Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
11
1
7
~
112
3
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
11
1
7
-
112
3
1117
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
co
re.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Fault
a
nalysis f
or
r
en
ewa
ble
e
n
ergy
p
owe
r
s
ystem
in
m
icro
-
g
rid
d
istrib
uted
g
en
eration
Ameerul
A. J
.
J
em
an
1
,
N
aee
m M
.
S
.
H
ann
oon
2
,
Nabil
Hi
dayat
3
, M
oha
med
M.
H.
Adam
4
,
Ismail
Mus
ir
in
5
, V
i
jay
ak
u
mar
V
6
1,2,3,4,5
Facul
t
y
of Electrical E
ng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersiti
T
eknol
ogi
MA
RA (UITM),
Ma
lay
s
ia
6
School
of
Com
puti
ng
Sci
ence a
nd
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
VIT
Univer
sit
y
Chenna
i
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Oct
5
, 2
018
Re
vised
Dec
6
,
2018
Accepte
d Dec
16
, 201
8
In
distri
but
ion
s
y
stem,
wind
po
wer
pla
n
ts
are
b
ec
om
ing
popul
a
r
ren
ewa
b
le
ene
rg
y
sourc
es.
It
emplo
y
s
D
oubl
y
Fed
Indu
ct
ion
Gene
r
at
or
(DF
IG)
to
gene
ra
te
p
ower
base
d
on
wind
c
onver
sion.
Short
and
long
tr
ansm
ission
li
nes
,
pre
senc
e
of
f
a
ult
s
and
pre
se
nce
of
Static
S
y
nchr
onous
Com
pensa
tor
(STATCOM
)
are
highl
ighted
issues
in
thi
s
pape
r.
Basically
,
th
is
rese
arc
h
deve
lops
inv
estigati
ons
on
som
e
elec
tri
c
al
var
i
abl
es
such
as
v
olt
ag
e
an
d
cur
ren
t
to
con
t
rol
the
m
.
Distribut
ion
Static
S
y
nchr
onous
Com
pensa
tor
(DS
TATCOM)
is
proposed
in
th
is
pape
r
.
W
ind
f
arm
ac
ts
as
a
so
urc
e
whi
le
DS
TATCOM
is
connect
ed
to
t
he
distri
bu
ti
on
s
y
stem
with
a
DF
IG
base
d
wind
far
m
.
Th
e
cont
ro
ll
er
pr
oposed
is
DS
TATCOM
is
mode
le
d
and
sim
ula
te
d
in
MA
TL
AB/S
IMU
LINK
and
t
he
res
ult
s
ar
e
giv
en.
A
m
ic
rogrid
base
d
sm
al
l
sig
nal
ana
l
y
sis
is
p
erf
orm
ed
in
the
la
bora
tor
y
using
MA
TL
AB
and
diffe
r
ent
co
m
par
isons a
re
ma
de
and
sim
ula
t
i
on
ca
se
studie
s a
re
pre
sent
ed
and
va
li
da
te
d
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
DF
I
D
Dou
bly fe
d
in
duct
ion ge
ne
rator
DS
T
ATCOM
Re
new
a
ble e
ne
rg
y
STA
TC
OM
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Naeem
M
.
S
.
Hann
oon
,
Faculty
of Elec
tric
al
Engineer
ing
,
Univer
siti
Te
kno
logi
MA
RA (Ui
TM),
40450 S
hah A
l
a
m
,
Sela
ngor,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: han
noon.
naeem
@g
m
a
il
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Fault
in
el
ect
rical
equ
ipm
ent
or
a
pparatu
s
is
def
i
ned
as
a
n
i
m
per
fecti
on
in
the
el
ect
rical
ci
rcu
it
du
e
to
wh
ic
h
curr
ent
is
def
le
ct
ed
from
the
in
te
nd
e
d
path
.
Re
new
a
ble
en
erg
y
oft
en
pro
vid
es
en
er
gy
in
fou
r
i
m
po
rtant
area
s
wh
ic
h
are
el
ect
rici
ty
gen
er
at
ion
,
ai
r
an
d
water
heati
ng
or
c
oo
li
ng,
tra
ns
po
rtat
ion
,
a
nd
r
ur
al
(off
-
gri
d)
e
nergy
ser
vices.
S
us
ta
ina
ble
po
w
er
(
source
s)
or
RES
cat
c
h
th
ei
r
vital
it
y
fr
om
existi
ng
stre
a
m
s
of
vital
it
y,
fr
om
on
-
go
i
n
g
c
harac
te
risti
c
pr
oc
edures,
for
ex
a
m
ple,
dayl
igh
t,
wind,
stre
a
m
ing
water,
natu
ral
proce
dures,
a
nd
ge
oth
e
rm
al
war
m
th
stream
s.
In
oth
er
words,
the
fa
ul
t
is
the
abnorm
al
con
diti
on
of
the
el
ect
rical
syst
e
m
w
hich
dam
ages t
he
el
ect
ric
al
eq
ui
pm
ent an
d dist
urbs
t
he norm
al
f
low of t
he
el
ect
ric c
urre
nt.
A
wind
fa
rm
i
s
a
group
of
w
ind
tu
rb
i
nes
in
the
sam
e
locat
ion
an
d
it
is
us
ed
to
pr
ov
i
de
el
ect
rici
ty
.
An
el
ect
rical
e
nergy
pro
duce
r
is
util
iz
ing
th
e
ren
e
wa
ble
en
erg
y
s
ources
s
uch
a
s
wi
nd,
s
olar,
ge
oth
e
rm
al
and
bio
m
ass
.
The
wind
e
nergy
ha
s
lots
of
m
ea
ningf
ul
a
dv
a
nt
ages
with
res
pe
ct
to
oth
e
r
s
ources
i
n
te
rm
s
of
gen
e
rati
on
cost
s
and
i
ns
ta
ll
at
i
on.
