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T
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W
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ly
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d
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term
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w
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h
a
v
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st v
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lf
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li
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s p
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r
r
o
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w
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s
:
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ased
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s
ter
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al
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SN
Co
p
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2
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stit
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te o
f
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v
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rig
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W
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Sen
s
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Net
w
o
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k
s
(
W
SN)
ar
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o
f
t
h
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m
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s
t
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tia
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tec
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n
o
lo
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f
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th
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t
w
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t
y
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tu
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.
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t
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in
cr
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n
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m
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o
f
ap
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s
w
it
h
d
e
m
an
d
d
r
iv
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n
,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
er
v
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s
o
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ts
ar
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ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
f
u
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f
ill
t
h
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p
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o
s
p
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t
o
f
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s
.
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lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
d
ev
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s
ar
e
d
etain
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.
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ac
h
ar
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s
u
i
tab
le
to
s
en
s
e,
tr
an
s
m
it
i
n
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itio
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to
p
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s
s
th
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s
u
r
r
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n
d
i
n
g
in
f
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m
at
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.
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h
e
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estrictio
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o
f
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s
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n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
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s
co
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ce
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n
ed
w
it
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co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
al
en
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g
y
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
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ca
p
ab
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w
h
ic
h
p
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ese
n
ts
.
W
h
en
t
h
ese
s
en
s
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r
s
m
ak
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p
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is
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l
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et
w
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k
a
n
d
au
to
m
ated
,
th
e
ta
s
k
s
all
s
i
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n
al
p
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o
ce
s
s
in
g
ar
e
o
b
lig
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n
g
l
y
s
ati
s
f
ied
f
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r
th
e
co
llected
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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f
r
o
m
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
d
an
g
e
r
o
u
s
ar
ea
s
d
y
n
a
m
ica
ll
y
.
A
d
i
f
f
er
en
t a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
W
SNs
li
k
e
b
io
lo
g
ical
d
etec
ti
o
n
,
an
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
d
iag
n
o
s
ti
c,
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
s
u
r
v
eilla
n
ce
,
b
attlef
ield
,
s
m
ar
t
s
p
ac
es,
etc.
[
1
]
.
I
t
estab
lis
h
ed
in
p
h
y
s
ical
ar
ea
s
,
co
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
co
llect
a
h
u
g
e
d
ata
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
&
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
d
ata
b
y
all
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
to
&
f
r
o
m
a
p
h
y
s
ical
w
ir
ed
s
tatio
n
ca
lled
b
ase
s
ta
ti
o
n
(
B
S).
T
h
is
B
S
t
y
p
icall
y
wo
r
k
s
li
k
e
a
g
a
te
w
a
y
to
a
n
o
th
e
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
ll
th
e
W
SNs
p
o
s
s
ess
a
w
id
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-
r
a
n
g
i
n
g
o
f
ap
p
licatio
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s
as
u
s
ef
u
l
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
m
a
n
y
f
ield
s
o
f
;
tr
ac
k
in
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,
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic
in
v
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s
ti
g
a
tio
n
s
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
h
o
m
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
etc.
[
2
,
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
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n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Qu
a
ln
et
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
o
f g
r
id
-
b
a
s
ed
clu
s
teri
n
g
fo
r
W
S
N
's
r
o
u
tin
g
…
(
N
a
h
id
a
h
Hu
s
s
ein
I
s
ma
il A
L
-
R
ek
a
b
i
)
449
Me
an
w
h
ile
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
is
ai
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
d
ata
to
t
h
e
s
in
k
s
ta
tio
n
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
a
n
ip
u
lati
n
g
a
n
d
th
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
h
ap
p
en
e
d
,
th
e
W
SN
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
is
a
g
r
ea
t
i
n
te
r
est.
So
,
t
h
e
to
p
ics
c
o
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
,
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
,
th
e
co
v
er
i
n
g
o
f
W
SN
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
all
u
n
d
er
r
ea
lizatio
n
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
th
at
a
b
ase
s
tatio
n
w
i
ll
b
e
s
tatic
i
n
n
at
u
r
e,
b
u
t
th
e
y
w
er
e
m
o
v
ea
b
le
at
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
ata
[
4
]
.
