts
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
u
n
-
d
a
m
p
ed
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
Min
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
fl
o
w
d
is
r
u
p
ti
o
n
is
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
i
n
t
h
is
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
co
h
er
e
n
t
g
en
er
a
to
r
s
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
u
s
i
n
g
n
o
r
m
a
lized
s
p
ec
tr
al
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
eir
d
y
n
a
m
ic
m
o
d
el
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
,
th
e
is
lan
d
in
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
w
h
ich
f
u
l
f
ils
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
s
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
all
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
t
h
eir
d
esire
d
co
h
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
u
s
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
s
p
ec
tr
al
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
.
3
.
1
.
4
.
T
hree
-
Sta
g
e
M
e
t
ho
d
A
t
h
r
ee
-
s
ta
g
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
i
n
te
n
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
lled
is
la
n
d
in
g
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
6
]
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
b
est
is
lan
d
i
n
g
cu
t
s
ets
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
m
i
n
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
i
m
b
alan
ce
o
r
m
i
n
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
el
f
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
g
r
ap
h
s
i
m
p
li
f
icat
io
n
wh
ich
ca
n
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
is
lan
d
i
n
g
cu
t
s
et
s
ea
r
ch
ar
ea
an
d
f
o
r
m
a
t
w
o
-
t
er
m
in
a
l
g
r
ap
h
m
o
d
el.
T
h
en
,
an
is
la
n
d
in
g
cu
ts
et
s
ea
r
c
h
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
m
er
g
e
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
)
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
w
eig
h
ted
m
o
d
el
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
all
t
h
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
cu
t
s
ets.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tag
e
,
m
in
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
i
s
u
s
ed
as
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Fin
all
y
,
is
la
n
d
in
g
ch
ec
k
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
d
ep
th
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
c
h
alg
o
r
it
h
m
to
v
er
i
f
y
t
h
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
c
u
t
s
ets
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
w
i
ll
o
n
l
y
s
elec
t
t
h
e
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
cu
t
s
et
i
f
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
o
n
e
b
r
an
c
h
ex
is
t
s
i
n
ea
ch
is
la
n
d
an
d
an
y
P
V
b
u
s
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
is
la
n
d
.
T
h
is
ch
ec
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
av
o
id
an
y
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
i
n
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
s
f
o
r
m
ed
a
f
ter
in
te
n
tio
n
al
is
la
n
d
in
g
e
x
ec
u
t
io
n
.
3
.
1
.
5
.
P
o
w
er
F
l
o
w
T
ra
cing
M
e
t
ho
d
An
o
th
er
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
in
ten
t
i
o
n
al
is
la
n
d
in
g
b
ased
o
n
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
tr
ac
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
is
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
i
s
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
ex
ec
u
ted
in
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
s
.
I
n
p
h
ase
o
n
e,
th
e
d
o
m
a
in
o
f
ea
c
h
g
e
n
er
ato
r
is
id
en
ti
f
ied
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
tr
ac
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
E
ac
h
lo
ad
b
u
s
e
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
d
esire
d
g
en
er
ato
r
b
u
s
a
n
d
th
is
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
g
en
er
ato
r
b
u
s
.
T
h
en
,
an
i
n
it
ial
s
p
li
tti
n
g
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
i
s
p
r
i
m
ar
il
y
d
eter
m
in
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
'
s
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
p
h
a
s
e
t
w
o
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
t
h
e
ac
tu
al
s
p
litt
in
g
p
o
in
t
is
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
r
ef
in
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
itia
l sp
litt
i
n
g
p
o
in
t i
n
p
h
a
s
e
th
r
ee
.
3.
2
.
Nu
m
er
ica
l A
pp
ro
a
ch
N
u
m
er
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
to
o
l
s
u
ch
as
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
to
s
o
lv
e
n
u
m
er
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
co
m
p
le
x
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
w
i
th
m
i
n
i
m
al
n
u
m
er
ical
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
o
u
tli
n
es so
m
e
e
x
a
m
p
le
s
o
f
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
L
inea
r
P
r
o
g
ra
mm
ing
M
e
t
ho
d
I
n
[
1
8
]
,
an
o
p
t
i
m
izatio
n
b
ase
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lled
is
la
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
an
d
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
.
I
n
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
M
ix
ed
I
n
te
g
er
L
i
n
ea
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
(
MI
L
P
)
i
s
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
u
i
tab
le
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
is
o
lati
n
g
t
h
e
a
f
f
ec
ted
ar
ea
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
ia
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
li
n
es
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
,
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
an
d
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
w
h
ile
m
a
x
i
m
izi
n
g
lo
ad
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
MI
L
P
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
e
x
ec
u
ted
i
n
t
w
o
s
ta
g
e
s
.
First,
a
D
C
f
ea
s
ib
l
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
s
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
u
s
in
g
DC
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
en
,
a
n
A
C
o
p
ti
m
al
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
a
n
A
C
-
f
ea
s
ib
le
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
b
alan
ce
d
an
d
s
tead
y
-
s
ta
te
f
ea
s
ib
le
DC
i
s
lan
d
s
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lled
is
lan
d
i
n
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
I
n
[
1
9
]
,
co
n
tr
o
lled
is
la
n
d
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
p
iece
w
i
s
e
l
in
ea
r
m
o
d
el
o
f
AC
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
h
e
n
d
es
i
g
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
s
.
