TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.7, July 201
4, pp
. 5599 ~ 56
0
2
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i7.521
4
5599
Re
cei
v
ed
No
vem
ber 2
7
, 2013; Re
vi
sed
March 17, 20
14; Accepted
April 4, 2014
Key Internet of Things Technology and Application
Resear
ch
Xu Bing
Cho
ngq
in
g T
h
ree Gorges U
n
i
v
ersit
y
, W
anz
h
ou 40
40
00,Ch
ong
qin
g
, Chi
n
a
email: cq
w
z
xb
888
@16
3
.com
Ab
st
ract
Key core
te
chnologies of
IOT (in
t
ernet
of
things) have to be addressed to
achi
eve rapid
development. T
h
is paper focused on studying RF
ID,
w
i
rel
e
ss sensor netw
o
rk (W
SN
) and T
CCP w
h
ich
w
e
re in
tegra
t
e
d
to address
the IOT
application pr
oblems. Mean
w
h
ile
,
an IOT
archite
c
tural model w
a
s
established an
d the
IOT app
lications
in
re
al-time medical monitoring,
i
n
telligent transportation
syste
m
(ITS), intellige
n
t appliances
and inte
lligent agriculture
w
e
re
introduced.
Ke
y
w
or
ds
:
I
O
T, RFID, WSN, TCCP, applic
a
t
ion
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
IOT is the thi
r
d
wave of gl
obal info
rmati
on ind
u
stry
a
fter com
pute
r
and inte
rn
et, whi
c
h
guide
s the f
u
ture d
e
velo
pment di
re
ction of in
form
ation technol
ogy. Chin
a’s “12th Five
-Year
Plan”
cle
a
rly
label
s th
e I
O
T a
s
one
o
f
the
key n
e
w
info
rmatio
n technol
ogi
es. IOT
play
s a
n
importa
nt rol
e
in th
e
ch
ange
of e
c
o
nomic d
e
velopment
mod
e
an
d p
r
om
otion of
so
cial
transfo
rmatio
n as well as i
ndu
strial up
grading [1].
2. Conce
p
t o
f
IOT
Internet of th
ings
(IOT
) conne
cts
all g
ood
s
with
int
e
rnet th
rou
g
h
informatio
n
sen
s
in
g
device
s
li
ke
radio f
r
eq
ue
ncy ide
n
tifica
tion (RFID) for info
rmatio
n exch
ang
e
and intelli
ge
nt
identificatio
n, positionin
g
, trackin
g
, moni
tori
ng an
d manag
ement o
f
goods [2]. IOT is not onl
y a
netwo
rk, b
u
t also
a sy
stem. It conne
cts all livin
g
ar
ticle
s
with
the intern
et to form a l
a
rger
netwo
rk where we
can
gai
n, pro
c
e
s
s, e
x
tract an
d u
s
e inform
ation
about a
r
ticl
es rea
s
o
nably. I
O
T
make
s ou
r produ
ction an
d lif
e unpre
c
e
d
ented conven
ient.
3. Ke
y
Technologies of I
O
T
IOT was pro
posed
and
d
e
velope
d u
n
d
e
r a
bun
dant t
e
ch
nical
sup
ports,
such a
s
sen
s
o
r
netwo
rk,
RFID, perva
sive
comp
uting,
cloud
co
m
puting, real
-t
ime sy
stem,
etc. The key
techn
o
logie
s
of IOT includ
e RFID, WS
N and TCCP.
3.1. RFID
As a n
o
n
-
co
ntact auto
m
a
t
ic identification
technol
og
y, radio freq
uen
cy identif
ication
(RFI
D)
ca
n i
dentify the target
obje
c
t
automat
ically throu
gh the
radio
freq
ue
ncy si
gnal
s
and
acq
u
ire asso
ciated data,
thus appli
c
abl
e
to
va
riou
s
severe envi
r
onment
s [3]. With ea
sy a
n
d
conve
n
ient o
peratio
ns, RFID ca
n ide
n
tify high-sp
eed moving
object
s
an
d multiple la
bels
simultan
eou
sl
y. Global ite
m
trackin
g
a
n
d
inform
at
ion
sha
r
e
ca
n b
e
re
alized by
integratin
g
RFID
with intern
et and commu
ni
cation te
chn
o
l
ogie
s
.
