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I
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p
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in
t
-
of
-
ca
r
e
m
ed
ical
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
s
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
.
B
io
s
en
s
o
r
s
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
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as
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n
al
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ev
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th
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o
lec
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les,
ap
ta
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s
,
an
d
an
tib
o
d
ies
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
d
u
ct
io
n
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
tr
a
n
s
late
th
e
s
e
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itio
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m
en
ts
i
n
to
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u
an
t
if
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ig
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al
s
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p
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o
f
tr
an
s
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ce
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s
h
a
v
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b
ee
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th
e
y
ea
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s
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s
e
n
s
o
r
s
;
e.
g
.
elec
tr
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ch
e
m
ical
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
m
ass
-
s
e
n
s
in
g
(
m
ec
h
a
n
ical)
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
o
p
tical
[
10
]
,
[
11
]
,
an
d
f
ield
-
e
f
f
ec
t tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
[
12
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
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n
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
s
p
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w
co
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o
r
tab
le
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d
h
ig
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l
y
s
en
s
iti
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b
io
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en
s
o
r
s
.
P
o
in
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-
of
-
ca
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e
(
P
OC
)
b
io
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
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o
v
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es
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co
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p
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s
i
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lu
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s
it
p
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,
r
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r
tab
le
w
h
ich
i
s
also
r
elativ
el
y
c
h
ea
p
[
1
],
[
13
]
–
[
22
]
.
T
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[
23
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Am
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10
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11
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21
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SP
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an
g
e
to
th
e
o
p
tical
s
ig
n
al.
SP
R
s
ar
e
h
o
w
ev
er
,
im
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
P
OC
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
its
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
w
h
ic
h
al
s
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
tech
n
ical
e
x
p
er
tis
e
to
o
p
er
ate
[
1
3
]
.
R
ec
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
in
ter
est
o
n
a
n
al
y
s
es
o
f
o
t
h
er
tr
an
s
d
u
c
tio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
el
ec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
m
ass
-
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
.
T
h
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
av
e
e
x
h
ib
ited
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
f
o
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
ea
s
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
lo
w
co
s
t,
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
[
6
]
-
[
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ica
l
d
etec
tio
n
lik
e
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
i
m
p
e
d
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
(
E
I
S)
an
d
cy
clic
v
o
lta
m
m
etr
y
(
C
V)
u
tili
ze
s
s
cr
ee
n
p
r
in
ted
el
ec
tr
o
d
es
(
SP
E
s
)
w
h
ich
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
th
e
b
io
s
en
s
i
n
g
f
ie
ld
[
24
]
–
[
28
]
.
T
h
is
m
e
th
o
d
d
etec
ts
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
w
in
g
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
o
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
ea
ctio
n
s
[
23
]
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
in
cip
all
y
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
as
a
d
estru
cti
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
in
ce
i
t
ap
p
lies
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
an
d
alter
n
ate
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
y
s
te
m
,
h
e
n
c
e
d
eter
io
r
atin
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
s
p
ec
i
f
icall
y
in
SP
E
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
i
n
n
a
n
o
-
r
an
g
e
s
ca
le,
it
s
t
ill
d
estab
ilizes
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
r
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Hen
ce
,
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
if
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
S
P
E
is
u
s
ed
i
n
a
n
o
th
er
ap
p
lica
tio
n
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
m
o
s
t
S
P
E
s
ar
e
d
is
p
o
s
ab
le,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
ar
e
o
n
l
y
m
ea
n
t
f
o
r
s
i
n
g
le
-
u
s
e
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
tar
g
et
d
e
tectio
n
a
n
d
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
tr
an
s
d
u
ct
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
li
k
e
E
I
S
an
d
C
V
[
29
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
S
P
E
s
ar
e
lo
w
-
co
s
t
P
OC
d
ev
ic
es,
it
w
i
ll
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t a
n
d
ti
m
e
esp
e
ciall
y
w
h
en
i
t in
v
o
lv
e
s
estab
li
s
h
i
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
te
s
ti
n
g
o
r
r
esu
l
t
s
v
er
i
f
icatio
n
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
lectr
o
ch
e
m
i
ca
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
m
as
s
-
s
en
s
i
n
g
o
r
Qu
ar
tz
C
r
y
s
tal
Mic
r
o
b
alan
ce
s
en
s
o
r
s
(
QC
Ms)
ar
e
also
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
as
it
i
s
a
n
o
n
-
d
estru
ct
iv
e
a
n
d
u
ltra
s
e
n
s
itiv
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
.
