I
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n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
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rica
l En
g
ineering
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Co
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pu
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er
Science
Vo
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24
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No
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3
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Dec
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2
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cs.ia
esco
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e.
co
m
C
o
mprehens
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a
na
ly
sis
of curre
n
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resea
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trends
i
n energy
sto
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lo
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Su
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W
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Da
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Re
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w
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s
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C
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r
ag
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
ev
e
r
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
g
r
id
s
tab
ilizatio
n
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
g
r
i
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
4
]
.
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
p
u
m
p
e
d
h
y
d
r
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
(
P
H
E
S
)
,
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
a
i
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
(
C
A
E
S
)
,
a
n
d
f
l
y
w
h
e
e
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
.
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
E
S
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
(
N
i
c
k
e
l
C
a
d
m
i
u
m
(
N
i
C
d
)
,
L
e
a
d
-
a
c
i
d
(
P
b
A
)
,
L
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
(
L
i
-
i
o
n
)
)
,
f
l
o
w
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
(
V
a
n
a
d
i
u
m
r
e
d
o
x
(
V
R
)
,
a
n
d
Z
i
n
c
B
r
o
m
i
n
e
(
Z
n
B
r
)
)
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
(
S
o
d
i
u
m
s
u
l
f
u
r
(
N
a
S
)
a
n
d
Z
E
B
R
A
)
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
l
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
u
p
e
r
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
c
o
i
l
(
S
M
E
S
)
,
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
l
a
y
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
m
o
l
t
e
n
s
a
l
t
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
6
]
.
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l.
[
7
]
p
r
esen
ts
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
s
)
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
b
atter
y
-
s
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
,
c
o
v
e
r
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
as
p
e
ct
s
in
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
cl
e
s
a
n
d
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
i
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
.
A
k
t
a
s
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
p
r
esen
ts
a
h
y
b
r
id
E
SS
s
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
an
d
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
b
a
n
k
a
n
d
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
u
n
it
f
o
r
s
u
d
d
en
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
.
A
n
ew
h
y
b
r
id
E
SS
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
C
AE
S
cy
cle
as
m
ec
h
an
ical
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
am
in
e
-
ass
is
ted
C
O
2
ca
p
tu
r
e
cy
cle
as
ch
em
ical
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
9
]
.
R
ah
m
a
n
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
r
e
v
iews
th
e
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
life
cy
cle
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
f
E
SS
s
.
An
in
teg
r
ated
p
lan
n
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
1
]
wh
ich
o
p
ti
m
ally
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ities
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
I
n
ter
n
et
d
ata
ce
n
ter
s
an
d
b
atter
y
E
SS
s
in
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
l
atest
tr
en
d
s
in
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
b
o
th
cr
ad
les
,
an
d
g
r
av
e
alo
n
g
with
th
eir
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
1
2
]
.
A
n
ew
ty
p
e
o
f
m
u
lti
-
tim
e
s
ca
le
co
ld
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
h
e
at
p
ip
e
-
b
ased
n
atu
r
al
ice
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
a
n
d
a
d
u
al
-
o
p
e
r
atio
n
c
h
iller
f
o
r
b
u
il
d
in
g
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
en
er
g
y
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
h
as b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
b
u
t
also
th
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
to
r
ag
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
Ss
)
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
.
Sto
r
ag
e
b
atter
ies
ar
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
b
att
er
y
ty
p
e,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
cy
clin
g
s
ch
ed
u
le,
wo
r
k
in
g
life
,
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
c
y
cle,
s
af
ety
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
elec
tr
o
ch
em
i
ca
l
s
y
s
tem
,
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
lo
a
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
f
ile,
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
,
an
d
p
r
ice.
T
h
is
p
a
p
er
also
an
aly
ze
s
ea
c
h
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ty
p
e
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
s
th
em
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ex
is
t
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
in
clu
d
e
b
atter
ies,
f
ly
wh
ee
ls
,
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
ai
r
,
el
ec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
an
d
p
u
m
p
ed
h
y
d
r
o
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
s
)
ar
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
class
if
ied
in
to
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
an
d
n
o
n
-
elec
tr
o
c
h
em
ical
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
E
L
E
C
T
RO
CH
E
M
I
C
AL
E
N
E
R
G
Y
S
T
O
RAG
E
S
YST
E
M
S (
E
SS
s
)
E
lectr
o
ch
em
ical
E
SS
s
in
clu
d
e
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
,
lead
-
ac
id
,
s
o
d
i
u
m
-
s
u
lf
u
r
,
n
ick
el
-
m
etal
h
y
d
r
i
d
e,
n
ick
el
-
ca
d
m
iu
m
,
a
n
d
f
lo
w
b
atter
ies
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
6
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
b
atter
y
.
I
ts
s
to
r
es
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ch
em
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
B
atter
y
h
as
h
ig
h
e
n
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
d
ev
ice,
it
m
ea
n
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
wer
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
tim
e.
T
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
ce
ll,
a
ce
r
tain
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
s
u
d
d
e
n
an
d
f
ast
ch
an
g
i
n
g
o
f
PV
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
a
d
d
em
an
d
.
Du
e
to
its
h
ig
h
in
te
r
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
,
th
eir
i
n
ter
n
al
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
h
ig
h
.
Du
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
/d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
b
atter
y
its
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
ch
an
g
es.