3.2. WSN
Sensin
g i
s
very impo
rta
n
t to the
constr
uctio
n
of IOT. Mul
t
iple sen
s
ors
with
comm
uni
cati
on a
nd
co
mp
uting p
o
wer a
r
e
co
nne
cted
in
wirele
ss a
nd
coo
perate
with
ea
ch
ot
her
to excha
nge
with the p
h
ysi
c
al
worl
d an
d
accom
p
lis
h
specifi
c
ap
plication tasks, formin
g a
sen
s
o
r
netwo
rk [4]. Senso
r
net
work i
n
tegrate
s
vario
u
s int
e
rdi
sci
plina
r
y technol
ogie
s
, such
as
se
nso
r
techn
o
logy,
embed
ded
computing
technolo
g
y, di
st
ributed
info
rmation p
r
o
c
e
ssi
ng te
ch
nol
ogy
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ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 5599 – 56
02
5600
and
wirele
ss
comm
uni
cati
on te
chn
o
log
y
. A multihop
self-o
rg
ani
zin
g
sy
stem i
s
e
s
tabli
s
he
d in
th
e
sen
s
o
r
n
e
two
r
k thro
ugh
wi
rele
ss comm
unication,
whi
c
h i
s
re
spo
n
sible for pe
rce
p
tion
colle
ctio
n,
pro
c
e
ssi
ng i
n
formation
pe
rceived
within
the covera
ge
area
of the
n
e
twork, flexibl
e
monito
ring
o
f
these p
e
rceiv
ed inform
atio
n and inform
ation tran
sm
i
ssi
on to users. IOT con
n
e
c
ts all go
od
s with
internet throu
gh RFI
D
and
contri
bute
s
a
n
intelligent g
ood
s identification and ma
nagem
ent.
Senso
r
n
e
twork is
mainly
re
spo
n
si
ble
for e
n
viron
m
ental d
a
ta
colle
ction. A
s
soci
ated
resea
r
che
s
of sen
s
or n
e
twork m
a
inly involve
sen
s
o
r
, comm
uni
cati
on and
comp
utation (in
c
lu
ding
hard
w
a
r
e, software a
nd alg
o
rithm
s
) [5]. On one h
and
, the sensor
netwo
rk
can
be viewe
d
as an
integrate
d
n
e
twork
of in
formation
col
l
ecti
on, p
r
o
c
essing
and
utilization, a
n
expan
sio
n
of
informatio
n share
of internet. Informat
ion co
ll
ectio
n
enha
nces the informa
t
ion pro
c
e
s
si
ng
cap
a
city. On
the other h
and, the se
n
s
or n
e
two
r
k can b
e
viewed as a n
e
w interco
nne
ct
ed
informatio
n p
r
ocessin
g
net
work devel
op
ed from se
n
s
or nod
es. In
the sen
s
o
r
n
e
twork, a lot o
f
sen
s
o
r
n
ode
s
are scattere
d
within a certain
re
gion, which ca
n
be
divided
into d
i
fferent
cl
uste
rs
according to
their ge
ographi
cal coo
r
dinate
s
.
In each clu
s
te
r, there’
s on
e
maste
r
no
de
respon
sibl
e f
o
r
comm
uni
cation route
a
nd othe
r m
a
n
ageme
n
t in t
he
cluste
r. In
addition, th
e
r
e’s
one si
nk n
o
d
e
respon
sibl
e
for comm
uni
cation
with ba
ckbon
e networks (e.g. internet).
3.3. TCCP
3.3.1. Classification of T
C
CP
There are three types of TCCP: TCCP for
data sto
r
a
ge, TCCP for data processing and
comp
re
hen
si
ve TCCP for
data sto
r
age
and processi
ng.
3.3.2. Prominent Fe
atu
r
e
s
of TCCP Serv
ices
(1) Universal
availability:
T
CCP
services are available to
users at any time anywhere
with a ba
sic
compute devi
c
e and effectiv
e internet a
c
cessibility.
(2) Comp
utational
cost-effective:
Users
need the T
CCP servi
c
e
s
, but they have no
eco
nomi
c
or
techni
cal
con
d
itions to p
r
o
v
ide
su
ch T
C
CP se
rvices i
ndep
ende
ntly. For exampl
e,
some
ente
r
pri
s
e
s
requi
re la
rge
-
scal
e op
e
r
ation
reg
u
larl
y, but it is un
necessa
ry for them to eq
ui
p
with a
com
p
u
t
e device
with
larg
e-scale o
peratio
n fun
c
t
i
on. The
su
pe
rco
m
putin
g center
develop
s
client ba
se a
nd users can
use the sup
e
r comput
e
r
to accompli
sh their comp
uting tasks a
t
a
sha
r
ed co
st
.