T
h
ese
s
en
s
o
r
s
o
n
l
y
ap
p
l
y
v
er
y
lo
w
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
alter
n
at
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
A
C
)
to
t
h
e
to
p
an
d
b
o
tto
m
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es
o
f
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
s
,
t
y
p
ical
l
y
A
T
-
c
u
t
Qu
ar
tz
cr
y
s
tals
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
a
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
l
y
lo
w
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
ein
g
ap
p
lied
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
c
h
e
m
ical
i
n
ter
ac
ti
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e’
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
p
h
y
s
icall
y
m
o
d
i
f
y
in
g
it,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
lo
n
g
er
u
s
a
g
e
a
n
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
o
f
r
esu
lt
s
.
Fo
r
ce
r
tain
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
,
Q
C
M
s
ca
n
a
ls
o
b
e
clea
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
c
h
e
m
i
s
tr
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
r
u
ltra
s
o
n
ic
tr
ea
t
m
en
t,
allo
w
i
n
g
it
to
b
e
r
eu
s
ed
.
Du
e
to
th
is
,
Q
C
Ms
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
io
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
d
etec
tio
n
[
30
]
–
[
37
]
.
QC
M
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
ca
n
ev
a
lu
a
te
th
e
c
h
an
g
es
i
n
m
as
s
a
n
d
d
en
s
it
y
-
v
is
co
s
it
y
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
b
io
lo
g
ical
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
its
cr
y
s
tal
s
e
n
s
o
r
b
ased
o
n
ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
t
h
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
[
38
]
.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
ag
atin
g
ac
o
u
s
tic
wav
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
ar
tz
w
ill
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
e
to
m
a
s
s
ch
a
n
g
e
[
39
]
–
[
41
]
.
I
n
m
o
s
t c
o
m
m
o
n
ca
s
es,
t
h
e
s
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ca
n
ev
e
n
d
etec
t
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
h
i
f
ts
o
f
1
H
z
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
s
cil
lato
r
s
(
in
th
e
MH
z
r
an
g
e)
[
42
]
allo
w
in
g
it
to
d
etec
t
m
a
s
s
e
s
in
th
e
s
u
b
-
n
g
lev
el.
T
h
e
QC
Ms
g
en
er
all
y
h
a
v
e
lo
w
s
p
u
r
io
u
s
b
u
l
k
s
i
g
n
a
ls
an
d
g
o
o
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
tab
ili
t
y
.
T
h
e
w
a
v
e
m
o
d
e
in
a
QC
M
i
s
b
u
l
k
t
h
ic
k
n
e
s
s
s
h
ea
r
m
o
d
e
(
T
SM)
,
w
h
ic
h
allo
w
s
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
in
b
o
th
d
r
y
a
n
d
l
iq
u
id
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
m
as
s
-
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
(
v
ia
Sa
u
er
b
r
e
y
t
h
eo
r
y
)
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
an
al
y
s
es,
s
ec
u
r
it
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
f
o
o
d
s
af
et
y
a
n
d
m
ed
ical
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tics
[
3
1
]
,
[
43
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
QC
M
ar
r
ay
s
in
b
io
s
en
s
in
g
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
[
44
]
–
[
46
]
.
T
h
ese
w
o
r
k
s
aid
u
s
er
s
to
ex
ec
u
te
p
ar
allel
an
d
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
m
u
lti
-
tar
g
et
a
n
al
y
s
e
s
.
I
t
w
ill
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
s
i
m
p
li
f
y
ted
io
u
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
o
f
m
an
ip
u
lati
n
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
,
d
ata
r
an
g
e,
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tar
g
et
m
o
lecu
les
b
y
h
av
i
n
g
m
u
lt
ip
le
ar
r
ay
s
o
n
a
s
i
n
g
le
d
is
k
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
in
te
g
r
ated
w
it
h
m
icr
o
f
lu
id
ic
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
o
r
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
r
eal
-
t
i
m
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
er
r
o
r
i
n
q
u
al
it
y
f
ac
to
r
[
44
]
.
A
QC
M
t
h
at
o
p
er
ates
in
aq
u
eo
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ca
n
d
etec
t
d
en
s
it
y
-
v
i
s
co
s
it
y
a
n
d
ac
o
u
s
ti
c
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
e
f
f
ec
ts
,
m
ak
i
n
g
i
t
a
h
ig
h
l
y
s
e
n
s
iti
v
e
d
ev
ice.
P
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
Q
C
Ms
in
an
ar
r
a
y
allo
w
m
u
ltip
le
p
ar
allel
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
ice.