T
h
e
cy
cle
li
f
e
o
f
b
atter
y
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
it
s
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
b
atter
ies
h
a
v
e
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
lik
e
lo
w
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
life
cy
cle,
th
e
y
ar
e
m
o
s
t
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
we
r
g
en
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
R
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
b
atter
ies
in
clu
d
e
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
,
lead
-
ac
i
d
,
Van
a
d
iu
m
R
ed
o
x
,
s
o
d
iu
m
-
s
u
l
f
u
r
,
n
ick
el
-
m
etal
h
y
d
r
id
e
,
n
ick
el
-
ca
d
m
iu
m
,
an
d
Z
in
c
B
r
o
m
in
e
[
1
7
]
.
Oth
er
n
e
w
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
a
s
s
o
d
iu
m
-
s
u
l
f
u
r
an
d
s
o
d
iu
m
n
ic
k
el
ch
lo
r
id
e
h
av
e
f
ailed
to
d
eliv
er
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
m
is
es
as
y
et
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ac
h
iev
ed
in
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
esear
ch
is
q
u
ite
r
em
ar
k
ab
le.
T
h
e
life
o
f
a
b
atter
y
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
wh
er
e
th
e
b
atter
y
is
b
ein
g
s
to
r
ed
.
L
o
wer
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
ate
o
f
s
id
e
r
ea
ctio
n
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
b
atter
ies
ca
n
b
e
d
am
ag
e
d
b
y
f
r
izzin
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es.
No
n
-
r
ec
h
a
r
g
ea
b
le/p
r
im
ar
y
b
at
ter
ies
ar
e
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
u
s
e
o
n
ly
an
d
th
ey
in
cl
u
d
e
zin
c
-
c
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atter
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ater
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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1
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L
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[
3
1
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[
32
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T
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T
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atter
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s
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d
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ap
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s
[
3
3
]
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[
3
5
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ased
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[
3
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3
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n
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p
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if
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g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
C
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en
d
er R
ed
d
y
S
a
lku
ti
)
1291
2
.
3
.
Nic
k
el
-
ba
s
ed
ba
t
t
er
ies
T
h
ese
ar
e
class
if
ied
in
to
n
ic
k
el
ca
d
m
iu
m
(
NiC
d
)
b
atter
i
es
an
d
Nick
el
Me
tal
Hy
d
r
id
e
(
NiMH
)
B
atter
ies,
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
n
ex
t.
2
.
3
.
1
.
Nick
el
ca
d
m
ium
(
NiC
d)
ba
t
t
er
ies
NiC
d
b
atter
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
(
i.e
.
,
Nick
el
o
x
id
e
h
y
d
r
o
x
i
d
e
(
NiO(
OH)
)
a
n
d
a
n
eg
ativ
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
(
i.e
.
,
m
etallic
ca
d
m
iu
m
(
C
d
)
)
,
elec
tr
o
ly
te
,
an
d
a
s
ep
ar
ato
r
.
T
h
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
[
4
0
]
.
+
2
−
→
(
)
2
+
2
−
(
6
)
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
is
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
b
y
,
2
(
)
+
2
2
+
2
−
→
2
(
)
2
+
2
−
(
7
)
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
r
ea
ctio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
b
y
(
8
)
.
2
(
)
+
+
2
→
2
(
)
2
+
(
)
2
(
8
)
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
eh
in
d
th
e
NiC
d
b
atter
ies
is
q
u
ite
o
ld
an
d
th
er
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
a
r
ec
en
t
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
to
x
icity
,
t
h
e
NiC
d
b
atter
ies
ar
e
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
N
iMH
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
m
ain
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
th
ese
b
a
tter
ies
ar
e
h
ig
h
ch
ar
g
e/d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cles
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
,
o
p
er
atio
n
at
l
o
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
,
an
d
f
ast
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
.
W
h
er
ea
s
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
ar
e
lo
w
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
er
g
y
,
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
an
d
th
e
to
x
icity
o
f
C
ad
m
iu
m
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Nick
el
m
et
a
l hy
dride
(
NiM
H
)
ba
t
t
er
ies
T
h
e
m
ain
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
NiMH
b
atter
ies
in
clu
d
e
its
h
ig
h
er
c
ap
ac
ity
,
b
etter
cy
cle
life
th
an
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies,
h
ig
h
e
r
en
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
n
o
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
elec
tr
o
d
e
to
x
icity
an
d
it
is
less
p
r
o
n
e
to
m
em
o
r
y
ef
f
ec
t
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
NiC
d
b
atter
ies.
Ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
ese
b
atter
ies
ar
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
u
tili
ty
/teleco
m
b
ac
k
u
p
.
T
h
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
a
NiMH
b
atter
y
is
0
.
9
9
$
/W
h
a
n
d
it
is
a
m
atu
r
e
d
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
NiMH
b
atter
ies
ar
e
lim
ited
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
o
t
en
tial
f
o
r
c
o
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
,
m
o
r
e
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
th
an
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies,
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
l
o
w
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e,
v
e
r
y
lo
w
co
u
lo
m
b
i
c
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
it
r
eq
u
i
r
es c
o
m
p
lex
ch
a
r
g
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
2
.
4
.