W
i
nd
c
ulti
vate
is
a
reg
i
on
of
la
nd
with
a
bunc
h
of
twi
st
turb
i
nes
f
or
dr
i
ving
el
ect
rical
generator
s.
The
wind
e
nergy
is
co
nv
e
rt
ed
to
el
ect
rical
e
nergy
by
the
us
e
of
a
ge
ner
at
or.
W
i
nd
tur
bin
e
s
tructu
re
of
the six
-
blade
d
tur
bi
ne.
W
i
nd
e
nergy
has
kn
ow
le
dg
ea
ble
an
e
xtr
aordina
ry
ex
pa
ns
io
n
in
rece
nt
ye
ar
s.
T
he
wind
f
arm
is
aged
,
t
heir
operati
on
s
are
ver
y
c
om
pl
ic
at
ed
are
gaining
im
plica
ti
on
s.
W
i
nd
in
dustri
es
m
ee
t
exagg
erated
fail
ur
es
due
to
fail
ure
of
wi
nd
t
urbine
e
quipm
ent
[1
]
.
Ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
ag
e
durin
g
fa
ult
at
sh
ort
transm
issi
on
li
ne
a
nd
lo
ng
tr
ansm
issi
on
li
ne
a
re
diff
e
re
nt.
N
ot
m
any
resear
cher
s
highli
gh
te
d
th
e
eff
ect
of
ch
ang
i
ng
tra
ns
m
i
ssion
li
ne
on
the
vo
lt
ag
e
prof
il
es
of
dis
tribu
te
d
ge
nerat
ion.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
11
1
7
–
1
1
2
3
1118
Be
sides
that,
t
her
e
is
no
s
pe
ci
fic
syst
e
m
to
re
gu
la
te
volt
age
i
n
powe
r
s
yst
e
m
to
deter
m
ine
the
lo
cat
ion
of
distrib
uted ge
ne
rati
on issues
.
The o
bj
ect
ive
s
of this
researc
h are as
foll
ows;
a)
To
st
u
dy t
he p
ow
e
r
syst
em
o
sci
ll
at
ion
dur
i
ng si
ng
le
-
phase
fau
lt
.
b)
To
a
naly
ze the
vo
lt
age
pr
of
il
e
and fa
ult l
evel
at
shor
t a
nd lo
ng tra
ns
m
issi
o
n
li
nes
.
c)
To pro
pose a st
rategy sy
ste
m
t
hat r
e
gula
te
s volt
age
prof
il
es
in po
wer sy
ste
m
.
In
this
proj
e
ct
,
the
fo
c
us
e
d
stud
y
is
to
an
al
yz
e
the
fau
lt
of
distri
bu
te
d
gen
e
rati
on
for
renewa
ble
energy.
W
it
h
the
ai
d
of
s
of
t
war
e
t
oo
ls,
t
he
ver
ific
at
io
n
of
a
propose
d
str
at
egy
to
stu
dy
the
fa
ult
analy
sis
for
ren
e
wa
ble en
e
r
gy (win
d) po
w
er s
yst
em
d
ist
ribu
te
d gen
e
rati
on du
rin
g ou
ta
ge
is c
o
m
pleted
.
The
fa
ult
ride
thr
ough
capa
bili
ty
of
ren
e
wa
ble
energy
sou
rces
for
pro
vidi
ng
sup
port
to
the
power
gr
i
d
unde
r
sev
eral
disturba
nc
es
al
low
pe
op
l
e
to
researc
hers
to
con
si
der
t
hem
no
t
on
ly
as
passive
el
em
ents
in
the
powe
r
sys
tem
netwo
r
k,
bu
t
al
so
a
s
ad
diti
on
al
ser
vic
es
for
the
m
itigati
on
of
e
volving
c
onti
ng
e
ncies.
In
el
ect
rical
power
desig
ning,
fau
lt
ride
thr
ough
(F
R
T),
once
in
a
wh
il
e
unde
r
-
volt
age
ri
de
thr
ough
(
U
VRT)
or
L
ow
volt
age
ride
th
r
ough
(
LVRT)
,
is
the
capaci
ty
of
el
e
ct
ric
gen
e
rato
r
s
to
rem
ai
n
associat
ed
in
br
ie
f
tim
es
of
lo
wer
el
ect
ric
syst
e
m
vo
lt
age.
For
sm
oo
the
r
fau
lt
rec
ov
e
ry,
a
crit
ic
al
dead
ba
nd
zon
e
m
od
ific
a
ti
on
is
su
ggest
e
d [2
]
.
Since
re
ne
wabl
e
energy
sour
ce
netw
ork
has
the
abili
ty
to
transm
it
la
rg
e
powe
r
ov
e
r
a
lo
ng
distanc
e
with
le
ss
los
s
and
with
out
any
nee
d
of
s
ynch
ronizat
ion,
it
need
s
hi
gh
volt
age
dire
ct
c
ur
r
ent
(
H
VD
C
)
transm
issi
on
[
3].
F
or
lo
ng
-
s
epar
at
e
powe
r
transm
issi
on
,
HVDC
li
nes
a
re
m
or
e
af
f
ord
able,
a
nd
m
isfor
t
un
es
are less
w
hen c
on
t
rasted
with
AC tra
ns
m
issio
n.
A
lot
of
powe
r
syst
e
m
s
are
fa
ci
ng
powe
r
qual
it
y
pr
ob
le
m
s
and
tran
sm
issio
n
eq
uip
m
ent
are
stresse
d
with
hea
vy
power
fl
ow
s
ov
e
r
lon
g
dista
nces
[4
]
.
Power
Q
ua
li
ty
or
Vo
lt
ag
e
Qu
al
it
y
al
lud
es
to
the
chang
ing
of
the
ideal
sin
usoidal
volt
age
wa
vefo
rm
to
no
n
-
si
nu
s
oida
l
or
m
util
a
ted
volt
age
wa
vefor
m
.