T
h
en
,
MI
L
P
m
et
h
o
d
in
[
1
8
]
is
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
is
lan
d
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
tak
e
s
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
lo
ca
l
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
ca
n
lead
to
ir
r
eg
u
lar
v
o
lta
g
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
i
n
ce
r
tain
ar
ea
s
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
3.
3
.
H
euristic
Appro
a
ch
Heu
r
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
es
a
n
y
p
r
ac
tical
m
et
h
o
d
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
t
h
at
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
th
e
i
m
m
ed
iate
g
o
als
e
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
o
p
ti
m
a
l
s
o
l
u
tio
n
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
u
s
e
tr
i
al
an
d
er
r
o
r
m
eth
o
d
to
f
in
d
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
o
u
tli
n
es so
m
e
ex
a
m
p
les o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
Ant
Sea
rc
h
M
ec
ha
nis
m
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
in
[
2
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
n
a
m
ed
a
n
t
s
ea
r
ch
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
to
f
in
d
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
ten
tio
n
al
is
la
n
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
,
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
is
lan
d
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
b
eg
i
n
s
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
a
n
d
in
p
ar
allel
w
ith
t
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
ch
o
s
e
n
in
i
tial
p
o
in
t
s
.
T
h
ese
i
n
itia
l
p
o
in
t
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
to
tal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
ten
tio
n
a
l
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Meth
o
d
s
a
s
P
o
s
t F
a
u
lt R
eme
d
ia
l A
ctio
n
:
A
R
ev
iew
(
N
.
Z.
S
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
in
)
187
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
esire
d
is
la
n
d
s
t
h
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
f
o
r
m
ed
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
in
ten
t
io
n
al
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
.
Ge
n
er
atio
n
-
lo
ad
b
alan
ce
an
d
l
in
e
lo
ad
in
g
v
io
l
atio
n
ar
e
t
h
e
is
lan
d
i
n
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
th
a
t
ar
e
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
in
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
u
tili
z
e
s
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
a
n
d
DC
lo
ad
f
lo
w
.
3.
4
.
M
et
a
-
H
euristic
Appro
a
ch
Me
ta
-
h
e
u
r
is
t
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
p
r
o
b
le
m
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
(
d
o
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
p
ec
ial
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
)
th
at
is
u
s
ed
to
g
u
id
e
o
th
er
h
e
u
r
is
tics
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
a
b
etter
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e.
3
.
4
.
1
.
Co
m
pu
t
a
t
io
na
l In
t
elli
g
ence
In
[
2
1
]
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
en
ce
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
b
i
n
ar
y
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
f
i
n
d
an
ef
f
icien
t
s
p
litt
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
d
ir
ec
tl
y
f
r
o
m
a
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
u
s
e
s
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
y
tak
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
ts
th
e
r
ea
l
p
o
w
er
b
ala
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
an
d
lo
ad
s
o
n
ea
ch
is
lan
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
io
r
ities
o
f
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
l
o
ad
s
an
d
t
h
e
d
es
ir
ed
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
i
s
la
n
d
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
d
u
r
in
g
is
la
n
d
in
g
ar
e
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
A
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
i
s
also
in
teg
r
a
ted
in
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
as
w
el
l.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
in
[
2
2
]
,
as
th
e
au
th
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
an
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
ased
o
n
An
g
le
Mo
d
u
lated
P
ar
ticle
S
w
ar
m
Op
ti
m
iza
tio
n
(
A
MP
SO)
.
I
n
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
lo
w
co
h
er
en
c
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
d
esire
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
co
h
er
en
t
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
T
h
en
,
A
MP
S
O
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
t
h
e
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
a
t e
m
p
h
a
s
izes o
n
th
e
g
e
n
er
a
tio
n
an
d
lo
ad
b
alan
ce
a
n
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
g
en
er
ato
r
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
.
A
MP
SO
is
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
B
in
ar
y
P
SO
[
2
1
]
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
i
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
v
o
id
s
f
l
u
ctu
a
tio
n
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
b
it v
ec
to
r
an
d
d
is
cr
etiza
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3.
5
.
H
y
brid Appro
a
ch
H
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
t
w
o
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
al
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
to
o
b
tain
b
etter
r
esu
lt
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
ata
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
Fo
l
lo
w
i
n
g
ar
e
th
e
ex
a
m
p
les o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
w
h
ic
h
u
s
es t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
.
3
.
5
.
1
.
G
ra
ph
P
a
rt
it
io
nin
g
M
et
ho
d
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
in
[
2
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
t
w
o
p
h
a
s
e
m
e
th
o
d
to
f
i
n
d
p
r
o
p
er
s
p
litt
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
u
s
e
s
an
al
y
tical
an
d
h
e
u
r
is
t
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
o
b
tain
th
e
s
p
litt
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
tili
z
in
g
OB
DD
-
b
a
s
ed
ca
lcu
la
tio
n
o
n
a
n
o
d
e
-
w
ei
g
h
ted
g
r
a
p
h
m
o
d
el.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
a
s
e,
p
r
o
p
er
s
p
litt
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
w
er
-
f
lo
w
an
al
y
s
i
s
in
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
r
ee
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
ep
ar
atio
n
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
a.