So
diu
m
-
s
ulfur
(
Na
S)
ba
t
t
er
ies
T
h
is
b
atter
y
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
m
o
lte
n
Su
lp
h
u
r
(
S)
as
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
an
d
m
o
lte
n
s
o
d
iu
m
(
Na)
as
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
9
)
.
+
2
−
←
→
−
2
(
9
)
T
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
1
0
)
.
2
←
→
2
+
+
2
−
(
1
0
)
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
r
ea
ctio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
1
1
)
.
2
+
←
→
2
(
1
1
)
Du
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
p
ass
es
f
r
o
m
n
eg
ativ
e
e
lectr
o
d
e
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
n
e,
an
d
s
o
d
iu
m
p
o
ly
s
u
lf
id
e
(
2
)
is
f
o
r
m
ed
at
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
i.e
.
,
(
3
0
0
-
350)
o
C
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ev
er
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
lif
e
s
p
an
o
f
th
is
b
atter
y
is
b
et
wee
n
(
1
0
-
1
5
)
y
ea
r
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
ep
th
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
u
s
e
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
th
ese
b
atter
ies
in
clu
d
e
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
en
er
g
y
,
lo
n
g
cy
cle
li
f
e,
v
er
y
lo
w
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
h
ig
h
e
r
r
ated
ca
p
ac
ity
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
r
ec
y
clab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
ar
e
q
u
ite
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
h
ig
h
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
t
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
(
i.e
.
,
s
af
ety
is
s
u
es).
2
.
5
.
Va
na
diu
m
re
do
x
(
VR)
f
lo
w
ba
t
t
er
ies
T
h
e
r
e
d
o
x
ce
ll
wo
r
k
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
r
ed
u
ctio
n
-
o
x
id
atio
n
.
T
h
is
b
atter
y
u
s
es
v
a
n
ad
iu
m
io
n
s
in
4
o
x
id
atio
n
s
tates to
s
to
r
e
th
e
c
h
em
ical
p
o
ten
tial e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
1
2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
2
8
8
-
1
2
9
6
1292
2
+
+
2
←
→
2
+
+
2
+
+
−
(
1
2
)
T
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
ea
ctio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
(
1
3
)
.
3
+
+
−
←
→
2
+
(
1
3
)
T
h
e
liq
u
id
elec
tr
o
ly
te
o
f
m
eta
llic
s
alts
i
s
p
u
m
p
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
r
e,
wh
ich
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
n
e
g
ativ
e
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
es,
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
s
ep
ar
ated
b
y
m
em
b
r
an
e
[
4
6
]
.
E
lectr
icity
is
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
io
n
e
x
ch
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
an
o
d
e
a
n
d
ca
t
h
o
d
e.
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
is
b
atter
y
is
(
1
0
-
4
0
)
o
C
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
VR
b
atter
ies
in
clu
d
e
th
e
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
,
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ities
,
q
u
ick
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
es,
s
ca
lab
le
f
o
r
lar
g
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
n
o
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
ea
s
ily
u
p
g
r
a
d
ea
b
le,
lo
n
g
cy
cle
life
,
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
p
o
wer
s
izin
g
,
an
d
h
ig
h
er
r
o
u
n
d
tr
ip
ef
f
icien
cy
.
B
u
t
th
e
m
ain
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
clu
d
e
h
ig
h
er
co
s
t,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
lo
s
s
es
[
4
7
]
.
V
R
b
atter
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
p
ea
k
s
h
av
in
g
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
b
ac
k
u
p
p
o
wer
,
an
d
s
m
all
lo
ad
-
le
v
elin
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
s
p
in
n
in
g
r
eser
v
es,
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
2.
6
.
Su
perc
a
pa
cit
o
r
Su
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
rs
(
SC
s
)
also
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
o
r
elec
tr
ic
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
er
ca
p
a
cito
r
s
ar
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
t
h
at
h
av
e
a
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
en
e
r
g
y
d
en
s
ity
.
I
n
1
9
7
8
,
t
h
ey
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
co
m
m
er
cial
SC
s
an
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
ter
m
em
o
r
y
b
ac
k
u
p
in
co
n
s
u
m
a
b
le
elec
tr
o
n
ics
.
Sev
er
al
p
r
o
d
u
cts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
o
d
i
f
ied
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
SC
s
with
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
t
o
5
0
0
0
F
an
d
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ities
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
.
5
t
o
4
.
9
W
h
/k
g
is
co
m
m
er
cially
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
T
h
e
SC
s
ar
e
lo
w
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
an
g
e
with
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
elec
tr
o
ly
tic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
.
I
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
tic
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
SC
ar
e
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
lo
n
g
e
r
life
cy
cle.
Du
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
/d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
er
e
n
o
ch
an
g
e
o
f
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
in
teg
r
ity
in
SC
.
T
h
e
o
n
ly
d
r
a
wb
ac
k
o
f
SC
is
th
at
it
h
as
a
h
i
g
h
er
r
ate
o
f
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate
is
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
% o
f
s
to
r
e
d
en
e
r
g
y
in
a
d
a
y
ev
e
n
in
n
o
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
r
eg
u
la
r
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
th
is
is
g
en
er
ally
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
tim
es
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
r
eg
u
lar
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
s
.
W
h
en
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
o
p
er
ated
s
in
g
l
y
ca
n
o
n
ly
s
to
r
e
s
o
m
u
ch
p
o
wer
[
4
8
]
.