Distribu
te
d
gen
e
rati
on
(DG)
unit
s
can
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
bur
den
on
tra
ns
m
issi
on
networks
by
sup
plyi
ng
local
load
s
an
d
pro
vid
in
g
a
nci
ll
ary
serv
ic
es.
The
oth
e
r
wa
y
round,
incre
ased
pen
et
rati
on
of
D
G
unit
s
in
the
distri
bu
ti
on
netw
orks
re
qui
re
ne
w
ope
rati
ng
c
onditi
ons
to
ens
ure
safe
a
nd
sec
ure
syst
em
op
erati
on.
T
his
co
ncern
a
ppear
s
durin
g
t
he op
e
r
at
ion
of sm
al
l to
m
edium
-
scale low and m
edium
v
oltage m
i
cro g
rids.
In
r
ece
nt years
the n
um
ber
o
f rene
wa
ble en
er
gy g
ene
rato
rs
c
onnected t
o
Ir
e
la
nd’s
el
ect
rici
ty
g
rid
has
ste
adily
increased.
T
he
Re
public
of
Irel
an
d
is
no
w
ex
pect
ed
to
source
13.
2%
of
the
el
ect
rici
ty
it
con
su
m
es
from
ren
ewa
bles
by
20
10,
w
hich
represe
nts
a
sign
ifi
cant
chall
en
ge
to
t
he
el
ect
rici
ty
syst
e
m
op
erato
r
s
an
d
plan
ner
s
[5
]
.
T
hey
desc
ri
bed
t
he
m
od
el
li
ng
and
sim
ulati
on
of
a
sm
all
hybri
d
wind
an
d
hy
dro
ge
ner
at
in
g
plant
connecte
d
to
the
distrib
utio
n
netw
ork
.
T
he
y
inv
est
igate
d
the
ef
fects
upon
the
pla
nt
of
transm
issi
on
ne
twor
k
fau
lt
s
an
d
co
ntinuous
vo
lt
a
ge
unbalance.
V
oltage
unbala
nc
e
can
cause
three
-
phase
e
ngines
an
d
oth
e
r
three
-
ph
a
se
bur
dens
to
encou
nter
poor
e
xecu
ti
on
or
un
ti
m
ely
disappoin
tm
ent
in
li
gh
t
of
the
accom
pan
yi
ng
;
m
echan
ic
al
worr
ie
s
in
en
gi
ne
s
becau
s
e
of
l
ow
e
r
tha
n
ty
pical
torque
yi
el
d,
un
balance
c
urren
t
will
stre
a
m
in
i
m
par
ti
a
l
con
duct
ors
in
th
ree
-
sta
ge
wye
fr
a
m
ewo
r
ks
a
nd
higher
t
han
ordina
ry
curre
nt
in
en
gin
es
a
nd
three
-
sta
ge
recti
fie
rs.
In
a
wind
t
urbine
ene
r
gy
syst
e
m
rev
i
ewed,
m
os
t
app
li
cat
io
ns
of
data
m
ining
had
been
ov
e
r
wh
el
m
ing
.
The
biggest
chall
enge
in
t
he
world
is
w
ind
pow
er
pre
dicti
on
s
[
1].
W
i
nd
e
nergy
r
esearch
involvin
g
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
c
on
t
ro
l,
t
urbine
m
on
it
ori
ng
a
nd
detect
ion
of
f
ault
are
s
urve
ye
d.
Pa
rtic
ular
fau
lt
y
com
po
ne
nts
ar
e
identifie
d.
W
ind
t
urbine
co
nd
it
io
ns
a
re
m
on
it
ore
d
a
nd
f
ault
de
fects
ar
e
analy
zed.
Hi
gh
le
ve
l
of
wind
e
nerg
y
pen
et
rati
on
i
nto
the
gri
d
sy
stem
resu
lt
s
in
op
e
rati
on
co
nst
raints
to
a
vo
i
d
any
tri
pp
i
ng
ou
t
of
wind
gen
e
rato
r
s f
r
om
the grid
dur
i
ng f
a
ult co
nd
it
io
ns
[6
]
.
The
detect
ion
and
cl
assifi
cat
ion
of
powe
r
sy
stem
fau
lt
s
is
a
n
im
po
rtant
ta
s
k
f
or
the
relay
ing
syst
em
.
The
relay
syst
e
m
reco
gniz
es
the
de
plorable
or
bothe
rso
m
e
conditi
on
wi
th
a
dole
d
out
reg
i
on
a
nd
gi
ve
s
the
charges
to
t
he
el
ect
rical
switc
h
to
dise
ng
a
ge
the
in
flue
nc
ed
re
gion.
T
he
relay
in
g
is
an
im
po
rtant
aspect
for
the
protect
ion
of
tra
ns
m
i
ssion
li
nes
,
ge
ner
at
or
s
,
bus
-
ba
rs,
an
d
tra
ns
f
or
m
ers
for
reli
able
powe
r
syst
e
m
op
e
rati
on
[
7].
The
acc
urat
e
f
ault
locat
io
n
is
a
ve
ry
c
halle
ngin
g
ta
s
k
f
or
protect
io
n
of
po
wer
tran
sm
issio
n
li
ne.
The
fau
lt
y
syst
e
m
can
be
r
est
or
e
d
as
ea
r
ly
as
po
ssi
ble
if
the
a
cc
ur
a
te
locat
ion
s
of
fa
ults
are
know
n.
Nowa
days,
renewable e
ne
rg
y
so
urce
su
c
h
as
wind
has
i
ncr
e
ased s
i
gn
i
fican
tl
y.
In
the
e
xtra
hi
gh
volt
age
tra
nsm
issi
on
li
ne,
the
tran
sie
nt
co
m
po
nen
ts
are
i
ntr
oduce
d
duri
ng
th
e
fau
lt
y
conditi
ons.
