Indonesian Journal of
Electrical
Engineer
ing and
Computer Science
V
o
l.11
,
No
.1
, Ju
ly 20
18
, pp
. 18
2
~
18
6
ISSN: 2502-4752,
DOI: 10.
11591/ij
eecs.v11
.i1.pp182-186
1
82
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: http://iaescore.c
om/jo
urnals/index.php/ijeecs
Lightning Ef
fect on Scaled
Protected and Un-Protected
Building Structu
r
es and the Ai
r T
erminal
Bypas
s
es
Irshad
Ullah,
MNR B
a
h
a
r
o
m, H
.
Ahm
a
d,
H.
M. L
uqm
an, Z
a
inab
Z
a
inal
University
Tun Hussein
Onn
Batu Pah
a
r, Johor, 86400
, Malay
s
ia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Ja
n 12, 2018
Rev
i
sed
Mar
23
, 20
18
Accepted Apr 21, 2018
Lightning strik
e
s affect the building st
ructures
b
y
producing high electric
field on
the surf
ace
and around
t
h
e build
ing struc
t
ure.
Lightn
i
ng a
i
r term
ina
l
is a traditional
enem
y
of the thunde
r storm as it captures th
e lightnin
g
flashes. Eff
ect o
f
lightning flash
on the building structur
e when the lightnin
g
air t
e
rm
inal was
not instal
led
an
d when it was in
stalled
on differ
e
nt build
ing
structure was studied in
this pap
e
r. Si
milar
l
y
most of the time Lightning Air
Te
rmina
l
(LAT)
by
pa
sse
s ta
ke palce on diff
eren
t
building stru
ctur
es and
thus
a lo
t of
build
in
g structur
es get
da
mage. The ph
enome
non of b
ypasses was
also studied in this paper. When
thunde
r storm strikes a build
ing
the electric
field eff
e
c
t
is propagat
e
d throug
hout the buildi
n
g surface and it
dam
a
ges the
entir
e build
ing.
W
h
en the air
term
inal
is
plac
es
on the corn
ers
/
edges
i
t
captur
e
s the l
i
g
h
tning flash
e
s on cert
a
in poin
t
s and discharg
es it into
th
e
ground and th
e b
u
ilding r
e
mains
safe.
Th
is pheno
menon was studied in d
e
tail
in this pap
e
r
a
nd it was prov
ed tha
t
b
y
inst
alling
the
air
t
e
rm
inal th
e
remaining build
ing structur
e was safe
and th
e
ele
c
tri
c
fi
eld i
n
tensit
y was
concen
trat
ed on the ins
t
al
led air
term
inal ra
ther t
h
an the whole roof top and
the r
e
st of
the
bu
ilding.
K
eyw
ords
:
Electric field
Li
ght
ni
n
g
ai
r
t
e
rm
i
n
al
Li
ght
ni
n
g
fl
as
h
Pro
t
ected
b
u
ildin
g
Copyright ©
201
8 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Irs
ha
d Ul
l
a
h,
Un
i
v
ersity Tu
n Hu
ssein Onn
Batu
Pah
a
r
,
Joh
o
r
,
864
00
, Malaysia.
Em
a
il: irsh
ad
u
l
lah
9
5
@
yah
o
o
.
co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Li
ght
ni
n
g
pr
ot
ect
i
on can be
di
vi
de
d i
n
t
o
m
a
i
n
aspect
s whi
c
h are (
1
) bui
l
d
i
ng
pr
o
t
ect
i
on by
m
i
nim
i
zi
ng t
h
e
m
a
gnet
i
c
and
el
ect
ri
c fi
el
d a
n
d
(
2
)
by
re
d
u
c
i
n
g
t
h
e e
ffect
of
hi
gh
v
o
l
t
a
ge
an
d
hi
g
h
c
u
rre
nt
[
1
]
.