A
ll
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
o
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
i
s
la
n
d
(
Sep
ar
atio
n
an
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izat
io
n
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
o
r
SS
C
)
;
b.
A
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
l
o
ad
s
ar
e
b
alan
ce
d
in
ea
ch
is
la
n
d
(
p
o
w
er
b
ala
n
ce
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
o
r
PB
C
)
an
d
c.
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
li
n
es
a
n
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
er
v
ices
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
lo
ad
ed
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
eir
li
m
it
s
(
r
ated
v
alu
e
an
d
li
m
it c
o
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
o
r
R
L
C
)
.
S
y
m
b
o
lic
Mo
d
el
Ver
if
ier
(
S
MV
)
m
o
d
el
ch
ec
k
er
is
s
elec
t
ed
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
a
g
en
er
al
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
p
h
a
s
e
OB
DD
m
et
h
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
OB
DD
t
w
o
p
h
a
s
e
in
[
2
3
]
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
in
[
2
4
]
,
an
d
th
e
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
OB
DD
m
et
h
o
d
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
f
in
d
a
p
r
o
p
er
s
p
litt
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
th
e
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
p
h
ase
1
,
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
lar
g
e
s
ca
l
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
u
s
i
n
g
g
r
ap
h
t
h
eo
r
y
b
y
:
S
p
l
i
t
t
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
S
S
C
&
P
B
C
Sea
r
c
h
s
p
a
c
e
B
e
g
i
n
G
r
aph
the
or
y
&
m
ode
l
c
he
c
k
i
ng
F
i
n
d
a
s
tr
a
teg
y
s
a
ti
s
f
y
i
n
g
S
S
C
a
n
d
P
B
C
P
o
we
r
-
f
l
o
w
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
J
u
d
g
e
wh
et
h
er
th
e
s
tr
a
te
g
y
s
a
ti
s
f
i
es
R
L
C
E
nd
Y
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
:
1
8
2
–
192
188
a.
R
ed
u
ci
n
g
ir
r
ele
v
an
t n
o
d
es(b
u
s
)
an
d
ed
g
es(tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lin
e
s
)
b.
C
o
m
b
i
n
in
g
r
elev
a
n
t
n
o
d
es b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ar
ea
s
.
In
p
h
a
s
e
2
,
t
h
e
OB
DD
m
et
h
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
n
ar
r
o
w
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e.
Fi
n
all
y
i
n
p
h
ase
th
r
ee
,
DC
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
ca
lc
u
latio
n
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
f
i
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
p
litt
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
.
T
h
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
t
h
at
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
[
2
4
]
ar
e
s
i
m
ilar
to
[
2
3
]
.
B
u
DD
y
p
ac
k
a
g
e
(
v
2
.
0
)
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
i
s
s
elec
ted
to
r
u
n
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates a
g
e
n
er
al
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
ee
p
h
ase
OB
DD
m
et
h
o
d
.
I
t
is
k
n
o
w
n
th
a
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
p
lit
tin
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
w
o
u
ld
g
iv
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
lev
el
o
f
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
s
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
co
n
tr
o
lled
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
m
ai
n
tai
n
its
s
tab
i
lit
y
w
i
th
s
m
a
ll
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
[
2
5
]
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
(
T
VC
)
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
r
estrict
t
h
e
d
eg
r
e
es
o
f
th
e
a
llo
w
ab
le
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
p
r
o
p
er
s
p
litt
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
T
VC
is
s
elec
ted
o
f
f
li
n
e
an
d
ch
ec
k
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
s
p
li
ttin
g
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
e
v
en
t
t
h
at
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e
e
x
i
s
ts
,
tr
an
s
i
en
t
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
s
ca
n
d
is
co
v
er
w
h
et
h
er
t
h
e
y
ar
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
s
p
litt
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
o
r
n
o
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
T
VC
,
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
p
litt
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
t
h
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
tab
le
is
lan
d
s
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
O
B
DD
b
ased
s
p
litt
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
OB
DD
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
i
n
[
2
4
]
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
in
[
2
6
]
en
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
e
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
OB
DD
m
eth
o
d
i
n
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
b
y
i
n
v
esti
g
ati
n
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
el
ec
tr
ical
d
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es,
th
e
lo
ad
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
li
n
es a
n
d
to
p
o
lo
g
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
o
r
ig
in
al
p
o
w
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
ese
s
tep
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
s
i
m
p
li
f
ied
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
m
u
c
h
s
m
alle
r
in
s
ca
le
t
h
a
n
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
a
l
o
n
e
b
u
t
it
s
till
m
ai
n
tai
n
s
th
e
s
tatic
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
m
aj
o
r
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
to
p
o
lo
g
y
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
ar
e
d
o
n
e
o
f
f
li
n
e
as t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
d
o
es n
o
t
ch
an
g
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
.
An
o
th
er
is
lan
d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
co
h
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
id
en
t
if
icatio
n
an
d
w
id
e
ar
ea
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
7
]
.