Fo
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
r
esu
l
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
,
b
ase
s
tatio
n
m
o
b
il
it
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
W
SN
li
f
eti
m
e
is
m
o
n
o
p
o
lized
[
5
]
.
W
SNs
co
n
f
r
o
n
t
s
e
v
er
al
d
esi
g
n
in
g
c
h
alle
n
g
es,
s
tar
ti
n
g
w
it
h
it
s
r
ig
id
to
w
ar
d
r
u
le
s
a
n
d
p
o
lic
y
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
li
k
e
o
p
er
ato
r
ac
ce
s
s
a
n
d
co
m
m
er
cia
l
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
c
h
an
g
es
w
ill
b
e
s
o
lid
to
d
o
m
i
n
ate
w
it
h
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
s
o
th
at
i
t
n
ee
d
s
r
ep
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
o
r
m
a
y
b
e
m
an
u
al
r
ec
o
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t.
Oth
er
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
w
h
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
p
ac
t
to
b
e
s
u
i
tab
le
t
o
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ac
ti
n
g
r
esu
l
ts
i
n
th
e
r
estricte
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
li
m
itatio
n
at
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
li
m
ita
tio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
a
m
o
u
n
t
i
n
W
S
N
to
b
e
co
n
s
ta
n
tl
y
s
to
r
ed
in
a
d
ata
w
ar
eh
o
u
s
e
m
u
s
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
w
i
th
a
ce
r
tain
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
alg
o
r
it
h
m
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atio
n
s
to
t
h
e
l
i
m
it
ed
m
e
m
o
r
y
s
to
r
a
g
e.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
n
o
d
e
s
ize
is
s
m
all,
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
is
v
er
y
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
it
is
m
o
r
e
u
s
ef
u
l
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
e
ti
m
e
b
y
u
t
ilizi
n
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t r
o
u
ti
n
g
alg
o
r
i
th
m
[
7
]
.
I
n
a
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
co
n
s
id
er
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
u
n
c
tio
n
i
n
d
ea
lin
g
w
it
h
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t,
an
d
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
h
as
m
an
y
p
r
o
ce
ed
ad
v
an
ta
g
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
ca
lab
il
it
y
an
d
a
n
av
ailab
il
it
y
to
an
y
n
o
d
e
to
s
en
d
its
d
ata
w
ith
o
u
t
ce
n
tr
al
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
[
8
]
.
T
h
ese
f
ea
t
u
r
es
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
cr
itical.
So
,
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
o
f
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t sce
n
ar
io
is
ess
e
n
tia
l.
A
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
n
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
W
ir
eless
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
s
in
a
p
r
ec
is
e
ar
ea
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
zo
n
es i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
ese
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
co
n
s
is
t o
f
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
ca
tio
n
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
n
o
d
es
w
i
th
i
n
a
ce
r
tai
n
f
ie
ld
.
I
t'
s
a
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
i
n
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
zo
n
e.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
u
s
t
co
m
p
lete
i
n
w
ell
-
o
r
g
a
n
ized
w
a
y
.
So
,
g
r
id
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
s
u
tili
ze
d
w
h
er
e
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
o
f
n
o
d
es i
n
to
a
f
e
w
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as g
r
id
s
,
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
n
o
d
es i
s
o
n
l
y
co
m
p
leted
w
it
h
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
h
ea
d
n
o
d
es,
t
h
e
n
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
w
ill
co
n
n
ec
t to
th
e
ce
n
ter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
g
ir
d
s
tr
ateg
y
is
estab
lis
h
ed
o
n
b
ased
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
A
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
ea
m
a
y
b
e
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
g
r
id
s
,
af
ter
th
a
t
g
r
id
s
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
to
f
o
r
m
c
lu
s
ter
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
i
s
o
r
g
a
n
ize
d
as:
Nex
t
s
ec
t
io
n
p
r
esen
ts
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
w
it
h
a
g
r
id
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
t
h
r
ee
d
escr
ib
es
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
t
h
r
ee
R
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
.
Sect
io
n
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
t
h
en
s
ec
tio
n
f
iv
e
g
i
v
e
s
th
e
e
v
al
u
atio
n
a
n
d
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
te
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
2.