(3) Use
r
-orie
n
ted a
pplications: T
C
CP p
r
ovid
e
s
com
p
uting
p
o
we
r (inclu
ding pro
c
e
s
sor,
RAM, storag
e and net
wo
rk inte
rf
ace),
but sho
w
s
no ca
re to u
s
ers’ ap
plications. Use
r
s
have
develop
ed m
any diversified appli
c
ation
s
with the
co
m
puting po
we
r
of TCCP in fu
ll con
s
ide
r
atio
n
to its (te
c
hni
cal and
eco
n
o
m
ic) limitatio
n
s
. TCCP
satisfying ab
ove
m
entione
d co
nsid
eratio
ns
can
further be
div
i
ded i
n
to Iaa
s
(e.g.
onlin
e
stora
g
e
and
databa
se
service), Pa
aS
(e.g. AMP virt
ual
hostin
g
an
d Java EE appli
c
ation
se
rver) and Sa
aS (e
.g. Google
Docs)
acco
rdin
g to the
servi
c
e
level[6]. Distributed comp
uting, paralle
comp
ut
ing, grid comp
uting
and utility
comp
uting are
often mentio
ned by ma
nu
facture
r
s whe
n
discu
s
sing
clou
d comput
ing. In fact, u
s
ers
only care
about the availability and co
st of servi
c
e
s
in
stea
d of these ne
w names. The
s
e con
c
epts
are
techni
cal d
e
tails that TCCP providers h
a
ve to
kno
w
n
during the
co
nstru
c
tion of
TCCP. Th
ey can
be viewe
d
as
the rep
r
e
s
ent
ation of clou
d
comput
in
g, but not the nature of clo
ud computing.
4. IOT Architectur
al Mod
e
l
Figure 1. IOT Archite
c
tural
Model
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Key Intern
et of Things T
e
chnolo
g
y
a
nd
Applicatio
n Rese
arch (Xu
Bing)
5601
The IOT arch
itectural m
o
d
e
l involves three la
ye
rs: sensor laye
r for data sen
s
i
ng in the
bottom, network tran
sp
ort
layer fo
r d
a
ta tran
smi
s
sion i
n
the
middle
and
appli
c
ation l
a
yer
combi
ned
with indu
strial n
eed at the top
[7]. The IOT
architectu
ral
model was
sh
own in Fig
u
re
1.
4.1. Sensor La
y
e
r
Senso
r
layer is mainly for obje
c
t ide
n
tification an
d data coll
e
c
tion. It can
acqui
re
dynamic and
static info
rma
t
ion (e.g. o
b
je
ct prope
rties, environ
menta
l
stat
e a
nd b
e
havioral
state
)
and i
dentify state in
a la
rge
-
scal
e an
d di
stribut
e
d
mann
er through
mobil
e
termin
al, se
nso
r
,
RFID, two
-
di
mensi
on cod
e
and real
-ti
m
e locatio
n
tech
niqu
e. With resp
ect to
specifi
c
se
n
s
ing
task, o
n
line
comp
utation
of diversified
,
mult
i-angl
e
and m
u
ltiscale info
rmati
on is
co
ndu
cted
throug
h coop
erative a
c
cessing. Fu
rthe
rmore,
sen
s
o
r
layer is
also resp
on
sible fo
r interactio
n a
nd
informatio
n transmi
ssion
with sh
are
d
re
source
s of
o
t
he
r
un
its
in
th
e n
e
t
wo
rk
. Sen
s
or
la
yer
is
fo
r
perceiving a
n
d
acq
u
irin
g correspon
ding
informatio
n,
just like the
se
nse o
r
ga
ns of
human bei
ng
s.
4.2. Net
w
o
r
k
Transpor
t L
a
y
e
r
Information i
n
terconnection is realized in
th
e n
e
t
work tran
sp
ort laye
r. Perceived
informatio
n can be tran
sm
itted safely th
roug
h INTE
RNET, INTRANET,
GSM and CDMA. T
h
is
transpo
rt layer mainly i
n
volves eq
u
i
pment
s fo
r accessin
g
to differen
t
heterog
en
eous
comm
uni
cati
on net
wo
rks,
su
ch a
s
Inte
rnet Gate
way
and M
obile In
ternet G
a
teway. Compli
cat
ed
softwa
r
e
protocol
s
are
ap
p
licabl
e du
e to
the
stro
ng
ha
r
d
w
a
r
e
s
u
ppo
r
t
o
f
th
es
e eq
u
i
p
m
en
ts
. Th
e
netwo
rk tra
n
sport l
a
yer i
s
respon
sibl
e f
o
r tran
sm
ittin
g
an
d p
r
o
c
e
s
sing
informati
on a
c
q
u
ire
d
by
the sen
s
o
r
la
yer, just like t
he nerve
cent
er and b
r
ai
n of human bei
ngs.