Th
e
transients
m
ay
da
m
age
the
power
syst
em
equ
ipm
ent
as
well
as
m
ay
al
so
le
ad
to
the
m
al
-
op
e
rati
on
of
t
he
eq
uip
m
ent
util
iz
ed
for
a
sp
eci
fic
ap
plica
ti
on
in
the
powe
r
net
work.
Tran
sie
nt
su
r
ges
are
char
act
e
rized
as
fleet
in
g
blasts
of
vital
it
y
t
hat
are
pr
om
pt
ed
upon
c
on
t
r
ol.
T
hese
tran
s
ie
nt
com
ponent
s
are
intensifie
d i
n t
he prese
nce
of
distrib
uted ge
ne
rati
on sou
rces
su
c
h
as
w
i
nd a
nd so
la
r powe
r
g
e
ner
at
io
n [8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Fa
ult a
na
ly
sis
for re
newa
ble
ener
gy po
we
r
s
yst
em
in
m
ic
r
o
-
gr
i
d
distri
bu
te
d
...
(
Amee
ru
l A
. J.
Je
m
an
)
1119
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
This
pa
per
is
si
m
ulate
d
by
us
ing
so
ftwa
re
(
MATLAB
Si
m
ul
ink
2010
).
The
volt
age
ve
rsu
s
ti
m
e
is
ob
s
er
ved
f
or
t
hi
s
research.
Th
is
si
m
ulatio
n
of
wind
tur
bin
e p
r
oduces 9
MW
c
onnecte
d
to
the
m
a
in
gr
id
wh
ic
h
will
be
us
ed
durin
g
isl
and
i
ng
in
or
der
to
pr
ovide
c
on
ti
nuous
el
ect
rici
ty
to
m
ic
ro
-
gr
id.
The
m
anipu
la
te
d
var
ia
bles
in
this
researc
h
are
the
le
ngth
of
tra
nsm
issi
on
l
ine,
fau
lt
y
pr
es
e
nce
an
d
ST
ATCOM
pr
ese
nce
,
as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1
.
Figure
1
.
O
veral
l ci
rcu
it
of th
e syst
e
m
(
wind
f
arm
)
DF
I
G
is
gr
e
at
since
it
can
work
in
a
hi
gh
e
r
br
eeze
s
pee
d
r
ang
e
a
nd
yi
el
d
or
de
vour
rec
eptive
powe
r
thr
ough
the
pola
rizat
ion
ga
ve
.
As
a
breez
e
tur
bin
e
dr
i
ve
n
on
DFIG
,
A
C
-
DC
-
AC
c
onver
te
r
,
wind
tur
bin
e
con
t
ro
l,
w
ound
ro
t
or
enlist
m
e
nt
ge
nerat
or,
dri
ve
pr
e
pa
re
an
d
tu
rb
i
ne
a
re
in
corp
or
at
ed
insi
de
it
.
T
urbine
s
peed
can
be
upgrad
ed
a
nd
D
FIG
will
per
m
it
the
extracti
on
of
great
est
vital
it
y
fr
o
m
the
breez
e
f
or
l
ow
br
eeze
sp
ee
ds
, w
hile con
st
rainin
g
m
echan
ic
al
weig
ht
o
n t
he
t
urbine
am
id whirlwi
nds.
The
pur
pose
of
norm
al
cou
pl
ing
w
her
e
the
DS
TA
TCOM
is
con
necte
d
to.
PCC
oth
e
r
wise
cal
le
d
pur
po
se
of
nor
m
al
coupling
is
w
her
e
c
onve
ye
d
a
ge
(
D
G)
un
it
s
a
re
c
oupl
ed
t
og
et
her
.
It
add
it
io
nally
pr
ov
i
ded
to
the
hea
p.
In
this
pap
e
r,
D
FI
G
w
orks
in
i
sla
nd
i
ng
m
od
e
.
The
DS
T
AT
COM
is
essent
ia
ll
y
a
vo
lt
age
so
urce
inv
e
rter
with
a
DC
ca
pacit
or
in
the
i
nfo.
T
his
DC
ca
paci
tor
is
esse
ntial
ly
the
well
spring
of
the
rece
ptive
po
we
r
that i
s
pro
vid
e
d by the
DS
T
ATCOM
.
Vo
lt
age
sourc
e
inv
e
rter
(
VSC
)
is
the
pri
m
ary
unit
of
D
STA
TC
OM
w
hich
c
hanges
ov
e
r
the
D
C
vo
lt
age
over
t
he
capaci
ty
ga
dg
et
int
o
an
arr
a
ng
em
ent
of
three
-
sta
ge
AC
yi
el
d
vo
lt
ages.
T
he
ci
rc
ulati
on
fr
am
ewo
r
k
is
i
n
sta
ge
an
d
c
om
bin
ed
with
t
hese
vo
lt
a
ges
t
hro
ugh
th
e
rea
ct
ance
of
t
he
c
ouplin
g
tra
nsf
or
m
er.
The
ca
pacit
y
of
V
SC
is
to
i
nfuse
the
disti
nct
ion
betwee
n
t
he
evaluate
d
vo
l
ta
ge
an
d
th
e
vo
lt
age
am
id
the
hang
conditi
on, a
nd
to total
ly
supp
l
ant the
volt
age.
DS
T
ATCOM
is
Distribu
ti
on
Stat
ic
Co
m
pen
sat
or
an
d
an
in
div
i
dual
fr
om
the
CPD
fam
ily.
Go
es
a
bo
ut
as
a
custom
powe
r
ga
dget
,
it
is
sh
unt
ass
ociat
ed
with
t
he
diss
e
m
inati
on
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
a
nd
it
helps
i
n
inf
us
in
g
cu
rr
e
nt
thr
ough
an
interfacin
g
in
du
ct
or
at
the
pur
po
se
of
re
gu
la
r
co
up
li
ng
.