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on
fr
om
l
i
ght
ni
n
g
was
pr
op
ose
d
by
st
a
nda
r
d
doc
um
ent
s
i
n
19
7
8
a
n
d
no
w
m
a
ny
st
anda
rd
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts g
i
ven
m
u
ch
m
o
re in
form
atio
n
ab
ou
t bu
ild
ing
p
r
o
t
ectio
n
[2
]. Lig
h
t
n
i
ng
flash
e
s in
itiatio
n tak
e
s
place around 5 km
for a
cloud to
ground
flashes.
Whe
n
t
h
e flas
hes a
p
pro
ach t
o
the
s
u
rface of t
h
e
ground it
produces electric field on the
bui
l
d
i
ng st
r
u
ct
ures
or t
h
e t
r
ee
s and ot
her
gr
o
u
n
d
e
d
o
b
ject
s
whe
n
t
h
e di
st
a
n
ce i
s
aro
u
nd
10
0 m
abo
v
e t
h
e
gr
o
u
n
d
[
3
]
.
Li
g
h
t
n
i
n
g Ai
r Te
rm
i
n
al
s (LA
T
s) c
a
n be
di
vi
de
d
i
n
t
o
di
f
f
ere
n
t
t
y
pes
whi
c
h a
r
e st
an
dar
d
s
h
a
r
p
p
o
i
n
t
e
d,
bl
unt
,
c
o
ncave
,
fl
at
an
d
coni
cal
whi
c
h
are
gi
v
n
e i
n
Fi
gu
re
1
[4]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g& C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Li
ght
ni
n
g
Ef
f
e
ct
on
Sc
al
ed
Pr
ot
ect
ed
an
d
u
n
-
Pr
ot
ect
ed B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
St
ruct
ures
a
n
d
t
h
e
Ai
r …
(
I
rsh
ad
Ul
l
a
h)
18
3
Fi
gu
re 1.
Di
f
f
e
r
ent
Ty
pes of
LATs
.
(a
) St
an
dar
d
Sha
r
p
P
o
inted
(
b
) C
o
nca
v
e
(c) Bl
unt
(d
) Flat (e
) C
onic
a
l
In th
is
p
a
p
e
r th
e stan
d
a
rd
LAT
was u
s
ed as all
th
e stand
a
rd
s still reco
m
m
en
d
and
easy
to
i
n
stalled
o
n
th
e
ro
of
tops of
th
e bu
ild
ing
stru
ctur
es.
2.
ELECTRIC FIELD AND B
U
ILDING ST
RUCTURE
During a thunderstorm
the cloud is
electrically charge
by positive a
nd
nega
tive charge the
process of
ionization take
s place as a result of wh
ich light
ning stroke
is form
ed whic
h produc
es the
el
ectric field on the
gr
o
u
n
d
e
d
st
ruc
t
ures [
5
]
.
Li
g
h
t
n
i
n
g fl
ash at
t
r
a
c
t
e
d by
any
gr
ou
n
d
ed
ob
ject
i
s
acom
p
l
e
x ph
enom
eno
n
.
When
a
downwa
rd leader exists a
n
d the leader
cha
nnel devel
o
ps
from
its tip
it p
r
od
u
c
es th
e
up
ward
fro
m
th
e tip
when
it in
terfere t
h
e
d
o
wn
ward
lead
er ch
an
n
e
l
[6]. Th
e elect
ric
field val
u
e at t
h
e
ground leve
l in norm
al weather
co
nd
itio
n
is 130
V/m
wh
ile as th
e th
un
d
e
rstorm
effect in
creases its effect becom
e
s
m
o
re and reac
hes
up to a
lev
e
l of
1
k
V
/
m
[7
]. Th
e
h
a
rm
fu
l effect of
lig
h
t
n
i
ng
is d
i
rectly related
with
th
e t
h
und
er sto
r
m
activ
itie
s.70
%
o
f
ligh
t
n
i
n
g
d
e
n
s
ities are no
t h
a
rm
fu
l ho
wever it effect is
sev
e
r
when
it h
i
t an
yth
i
n
g
on
th
e groun
d. Th
erefo
r
e
st
anda
rd
s ha
ve
been i
n
t
r
od
uc
ed t
o
t
a
ke t
h
e
pr
ot
ect
i
v
e m
e
asures a
g
ai
nst
l
i
ght
ni
n
g
[
8
]
.