Firstl
y
,
t
h
i
s
m
e
th
o
d
co
m
b
i
n
e
f
o
u
r
i
n
d
e
x
es
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
a
n
g
le
d
ev
iatio
n
s
i
m
i
lar
it
y
,
s
w
i
n
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
,
r
o
tati
n
g
s
p
ee
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
i
m
i
lar
it
y
,
a
n
d
co
r
n
er
d
ev
iatio
n
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
in
to
a
s
y
n
th
e
s
ized
in
d
ex
u
s
i
n
g
en
tr
o
p
y
w
ei
g
h
t
t
h
eo
r
y
t
h
at
co
n
s
id
er
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
g
en
er
ato
r
tr
aj
ec
to
r
ies
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
h
e
r
en
t
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
c
lu
s
ter
i
n
g
d
en
d
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
i
s
u
s
e
d
to
class
if
y
in
g
th
e
co
h
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
m
in
i
m
al
cu
t
s
et
m
eth
o
d
w
ith
m
in
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
as
i
ts
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
i
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
w
il
l
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
e
o
p
tim
a
l
cu
t
s
ets
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
is
lan
d
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
co
h
er
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
f
o
u
n
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
.
3
.
5
.
2
.
G
ener
a
t
o
r
G
ro
up
ing
M
e
t
ho
d
I
n
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
el
f
-
h
ea
li
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e
w
h
ich
will
b
e
e
x
ec
u
ted
w
h
e
n
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
ic
e
v
e
n
ts
o
cc
u
r
in
a
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
ex
ec
u
ted
in
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
to
g
r
o
u
p
th
e
co
h
er
en
t
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
in
ea
ch
is
la
n
d
u
s
in
g
s
lo
w
co
h
er
en
c
y
m
et
h
o
d
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
en
,
a
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
an
o
p
ti
m
a
l
s
p
litt
i
n
g
p
o
in
t
t
h
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
least
g
en
er
atio
n
-
lo
ad
i
m
b
al
an
ce
in
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
s
f
o
r
m
ed
.
A
n
e
w
t
w
o
-
le
v
el
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
s
h
ed
d
in
g
less
lo
ad
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
lo
ad
s
h
ed
d
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e.
P
r
ope
r
S
pl
i
tti
ng
s
tr
ate
g
i
e
s
S
tr
at
e
g
i
e
s
s
at
i
s
f
y
i
ng
S
S
C
&
P
B
C
Sea
r
c
h
s
p
a
c
e
B
e
g
i
n
S
i
m
pl
i
f
y
o
r
i
g
i
na
l
ne
tw
o
r
k
a
nd
i
ni
ti
a
l
i
z
e
pa
r
a
m
e
te
r
s
(
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
g
s
p
a
c
e
)
C
he
c
k
whe
th
e
r
th
e
r
e
i
s
a
s
tr
a
te
g
y
s
a
ti
s
f
y
i
ng
R
L
C
E
nd
Y
N
F
i
nd
a
l
l
s
tr
a
te
g
i
e
s
s
a
ti
s
f
y
i
ng
S
S
C
a
nd
P
B
C
a
s
i
n
[
2
2
]
Str
a
teg
y
s
p
a
c
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
ten
tio
n
a
l
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Meth
o
d
s
a
s
P
o
s
t F
a
u
lt R
eme
d
ia
l A
ctio
n
:
A
R
ev
iew
(
N
.
Z.
S
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
in
)
189
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
i
n
[
3
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
i
n
ten
tio
n
al
is
la
n
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e
b
ased
o
n
s
lo
w
co
h
er
en
c
y
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
i
n
clu
d
e
s
a
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
w
ea
k
est
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ased
o
n
co
h
er
en
cy
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
.
A
s
lo
w
co
h
er
e
n
c
y
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
t
w
o
-
t
i
m
e
-
s
ca
le
t
h
eo
r
y
i
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
t
w
o
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e:
a.
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
co
h
er
en
t
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
s
ar
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t o
f
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
b.
th
e
co
h
er
en
t g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t o
f
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
d
etail
ap
p
lied
in
m
o
d
elli
n
g
t
h
e
g
en
er
ati
n
g
u
n
it.
Usi
n
g
b
r
u
te
f
o
r
ce
s
ea
r
ch
,
t
h
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
d
eter
m
in
e
s
th
e
is
la
n
d
s
b
ased
o
n
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
it
h
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
i
m
b
a
lan
ce
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
[
3
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
e
w
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
n
s
lo
w
co
h
e
r
en
c
y
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
m
in
i
m
al
f
lo
w
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
al
c
u
ts
et
s
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
e
s
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
i
n
i
m
al
c
u
ts
e
ts
to
f
o
r
m
i
s
la
n
d
s
w
i
th
m
in
i
m
al
n
et
f
lo
w
v
ia
t
w
o
p
h
ases
:
a.
Fin
d
m
in
i
m
al
c
u
t
s
ets
b.
A
cq
u
ir
e
o
p
ti
m
al
m
in
i
m
al
cu
t
s
et
f
u
l
f
i
lled
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
cr
iter
io
n
s
u
c
h
as
g
e
n
er
ato
r
co
h
er
e
n
c
y
,
m
i
n
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
i
m
b
ala
n
ce
an
d
q
u
ic
k
s
y
s
te
m
r
es
to
r
atio
n
I
n
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
,
an
a
u
to
m
at
ic
is
la
n
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
b
est
p
o
in
t
to
cr
ea
te
th
e
i
s
la
n
d
s
.