Su
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
'
p
r
ices
ar
e
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
esear
ch
es
th
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
co
n
d
u
cted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
em
er
g
en
c
y
b
r
id
g
in
g
p
o
wer
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
,
an
d
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
wh
er
e
an
u
l
tr
a
-
b
atter
y
is
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
in
o
n
e
u
n
it
f
o
r
c
r
ea
tin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
last
lo
n
g
er
,
c
o
s
t le
s
s
,
an
d
b
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
f
u
l.
T
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
th
eir
l
o
n
g
life
,
b
ei
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
an
d
th
ey
h
a
v
e
litt
le
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
v
er
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
th
o
u
s
an
d
s
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
c
y
cles.
T
h
ese
b
atter
ies
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
q
u
ick
ly
,
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
,
lo
w
co
s
t
p
er
c
y
cle,
h
i
g
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
wer
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
af
ety
,
a
n
d
lo
n
g
life
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
ain
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
clu
d
e
a
lo
wer
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ed
p
er
u
n
it,
h
ig
h
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
h
ig
h
d
ielec
tr
ic
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e,
an
d
lo
w
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
o
l
tag
e.
T
o
g
et
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
es,
o
n
e
m
u
s
t
u
s
e
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
r
eq
u
i
r
e
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
3.
NO
N
-
CH
E
M
I
CA
L
E
N
E
R
G
Y
ST
O
RAG
E
3
.
1
.
F
l
y
wheel
ener
g
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
T
h
e
f
ly
w
h
ee
l
s
to
r
es
th
e
k
in
et
ic
en
er
g
y
(
KE
)
in
r
o
tatin
g
i
n
er
tia.
A
B
r
u
s
h
less
DC
m
ac
h
i
n
e
is
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
th
e
f
l
y
wh
ee
l.
A
f
ly
wh
ee
l
with
a
m
o
m
en
t
o
f
in
er
tia
(
)
r
o
tatin
g
at
a
n
an
g
u
lar
v
elo
city
o
f
(
)
s
to
r
es th
e
en
er
g
y
(
)
,
an
d
it is
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
4
)
[
4
9
]
.
=
1
2
2
(
1
4
)
Fo
r
an
y
allo
wab
le
r
o
to
r
tip
v
el
o
city
(
)
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
en
e
r
g
y
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
e
d
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
5
)
.
=
2
[
1
+
(
1
2
)
2
]
(
1
5
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
in
n
er
r
ad
iu
s
,
is
th
e
o
u
ter
r
a
d
iu
s
,
an
d
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
is
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
,
a
n
d
em
e
r
g
en
c
y
b
r
id
g
in
g
p
o
wer
[
5
0
]
.
Fly
wh
ee
l
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
q
u
ick
r
ec
h
ar
g
e,
h
i
g
h
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
,
h
ig
h
cy
cl
e
life
,
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
p
o
wer
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
izin
g
,
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
as it r
eq
u
ir
es o
n
ly
a
v
er
y
s
h
o
r
t r
ec
h
ar
g
e
tim
e,
h
an
d
les h
ig
h
p
o
we
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
C
o
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f c
u
r
r
en
t res
ea
r
ch
t
r
en
d
s
in
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
(
S
u
r
en
d
er R
ed
d
y
S
a
lku
ti
)
1293
lev
els
,
an
d
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
f
ch
an
g
es
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
m
ain
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
i
n
clu
d
e
la
r
g
e
p
o
wer
s
tan
d
b
y
lo
s
s
e
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
m
o
d
es,
lo
w
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
,
s
h
o
r
t e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
tim
e
,
an
d
g
y
r
o
s
co
p
ic
e
f
f
ec
ts
.
3
.
2
.
Co
m
press
ed
a
ir
ener
g
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
(
CAES
)
s
y
s
t
em
T
h
is
C
AE
S
s
y
s
tem
is
u
s
ed
to
s
to
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
to
b
e
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
co
m
p
r
ess
in
g
air
to
g
e
n
er
ate
h
ea
t.
T
h
e
h
ea
t
is
th
en
s
to
r
e
d
to
b
e
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
air
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
C
AE
S
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
ad
ia
b
atic,
d
iab
atic
,
o
r
is
o
th
er
m
ic.
I
n
t
h
is
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
,
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
air
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
e
r
ate
elec
tr
icity
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
[
5
0
]
,
=
1
[
(
2
1
)
−
1
−
1
]
(
1
6
)
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
m
ass
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
th
e
air
,
is
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
t
o
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
,
k
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ea
t
r
atio
o
f
air
(
C
p
/C
v
)
,
1
an
d
2
ar
e
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
at
th
e
in
let
a
n
d
o
u
tlet
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
r
ess
o
r
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
ess
ed
air
f
o
llo
ws id
ea
l g
as law
s
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
1
7
)
.
=
(
1
7
)
W
h
er
e
n
is
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
g
as
(
m
o
l)
,
V
is
v
o
lu
m
e,
p
is
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
o
lu
m
e
,
T
is
ab
s
o
lu
te
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
R
is
th
e
id
ea
l g
as c
o
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
wo
r
k
/en
er
g
y
to
d
r
i
v
e
th
e
tu
r
b
in
e,
an
d
it is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
8
)
.