D
u
ri
ng t
h
e b
r
ea
kd
o
w
n
process
whe
n
the light
ning
flashes take
pla
ce the electri
c
field sta
r
ted.
The electri
c
field at the
tip
of rod
b
eco
m
e
s h
i
gher an
d it remain
s co
n
s
tan
t
at th
e tip
o
f
th
e
rod
.
As a resu
lt of th
is th
e
u
p
ward strea
m
er
initializat
ion are form
ed from the tip
of
t
h
e
rod
placed at t
h
e tip
of the
rod
[9].
In t
h
e
first negati
ve cloud t
o
g
r
ou
nd
flash
e
s th
e retu
rn
strok
e
is in
itiated
b
y
th
e lig
h
t
n
i
ng
flash
wh
ich
ap
pro
ach
es t
o
ward
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
. AT
certain
lev
e
l th
e electric field
g
a
ined
su
ch
in
ten
s
ity
that it connects with the down c
o
ming leader a
nd as a
result the
ret
u
rn stroke at the
tip of the
rod or a
n
y building
structure ta
kes
place [10].
3.
PERFO
R
MA
NCE OF FR
A
N
KLI
N
RO
D
Fra
nkl
i
n
ro
d i
s
t
h
e m
a
jor de
vi
ce whi
c
h, i
s
i
n
st
al
l
e
d on
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g f
o
r t
h
e l
i
g
ht
ni
n
g
pr
ot
ect
i
on
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
For m
o
re t
h
a
n
25
0 y
ear f
r
a
n
k
l
i
n
ro
d i
s
use
d
as a pr
ot
ect
i
o
n
devi
ce [
1
1]
. For t
h
e p
r
ot
ect
i
on
of a
n
y
st
ru
ct
ure
l
i
ght
ni
n
g
ro
d g
e
om
et
ry
i
s
an
essent
i
a
l
el
em
ent
.
Whe
n
ro
ds of hei
g
ht
of 6.
4m
above
t
h
e gr
o
u
n
d
wi
t
h
t
h
e
sam
e
distance from
each othe
r it
has
been
shown that t
h
e rods
with bl
unt tips
a
r
e good rece
ptor
of
l
i
ght
ni
n
g
st
ro
k
e
[
12]
.
B
y
pass p
h
e
n
o
m
enon
o
f
l
i
g
ht
ni
n
g
ai
r t
e
rm
i
n
al
(LAT
)
is
now a
days an issue
of i
n
terest. LAT acts
a
s
l
i
ght
ni
n
g
at
t
r
a
c
t
i
on
devi
ce
whi
c
h t
h
e
n
pr
od
uce a
n
el
ec
t
r
i
c
fi
el
d a
r
o
u
n
d
an
d ca
n t
h
eref
ore
,
t
h
e
L
A
T i
s
b
y
p
a
ssed
.
D
u
e to
th
is th
e lig
h
t
n
i
ng
can
pr
od
u
ce si
d
e
f
l
ashes w
h
ich
can
d
a
m
a
g
e
th
e b
u
ild
in
g
.
To
study th
is
phe
n
o
m
e
non
f
e
w s
u
r
v
ey
s an
d t
h
e l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
fl
ash
dam
a
ges bee
n
st
u
d
y
i
n
g
o
n
di
f
f
ere
n
t
bui
l
d
i
n
g
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
n
bui
l
d
i
n
g
s
been
i
n
st
al
l
e
d wi
t
h
l
i
ght
ni
n
g
p
r
ot
e
c
t
i
on sy
st
em
(LPS)
[
13]
.
4.
METHO
D
OL
OGY
Thi
s
pape
r pr
e
s
ent
s
l
i
g
ht
ni
n
g
effect
fo
r pr
ot
e
c
t
e
d
and non
-protected buildi
ng struct
ures
. The
electric
field effect is studie
d
on the
scaled
m
odel
of
di
f
f
ere
n
t
ge
om
et
ri
cal
st
ru
cures
.