Min
i
m
al
c
u
ts
e
ts
a
n
d
b
r
ea
d
th
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
(
B
FS
)
f
lag
b
ased
o
n
d
ep
th
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
(
D
FS
)
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
g
r
ap
h
t
h
eo
r
y
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
cr
u
cial
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
t
h
e
r
ea
l p
o
w
er
i
m
b
alan
ce
i
n
ea
ch
i
s
la
n
d
.
I
n
[
3
2
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
u
s
ed
th
e
g
r
ap
h
ic
th
eo
r
etic
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
to
s
m
al
ler
s
ca
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
an
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
r
ee
t
y
p
es
o
f
s
i
m
p
l
if
icatio
n
s
u
s
ed
ar
e
th
e
v
er
tice
s
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
d
eg
r
e
e
o
n
e
n
o
d
es,
co
n
tr
ac
t
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
i
n
g
v
er
tices
o
f
d
eg
r
ee
t
w
o
an
d
tr
ee
n
o
d
e
co
llap
s
in
g
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
th
e
n
s
eg
m
e
n
ted
i
n
to
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
s
u
b
-
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
g
en
er
at
io
n
a
n
d
lo
ad
i
m
b
ala
n
ce
u
s
in
g
a
m
u
lti
-
lev
e
l
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
e
b
is
ec
t
io
n
g
r
ap
h
p
ar
titi
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
w
it
h
m
in
i
m
a
l n
et
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
ic
th
eo
r
etic
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
ele
m
e
n
t
s
:
a.
A
g
r
ap
h
s
i
m
p
li
f
ic
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
ti
c
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
f
o
r
m
ed
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
b.
Mu
lti
-
le
v
el
g
r
ap
h
p
ar
titi
o
n
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
to
w
o
r
k
o
u
t o
n
t
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
c.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
o
f
s
i
m
p
l
if
ica
tio
n
r
u
le
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
a
s
m
al
ler
s
ize
an
d
f
in
al
l
y
le
s
s
e
n
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
en
d
u
r
i
n
g
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
ex
ec
u
tio
n
.
A
m
e
th
o
d
i
n
[
3
3
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
i
n
te
g
r
ated
al
g
o
r
ith
m
b
ased
o
n
s
lo
w
co
h
e
r
e
n
c
y
m
eth
o
d
t
o
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
b
est
s
p
litt
i
n
g
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
lar
g
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Gr
ap
h
t
h
eo
r
y
i
s
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
lar
g
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Si
m
p
lific
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
ar
e
p
ar
allel
li
n
es
eq
u
i
v
alen
ce
,
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
d
eg
r
ee
o
n
e
n
o
d
es,
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
d
eg
r
ee
t
w
o
n
o
d
es,
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
s
tep
-
u
p
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
v
a
l o
f
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
s
.
A
p
ar
t f
r
o
m
th
at,
tr
ee
co
llap
s
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
c
u
ts
et
w
h
ic
h
g
u
ar
an
tee
s
th
at
g
en
er
ato
r
s
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
co
h
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
is
la
n
d
.
Slo
w
co
h
er
en
c
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
tak
e
s
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
a
b
etter
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Si
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ed
in
[
3
2
]
: (
a)
r
em
o
v
e
v
er
tices o
f
d
eg
r
ee
o
n
e,
(
b
)
co
n
tr
ac
t e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
i
n
g
v
er
tice
s
o
f
d
eg
r
ee
t
w
o
an
d
(
c)
tr
ee
n
o
d
e
co
llap
s
in
g
m
u
l
t
i
n
o
d
e
(
a)
(
b)
(
c
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l
.
1
2
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
:
1
8
2
–
192
190
Au
t
h
o
r
s
i
n
[
3
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Kr
y
lo
v
p
r
o
j
ec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
g
r
o
u
p
th
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
a
n
d
b
u
s
e
s
i
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
h
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
as
p
r
i
m
ar
y
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e
i
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
,
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
tr
ee
b
ased
o
n
b
r
ea
d
th
f
ir
s
t
s
ea
r
ch
(
B
FS
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
to
b
alan
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
et
f
lo
w
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
is
lan
d
s
tie
lin
e
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
p
litt
in
g
ex
e
cu
tio
n
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
co
n
s
id
er
s
b
o
th
s
tead
y
s
tate
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
it
h
m
is
ap
p
lied
w
h
e
n
i
n
s
tab
ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
etec
ted
d
u
e
to
an
y
o
u
tag
e
a
n
d
th
e
i
n
ter
r
u
p
ted
li
n
e
is
r
e
m
o
v
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Si
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ed
in
[
3
3
]
: (
a)
p
ar
allel
li
n
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t,
(
b
)
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
d
eg
r
ee
o
n
e
n
o
d
e
(
c)
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
d
eg
r
ee
t
w
o
n
o
d
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
O
N
I
NT
E
N
T
I
O
NAL I
SL
ANDI
NG
M
E
T
H
O
DS
It
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
m
et
h
o
d
s
r
e
v
ie
w
ed
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
d
o
n
o
t
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
tin
g
e
n
c
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
cr
itical
lin
e
s
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
i
n
itiate
th
e
ca
s
ca
d
i
n
g
f
a
ilu
r
e.