A
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
ese
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
i
n
ar
r
ay
n
ee
d
to
tak
e
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
s
u
c
h
a
s
cr
o
s
s
-
tal
k
b
et
w
ee
n
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
d
u
e
to
liq
u
id
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
an
d
o
t
h
er
f
ac
t
o
r
s
[
47
]
–
[
49
]
.
On
e
k
e
y
p
o
i
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
is
t
h
at
t
h
e
Q
-
f
ac
to
r
o
f
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
h
a
s
to
b
e
h
i
g
h
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
liq
u
id
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
.
A
n
o
p
ti
m
al
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
i
s
al
s
o
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
av
o
id
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
,
h
e
n
c
e
d
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4
2
P
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s
[
58
]
3.
E
XT
RAC
T
I
O
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SI
M
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F
RL
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5.
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p
p
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1
6
.
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]
Zi
e
g
ler C.
,
―
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n
ti
lev
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
b
io
se
n
so
rs
,‖
An
a
l
Bi
o
a
n
a
l
Ch
e
m
,
v
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l
/i
ss
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e
:
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7
9
(
7
–
8)
,
p
p
.
9
4
6
–
9
5
9
,
2
0
0
4
.
[9
]
Ja
n
sh
o
f
f
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
P
iez
o
e
lec
tri
c
M
a
ss
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S
e
n
sin
g
De
v
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s
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Bio
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rs
—
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n
A
lt
e
rn
a
ti
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e
to
Op
t
ica
l
Bio
se
n
so
rs?
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w
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m In
t
E
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p
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0
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–
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2
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0
0
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Ha
n
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t
a
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―
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a
n
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tag
g
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m
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a
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Bi
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1
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1
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F
a
n
X
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t
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l.
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―
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e
n
sit
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rs
f
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r
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lab
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targ
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ts:
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w
,‖
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Acta
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2
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1
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p
p
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8
–
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,
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0
0
8
.
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2
]
Zh
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g
G
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t
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―
M
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lt
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f
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s
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h
n
a
n
o
w
ire se
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so
r
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s
,‖
N
a
t
Bi
o
tec
h
n
o
l
.
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v
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l/
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3
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0
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p
p
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1
2
9
4
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2
0
0
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.
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3
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V
e
rra
stro
M
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e
t
a
l
.
,
―
Am
p
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m
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tri
c
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b
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L
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c
c
a
se
imm
o
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ize
d
o
n
t
o
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n
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p
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te
d
e
lec
tro
d
e
b
y
M
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tri
x
A
ss
ist
e
d
P
u
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d
L
a
se
r
Ev
a
p
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ra
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n
,‖
T
a
l
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n
t
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
4
,
p
p
.
438
–
4
4
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
4
]
E
.
Ha
rra
d
L
.
a
n
d
Am
in
e
A
.
,
―
Am
p
e
ro
m
e
tri
c
b
io
se
n
so
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
ru
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b
lu
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f
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d
if
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sc
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p
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d
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f
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sc
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in
g
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f
p
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ten
ti
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l
x
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th
in
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o
x
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se
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n
h
ib
it
o
rs
f
ro
m
m
e
d
icin
a
l
p
lan
ts
,‖
En
zy
me
M
i
c
ro
b
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
,
v
o
l.
8
5
,
p
p
.
57
–
63
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
S
il
v
a
B
.
V
.
M
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
A
n
u
lt
ra
se
n
siti
v
e
h
u
m
a
n
c
a
rd
iac
tro
p
o
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n
T
g
ra
p
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sc
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p
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ted
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lec
tro
d
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
e
lec
tro
p
o
ly
m
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rize
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-
m
o
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u
lar
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y
i
m
p
rin
ted
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
p
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ly
m
e
r
,‖
Bi
o
se
n
s B
i
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lec
tro
n
,
v
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l
.
77
,
p
p
.
9
7
8
–
85
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
6
]
S
a
lam
F
.
a
n
d
T
o
th
il
l
I
.
E.
,
―
De
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
S
a
lm
o
n
e
ll
a
ty
p
h
im
u
r
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m
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n
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lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
i
m
m
u
n
o
se
n
so
r
,‖
Bi
o
se
n
s B
i
o
e
lec
tro
n
,
v
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l/
issu
e
:
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4
(8
)
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p
p
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2
6
3
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–
2
6
3
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
7
]
Zh
y
b
a
k
M
.
T
.
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
Dire
c
t
d
e
tec
ti
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n
o
f
a
m
m
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m
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b
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e
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n
s
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tro
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tal
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si
s
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t
a
c
o
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p
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p
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ly
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m
p
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site o
n
a
sc
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p
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d
e
lec
tro
d
e
,‖
M
icr
o
c
h
im
A
c
ta
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v
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l/
issu
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8
3
(
6
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p
p
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9
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1
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7
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2
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1
6
.