T
h
e building structures
we
re
scal
ed d
o
w
n
i
n
o
r
der t
o
t
e
st
du
ri
n
g
i
n
d
o
o
r
t
e
st
i
ng p
r
ocess
.
The
hei
ght
s
of al
l
t
h
e
st
r
u
c
t
ures
were
sa
m
e
as 10
c
m
. Si
m
ilarlt
y
th
e h
e
i
g
h
t
o
f
th
e LAT
was al
so
1
cm
wh
ich was sim
ilar for all th
e tested m
o
d
e
ls. Th
e
LATs
were directly connected
to
t
h
e gr
o
und
for all th
e sh
ap
es. Th
e vo
ltage is app
lied
acco
rd
ing
t
o
the air
brea
k
d
o
w
n per
cent
i
m
e
t
e
r. The ai
r brea
k d
o
w
n
fo
r a t
r
o
p
i
c
al
area i
s
30 k
V/
cm
, depen
d
s
on t
h
e
hum
i
d
i
t
y
.
The
vol
t
a
ge i
s
a
p
pl
i
e
d f
o
r
3 cm
ai
r gape
w
h
i
c
h m
eans t
h
at
t
h
e l
i
ght
ni
n
g
i
m
pact i
s
st
udi
ed
fo
r
sho
r
t
ai
r
gap
.
F
o
r t
h
e
al
l
t
h
e shapes t
h
e appl
i
e
d
vol
t
a
ge and ai
r ga
pe i
s
kept
t
h
e sam
e
. The bui
l
d
i
n
g st
ruct
ures
are consi
d
ere
d
t
h
e
g
r
ou
nd
ed
iso
l
ated
and
condu
ctin
g
bu
ild
ing
stru
ctu
r
es.
Th
e eff
ect of
f
i
eld
in
ten
s
ity is stu
d
i
ed
wh
en
t
h
e
b
u
ild
i
n
gs are i
n
stalled
with
Frank
lin
ro
d
and wh
en th
ere is
n
o
rod
in
stalled
.
5.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ON
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
250
2-4
7
5
2
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 11
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
18
:
1
82–
186
18
4
In this
pape
r t
h
e electric
field
is sim
u
lated for t
h
ree
di
fferent scale
d
geom
etrical shapes
which
i
n
cl
ude
s
qua
re,
ci
rcul
ar
a
n
d
t
r
i
a
ng
ul
ars
h
a
p
es.
The
el
ect
ri
c fi
el
d pl
ot
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
sha
p
e i
s
gi
v
e
n
bel
o
w.
5.1. Electric
F
iled on
Circul
a
r S
h
a
p
e w
i
th
an
d w
i
th
ou
t
LAT
Whe
n
t
h
e
hi
g
h
v
o
l
t
a
ge i
s
a
p
pl
i
e
d o
n
t
h
e ci
rc
ul
ar s
h
a
p
e
without t
h
e L
A
T t
h
e electric field
is observe
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
ro
of t
op a
n
d t
h
e el
ect
ri
cfi
e
l
d
i
s
pr
opa
gat
e
d
al
on
g t
h
e
ro
of
t
op a
nd t
h
e el
ect
ri
c fi
el
d ef
fe
ct
t
h
e
who
l
e ro
of top.
Wh
ile, with
th
e in
stallatio
n
o
f
LAT th
e
el
ectric field effect is con
centrated on the ins
t
alled
LAT on
ly. The electric field
effect is h
i
g
h
er o
n
th
e tip
of th
e LAT and its
in
ten
s
ity b
eco
m
e
s
lo
wer
to
th
e
sid
e
s. Sim
ilarl
y wh
en
LAT is in
stalled
it can
red
u
c
e th
e
electric field intensity. Th
e
electric field effect is
seen i
n
fi
gu
re
2.
(a)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
2.