CL
US
T
E
RIN
G
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
W
SN
n
o
d
es
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
allo
ca
ted
in
a
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
ar
ea
,
s
o
m
e
r
eg
io
n
s
w
it
h
s
u
c
h
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
it
u
atio
n
g
et
tig
h
tl
y
o
cc
u
p
ied
w
h
er
ea
s
o
th
er
s
r
ec
eiv
in
g
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
a
least
n
u
m
b
er
.
C
l
u
s
ter
i
n
g
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
v
er
y
s
u
it
ab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
lif
e
ti
m
e
ex
ten
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Fu
n
d
a
m
en
ta
ll
y
,
C
lu
s
ter
in
g
i
s
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
an
d
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
b
asi
s
o
f
ap
p
l
y
in
g
c
lu
s
ter
in
g
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
s
is
p
ar
titi
o
n
i
n
g
,
h
ier
ar
ch
ic
al,
d
en
s
it
y
a
n
d
g
r
id
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
9
]
.
C
l
u
s
te
r
-
b
ased
an
d
g
r
id
-
b
ased
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
m
a
n
ag
e
w
it
h
t
h
i
s
p
r
o
b
lem
.
A
s
c
h
e
m
e
o
f
clu
s
ter
b
ased
is
ap
p
lied
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
as
w
e
ll
as
s
i
m
p
li
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
with
tr
ea
ti
n
g
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
n
o
d
es
with
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
ca
n
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
w
it
h
i
n
a
clu
s
ter
-
b
ased
s
ch
e
m
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
a
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
a
n
d
a
co
llected
d
ata
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
Gr
id
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
icie
n
t
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
th
at
a
to
tal
ar
ea
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
w
i
th
i
n
v
ir
t
u
al
g
r
id
s
.
Gr
id
b
ased
clu
s
ter
in
g
is
s
i
m
p
ler
an
d
m
o
r
e
f
ea
s
ib
le,
a
n
d
h
a
s
s
o
m
u
c
h
ad
v
an
tag
e
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
o
th
er
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
g
r
id
b
ased
W
SN
s
tates
t
h
at
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
as
a
b
ase
s
tatio
n
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
co
llecti
n
g
o
f
all
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ar
e
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
clu
s
ter
zo
n
es
t
h
at
i
s
p
ass
e
d
o
v
er
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
E
v
er
y
zo
n
e
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
o
w
n
th
e
ir
s
q
u
ar
e
s
h
ap
e
ar
ea
f
o
r
p
ar
ticu
lar
o
n
e
s
m
al
l
zo
n
e.
E
v
er
y
zo
n
e
is
t
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
E
v
er
y
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
an
d
n
o
d
e
ar
e
d
o
in
g
w
o
r
k
i
n
ea
ch
zo
n
e.
A
zo
n
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
i
n
ter
ac
t
n
ex
t
to
n
ea
r
zo
n
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
co
n
s
u
m
es
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
i
n
th
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
w
i
th
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
A
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
a
v
es
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
co
s
t
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
A
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
(
C
H)
p
er
g
r
id
d
ec
is
io
n
i
s
g
en
er
all
y
d
o
n
e
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
,
th
at
m
a
k
es
it
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ev
er
in
a
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
o
f
Gr
id
-
b
ased
ar
e
p
o
p
u
lar
o
w
in
g
to
th
eir
s
i
m
p
licit
y
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
it
y
d
ea
lin
g
w
it
h
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
1
4
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
7
,
No
.
1
,
J
an
u
ar
y
20
20
:
44
8
-
45
6
450
3.
RO
UT
I
N
G
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
S
R
o
u
ti
n
g
is
a
m
et
h
o
d
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
a
p
at
h
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
d
e
s
tin
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e.
R
o
u
ti
n
g
i
n
W
SN
is
r
ea
ll
y
c
h
alle
n
g
i
n
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
i
n
tr
i
n
s
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
th
a
t
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
t
h
ese
n
et
wo
r
k
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
ac
t
o
f
s
en
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
to
d
esti
n
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
o
u
r
R
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
W
S
N,
th
e
s
e
ar
e
L
o
w
E
n
er
g
y
A
d
ap
tiv
e
C
l
u
s
ter
i
n
g
Hier
ar
ch
y
(
L
E
A
C
H)
,
AODV
(
A
d
-
h
o
c
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
v
ec
to
r
r
o
u
ti
n
g
)
,
O
L
S
R
(
Op
ti
m
ized
L
in
k
State
R
o
u
ti
n
g
)
an
d
DS
R
(D
y
n
a
m
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
)
.