For
the
m
os
t
par
t
,
to
co
ntr
ol
a
D
STA
TC
OM,
t
he
te
rm
inati
ng
of
the
e
ntryw
ay
te
rm
inals
is
the
key
[
9].
Ther
e
are
a
co
up
le
of
so
rts
of
co
ntr
ol
s
acce
ssible,
for
exam
ple,
Synchr
onous
r
efere
nce
ou
tl
in
e
con
t
ro
l
(S
R
F)
,
s
olida
rity
con
t
ro
l
fact
or
ba
sed
c
on
t
ro
l
(UPF),
In
sta
ntane
ous
respo
ns
ive
po
wer
hypoth
esi
s
(I
R
PT)
an
d
the
sk
y
is
t
he
lim
i
t
from
ther
e.
A
M
i
c
r
o
G
r
i
d
C
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
n
g
o
f
a
D
F
I
G
W
i
n
d
F
a
r
m
9
M
W
D
F
I
G
W
i
n
d
F
a
r
m
1
2
0
k
V
G
R
I
D
T
r
.
L
i
n
e
1
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
G
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
T
r
a
n
s
f
-
o
r
m
e
r
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
P
o
w
e
r
G
U
I
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
B
1
2
0
(
1
2
0
k
V
)
P
C
C
(
2
5
k
V
)
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
W
T
Vo
l
ta
g
e
a
n
d
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
L
o
c
a
l
N
o
n
-
L
i
n
e
a
r
L
o
a
d
T
r
.
L
i
n
e
2
T
r
.
L
i
n
e
3
1
8
K
m
8
K
m
I
s
l
a
n
d
i
n
g
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
B
r
e
a
k
e
r
L
o
a
d
T
h
r
e
e
-
P
h
a
s
e
F
a
u
l
t
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
B
A
N
K
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
D
i
s
c
r
e
t
e
,
T
s
=
5
e
-
0
0
5
s
.
Vabc
I
abc
A
B
C
a
b
c
WT
v
+
-
V
o
lt
a
g
e
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
r
e
e
v
T
o
W
o
r
k
s
p
a
ce
4
s
i
n
g
l
e
v
T
o
W
o
r
k
s
p
a
ce
3
s
i
m
o
u
t
T
o
W
o
r
k
s
p
a
ce
2
I
T
o
W
o
r
k
s
p
a
ce
1
V
T
o
W
o
r
k
s
p
a
ce
A
B
C
a
b
c
T
h
r
e
e
-P
h
a
s
e
V
-I
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
2
A
B
C
a
b
c
T
h
r
e
e
-P
h
a
s
e
V
-I
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
1
V
ab
c
I
ab
c
A
B
C
a
b
c
T
h
r
e
e
-P
h
a
s
e
V
-I
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
A
B
C
T
h
r
e
e
-P
h
a
s
e
S
e
r
ie
s
R
L
C
L
o
a
d
T
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
o
r
1
S
e
l
e
ct
o
r
3
S
e
l
e
ct
o
r
2
S
e
l
e
ct
o
r
1
S
e
l
e
ct
o
r
Vabc
I
abc
A
B
C
a
b
c
m
A
B
C
Tm
A
B
C
N
Vabc
I
abc
A
B
C
a
b
c
G
R
I
D
D
i
s
p
l
a
y5
D
i
s
p
l
a
y4
D
i
s
p
l
a
y3
D
i
s
p
l
a
y2
D
i
s
p
l
a
y1
D
i
s
p
l
a
y
V
a
b
c
I
a
b
c
M
a
g
_
V
_
I
P
_
Q
D
is
c
r
e
t
e
3-p
h
a
s
e
P
o
s
it
iv
e
-S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
A
c
t
iv
e
&
R
e
a
c
t
iv
e
P
o
we
r
A
B
C
D
-
S
T
A
T
C
O
M
+
/
-
3
M
v
a
r
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
W
ind
(m
/
s
)
Qref
_pu
m
A
B
C
i
+
-
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
0
11
A
B
C
a
b
c
A
B
C
a
b
c
A
B
C
a
b
c
A
B
C
a
b
c
A
B
C
a
b
c
A
B
C
a
b
c
B
s
t
a
t
co
m
A
B
C
a
b
c
B
2
5
(
2
5
k
V
)
A
B
C
a
b
c
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
3
.
3
o
h
m
s
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
a
b
c
2
5
k
V
/
5
7
5
V
1
0
.
5
M
V
A
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
a
b
c
1
2
0
k
V
/
2
5
k
V
4
7
M
V
A
A
B
C
1
M
v
a
r
1
<
P_pu>
<
Q_pu>
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
11
1
7
–
1
1
2
3
1120
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
Sho
r
t
Tr
an
sm
issi
on
(0
.5 km
)
As
s
how
n
i
n
T
able
1
a
nd
Table
2
,
the
resu
lt
s
a
re
at
0.5
km
without
fa
ult
durin
g
isl
an
ding
.
Wh
e
n
S
TATC
OM
is
not
co
nn
ect
e
d
in
th
e
gr
i
d,
the
vo
lt
age
read
i
ng
at
the
load
is
higher
t
han
whe
n
STA
TC
OM
is
connecte
d
i
n
the
gr
i
d.
How
ever,
w
hen
ST
ATCOM
is
co
nn
ect
e
d
to
the
gr
id
,
reacti
ve
powe
r
,
Q
is
a
bsor
be
d
wh
ic
h
m
akes
t
he
reacti
ve
po
wer
rea
ding
be
com
es
v
ery
c
lose
to
zer
o.
B
efore
S
TA
TCOM
is
connecte
d, t
he react
ive
powe
r
is not sta
ble
a
nd b
el
ow zer
o.
Table
1.