El
ect
ri
c Fi
el
d
Int
e
ns
i
t
y
on C
i
rc
ul
ar
Sha
p
e
wi
t
h
a
n
d
wi
t
h
o
u
t
L
A
T
Figure
2
repres
ents the
electric fiel
d e
ffect
on the
circ
ular s
h
ape
w
ith
and
with
ou
t
LAT. Fig
u
re 1
(a)
indicates the
fi
eld pl
ot wit
h
out the L
A
T
whil
e
f
i
gu
r
e
1 (b
) sh
ow
s t
h
e
f
i
eld
p
l
o
t
w
ith
LA
T.
From
Figure
2 the col
o
ur m
a
tch can clearly indi
cates the
electric field
intensity. The
red c
o
lour
shows t
h
e hi
gh electric field intensity on t
h
e s
u
rface of
t
h
e roof t
ops
.
While the
gre
e
n
clour
re
prese
n
ts the
lowest
electric field.
5.
2. E
l
ectri
c
F
i
l
e
d on
Squ
ar
e Sh
ape w
i
th
and
w
i
tho
u
t
L
A
T
As
the square
s
h
ape has 4
c
o
rners when
the electric
fi
el
d i
s
ob
ser
v
e
by
ap
pl
y
i
ng t
h
e hi
gh
vol
t
a
ge t
h
e
electric field is gene
rated. T
h
e elect
ric field shows that whe
n
the
r
e is
no L
A
T the e
l
ectric field is
seen
th
ro
ugh
o
u
t
t
h
e bu
ild
ing
roof surface and
its in
ten
s
ity
is much hi
ghe
r.
When the
LATs
are installed on e
v
ery
corner the lightning
flashes
are attr
acted
b
y
th
e i
n
stalled
LAT.
As a
resu
lt th
e electric field
in
tensity is
obs
er
ved
o
n
t
h
e t
i
p
of t
h
e r
o
d
s
and t
h
r
rest
o
f
t
h
e b
u
ildi
ng
structure rem
a
ins safe
.
T
h
e electric field inte
nsity
i
s
l
o
we
r at
t
h
e
m
i
ddl
e an
d
o
n
t
h
e si
des
o
f
t
h
e
gi
ve
n
sha
p
e
w
h
i
c
h i
s
gi
ven
i
n
fi
g
u
re
3
.
(a)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
3.
El
ect
ri
c Fi
el
d
Int
e
ns
i
t
y
on C
i
rc
ul
ar
Sha
p
e
wi
t
h
a
n
d
wi
t
h
o
u
t
L
A
T
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
d
onesi
a
n
J
E
l
ec En
g& C
o
m
p
Sci
ISS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
47
52
Li
ght
ni
n
g
Ef
f
e
ct
on
Sc
al
ed
Pr
ot
ect
ed
an
d
u
n
-
Pr
ot
ect
ed B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
St
ruct
ures
a
n
d
t
h
e
Ai
r …
(
I
rsh
ad
Ul
l
a
h)
18
5
Fi
gu
re 3 s
h
o
w
t
h
e fi
el
d pl
ot
w
i
t
h
and wi
t
h
o
u
t
LAT.
Figure 3 (a) represe
n
ts the electric field intensity
with
ou
t LAT
wh
ile th
e field
in
ten
s
ity
w
ith
LA
T is g
i
v
e
n in
f
i
gu
r
e
3(
b)
.
Th
e
r
e
d co
l
o
ur on
th
e edg
e
s i
llu
st
rates the
highest electric
field a
nd
t
h
e green col
o
ur
ela
b
orates
the
lowest t
h
e elec
tric fiel.
5.
3. E
l
ectri
c
F
i
l
e
d on T
r
i
a
n
g
ul
ar S
h
a
p
e w
i
th
and
w
i
th
ou
t L
A
T
Triangula
r
s
h
a
p
e has three c
o
rner
s.All the three corne
r
s receive th
e high voltage. Due
to the high
vol
t
a
ge el
ect
ri
c fi
el
d i
s
pr
o
d
u
ced
.
W
he
n t
h
e
t
r
i
a
ng
ul
ar s
h
a
p
e has
no LATs the electric
field effect is obs
erve
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
ro
of t
o
p an
d t
h
e m
a
gni
t
ude
of fi
el
d i
n
t
e
nsi
t
y
i
s
al
so hi
g
h
e
r.