=
ln
(
1
8
)
C
AE
S
p
lan
ts
h
av
e
a
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
s
tar
t
-
u
p
tim
e.
Usu
ally
with
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
f
o
r
r
eg
u
lar
s
tar
ts
,
o
r
a
f
ew
m
in
u
tes
f
o
r
a
co
ld
s
tar
t
[
5
1
]
.
C
AE
S
s
y
s
tem
h
as
lo
w
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
So
m
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
h
a
v
e
m
an
ag
ed
t
o
s
h
o
w
ef
f
icien
cies
as
h
ig
h
as
7
5
%,
h
o
wev
er
o
t
h
er
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
ef
f
icien
cies
as
lo
w
as
4
0
%.
T
h
e
r
elu
ctan
ce
o
f
a
l
o
t
o
f
u
tili
ty
co
m
p
an
ies
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
s
to
r
a
g
e
in
d
icate
s
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
with
th
e
lo
w
-
ef
f
icien
cy
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
C
AE
S
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
r
e
g
u
latio
n
,
e
n
er
g
y
ar
b
it
r
ag
e
,
an
d
a
u
x
iliar
y
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
C
AE
S sy
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
s
ca
led
,
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
u
p
to
a
f
ew
m
eg
aw
atts
o
f
p
o
wer
.
3
.
3
.
P
u
m
ped
hy
dro
elec
t
ric
ener
g
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
(
P
H
E
S)
T
h
e
PHES
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
b
y
p
u
m
p
in
g
th
e
wate
r
f
r
o
m
a
r
eser
v
o
ir
.
T
h
e
r
eser
v
o
i
r
is
u
s
u
ally
lo
ca
ted
at
a
lo
wer
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
wate
r
is
p
u
m
p
ed
to
a
h
ig
h
e
r
elev
a
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
tim
es
o
f
lo
wer
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
elec
tr
icity
an
d
is
r
elea
s
ed
to
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
p
r
in
ci
p
le
is
th
e
s
am
e
as
th
e
o
n
e
in
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
th
e
PHES
s
y
s
tem
is
b
etwe
en
7
5
5
to
8
5
%,
an
d
its
s
ize
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
MW
to
2
0
0
0
MW.
I
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wer
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T
h
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ial
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y
[
5
1]
.
E
=
mgh
(
1
9
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ty
p
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o
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8
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is
a
s
elf
-
s
u
f
f
icien
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m
eth
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o
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h
as
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u
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y
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d
p
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p
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Ho
wev
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,
th
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to
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y
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tem
h
as
a
lar
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e
s
ca
le
o
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ly
,
lo
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co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ti
m
e,
is
ex
p
en
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iv
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ite
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e
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d
th
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g
en
er
ato
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m
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t
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elo
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[
5
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ap
p
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s
ar
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f
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eq
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v
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Fin
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,
ad
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ad
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
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ap
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io
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s
av
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g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
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an
d
th
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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esear
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Fu
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2021
”
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
S
.
A
l
-
H
a
l
l
a
j
,
S
.
W
i
l
k
e
,
a
n
d
B
.
S
c
h
w
e
i
t
z
e
r
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
f
o
r
S
m
a
r
t
G
r
i
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
W
a
t
e
r
,
E
n
e
r
g
y
&
F
o
o
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
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n
t
h
e
M
i
d
d
l
e
E
a
s
t
.
S
p
r
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e
r
,
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h
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m
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
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0
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7
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9
7
8
-
3
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3
1
9
-
4
8
9
2
0
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9
_
8
.
[2
]
A.
D.
G
e
o
rg
a
k
a
ra
k
o
s,
M
.
M
a
y
f
ield
,
a
n
d
E.
A.
Ha
t
h
wa
y
,
“
Ba
tt
e
ry
S
t
o
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
s
i
n
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
Op
ti
m
ise
d
Bu
il
d
i
n
g
s
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Pr
o
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
-
3
0
,
Oc
t.
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0
1
8
,
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o
i:
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.
e
g
y
p
ro
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
9
.
0
2
2
.
[3
]
S.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
e
n
e
rg
y
st
o
ra
g
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
fo
r
sm
a
rt
g
rid
,
”
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
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tr
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l
)
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
1
1
8
-
2
1
2
4
,
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g
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
2
9
2
8
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e
l
k
o
m
n
ik
a
.
v
1
8
i4
.
1
4
0
3
9
.
[4
]
M
.
C
h
e
n
g
,
S.
S
.
S
a
m
i
,
a
n
d
J.
W
u
,
“
Virt
u
a
l
En
e
rg
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
fo
r
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
s,”
E
n
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
8
8
,
p
p
.
4
3
6
-
4
4
2
,
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n
.
2
0
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6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
e
g
y
p
r
o
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
6
.
0
2
1
.
[5
]
S.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
,
“
En
e
rg
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
fo
r
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
:
A
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
Re
v
iew
,
”
M
a
jl
e
si
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
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rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
9
-
4
8
,
M
a
r.
2
0
2
0
.
[6
]
D.
Ko
lo
k
o
tsa
e
t
a
l.
,
“
On
t
h
e
in
t
e
g
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
i
n
sm
a
rt
g
rid
s:
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
En
e
rg
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/es
t2
.
5
0
.
[7
]
L.