T
h
is
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
au
s
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
o
f
o
u
tag
e
s
ar
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
a
n
d
n
o
t
all
o
u
tag
e
s
lead
to
w
a
r
d
s
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
f
ail
u
r
es
a
n
d
b
lack
o
u
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ti
n
g
th
e
cr
i
tical
lin
e
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
its
i
n
t
en
tio
n
al
i
s
la
n
d
in
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
w
i
t
h
in
s
o
m
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
ti
m
e
i
n
ter
v
al
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
m
i
g
h
t
h
elp
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
atio
n
to
av
o
id
s
e
v
er
e
ca
s
ca
d
in
g
ev
e
n
ts
in
f
u
t
u
r
e.
Oth
er
t
h
an
t
h
at,
d
is
cr
ete
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
w
it
h
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
u
ta
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
t
h
is
to
p
ic.
I
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
t
h
at
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
u
tatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
u
s
i
n
g
d
is
cr
ete
v
al
u
e
w
i
ll
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
o
p
ti
m
al
i
n
ten
tio
n
al
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
tab
tab
le
T
h
is
p
ap
er
r
ev
ie
w
ed
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
m
et
h
o
d
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
n
in
te
n
tio
n
a
l
is
lan
d
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
b
asic
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
cti
o
n
u
s
ed
in
ea
c
h
m
et
h
o
d
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
in
d
etail.
T
h
e
t
w
o
co
m
m
o
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
t
h
e
b
es
t
in
te
n
tio
n
al
i
s
lan
d
i
n
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
e
m
i
n
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
i
m
b
alan
ce
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
in
te
n
tio
n
al
is
lan
d
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
ied
i
n
to
f
i
v
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
an
al
y
tical,
n
u
m
er
ica
l,
h
e
u
r
i
s
tic,
m
e
ta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
A
ll
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
av
e
t
h
eir
o
w
n
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
a
s
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
b
est
i
n
ten
tio
n
al
is
lan
d
in
g
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
Me
th
o
d
s
r
e
v
ie
w
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
a
n
d
an
a
l
y
s
ed
f
o
r
b
etter
i
n
te
n
tio
n
a
l
i
s
lan
d
in
g
s
o
l
u
tio
n
in
f
u
tu
r
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
w
o
u
ld
lik
e
to
d
ed
icate
o
u
r
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
Un
iv
er
s
it
i
T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
la
y
s
ia
Me
la
k
a
(
U
T
eM
)
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
T
en
ag
a
Na
s
io
n
al
(
UNI
T
E
N)
an
d
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
MO
E
)
f
o
r
th
eir
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
th
is
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
is
f
u
ll
y
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
Un
i
v
er
s
iti
T
en
ag
a
Nas
io
n
al
I
n
ter
n
a
l
Gr
an
t
(
UNI
T
E
N/R
MC/1
/1
4
-
1
6
8
5
)
.
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
ten
tio
n
a
l
I
s
la
n
d
in
g
Meth
o
d
s
a
s
P
o
s
t F
a
u
lt R
eme
d
ia
l A
ctio
n
:
A
R
ev
iew
(
N
.
Z.
S
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
in
)
191
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
N.
Ch
i
b
u
z
o
Jo
se
p
h
a
n
d
T
.
C.
M
a
d
u
e
m
e
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
Co
n
ti
n
g
e
n
c
y
A
n
a
l
y
sis :
A
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Nig
e
ria’
s
3
3
0
K
V
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
G
rid
.
In
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
th
e
En
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
G
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
Ns
u
k
k
a
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
L
.
H.
F
in
k
a
n
d
K.Ca
rlse
n
,
“
Op
e
ra
t
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
stre
ss
a
n
d
stra
i
n
,
”
IEE
E
S
p
e
c
tru
m
,
n
o
.
M
a
rc
h
,
p
p
.
4
8
–
5
3
,
1
9
7
8
.
[3
]
S
.
L
a
rss
o
n
a
n
d
E
.
Ek
,
“
T
h
e
b
la
c
k
-
o
u
t
in
s
o
u
t
h
e
rn
S
w
e
d
e
n
a
n
d
e
a
ste
rn
De
n
m
a
rk
,
S
e
p
te
m
b
e
r
2
3
,
2
0
0
3
,
”
P
o
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
o
c
iety
Ge
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
2
0
0
4
.
I
EE
E
,
p
p
.
1
–
5
,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
]
G
.
A
n
d
e
rss
o
n
,
P
.
Do
n
a
lek
,
R.
F
a
r
m
e
r,
N.
H
a
tzia
rg
y
rio
u
,
I.
Ka
m
w
a
,
P
.
Ku
n
d
u
r,
N.
M
a
rti
n
s,
J.
P
a
se
rb
a
,
P
.
P
o
u
rb
e
ik
,
R.
S
c
h
u
lz,
A
.
S
tan
k
o
v
ic,
C.
T
a
y
l
o
r,
a
n
d
V
.
V
it
tal,
“
Ca
u
se
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
0
3
M
a
jo
r
G
rid
B
lac
k
o
u
ts
in
No
rth
A
m
e
rica
a
n
d
Eu
ro
p
e
,
a
n
d
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
M
e
a
n
s
to
Im
p
ro
v
e
S
y
ste
m
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
w
e
r
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
2
–
1
9
2
8
,
2
0
0
5
.
[5
]
K.
Ya
m
a
sh
it
a
,
J.
L
i,
P
.
Z
h
a
n
g
a
n
d
C.
C.