Whe
n
t
h
e LATs are i
n
st
al
l
e
d on
every corner t
h
e electric field affect is
seen o
n
l
y on
th
e tip
of th
e rod
s
.
Al
so the electric field effect is
m
u
ch
lowe
r on t
h
e e
dge
s and t
h
e c
o
rners.T
h
is indicates th
at L
A
T ca
n
protec
t any building struct
ure
and
it can
di
ff
use
hi
gh
v
o
l
t
a
ge t
hus
t
h
e
ent
i
r
e
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g st
r
u
ct
u
r
e
re
mains safe. T
h
e effect
of ele
c
tric field
due
to hi
gh
v
o
ltag
e
on
t
h
e
trian
g
u
l
ar
sh
ape with
an
d
with
ou
t LAT is g
i
v
e
n in
figu
re 4.
(a)
(b
)
Fi
gu
re
4.
El
ect
ri
c Fi
el
d
Int
e
ns
i
t
y
on C
i
rc
ul
ar
Sha
p
e
wi
t
h
a
n
d
wi
t
h
o
u
t
L
A
T
Fi
gu
re 4 s
h
o
w
s t
h
e fi
el
d i
n
t
e
nsi
t
y
on t
r
i
a
n
gul
a
r
sh
ap
e. Th
e field
in
tensificatio
n
withou
t LATs is
gi
ve
n
i
n
fi
gu
re 4 (a) w
h
i
l
e
el
ect
ri
c
fi
el
d wi
t
h
LATs
i
s
gi
ven
i
n
fi
gu
re 4 (b
).
5.
4.
Ai
r T
ermi
n
al
B
y
p
a
sses
LAT bypa
sses have
bee
n
studied
in
t
h
is paper.
M
o
st
of t
h
e
bypa
sses ta
ke
place in Recta
n
gular roof
t
op
of t
h
e
bui
l
d
i
n
gst
r
uct
u
res.
The m
a
i
n
reas
on
f
o
r t
h
e by
pa
ssi
ng i
s
t
h
e s
h
i
f
t
i
ng
o
f
fi
el
d i
n
t
e
nsi
f
i
cat
i
on i
n
t
o
t
h
e
si
de e
dges
o
f
t
h
e
bui
l
d
i
n
g
st
r
u
ct
u
r
es a
n
d
t
h
at
’s w
h
y
t
h
e
si
de e
dge
s
of t
h
e b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g st
r
u
ct
ures
get
st
r
u
ck
by
lig
h
t
n
i
ng
.
Th
e si
m
u
latio
n
of rectan
gu
lar bu
ild
ing
stru
cture
with
its
b
y
p
a
sses can b
e
rep
r
esen
ted in
figu
re 5
.
(a)
(
b
)
Fi
gu
re
5.
B
y
p
a
ss si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on of
LA
T
on
rect
ang
u
l
a
r
st
r
u
ct
u
r
es
T1
=3
0.0kV
/cm
T2
=2
9.1kV
/cm
T3
=2
4.2 kV
/cm
T4
= 18
.5
kV
/cm
T5
=2
6.2 kV
/cm
T6
=2
4.0 kV
/cm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
250
2-4
7
5
2
I
ndo
n
e
sian
J Elec Eng
& Com
p
Sci, V
o
l. 11
,
No
.
1
,
Ju
ly
20
18
:
1
82–
186
18
6
Figure
5 i
ndica
tes thethe elect
ric fi
eld i
n
tensi
t
y is higher
on
the side
edges
as com
p
are to t
h
e m
i
ddle
of the
roof top. The
r
efore
,
it c
a
n
be
sai
d
that
lightning ai
r te
rm
inal by
passe
s take
place
on these st
rcut
ure
s
.
Li
ght
ni
n
g
ai
r
t
e
rm
i
n
al
can ca
pt
u
r
e l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
fl
as
hes
o
n
di
f
f
ere
n
t
poi
nt
s
o
f
t
h
e
bui
l
d
i
n
g
st
ruct
u
r
e.