R
ea
cti
v
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
c
alled
as
d
em
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
r
ea
cti
v
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
tw
o
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
th
e
y
ar
e
R
o
u
tes
d
is
co
v
er
an
d
R
o
u
te
m
ai
n
tai
n
.
R
o
u
tes
d
i
s
co
v
er
is
f
o
u
n
d
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
o
u
tes
an
d
e
x
a
m
in
ed
R
o
u
te
m
ai
n
tai
n
s
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
e
d
r
o
u
te
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
On
d
em
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
b
an
d
w
id
th
o
f
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
[
1
6
].
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
C
l
ass
i
f
icatio
n
3
.
1
.
L
o
w
E
nerg
y
Ada
ptiv
e
Clus
t
er
ing
H
iera
rc
hy
(
L
E
A
CH
)
L
E
AC
H
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
W
SN
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
ts
f
u
n
cti
o
n
alit
y
i
s
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
ly
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
d
y
n
a
m
ic
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
m
eted
s
p
ec
i
f
icall
y
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
W
S
Ns,
an
d
it
s
till
ass
i
s
ts
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
o
th
er
en
h
an
ce
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
W
SNs
.
L
E
AC
H
co
n
s
id
er
s
h
ier
ar
ch
ical,
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
an
d
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
p
r
o
to
co
l
[
1
7
]
.
I
t
s
tar
ts
w
it
h
a
s
et
u
p
p
h
ase
(
SP
)
w
h
ic
h
a
n
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
s
h
ap
p
en
s
,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
t
h
e
s
tea
d
y
-
s
tate
p
h
ase
(
SS
P
)
w
h
ic
h
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
th
e
s
in
k
h
ap
p
en
s
i
n
.
A
s
e
n
s
o
r
in
th
e
SP
d
eter
m
in
e
s
w
h
e
th
er
h
a
v
e
a
ch
an
ce
to
b
e
a
C
H
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
Fo
r
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
a
cl
u
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
n
ch
o
o
s
e
s
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
b
et
w
ee
n
0
an
d
1
.
W
h
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
i
s
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
T
(
n
)
,
th
e
n
a
n
o
d
e
b
ec
o
m
e
s
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
T
(
n
)
is
g
iv
en
i
n
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
1
)
:
(
)
{
(
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
P
d
en
o
tes
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
C
Hs.
A
l
ter
n
ativ
el
y
,
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
izes
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
o
u
n
d
.
W
h
ile
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
is
G
,
w
h
ich
is
n
ev
er
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
C
Hs
in
th
e
f
in
a
l
1
/
p
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
w
h
e
n
T
(
n
)
=1
,
th
en
f
o
r
all
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
n
o
t b
ee
n
a
clu
s
ter
-
h
ea
d
.
L
E
AC
H
s
h
ap
es
cl
u
s
ter
s
w
it
h
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
h
er
e
th
e
n
o
d
es
m
ak
e
s
el
f
-
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
lo
ca
lized
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
.
A
ll
n
o
d
es
h
av
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
p
r
io
r
ity
to
b
ec
o
m
e
C
Hs
s
o
th
at
f
o
r
b
alan
cin
g
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
s
p
e
n
t p
er
r
o
u
n
d
at
an
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e.
3
.
2
.
D
y
n
a
m
ic
s
o
urce
ro
utin
g
(
DSR)
D
y
n
a
m
ic
So
u
r
ce
R
o
u
t
in
g
(
D
SR
)
is
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
h
ic
h
i
s
lar
g
el
y
s
i
m
i
lar
to
A
ODV.
B
u
t
,
DSR
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ely
o
n
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
d
is
s
i
m
i
lar
to
A
ODV,
n
ev
er
th
ele
s
s
i
n
s
tead
u
tili
ze
s
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
ti
n
g
at
ea
ch
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
d
ev
ice.
D
S
R
is
m
a
in
l
y
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
li
m
it
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
th
a
t
is
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
p
ac
k
et
s
w
h
ic
h
p
r
esen
t
i
n
A
d
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
DSR
s
i
g
n
if
ican
ce
m
ai
n
l
y
i
n
r
ea
cti
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ic
h
m
ea
n
s
i
t
eli
m
in
ate
s
t
h
e
n
ee
d
o
f
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
er
io
d
ical
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
,
an
d
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
t
in
tab
le
d
r
iv
en
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
8
,
1
9
].