C
opar
ison R
esut
without Sta
tc
om
an
d wit
h St
at
co
m
(
witho
ut
Fa
u
lt
)
at
0.5 Km
W
I
THO
UT
F
AUL
T
(D
URIN
G I
SLA
NDIN
G)
W
I
THO
UT
S
TA
T
COM
W
I
TH
S
TA
TCOM
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
Gr
a
ph
of
volt
age a
nd curre
nt
ver
s
us
ti
m
e
(b)
Gr
a
ph
of
volt
age
ver
s
us t
i
m
e
(c)
Gr
a
ph
of
reacti
ve powe
r vers
us t
i
m
e
Table
2.
Value
Tak
e
n w
hen the
Gr
a
ph is C
onsta
nt
(4 S
)
W
I
THO
UT
F
AUL
T
(D
URIN
G I
SLA
NDIN
G)
W
I
THO
UT
S
TA
T
COM
W
I
TH
S
TA
TCOM
1
1
4
.9
Vo
ltag
e (
k
V)
2
1
.65
2
0
1
.9
Cu
rr
en
t (
I
)
3
8
.3
-
3
4
.3
Reactiv
e Power
(
MVar)
-
1
.23
1
As
s
how
n
in
T
able
3
a
nd
Tab
le
4
,
the
res
ults
are
at
0.5
km
with
fa
ult
duri
ng
isl
a
nd
i
ng.
F
ault
is
set
to
happe
n
from
1
.5
s
to 2
.
0
s. W
i
thout STATC
OM, th
e volt
ag
e sh
oots u
p
very
h
igh
fro
m
the n
or
m
al
v
oltage an
d
the
reacti
ve
po
wer
belo
w
zer
o
an
d
not
in
a
ste
ady
sta
te
at
al
l.
The
sho
oting
up
volt
age
m
us
t
be
avo
ide
d
since
it
can
cause
da
m
ages
to
the
load
or
any
oth
e
r
equ
ipm
ent.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
with
S
TATC
OM,
the
sh
ooti
ng
up
volt
age
can
be
co
ntr
olled
back
t
o
the
norm
al
ran
ge.
The
reacti
ve
powe
r
wh
e
n
S
T
ATCOM
a
bsor
bed
it
is
m
or
e
sta
ble
and reac
hing t
o
ze
ro.
3.2.
Long Tr
ansmi
ssion (5
km
)
As
sho
wn
in
T
able
5
an
d
Ta
bl
e
6
,
the
res
ults
are
at
5
km
without
fa
ult
duri
ng
isl
an
ding
.
W
he
n
the
gr
i
d
with
ou
t
STA
TC
OM
is
com
par
ed
to
the
gr
i
d
with
ST
ATCOM
,
the
volt
age
read
in
g
is
hi
gh
e
r
.
On
ce
reacti
ve
powe
r
is
abs
or
bed
by
the
ST
ATCOM,
the
vo
lt
age
an
d
re
act
ive
powe
r
be
com
e
bette
r
in
te
rm
s
of
the
sta
bili
ty.
The
r
eact
ive
powe
r
w
hen
t
her
e
is
no
S
T
ATCOM
al
wa
ys
far
f
ro
m
zero
bu
t
wh
e
n
t
her
e
is
STA
TC
OM, it
con
t
ro
ls i
t
bac
k
s
o
t
hat it
can becom
e n
ear
to
zer
o.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Fa
ult a
na
ly
sis
for re
newa
ble
ener
gy po
we
r
s
yst
em
in
m
ic
r
o
-
gr
i
d
distri
bu
te
d
...
(
Amee
ru
l A
. J.
Je
m
an
)
1121
Table
3.
C
opar
ison R
esut
without S
ta
tc
om
an
d wit
h St
at
co
m
(
with
Fault)
at
0
.
5 Km
W
I
TH
F
AUL
T
(D
URING
I
S
LAND
I
NG)
W
I
THO
UT
S
TA
T
COM
W
I
TH
S
TA
TCOM
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
Gr
a
ph
of
volt
age a
nd curre
nt
ver
s
us
ti
m
e
(b)
Gr
a
ph
of
volt
age
ver
s
us t
i
m
e
(c)
Gr
a
ph
of
reacti
ve powe
r vers
us t
i
m
e
Table
4.
Value
Tak
e
n w
hen Grap
h
is C
onsta
nt (4
S)
W
I
TH
FA
ULT
(
DU
R
IN
G
I
SL
AN
DIN
G
)
W
I
TH
OU
T
ST
ATC
O
M
W
I
TH
STA
T
CO
M
1
4
9
.
1
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
1
5
.
8
9
2
5
5
.
2
C
u
r
r
e
n
t (
I)
3
0
.
1
2
-
5
6
.
9
5
R
e
a
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
er
(
MV
a
r)
-
0
.
7
2
2
1
Table
5.
C
om
par
iso
n
Re
s
ult wit
hout Stat
c
om
an
d
with
Stat
com
(
without
Fault) at
5 Km
W
I
THO
UT
F
AUL
T
(D
URIN
G
I
SLA
NDIN
G)
W
I
THO
UT
S
TA
T
COM
W
I
TH
S
TA
TCOM
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
Gr
a
ph
of
volt
age a
nd curre
nt
ver
s
us
ti
m
e
(b)
Gr
a
ph
of
volt
age
ver
s
us t
i
m
e
(c)
Gr
a
ph
of
reacti
ve powe
r vers
us t
i
m
e
Table
6.
Value
Tak
e
n w
hen the
Gr
a
ph is C
onsta
nt
(4 s)
W
I
TH
OU
T
F
AU
LT
(
DU
R
IN
G
IS
LAN
D
IN
G)
W
I
TH
OU
T
ST
ATC
O
M
W
I
TH
STA
T
CO
M
1
1
7
.
4
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
2
2
.
0
8
2
0
7
.