Reg
a
rd
ing
captu
r
ing
ab
ility LAT t
h
en
b
e
co
m
e
s a sacrific
ial p
o
i
n
t
and
t
h
e ligh
t
n
i
n
g
h
a
s sign
ifican
t
effect on
t
h
e b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g st
ruct
ures
. Si
m
i
larl
y
whe
n
a
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
has
no
LAT i
n
st
al
l
e
d
l
i
ght
ni
ng
can
affect
a
n
y
pa
rt
of
t
h
e
bui
l
d
i
ng st
r
u
ct
ure a
nd i
t
s
eff
ect
i
s
m
o
re severe
on t
h
e
building structure. The effect
of electric field in bot
h
cases ha
s
been
st
udi
e
d
. Li
g
h
t
n
i
ng ai
r t
e
rm
i
n
al
can ca
pt
u
r
e t
h
e l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
fl
a
s
hes
o
n
part
i
c
u
l
ar sp
ot
s a
n
d
di
ff
use
it to
th
e
g
r
ou
nd wh
ile, withou
t th
e LAT li
g
h
t
n
i
ng
can
affect
an
y
p
o
i
n
t
of t
h
e bu
ild
ing
.
6.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Sim
u
l
a
t
i
on of
el
ect
ri
c fi
el
d on di
f
f
ere
n
t ge
ometrical shapes concl
ude
d
that LAT in
stallatio
n
p
l
ay an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
ro
le in
b
u
ild
ing
pro
t
ection
system
.
Th
rou
g
h
t
h
e in
stallatio
n o
f
LAT th
e
lig
h
t
n
i
ng
flashes are
conve
r
ge
d to a
specific point
and t
h
e electric field effect
is
conce
n
trate
d
to a specific L
A
T.
Howe
ver, without
LAT the electric filed effect
obs
erve
d a
r
ou
nd t
h
e w
h
ol
e s
t
ruct
u
r
e an
d i
t
can effect through
ou
t th
e
bu
ild
ing
structure. T
h
e
r
efore, the
building structure
can be
pr
ot
ect
ed by
L
A
T i
n
s
t
al
l
a
t
i
on ho
we
ver;
L
A
T ca
n
at
t
r
act
l
i
ght
ni
n
g
i
n
m
u
ch
n
u
m
b
er and ca
n ca
use
m
o
re dam
a
ges t
o
t
h
e b
u
i
l
d
i
ng st
ruct
ures
.
LAT
by
passes
were
sim
u
l
a
t
e
d and
i
t
was fou
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e reason f
o
r L
A
T by
pa
ss
es was the electric field in
t
e
ns
i
t
y
on t
h
e si
de edge
s
o
f
th
e
r
ectangular
sh
ap
e
bu
ildin
g
s
.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENT
Th
e au
tho
r
s
wo
u
l
d
lik
e to
presen
ts th
e sp
ecial th
an
k
s
to
Un
i
v
ersity Tun
Hu
ssei
n
Onn
fo
r k
i
n
d
of
su
ppo
rt
reg
a
rdin
g
t
h
is
research
.
Sp
ecial th
an
k
s
to th
e O
R
RI
C of
U
T
HM f
o
r
g
i
v
i
n
g
su
ppo
r
t
fo
r th
i
s
stud
y
un
de
r t
h
e G
r
an
t
C
ont
ract
V
o
t
.
No.
U
5
63. M
o
re
over,
Facult
y of Electrical a
nd El
ect
r
o
ni
cs En
gi
neeri
ng i
s
al
so
ack
now
ledg
ed
f
o
r
th
e m
o
r
a
l su
ppo
r
t
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
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ng Dischar
g
e and Fundamentals
of Lightn
i
ng Protection
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no
. 1
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pp
. 3–
11.
[2]
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e Istallatio
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[3]
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a
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A
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e
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htni
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ontan
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he
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y
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[10]
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u
z and
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h
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l
ec
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ia
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.