Zh
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Hy
b
ri
d
e
lec
tro
c
h
e
m
ica
l
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
sy
ste
m
s: An
o
v
e
r
v
iew
fo
r
sm
a
rt
g
rid
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
tri
fied
v
e
h
icle
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
Ren
e
wa
b
le a
n
d
S
u
s
ta
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
2
0
.
1
1
0
5
8
1
.
[8
]
A.
Ak
tas
,
K.
Er
h
a
n
,
S
.
Öz
d
e
m
ir,
a
n
d
E.
Öz
d
e
m
ir,
“
Dy
n
a
m
ic
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
fo
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
i
c
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
in
c
lu
d
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
in
sm
a
rt
g
r
id
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
6
2
,
p
p
.
7
2
-
8
2
,
No
v
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
e
n
e
rg
y
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
8
.
0
1
6
.
[9
]
M
.
M
e
h
rp
o
o
y
a
a
n
d
P
.
P
a
k
z
a
d
,
“
In
tro
d
u
c
in
g
a
h
y
b
rid
m
e
c
h
a
n
ic
a
l
–
Ch
e
m
ica
l
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
s
y
ste
m
:
P
ro
c
e
ss
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
/ex
e
r
g
y
a
n
a
ly
sis,”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
2
1
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
e
n
c
o
n
m
a
n
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
1
2
7
8
4
.
[1
0
]
M
d
.
M
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
A.
O.
On
i
,
E.
G
e
m
e
c
h
u
,
a
n
d
A.
K
u
m
a
r,
“
As
se
s
sm
e
n
t
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
ra
g
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
:
A
re
v
iew
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
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1
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.
[1
2
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G
.
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,
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Al
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m
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8
7
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[1
3
]
C.
Ya
n
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g
,
Y
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P
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n
,
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S
h
a
n
,
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n
d
R.
Ko
so
n
e
n
,
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m
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[1
4
]
S
.
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n
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,
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A
.
Ku
m
a
r,
a
n
d
N.
M.
J.
S
wa
ro
o
p
a
n
,
“
G
WO
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o
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v
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rter,”
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d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
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.
[1
5
]
M
.
Zad
e
h
b
a
g
h
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ri,
T.
S
u
ti
k
n
o
,
a
n
d
R
.
Il
d
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ra
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d
i
,
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Us
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sp
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ter
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ive
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[1
6
]
Z.
Bo
u
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u
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h
m
a
a
n
d
J.
S
a
b
o
r,
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o
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it
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u
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l.
1
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3
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4
.
[1
7
]
A.
Ha
riy
a
d
i,
A.
Nu
g
ro
h
o
,
a
n
d
S
u
wa
rn
o
,
“
Th
e
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ter
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ti
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J
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tro
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2
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[1
8
]
A.
S
a
a
v
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d
ra
,
N.
A.
G
a
lv
is,
M
.
Ca
sta
n
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d
a
,
S
.
Zap
a
ta,
F
.
M
e
s
a
,
a
n
d
A.
J.
Aristizá
b
a
l,
“
F
e
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si
b
il
it
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f
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si
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ic
s
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lar
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e
rg
y
f
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r
wa
ter
trea
tme
n
t
p
lan
ts,”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
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a
n
d
Co
m
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ter
En
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1
1
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1295
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9
]
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R.
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lk
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.
Ju
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g
,
“
Ov
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rv
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E
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0
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C.
S
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d
C.
Hill
,
“
Ba
tt
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ry
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e
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win
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ted
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m
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IEE
E
PE
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In
n
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m
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rt Grid
T
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h
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[2
1
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T.
Ya
n
g
,
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Ha
n
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.
Ya
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L
ian
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,
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G
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Ji,
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C
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ted
Op
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m
,
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In
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Gr
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h
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[2
2
]
M.
S.
A.
M
u
sta
z
a
l,
M
.
A.
M
A
riff
,
a
n
d
S.
N.
Ra
m
li
,
“
An
e
x
ten
siv
e
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v
iew
o
f
e
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e
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y
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m
,
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d
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sia
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J
o
u
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n
a
l
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c
trica
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En
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e
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3
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D.
S
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lv
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th
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n
d
N.
M
u
r
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g
a
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th
a
m
,
“
Ba
tt
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ry
h
e
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lt
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n
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rm
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,
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n
d
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J
o
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4
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T.
P
a
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g
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ri
b
o
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,
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M
.
Uto
m
o
,
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A.
Ba
k
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r,
a
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d
D.
S
.
K
h
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n
i,
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tt
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sy
ste
m
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g
m
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c
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ll
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r,
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d
o
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sia
n
J
o
u
rn
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trica
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[2
5
]
K.
Kro
ics
,
O.
H
u
se
v
,
K.
Ty
telm
a
ier,
J.
Za
k
is,
a
n
d
O.
Ve
li
g
o
rs
k
y
i,
“
An
o
v
e
rv
iew
o
f
b
id
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
AC
-
DC
g
ri
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
c
o
n
v
e
rter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
l
o
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
3
-
1
2
3
9
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.
v
9
.
i3
.
p
p
1
2
2
3
-
1
2
3
9
.
[2
6
]
J.
A.
M
o
m
o
h
,
“
En
e
rg
y
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
,
”
W
il
e
y
-
IEE
E
P
re
ss
,
Ju
l.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
9
7
8
1
1
1
9
5
2
1
1
2
9
.
[
2
7
]
A.