4.3. Application La
y
e
r
As the inte
rfa
c
e b
e
twe
en IOT and
users, applic
ation l
a
yer combin
e
s
with in
du
stri
al need
to achieve in
telligent IOT appli
c
ation. In the appli
c
a
t
ion layer, practical indu
st
rial appli
c
atio
ns-
oriente
d
m
a
nagem
ent
platform a
n
d
operation
pl
atform a
r
e
e
s
tabli
s
he
d a
c
cordi
n
g
to
use
r
deman
d. Associate
d
co
nte
n
t servi
c
e
s
are integrated togethe
r a
cco
rd
ing to the
chara
c
te
risti
c
s of
different
appli
c
ation
s
. M
o
re
exqui
site a
n
d
a
c
curat
e
int
e
lligent i
n
formation m
ana
gement
re
qui
res
coo
peration
with prof
essi
onal kno
w
led
ge and b
u
si
n
e
ss mod
e
l of different ind
u
strie
s
, such
as
medical mo
n
i
toring, intelli
gent tra
n
spo
r
tation
syste
m
, intelligent
applia
nce
and intelli
ge
n
t
agri
c
ultu
re.
5. Applications of IOT
IOT is wi
del
y applie
d in
the world,
su
ch
as real-ti
m
e me
dical
monitori
ng, i
n
telligent
transpo
rtation
system, intell
igent applia
n
c
e an
d intellig
ent agri
c
ultu
re.
5.1. Real-time Medical M
onitoring
Wirel
e
ss
se
n
s
or net
wo
rk
based o
n
IO
T ha
s a
c
hi
eved out
standi
n
g
effect in
m
onitorin
g
physiol
ogical
data, eld
e
rl
y health
con
d
itions
,
hosp
i
tal dru
g
ma
nagem
ent a
nd telem
edi
cine.
Remote
diag
nosi
s
can be reali
z
ed by
pl
acin
g
a
sen
s
or for
body te
mperature,
breathe a
nd bl
o
od
pre
s
sure me
asu
r
em
ent o
n
patie
nts. P
h
ysiolo
gi
cal
d
a
ta imp
o
rtant
to ne
w drug
developm
ent
ca
n
be coll
ecte
d for a long time
through the
sensor net
wo
rk. Such wi
rel
e
ss se
nsor n
e
twork ba
se
d
on
IOT, if productize
d to so
me extent, can becom
e a
security assi
stant
of elderly and disabl
ed
patients. Furtherm
o
re, it also c
an be used by disabled rehabilitatio
n centers to
monitor recovery
prog
re
ss of p
a
tients a
c
curately and pro
v
ide val
uable
refere
nces f
o
r the de
sig
n
of rehabilitati
o
n
prog
ram
s
.
5.2. Intelligent Transportation S
y
stem
As the devel
opment di
re
ction of future
trans
portatio
n
system, int
e
lligent tra
n
sportation
system
(ITS) is a l
a
rg
e-scale
real-tim
e,
accu
rate
and efficient comp
re
hen
si
ve
tran
sp
orta
tion
manag
eme
n
t system
est
ablished
on
the ba
sis
of an effecti
v
e integratio
n of advan
ced
informatio
n t
e
ch
nolo
g
y, data
comm
u
n
icatio
n
tra
n
s
missio
n te
chnolo
g
y, ele
c
troni
c
se
nsor
techn
o
logy,
control
technol
ogy an
d
com
puter tec
hnol
ogy. ITS ha
s
attracte
d hi
gh
attention
s
fro
m
countries in the
worl
d for it
s
superi
orities, such as
effective utili
zati
on of
existing traffic facilities,
redu
ction
of t
r
affic lo
ad
an
d environme
n
t
al pollution
a
nd hi
ghe
r tra
n
sp
ortation
safety as
well
as
transpo
rt efficiency.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 7, July 201
4: 5599 – 56
02
5602
5.3. Intelligent Appliance
Intelligent ap
plian
c
e refe
rs to hou
seh
o
l
d applia
nces with automa
t
ic failure mo
nitoring,
automatic m
easure
m
ent,
automatic co
ntrol,
autom
a
t
ic adju
s
tme
n
t
and remote
comm
uni
cati
o
n
control functi
ons by integ
r
ating with IO
T techn
o
logy.