1
C
u
r
r
e
n
t (
I)
3
6
.
4
-
3
6
.
1
2
R
e
a
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
er
(
MV
a
r)
-
1
.
1
4
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
11
1
7
–
1
1
2
3
1122
As
sho
wn
in
T
able
7
an
d
Tab
le
8
,
the
resu
lt
s
are
at
5
km
with
fa
ult
du
ri
ng
isl
an
ding.
F
ault
is
set
to
happe
n
f
r
om
1.
5
s
t
o
2.0
s.
T
he
volt
age
s
hoot
s
dow
n
a
bit
w
hen
there
is
no
STATC
OM.
S
TATC
OM
m
us
t
be
instal
le
d
to
re
cov
e
r
t
hat
pr
oble
m
.
Af
te
r
t
he
instal
la
ti
on
of
ST
ATCOM
,
the
volt
age
r
eadin
g
bec
ome
s
m
or
e
sta
ble
to
ward
t
he
e
nd
of
t
he
grap
h.
As
f
or
th
e
reacti
ve
pow
er,
it
beco
m
es
ste
ady
sta
te
to
wards
t
he
e
nd
of
t
he
gr
a
ph afte
r
the
STA
TC
OM is
instal
le
d
into
the
gr
i
d
syst
em
.
Table
7.
C
om
par
iso
n
Re
s
ult wit
hout Stat
c
om
an
d
with
Stat
com
(
with Fa
ul
t) at 5 Km
W
I
TH
F
AUL
T
(D
URING
I
S
LAND
I
NG)
W
I
THO
UT
S
TA
T
COM
W
I
TH
S
TA
TCOM
(a)
(b)
(c)
(a)
Gr
a
ph
of
volt
age a
nd curre
nt
ver
s
us
ti
m
e
(b)
Gr
a
ph
of
volt
age
ver
s
us t
i
m
e
(c)
Gr
a
ph
of
reacti
ve powe
r vers
us t
i
m
e
Table
8.
Value
Tak
e
n w
hen the
Gr
a
ph is C
onsta
nt
(4 S
)
W
I
TH
FA
ULT
(
DU
R
IN
G
I
SL
AN
DIN
G
)
W
I
TH
OU
T
ST
ATC
O
M
W
I
TH
STA
T
CO
M
6
5
.
3
1
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
2
3
.
4
6
1
1
7
.
6
C
u
r
r
e
n
t (
I)
3
8
.
9
4
-
1
1
.
1
8
R
e
a
c
ti
v
e
P
o
w
er
(
MV
a
r)
-
1
.
1
1
4
T
able
9
a
nd
T
able
10
sho
w
the
com
par
is
on
of
volt
ages
and
reacti
ve
powe
rs
at
0.5
km
and
5
km
resp
ect
ively
.
T
he
value
s
are
ta
bu
la
te
d
t
o
see
wh
et
he
r
volt
age
or
reacti
ve
powe
r
increase
or
dec
rease
at
certai
n
conditi
on.
Table
9.
C
om
par
iso
n of V
oltages
(KV) bet
w
een
0.5 Km
an
d 5 K
m
0
.
5
k
m
5
k
m
W
I
TH
OU
T
F
A
UL
T
W
I
TH
OU
T
ST
ATC
O
M
1
1
4
.
9
1
1
7
.
4
W
I
TH
STA
T
CO
M
2
1
.
6
5
2
2
.
0
8
W
I
TH
F
A
UL
T
W
I
TH
OU
T
ST
ATC
O
M
1
4
9
.
1
6
5
.
3
1
W
I
TH
STA
T
CO
M
1
5
.
8
9
2
3
.
4
6
Table
10. Co
m
par
is
on of Rea
ct
ive Powe
r
(
MVAR)
b
et
we
en 0.
5 Km
an
d 5 Km
0
.
5
k
m
5
k
m
W
I
TH
OU
T
F
A
UL
T
W
I
TH
OU
T
ST
ATC
O
M
-
3
4
.
3
-
3
6
.
1
2
W
I
TH
STA
T
CO
M
-
1
.
2
3
1
-
1
.
1
4
2
W
I
TH
F
A
UL
T
W
I
TH
OU
T
ST
ATC
O
M
-
5
6
.
9
5
-
1
1
.
1
8
W
I
TH
STA
T
CO
M
-
0
.
7
2
2
1
-
1
.
1
1
4
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Wh
il
e
t
he
c
ondu
ct
io
n
of
t
he
plan
f
or
wi
nd
far
m
,
ste
ps
of
pr
eca
utio
n
were
ta
ke
n
a
gains
t
isl
and
in
g.
It
was
due
to
the
preve
ntio
n
of
cat
ast
r
ophic
con
se
quences
for
eq
uip
m
ent
connecte
d
t
o
the
isl
and
i
ng
ne
twork
.
Fr
om
the
re
su
l
ts,
fa
ult
ha
d
s
how
n
t
hat
it
co
uld
m
ake
a
c
ha
ng
e
to
t
he
volt
age
grap
h
at
the
loa
d.
The
change
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Fa
ult a
na
ly
sis
for re
newa
ble
ener
gy po
we
r
s
yst
em
in
m
ic
r
o
-
gr
i
d
distri
bu
te
d
...
(
Amee
ru
l A
. J.
Je
m
an
)
1123
was
in
te
rm
s
of
the
m
agni
tud
e
of
the
vo
lt
age
a
fter
f
ault
ha
d
occ
urred.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
w
he
n
co
nt
ro
ll
er
(S
T
ATCOM
)
had
bee
n
i
ns
ta
ll
ed,
it
co
uld
re
gu
la
te
the
volt
age
back
to
t
he
norm
al
ran
ge
.
To
wa
rd
s
the
end
of
the
grap
h,
t
he
vo
lt
ag
e
sig
na
l
becam
e
ste
a
dy
w
hich
put
it
in
ste
ady
sta
te
fo
rm
.