L
iu
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
M
a
jo
r
Blac
k
o
u
t
Ev
e
n
ts,
”
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
p
o
siti
o
n
,
2
0
0
9
.
PS
CE
’
0
9
.
IEE
E
/P
ES
,
p
p
.
2
–
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
[6
]
“
F
in
a
l
Re
p
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
I
n
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
Co
m
m
it
tee
o
n
th
e
2
8
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
0
3
Blac
k
o
u
t
in
Italy
,
”
2
0
0
4
.
[7
]
Un
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
Co
-
o
r
d
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Tran
sm
is
sio
n
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
it
y
,
“
F
in
a
l
Re
p
o
rt
o
n
th
e
A
u
g
u
st
1
4
,
2
0
0
3
Blac
k
o
u
t
in
th
e
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s an
d
Ca
n
a
d
a
:
Ca
u
se
s an
d
Re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s,” 2
0
0
4
.
[8
]
“
F
in
a
l
Re
p
o
rt
S
y
ste
m
Distu
rb
a
n
c
e
o
n
4
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
6
u
n
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
-
o
rd
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
tran
sm
is
sio
n
o
f
e
le
c
tri
c
it
y
,
”
2
0
0
6
.
[9
]
B.
A
.
Ca
rre
r
a
s
a
n
d
V
.
E.
Ly
n
c
h
,
“
Blac
k
o
u
t
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
in
P
o
w
e
r
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
S
y
st
e
m
s
P
ro
b
a
b
i
lt
y
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
,
”
i
n
3
6
t
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
Ha
w
a
ii
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
y
ste
m S
c
ien
c
e
s,
2
0
0
3
.
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
0
]
H.
H.
G
o
h
,
A
.
S
h
a
y
k
h
,
H.
Ka
b
ir,
C.
W
.
L
in
g
,
Q.
S
.
Ch
u
a
,
a
n
d
K.
C.
G
o
h
,
“
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
L
in
e
F
a
u
l
t
De
tec
ti
o
n
:
A
Re
v
ie
w
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
s.
J
.
El
e
c
tr.
En
g
.
Co
mp
u
t.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
9
9
–
2
0
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
1
]
S
.
S
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
N.
C.
S
a
rk
e
r,
A
.
B.
Kh
a
iru
d
d
in
,
M
.
R.
A
b
d
.
G
h
a
n
i
a
n
d
H
.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
A
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
Isla
n
d
in
g
t
o
P
re
v
e
n
t
S
u
b
se
q
u
e
n
t
Blac
k
o
u
t,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
–
1
4
3
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
2
]
M
.
Jin
,
T
.
S
.
S
i
d
h
u
,
a
n
d
K.
S
u
n
,
“
A
Ne
w
S
y
ste
m
S
p
li
tt
in
g
S
c
h
e
m
e
Ba
se
d
o
n
th
e
Un
if
ied
S
tab
il
it
y
Co
n
tro
l
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
3
3
–
4
4
1
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
3
]
A
.
P
e
irav
i
a
n
d
R.
Ild
a
ra
b
a
d
i,
“
A
F
a
st
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
In
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
Is
lan
d
i
n
g
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s
Us
in
g
th
e
M
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
Ke
rn
e
l
k
-
M
e
a
n
s A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
J
.
A
p
p
l.
S
c
i.
9
,
p
p
.
2
2
4
7
–
2
2
5
5
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
4
]
F
.
Ja
b
a
ri,
H.
S
e
y
e
d
i,
a
n
d
S
.
Na
jafi,
“
L
a
rg
e
-
s
c
a
le
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
i
sla
n
d
in
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
Ba
c
k
wa
rd
El
im
in
a
ti
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
a
n
d
P
rim
a
r
y
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
Ex
p
a
n
sio
n
A
re
a
s
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
sta
t
ic
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sta
b
il
it
y
,
”
In
t.
J
.
El
e
c
tr.
Po
we
r
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
p
p
.
3
6
8
–
3
8
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
L
.
Din
g
,
F
.
M
.
G
o
n
z
a
lez
-
lo
n
g
a
tt
,
P
.
W
a
ll
,
V.
T
e
rz
ij
a
,
“
Tw
o
-
S
tep
S
p
e
c
tral
Clu
ste
ri
n
g
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
Isla
n
d
i
n
g
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
POW
E
R
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
5
–
8
4
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
6
]
S
.
X
U
a
n
d
S
.
M
IA
O,
“
T
h
re
e
-
sta
g
e
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
in
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
tro
l
led
islan
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s,”
J
.
M
o
d
.
Po
we
r
S
y
st.
Clea
n
En
e
rg
y
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
7
]
C.
G
.
W
a
n
g
,
B.
H.
Zh
a
n
g
,
Z.
G.
Ha
o
,
J.
S
h
u
,
P
.
L
i,
a
n
d
Z
.
Q.
Bo
,
“
A
No
v
e
l
R
e
a
l
-
T
i
m
e
S
e
a
r
c
h
in
g
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
S
p
li
tt
in
g
Bo
u
n
d
a
ry
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
POW
ER
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
2
–
1
9
0
9
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
8
]
P
.
A
.
T
ro
d
d
e
n
,
W
.
A
.
Bu
k
h
sh
,
A
.
G
ro
th
e
y
,
a
n
d
K.
I.
M
.