5.4. Intelligent Agriculture
In intelligent
agri
c
ultu
re, e
quipme
n
t ca
n
be ope
ned
o
r
clo
s
ely a
u
to
matically a
c
cordin
g to
the re
al-time
room
temp
eratu
r
e, soil
temper
ature, CO2
con
c
entration, h
u
midity sig
n
a
l,
illumination, l
eaf humi
d
ity and
de
w-p
o
i
n
t tempe
r
at
ure colle
cted
b
y
IOT. Furth
e
rmo
r
e, IOT
not
only ca
n auto
m
atically p
r
o
c
ess an
d moni
tor co
mpr
ehe
nsive e
c
ol
ogi
cal info
rmatio
n of agri
c
ultu
re
according
to
use
r
d
e
man
d
,
but al
so
ca
n provi
de
sci
entific evid
en
ce
s for auto
m
atic
cont
rol
and
intelligent m
anag
ement
of environm
ent. Remote
humidity a
nd tempe
r
at
ure
cont
rol
of
gree
nho
use can b
e
re
alized thro
ugh t
e
mpe
r
ature
sensor a
nd d
a
ta tran
smission of
wirel
e
ss
sign
al receiving an
d di
sp
a
t
ching
mod
u
l
e
[8, 9]. Intelligent ag
ri
cult
ure
also in
cl
ude
s intellig
e
n
t
grain
de
pot
system
whi
c
h
can
bal
an
ce t
he tem
peratu
r
e
and
humi
d
ity in the
grai
n de
pot th
rou
gh
a real
-time m
onitorin
g
re
po
rted to com
p
u
t
er or cell pho
ne.
6. Conclusio
n
With the
ra
pid develo
p
m
ent of informat
io
n col
l
ection
and
intelligent
comp
uting
techn
o
logy a
s
well a
s
the
wide
appli
c
ati
on of inte
rnet
and mo
bile radio
comm
un
ication
s
, it is t
h
e
time for la
rg
e
-
scale
devel
o
p
ment of IO
T
and a
s
so
ciat
ed ind
u
st
rie
s
. Although
IO
T is
an e
m
erg
i
n
g
technology at present, it will su
rely become a key development in
dustry in future at such quick
developm
ent spe
ed.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
It is a proje
c
t sup
p
o
r
ted
by the Scientif
ic fund a
ssi
stan
ce p
r
oject from
Chong
qing
Educatio
n Co
mmittee (A Study of anom
a
l
y Netwo
r
k
M
onitorin
g
traffi
c Based o
n
Ontology Fu
zz
y
Mappin
g
and
data mining
combinatio
n, No: 201
4).
Referen
ces
[1]
W
u
Xiu
h
u
a
. Desig
n
and Implem
entatio
n of Remote Intelli
ge
nt Home
Securit
y
S
y
st
em. Xiam
en
:
Xi
ame
n
Univ
er
sit
y
. 20
06.
[2]
W
ang
Xi
nle
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. Rese
arch o
n
t
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ased Int
e
lli
ge
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nit
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rin
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i
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be
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Univers
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t
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of
T
e
chn
o
lo
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Sun L
i
min,
Li J
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e
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Yu
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i
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ens
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e
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e She
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[5]
Xu
e Gua
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h
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hu H
o
n
g
z
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,et al.
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r
affic-know
n urb
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oute
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icti
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al mobi
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a
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Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
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f
th
e 15
th
In
te
rna
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e on Pa
ral
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e
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2009; 2: 369-375
．
[6]
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u
zh
en,
Ma L
i
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ear
ch o
n
IOT
-based Inte
lli
ge
nt
Bloo
d S
ugar
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ng
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Co
mp
uter
Measur
e
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Yan
Xs, W
u
QH, Z
hang C. An Improved
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K
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esi
an Jou
r
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al Eng
i
ne
eri
ng.
2012; 1
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081-
108
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[8]
Ruij
ua
n Z
h
e
n
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n
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han
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u
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E
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l
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e
ng
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h
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l
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ain
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esi
an Jou
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al Eng
i
ne
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g
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296-
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5.
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