I
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n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
May
201
8
,
p
p
.
4
3
6
~4
4
5
I
SS
N:
2502
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4752
,
DOI
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s
w
itc
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g
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tep
u
p
co
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ter
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s
ed
i
n
t
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ased
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ce
[
2
-
4]
.
T
h
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s
tep
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p
co
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g
en
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ate
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t
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les
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l
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ati
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t
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t
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h
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KY
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ter
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le
s
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o
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t
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b
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s
t
co
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.
T
h
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in
teg
r
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KY
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
d
esi
g
n
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w
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p
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w
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co
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p
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cl
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in
d
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r
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an
d
f
ilter
ca
p
ac
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ar
e
ev
alu
ated
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
KY
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
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d
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C
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Sci
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N:
2502
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4752
P
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u
c
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o
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o
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th
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n
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h
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ze
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v
o
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w
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h
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n
g
(
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d
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ate
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ca
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m
ited
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e
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t
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r
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n
o
n
-
p
u
l
s
ati
n
g
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
KY
co
n
v
er
ter
b
ased
m
u
ltil
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v
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m
o
d
u
lar
in
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ter
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a
s
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cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
C
u
k
b
ased
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
i
n
v
er
ter
h
as
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
h
ig
h
g
ai
n
b
y
th
e
t
u
r
n
’
s
r
atio
a
n
d
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
KY
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
b
o
th
b
u
c
k
as
w
e
ll
as
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
H
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
h
a
s
u
s
ed
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
itc
h
es,
lo
s
s
es,
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tr
ess
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
ter
co
s
t.
T
h
e
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
in
v
er
ter
h
a
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
er
g
y
b
ased
i
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
with
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
h
a
s
o
p
er
ated
in
b
o
th
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
an
d
as
y
m
m
e
tr
ical
m
o
d
e
[
9
-
1
1
]
.
2.
SYST
E
M
DE
SCRI
P
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
in
v
er
ter
h
as
t
o
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
an
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
u
lt
ilev
el
in
v
er
ter
h
a
s
u
s
ed
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
w
i
tch
e
s
a
s
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
t
w
o
le
v
el
in
v
er
ter
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
i
n
v
er
ter
b
ased
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
ch
a
s
C
u
k
a
n
d
KY.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f
KY
C
o
n
v
er
ter
u
tili
ze
s
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
g
en
er
ati
n
g
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
u
r
ce
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
b
ase
d
C
u
k
co
n
v
er
ter
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
b
y
t
h
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
a
m
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Me
th
o
d
T
h
e
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
u
c
h
as
s
o
lar
an
d
f
u
el
ce
ll
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
d
c
v
o
ltag
e
h
av
i
n
g
less
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
C
u
k
an
d
KY
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ca
s
ca
d
ed
an
d
th
e
d
c
lin
k
o
u
tp
u
t
is
f
ed
in
to
th
e
m
u
lt
ilev
e
l
in
v
er
ter
w
ill
g
en
er
ate
co
m
p
ar
a
tiv
el
y
less
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
t
o
r
tio
n
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
f
ed
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
3
-
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
c
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
l
tag
e
an
d
is
f
ed
in
to
th
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ased
p
u
l
s
e
w
i
d
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
w
ill
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
C
u
k
b
a
s
ed
f
u
e
l
ce
ll.
T
h
e
K
Y
co
n
v
er
ter
u
ti
l
izes
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
as
w
ell
a
s
r
eg
u
la
tes
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
-
ve
Fu
el
C
ell
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
C
UK
C
o
n
v
er
ter
KY
C
o
n
v
er
ter
Mu
ltil
e
v
el
I
n
v
er
ter
L
o
ad
B
AT
T
E
R
Y
+v
e
C
ar
r
ier
P
h
ase
s
h
i
f
ted
SVP
W
M
MP
PT
V
,
P
I
C
o
n
tr
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
4
3
6
–
4
4
5
438
3.
DYNA
M
I
C
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
O
F
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
So
l
a
r
P
o
w
er
G
ener
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
o
lar
b
ased
r
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
m
ater
ial
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t
t
h
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
r
ad
iatio
n
in
to
elec
tr
icit
y
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
t
h
ese
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
f
o
r
g
en
er
ati
n
g
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
with
h
i
g
h
p
o
te
n
tial.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
n
s
o
f
li
g
h
t
f
all
o
n
t
h
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial
a
n
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
f
lo
w
i
n
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
h
as
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
p
o
w
er
ca
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
w
it
h
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
i
tio
n
,
le
s
s
m
ai
n
te
n
a
n
ce
a
n
d
co
s
t
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
ce
ll
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
u
s
ed
an
d
also
v
ar
y
i
n
g
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
in
s
o
latio
n
etc.