Th
e
vo
lt
a
ge
m
agn
it
ud
e
dep
e
nd
ed
on t
he
r
eact
ive
pow
er.
Durin
g
no
ST
ATCOM,
the
reacti
ve
power
grap
hs
wer
e
belo
w
ze
ro.
T
hat
re
ferred
to
both
ca
se
s
wh
ic
h
wer
e
s
hort
tra
ns
m
issio
n
li
ne
(0.5
km
)
and
lo
ng
t
ran
sm
issi
on
li
ne
(5
km
).
S
TATC
OM
act
ed
as
a
con
t
ro
ll
er,
it
absor
bed
reacti
ve
power
f
ro
m
the
gr
i
d
sy
stem
.
On
ce
re
act
ive
powe
r
from
is
abso
r
bed
by
STA
TC
OM
from
the
gr
i
d
sy
stem
,
the
react
ive
po
wer
gra
ph
reac
he
d
to
zero
an
d
i
n
ste
ady
sta
te
m
od
e
ve
ry
near t
o
ze
ro.
Wh
e
n react
ive
powe
r
w
as a
bsor
be
d,
it
r
e
duc
ed
the
volt
age
.
The
beh
a
vior
dep
ic
te
d
wa
s
qu
it
e
di
ff
e
re
nt
from
the
norm
al
po
wer
syst
e
m
du
rin
g
isl
an
ding.
To
co
ntr
ol
the
syst
e
m
,
STA
TCOM
had
bee
n
desi
gn
e
d.
A
s
a
reco
m
m
endat
ion
,
ho
pefull
y,
in
the
fu
tu
re
,
m
or
e
researc
hes
an
d
resu
lt
s
will
be
gained
from
t
hese
ex
per
im
ents.
A
bette
r
con
t
ro
ll
er
ca
n
be
desig
ned
to
gain
the
desire
d vo
lt
a
ge
for
t
his r
e
sear
ch.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthor
a
nd
res
earc
her
s
sincerely
tha
nk
IRMI
,
600
-
I
RM
I/DANA
5/
3/LEST
ARI
(
0169/2
016),
and U
iTM
f
or
pro
vid
in
g
la
b
f
aci
li
ty
an
d
the
fun
d
to
con
du
c
t t
his r
esea
rch
sm
oo
thly
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
M.
Kokila
and
P.
I.
Devi,
“
A
Surve
y
of
W
ind
Tu
rbine
Control
M
onit
oring
and
Fa
ult
Detect
ion
on
W
ind
Ene
rg
y
,
”
2016
Int. Conf. C
omput.
Techno
l.
In
te
l
l. Data En
g.
,
2016.
[2]
L.
Hadj
ide
m
et
r
i
ou,
et
al.
,
“
Inve
stiga
t
ion
of
diff
er
ent
Faul
t
Ride
T
hrough
str
at
eg
ies
for
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
sourc
es,
”
2015
IEEE Eind
hove
n
Powe
rT
ech,
Pow
erTec
h
20
15
,
2015
.
[3]
C.
S.
Sy
amdev
and
A.
A.
Kuria
n,
“
HV
DC
fau
lt
tol
era
nt
conve
rt
er
for
ren
ewa
bl
e
ene
rg
y
sourc
e
grid,
”
2014
Int
.
Conf.
Adv.
Gr
een E
nergy
,
IC
AGE
2014
,
pp.
184
–
190,
2014
.
[4]
F.
Alsokhir
y
an
d
K.
L.
Lo,
“
Ef
fec
t
of
d
istri
but
ed
gene
r
at
ions
b
ase
d
on
ren
ew
a
ble
en
erg
y
on
th
e
tra
nsi
ent
f
aul
t
-
Ride
through,”
P
roc.
2013
Int. C
onf.
Re
n
ew. E
ne
rgy
Re
s.
App
l. I
CRE
RA 2013
,
p
p.
1102
–
1106
,
2
013.
[5]
J.
F.
Conro
y
,
et
al.
,
“
Inve
stigati
on
of
the
Eff
ec
t
s
of
Tra
nsm
is
sion
Fault
s
upon
a
Rene
wabl
e
En
erg
y
Gen
era
t
ing
Plant
,
”
pp
.
1
–
7
.
[6]
M.
A.
H.
El
-
Sa
yed
and
M.
M.
A
.
M.
Al
y
,
“
Enh
a
nce
d
fau
lt
lo
cati
on
al
gori
thm
for
sm
art
grid
containi
ng
wind
f
ar
m
using wi
reless
c
om
m
unic
at
ion
fa
ci
litie
s
,
”
IET
Ge
ner.
Tr
ansm
.
D
istrib
.
,
vol/is
sue:
1
0(9),
pp
.
2231
–
2
239,
2016
.
[7]
A.
K.
Ishtia
k,
“
Fault
Anal
y
s
is
and
Detect
ion
Te
chn
ique
s
of
Solar
Cel
ls
and
PV
Modules,
”
2nd
Int’l
Conf
.
on
El
e
ct
rica
l
Eng
in
ee
ring a
nd
Infor
mation
&
Co
mmuni
cat
ion
Techn
ology
(
ICEE
ICT
)
,
2015.
[8]
S.
Aniva,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Anal
y
sis
of
Fault
s
on
Serie
s
Com
pensa
te
d
E
HV
Tra
nsm
ission
Li
n
e
in
Th
e
P
rese
nce
of
W
in
d
Gene
ration.
”
[9]
B.
Singh,
et
al
.
,
“
Modell
ing
Desi
gn
and
Ana
l
y
s
is
Of
Diffe
ren
t
Co
ntrol
lers
For
DS
TATCOM,”
PO
WER
CON
2008.
IECON
2009,
35
th
Annua
l
Conf
e
renc
e
I
EEE
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.