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8
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A
rd
u
in
i
F
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,
e
t
a
l
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,
―
El
e
c
tro
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h
e
m
ic
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l
b
io
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n
so
rs
b
a
se
d
o
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n
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m
o
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if
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sc
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p
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lec
t
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s:
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ap
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ti
o
n
s in
c
li
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a
n
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An
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l
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m
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l.
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p
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0
1
6
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u
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b
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f
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p
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n
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c
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m
p
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,‖
Bi
o
se
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s B
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v
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l
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s B
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v
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rc
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x
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n
,‖
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l
Ch
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Acta
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v
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l.
9
1
5
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p
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49
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1
6
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2
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Re
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t
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,
―
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tein
imp
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m
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sig
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d
w
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ti
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b
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ica
l
sa
m
p
les
,‖
S
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Actu
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B
Ch
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m
.
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v
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2
2
3
,
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p
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6
–
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2
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2
0
1
6
.
[2
3
]
P
ra
k
a
sh
S
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
T
h
e
o
ry
,
f
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
p
p
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d
ic
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
f
lu
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b
io
se
n
s
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rs
,‖
Ph
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T
ra
n
s
R
S
o
c
A
,
v
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l/
issu
e
:
3
7
0
(1
9
6
7
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p
p
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2
2
6
9
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2
3
0
3
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2
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1
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.
[2
4
]
Ha
y
a
t
A
.
a
n
d
M
a
rty
J
.
L.
,
―
Disp
o
sa
b
le
sc
re
e
n
p
rin
te
d
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
se
n
so
rs:
T
o
o
ls
f
o
r
e
n
v
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n
m
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n
tal
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
,‖
S
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n
so
rs
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v
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l/
iss
u
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:
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4
(6
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p
p
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4
5
3
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2
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1
4
.
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5
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in
S
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t
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l
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,
―
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o
sa
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m
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m
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f
ib
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p
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f
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in
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rf
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c
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ter
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En
v
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M
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M
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l.
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p
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8
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2
0
1
4
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6
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T
a
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a
t
Z
.
,
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t
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,
―
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p
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:
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(2
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,‖
M
icr
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c
h
im
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ta
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–
1
0
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p
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8
6
5
–
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1
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7
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―
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in
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se
a
n
ti
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o
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m
a
n
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ra
,‖
An
a
l
C
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m A
c
ta
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(1
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.
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8
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A
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―
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n
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n
m
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b
io
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;
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w
,‖
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,
v
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issu
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8
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p
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2
9
–
1
6
3
6
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2
0
1
0
.
[2
9
]
Zain
u
d
d
i
n
A
.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
a
n
o
v
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l
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ss
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1
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0
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.
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,‖
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rt M
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ter
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1
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2
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―
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e
w
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ti
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M
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g
(QCM
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D)
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y
s
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l/
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e
:
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1
,
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0
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7
.
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3
]
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t
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l
.
,
―
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ra
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teriz
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l
m
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g
,‖
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a
l
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m
.
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v
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l
/i
ss
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e
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0
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p
.
2
2
7
2
–
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2
8
1
,
1
9
9
1
.
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4
]
M
a
rc
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l
.
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siti
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se
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rs
,‖
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o
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tro
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l.
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p
p
.
1
–
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2
0
1
5
.
[3
5
]
Hie
d
a
M
.
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e
t
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l.
,
―
Ultras
e
n
siti
v
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q
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a
rtz
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ry
sta
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m
icro
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la
n
c
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h
p
o
ro
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s
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d
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lec
tro
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,‖
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p
l
Ph
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s
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t.
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v
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l/
issu
e
:
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)
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p
.
6
2
8
–
6
3
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
6
]
P
e
n
g
H
.
B
.
,
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t
a
l.
,
―
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ig
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f
re
q
u
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n
c
y
n
a
n
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tu
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e
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so
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to
rs
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l/
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p
.
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8
7
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0
3
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2
0
0
6
.
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7
]
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u
F
.
,
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t
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l
.
,
―
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a
rtz
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ry
sta
l
m
icr
o
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lan
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rf
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p
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0
3
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4
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8
]
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ic
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les
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u
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n
d
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,‖
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se
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s
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issu
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:
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3
(
1
)
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p
p
.
1
–
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
9
]
J
a
c
o
b
s
J.