A
.
J
a
m
a
l
i
,
N
.
M
.
N
o
r
,
a
n
d
T
.
I
b
r
a
h
i
m
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
s
i
z
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
-
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
E
E
E
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
,
J
o
h
o
r
B
a
h
r
u
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
1
5
-
2
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
C
E
N
C
O
N
.
2
0
1
5
.
7
4
0
9
5
4
2
.
[2
8
]
S.
O.
S
h
o
we
rs
a
n
d
A.
K.
Ra
ji
,
“
Be
n
e
fit
s
a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
En
e
rg
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
H
ig
h
P
e
n
e
tratio
n
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
PE
S
/IA
S
Po
we
r
Af
ric
a
,
A
b
u
ja,
Ni
g
e
ria,
p
p
.
2
0
9
-
2
1
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/P
o
we
rAfrica
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
9
2
8
6
4
4
.
[2
9
]
F
.
Na
d
e
e
m
,
S
.
M.
S
.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
P
.
K.
Ti
wa
ri,
A.
K.
G
o
sw
a
m
i,
a
n
d
T.
S
.
Us
tu
n
,
“
Re
v
iew
o
f
S
m
a
rt
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
En
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Vi
si
o
n
T
o
wa
rd
s
Eme
rg
in
g
T
re
n
d
s
in
C
o
m
mu
n
ica
t
io
n
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
in
g
,
Ve
ll
o
re
,
I
n
d
ia,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ViT
ECo
N.
2
0
1
9
.
8
8
9
9
3
9
7
.
[3
0
]
S
.
Na
g
a
ra
j,
R.
Ra
n
ih
e
m
a
m
a
li
n
i,
a
n
d
L.
Ra
jaji,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs
fo
r
h
i
g
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
g
a
i
n
d
c
-
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rter
fo
r
p
v
p
a
n
e
l,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
s
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
9
4
-
6
0
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
p
e
d
s.
v
1
1
.
i2
.
p
p
5
9
4
-
6
0
4
.
[3
1
]
S
.
Na
g
a
ra
j,
R.
Ra
n
i
h
e
m
a
m
a
li
n
i,
a
n
d
L
.
Ra
jaji,
“
P
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
DC/DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
fo
r
so
lar
p
o
we
re
d
EV,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
4
2
3
-
3
4
3
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
c
e
.
v
1
0
i4
.
p
p
3
4
2
3
-
3
4
3
0
.
[3
2
]
N.
M.
L.
Ta
n
,
A.
K.
Ra
m
a
sa
m
y
,
V.
K.
Ra
m
a
c
h
a
n
d
a
ra
m
u
rth
y
,
M
.
M
a
rsa
d
e
k
,
M
.
R.
Ot
h
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
I
.
Ariffi
n
,
“
Util
it
y
-
sc
a
le
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs:
A
re
v
iew
o
n
tren
d
s,
g
rid
c
o
d
e
re
q
u
i
re
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
7
3
-
5
8
5
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
e
c
s.v
1
8
.
i2
.
p
p
5
7
3
-
5
8
5
.
[3
3
]
B.
V.
Ra
jan
n
a
a
n
d
M.
K.
Ku
m
a
r,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
o
n
e
a
n
d
tw
o
ti
m
e
c
o
n
sta
n
t
m
o
d
e
ls
f
o
r
li
th
i
u
m
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ry
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
7
0
-
6
8
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
c
e
.
v
1
0
i1
.
p
p
6
7
0
-
680
.
[3
4
]
Y.
Bo
u
jo
u
d
a
r,
H.
El
m
o
u
ss
a
o
u
i,
a
n
d
T.
Lam
h
a
m
d
i,
“
Li
th
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tt
e
ries
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
sta
te
o
f
c
h
a
rg
e
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
a
rti
ficia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
4
1
5
-
3
4
2
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jec
e
.
v
9
i
5
.
p
p
3
4
1
5
-
3
4
2
2
.
[3
5
]
S.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
,
“
Larg
e
sc
a
le
e
le
c
tri
c
it
y
st
o
ra
g
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
sm
a
rt
g
rid
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
3
5
-
6
3
9
,
A
p
r.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
4
4
1
9
/
ij
e
t.
v
7
i
2
.
1
1
3
9
5
.
[3
6
]
F
.
Na
d
e
e
m
,
S
.
M.
S
.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
P
.
K.
Ti
wa
ri,
A.
K.
G
o
sw
a
m
i,
a
n
d
T.
S
.
Us
t
u
n
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
Re
v
i
e
w
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
s,
T
h
e
ir
Ro
les
,
a
n
d
I
m
p
a
c
ts
o
n
F
u
t
u
re
P
o
we
r
S
y
ste
m
s,”
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
7
,
p
p
.
4
5
5
5
-
4
5
8
5
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ACCES
S
.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
8
8
4
9
7
.
[3
7
]
T.
M
.
G
ü
r,
“
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
:
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
s
f
o
r
l
a
r
g
e
-
s
c
a
l
e
g
r
i
d
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
”
En
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
6
-
2
7
6
7
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
9
/C8
EE
0
1
4
1
9
A
.
[3
8
]
S.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
a
n
d
C.
M
.
J
u
n
g
,
“
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
sto
ra
g
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
fo
r
a
g
rid
with
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
9
7
0
-
9
7
6
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
4
4
1
9
/
ij
e
t.
v
7
i
3
.