T
h
e
P
N
j
u
n
ctio
n
ab
s
o
r
b
s
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
h
o
le
p
air
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
u
s
th
e
li
g
h
t
e
n
er
g
y
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
d
io
d
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
C
ell
I
n
P
V
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
in
d
ic
ate
th
e
li
g
h
t
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t.
o
I
d
i
o
d
e
I
KT
qV
e
1
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
I
o
=satu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
V=
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e,
K=
B
o
ltz
m
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t,
T
=
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
Q=
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
3
.
2
.
F
uel C
ell
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
b
ased
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
h
a
s
s
e
v
er
al
t
y
p
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
b
ased
f
u
el
ce
ll
g
en
er
ates
a
.
0
7
1
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
f
u
el
ce
lls
ar
e
elec
tr
icall
y
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
s
er
ies
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
s
tack
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
lar
g
e
p
o
w
er
at
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
lev
el
s
.
T
h
e
P
E
M
b
ased
f
u
e
l
h
a
s
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
ca
t
h
o
d
e,
an
o
d
e
a
n
d
s
o
lid
p
o
l
y
m
er
e
le
ctr
o
ly
te
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
o
f
f
u
el
ce
l
l
h
av
e
lo
w
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
d
e
n
s
it
y
,
f
as
t r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
ze
r
o
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
ch
e
m
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
at
th
e
an
o
d
e
an
d
ca
th
o
d
e
elec
t
r
o
d
e
o
f
a
P
E
M
f
u
el
ce
ll is
g
i
v
e
n
as,
An
o
d
e
R
ea
ctio
n
:
e
H
H
4
4
2
2
(
2
)
C
ath
o
d
eReact
io
n
:
O
H
e
H
O
2
2
4
2
(
3
)
T
o
talC
ellR
ea
ctio
n
:
h
e
a
t
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
O
H
O
H
2
2
2
2
2
(
4
)
IL
D1
Rsh
Rs
+
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f Cu
k
-
K
Y C
o
n
ve
r
ter F
ed
Mu
ltil
ev
el
I
n
ve
r
ter f
o
r
Hyb
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id
S
o
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r
ce
s
(
V
.
V
a
s
u
d
ev
a
n
)
439
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
e
m
atic
Dia
g
r
a
m
o
f
P
E
MFC
T
h
e
s
ch
e
m
at
ic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
p
r
o
to
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
b
ased
o
n
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t c
ir
c
u
it d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
el
ce
ll is
g
i
v
e
n
b
elo
w
i
n
eq
u
ati
o
n
.
c
o
n
c
o
h
m
i
c
a
c
t
t
h
e
r
m
o
c
e
l
l
V
V
V
E
V
(
5
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
q
u
iv
ale
n
t
C
ir
c
u
it
o
f
F
u
el
ce
ll
3
.
3
.
Cuk
Co
nv
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
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4752
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ates
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.
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I
n
d
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E
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(
S1
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,
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,
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1
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Load
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
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n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
4
3
6
–
4
4
5
442
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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y
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r
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r
en
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w
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le
en
er
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y
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ased
m
u
lt
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l
in
v
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ter
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
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n
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
an
d
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
v
er
if
ied
in
M
A
T
L
A
B
/SIM
U
L
I
NK.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
C
u
k
KY
b
ased
in
v
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te
r
cir
cu
it
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al
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d
.
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h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
d
u
al
i
n
p
u
t
C
u
k
–
KY
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n
v
er
ter
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
lo
s
s
es,
lo
w
er
r
ati
n
g
o
f
d
ev
ice
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tr
ess
e
s
ar
e
le
s
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
al
s
o
g
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e
s
t
h
e
p
er
f
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m
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ce
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n
al
y
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is
s
u
c
h
as
h
i
g
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er
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[1
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P
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]
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p
h
K.
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e
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(
2
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).
[3
]
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u
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,
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h
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n
g
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.
[4
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a
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b
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,
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[5
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[6
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a
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[9
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u
p
ta,
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u
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v
e
l
in
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to
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it
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:
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1
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ri
m
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t
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l.
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o
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f
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[1
2
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rish
,
D,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4
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1
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5
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6
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7
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8
]
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a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
(
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.