,
―
C
o
n
v
e
rters
in
Bio
lo
g
y
,
‖
Bi
o
me
c
h
a
n
ics
a
n
d
Rela
t
e
d
Bi
o
-
En
g
in
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rin
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T
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p
ics
:
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d
in
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s
o
f
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S
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m He
ld
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n
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g
o
w
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p
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3
,
1
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6
4
.
[4
0
]
Kim
B
.
C
.
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e
t
a
l.
,
―
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-
L
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M
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a
su
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Co
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rtz
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st
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l
M
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b
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lan
c
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,‖
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l/
iss
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7
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0
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1
]
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Q
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l
.,
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p
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ti
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p
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,
p
p
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5
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0
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2
]
L
u
c
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lu
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R
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d
Ha
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tm
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n
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P
.
,
―
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tec
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n
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ro
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v
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d
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l
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terp
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tatio
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,‖
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lec
tro
c
h
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A
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ta
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v
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l/
issu
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:
4
5
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2
)
,
p
p
.
3
9
0
7
–
16
,
2
0
0
0
.
[4
3
]
T
u
rn
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r
N
.
W
.
,
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t
a
l.
,
―
T
h
e
u
se
o
f
a
q
u
a
rtz
c
r
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sta
l
m
icro
b
a
lan
c
e
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n
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to
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rf
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rize
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m
o
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ler
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p
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n
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ts
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‖
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a
lys
t
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v
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l
/i
ss
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e
:
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p
p
.
2
2
9
–
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3
6
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
4
]
L
iu
F
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
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n
o
v
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ll
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b
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se
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rid
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b
io
se
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r
w
it
h
i
m
p
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d
im
e
tri
c
se
n
sin
g
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
ies
,‖
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
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l/
issu
e
:
1
3
(3
)
,
p
p
.
3
0
3
9
–
3
0
5
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[4
5
]
Du
n
h
a
m
G
.
C
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
D
u
a
l
q
u
a
rt
z
c
r
y
sta
l
m
icro
b
a
lan
c
e
,‖
An
a
l
C
h
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m
,
v
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l/
issu
e
:
6
7
(2
)
,
p
p
.
2
6
7
–
2
7
2
,
1
9
9
5
.
[4
6
]
Bru
c
k
e
n
ste
in
S
.
,
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t
a
l
.
,
―
Du
a
l
q
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a
rtz cr
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m
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ro
b
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lan
c
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c
o
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ti
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su
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m
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fe
re
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l.
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ff
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t
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su
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n
d
li
q
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d
p
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,‖
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El
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tro
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l
Ch
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m
.
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v
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l/
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7
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–
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p
.
1
8
9
–
1
9
5
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1
9
9
4
.
[4
7
]
Ka
n
k
a
re
J.
,
―
S
a
u
e
rb
re
y
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
q
u
a
rtz cr
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sta
l
m
icro
b
a
lan
c
e
in
li
q
u
i
d
m
e
d
iu
m
,‖
L
a
n
g
mu
ir
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v
o
l/
is
su
e
:
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8
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1
8
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p
p
.
7
0
9
2
–
7
0
9
4
,
2
0
0
2
.
[4
8
]
M
ich
a
lzik
M
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
M
in
iat
u
r
ize
d
QCM
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b
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se
d
f
lo
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m
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r
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p
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li
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in
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q
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,‖
S
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s
Actu
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B
Ch
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m
.
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v
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l.
1
1
1
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p
p
.
410
–
4
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5
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2
0
0
5
.
[4
9
]
Du
n
h
a
m
G
.
C
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Du
a
l
q
u
a
rt
z
c
r
y
sta
l
m
icro
b
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lan
c
e
,‖
An
a
l
C
h
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m
.
,
v
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l/
issu
e
:
6
7
(
2
)
,
p
p
.
2
6
7
–
272
,
1
9
9
5
.
[5
0
]
Zain
u
d
d
i
n
A
.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
a
M
EM
S
Qu
a
rtz
M
a
ss
S
e
n
so
r
A
rra
y
f
o
r
Bio
se
n
sin
g
,‖
i
n
2017
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
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c
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o
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S
m
a
rt
In
stru
me
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ta
ti
o
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,
M
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su
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me
n
t
a
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d
A
p
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s
(
ICS
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A),
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la
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mp
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r
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2
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1
7
.
[5
1
]
Ba
ro
n
T
.
,
e
t
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l
.
,
―
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p
re
s
su
re
s
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so
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se
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n
a
HB
A
R
m
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ro
m
a
c
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in
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stru
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tu
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,‖
2
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IEE
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In
ter
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a
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a
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Fre
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.
31
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2
0
0
2
.
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