M
c
k
in
n
o
n
,
“
M
IL
P
F
o
rm
u
latio
n
f
o
r
Isla
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
.
POW
ER
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
p
p
.
1
–
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
9
]
P
.
A
.
T
ro
d
d
e
n
,
W
.
A
.
Bu
k
h
sh
,
A
.
G
ro
th
e
y
,
a
n
d
K.
I.
M
.
M
c
k
i
n
n
o
n
,
“
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
-
b
a
se
d
Isla
n
d
in
g
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s u
sin
g
P
iec
e
w
is
e
L
in
e
a
r
A
C
P
o
w
e
r
F
lo
w
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
OW
ER
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
0
]
M
.
R.
A
g
h
a
m
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
i
a
n
d
A
.
S
h
a
h
m
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
i,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
s
In
ten
ti
o
n
a
l
islan
d
i
n
g
u
sin
g
a
n
e
w
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
n
t
se
a
rc
h
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
,
”
In
t.
J
.
El
e
c
tr.
Po
we
r
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
–
1
4
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
1
]
W
.
L
iu
,
L
.
L
iu
a
n
d
D.
A
.
C
a
rtes
,
“
Bin
a
r
y
P
a
rti
c
le
S
w
a
r
m
Op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
Ba
se
d
De
f
e
n
siv
e
Isla
n
d
in
g
Of
Larg
e
S
c
a
le
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s,
”
In
t.
J
.
C
o
mp
u
t.
S
c
i.
A
p
p
l.
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
9
–
8
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
2
]
W
.
L
iu
,
L
.
L
iu
,
a
n
d
D.
A
.
Ca
rte
s,
“
S
lo
w
Co
h
e
re
n
c
y
a
n
d
A
n
g
l
e
M
o
d
u
late
d
P
a
rti
c
le
S
w
a
r
m
Op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
o
n
Ba
se
d
Isla
n
d
in
g
o
f
L
a
rg
e
S
c
a
le
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
in
t
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
N
e
u
ra
l
Ne
two
rk
s
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
4
–
7.
[2
3
]
Q.
Zh
a
o
,
K.
S
u
n
,
D.
Zh
e
n
g
,
J.
M
a
,
a
n
d
Q.
L
u
,
“
A
stu
d
y
o
f
s
y
ste
m
sp
li
tt
in
g
stra
teg
ies
f
o
r
islan
d
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
:
a
t
w
o
-
p
h
a
se
m
e
th
o
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
OBD
Ds
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
6
–
1
5
6
5
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
4
]
K.
S
u
n
,
D.
Z.
Zh
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
Q.
L
u
,
“
S
p
li
tt
i
n
g
stra
teg
ie
s
f
o
r
islan
d
in
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
la
rg
e
-
sc
a
le
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
s
u
sin
g
OBD
D
-
b
a
se
d
m
e
th
o
d
s,”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s.
P
o
we
r S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
1
2
–
9
2
3
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
5
]
K.
S
u
n
,
D.
Zh
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
Q.
L
u
,
“
A
S
im
u
latio
n
S
tu
d
y
o
f
OBD
D
-
Ba
s
e
d
P
ro
p
e
r
S
p
li
tt
in
g
S
trate
g
ies
f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s
Un
d
e
r
Co
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
T
ra
n
sie
n
t
S
tab
il
i
ty
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Po
we
r S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
8
9
–
3
9
9
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
6
]
Q.
L
.
Ch
e
n
S
h
e
n
,
Xu
e
ju
a
n
W
u
,
Jia
y
u
n
W
u
,
Yi
n
g
Qia
o
,
“
A
n
E
ff
icie
n
t
M
e
th
o
d
o
f
Ne
tw
o
rk
S
im
p
li
f
ica
ti
o
n
f
o
r
Isla
n
d
in
g
C
o
n
tr
o
l
S
tu
d
ies
o
f
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s,”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
1
–
6.
[2
7
]
Z.
L
in
,
F
.
W
e
n
,
J.
Zh
a
o
,
a
n
d
Y.
X
u
e
,
“
Co
n
tro
l
led
islan
d
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
in
terc
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
o
h
e
re
n
t
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
g
ro
u
p
id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
w
id
e
-
a
re
a
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
”
J
.
M
o
d
.
Po
we
r
S
y
st.
Clea
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
4
0
–
4
5
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
8
]
H.
Yo
u
,
V.
V
it
tal,
a
n
d
Z.
Ya
n
g
,
“
S
e
lf
-
He
a
li
n
g
in
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s :
A
n
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
Us
in
g
Isla
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
Ra
te
o
f
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
De
c
li
n
e
-
Ba
se
d
L
o
a
d
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r S
y
st.
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
4
–
1
8
1
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
9
]
E.
A
.
V
Ba
lak
r
ish
n
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
T
h
o
m
a
,
L
e
c
tu
re
No
tes
in
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s
T
ime
-
S
c
a
le
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
Dy
n
a
mic
Ne
two
rk
s wit
h
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s t
o
P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
.
Ne
w
Yo
rk
:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
-
V
e
rlag
,
1
9
8
2
.
[3
0
]
H.
Yo
u
,
V
.
V
it
tal
a
n
d
X
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
S
lo
w
Co
h
e
re
n
c
y
-
Ba
se
d
Isla
n
d
in
g
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
we
r
S
y
st.
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.