1
2
7
2
8
.
[3
9
]
A.
A.
K
.
Ara
n
i
,
G.
B.
G
h
a
re
h
p
e
ti
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ab
e
d
i
,
“
Re
v
iew
o
n
E
n
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
s
Co
n
t
ro
l
M
e
th
o
d
s
in
M
icro
g
ri
d
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r
&
En
e
r
g
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
7
,
p
p
.
7
4
5
-
7
5
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
ij
e
p
e
s.2
0
1
8
.
1
2
.
0
4
0
.
[4
0
]
S.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
,
“
El
e
c
tr
o
c
h
e
m
ica
l
b
a
tt
e
ri
e
s
fo
r
sm
a
rt
g
rid
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s,”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
4
9
-
1
8
5
6
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[4
1
]
J.
Ku
m
a
r,
N.
R.
P
a
rh
y
a
r,
M
.
K.
P
a
n
jwa
n
i,
a
n
d
D.
K
h
a
n
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
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c
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a
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a
ly
sis
o
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tie
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tem
with
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n
e
rg
y
st
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ra
g
e
s
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
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ter
En
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,
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.
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5
.
[4
2
]
A.
M
.
Alsa
b
a
ri,
M
.
K.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
A.
Cs,
a
n
d
R.
Zafira
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
li
th
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m
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io
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b
a
tt
e
ry
wit
h
i
n
it
ia
l
sta
te
o
f
c
h
a
rg
e
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
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ter
S
c
ien
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e
,
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3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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5
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24
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3
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2
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[4
3
]
P
.
S
h
a
rm
a
,
S
.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
,
a
n
d
S.
C.
Kim
,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
a
u
d
it
:
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p
e
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sc
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d
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rn
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tric
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En
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[4
4
]
E.
M
.
Laa
d
issi,
J.
Kh
a
lfi
,
F
.
Be
lh
o
ra
,
C.
En
n
a
wa
o
u
i,
a
n
d
A.
E
.
Ba
ll
o
u
ti
,
“
Ag
in
g
stu
d
y
o
f
a
lea
d
-
a
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id
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e
b
a
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k
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n
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m
u
lt
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so
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rc
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h
y
b
r
id
sy
ste
m
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
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El
e
c
trica
l
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n
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g
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5
]
S.
R.
S
a
l
k
u
t
i,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
P
o
we
r
F
l
o
w
with
Re
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le
En
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Re
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.
[4
6
]
O.
Krish
a
n
a
n
d
S
.
S
u
h
a
g
,
“
An
u
p
d
a
ted
re
v
iew
o
f
e
n
e
rg
y
sto
r
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g
e
sy
ste
m
s:
Clas
sifica
ti
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a
n
d
a
p
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istri
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ra
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y
re
so
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s,”
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ter
n
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J
o
u
rn
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o
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E
n
e
rg
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Res
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[4
7
]
L.
Ya
o
,
B.
Ya
n
g
,
H.
C
u
i,
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
J.
Ye
,
a
n
d
J.
Xu
e
,
“
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s a
n
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p
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re
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tec
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it
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ti
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p
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we
r
sy
ste
m
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
rn
P
o
we
r
S
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ste
ms
a
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Cle
a
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E
n
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.
[4
8
]
V.
A.
Bo
ice
a
,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
:
T
h
e
P
a
st
a
n
d
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h
e
P
re
se
n
t,
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4
5
.
[4
9
]
V.
S
a
n
d
e
e
p
,
S
.
S
h
a
stri,
A.
S
a
rd
a
r,
a
n
d
S.
R.
S
a
lk
u
ti
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
a
c
k
siz
i
n
g
fo
r
e
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tri
c
v
e
h
icl
e
s,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
ms
,
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l.
1
1
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.
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.
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.
[5
0
]
B.
Am
e
l
,
Z.
S
o
ra
y
a
,
a
n
d
C.
A
b
d
e
lk
a
d
e
r,
“
In
telli
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
f
ly
wh
e
e
l
e
n
e
rg
y
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g
e
sy
ste
m
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
with
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h
e
win
d
g
e
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e
ra
to
r
f
o
r
u
n
i
n
terru
p
ted
p
o
we
r
su
p
p
l
y
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
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o
f
Po
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r
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lec
tro
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n
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ive
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ms
,
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l.
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.
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.
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7
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.
[
5
1
]
L
.
C
h
e
n
,
T
.
Z
h
e
n
g
,
S
.
M
e
i
,
X
.
X
u
e
,
B
.
L
i
u
,
a
n
d
Q
.
L
u
,
“
R
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
e
d
a
i
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
r
n
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
C
l
e
a
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
pp.
529
-
5
4
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,
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0
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-
016
-
0240
-
5
.
[5
2
]
C.
L.
Ng
e
,
I.
U.
Ra
n
a
we
e
ra
,
O.
M
.
M
id
tg
å
rd
,
a
n
d
L.
N
o
ru
m
,
“
A
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
fo
r
sm
a
rt
g
rid
in
te
g
ra
ted
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
wi
th
b
a
tt
e
ry
sto
ra
g
e
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
3
0
,
p
p
.
7
7
4
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8
5
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
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o
i:
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re
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e
n
e
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
6
.
0
7
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.