I
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
t
in
g
,
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es
ar
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
e
s
t
to
w
ar
d
s
all
n
o
d
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
u
n
d
er
w
ir
eles
s
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
as
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es
g
e
n
er
ate
u
n
iq
u
e
r
eq
u
est
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
n
u
m
b
er
s
f
o
r
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
p
ac
k
et.
W
h
en
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
is
n
o
t
ab
le
to
u
ti
li
ze
cu
r
r
en
t
r
o
u
te
f
o
r
d
esti
n
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
en
it
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
m
ai
n
te
n
an
c
e
Me
ch
a
n
is
m
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
n
o
d
e
b
ef
o
r
e
s
e
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
r
ep
l
y
r
eq
u
est
clo
s
e
to
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
it
s
ca
n
s
o
w
n
r
o
u
te
f
o
r
th
e
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
es
t
[
20
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
Qu
a
ln
et
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
o
f g
r
id
-
b
a
s
ed
clu
s
teri
n
g
fo
r
W
S
N
's
r
o
u
tin
g
…
(
N
a
h
id
a
h
Hu
s
s
ein
I
s
ma
il A
L
-
R
ek
a
b
i
)
451
3
.
3
.
Ad
-
ho
c
o
n
-
De
m
a
nd
D
is
t
a
nce
Vec
t
o
r
Ro
uting
(
AO
D
V)
T
h
e
A
ODV
p
r
o
to
co
l
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
e
s
a
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
tas
k
w
i
th
th
e
h
elp
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
th
a
t
co
llect
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
ab
o
u
t
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
a
n
d
r
o
u
te
r
ep
l
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
e
n
d
er
to
r
ec
eiv
e
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
f
a
s
o
u
r
c
e
n
o
d
e
f
i
n
d
s
a
n
y
r
o
u
te
er
r
o
r
m
es
s
ag
e
th
e
n
i
t
h
a
s
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
estar
t
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t's
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
li
k
e
a
f
lat
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
ee
d
a
n
y
ce
n
t
r
al
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ati
v
e
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
h
an
d
li
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
f
s
o
m
e
n
o
d
es
w
h
o
w
a
n
t
to
w
i
s
h
co
m
m
u
n
ic
ate
w
it
h
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e
n
ea
r
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t
n
o
d
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b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
s
tar
t
r
o
u
te
d
is
co
v
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
f
t
h
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
a
v
ail
in
r
o
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te
to
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
th
e
n
it i
s
ca
lled
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est p
ac
k
e
t [
2
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
o
u
te
p
ath
o
f
D
SR
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
OD
V
r
o
u
te
d
is
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v
er
y
3
.
4
.
O
pti
m
ize
d L
in
k St
a
t
e
Ro
uting
P
ro
t
o
co
l
(
O
L
SR)
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
OL
SR
i
s
a
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
en
h
an
ce
d
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
W
SN
[
22
]
.
O
L
SR
p
r
o
to
co
l
en
ab
les
ef
f
icie
n
t
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
ia
c
h
o
s
e
n
n
o
d
es
n
a
m
ed
M
u
lt
ip
o
in
t
R
ela
y
s
(
MRP
s
)
.
A
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
f
lo
o
d
in
g
w
i
t
h
co
n
tr
o
l
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
ca
n
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e
w
it
h
M
R
P
n
o
d
es.
T
h
ese
r
ela
y
s
ar
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
b
y
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
m
e
s
s
a
g
es
w
h
ic
h
r
e
s
u
l
t
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l.
A
lo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
i
s
,
t
h
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
n
o
d
es
p
r
eser
v
e
r
o
u
tes
to
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
s
,
h
e
n
ce
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
p
r
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to
co
l
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
w
h
ic
h
i
s
s
p
o
r
ad
ic
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
.
O
L
SR
is
a
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
w
h
er
e
m
a
n
y
n
o
d
es
s
u
b
s
et
ca
n
b
e
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
w
it
h
o
th
er
lar
g
e
n
o
d
es
s
u
b
s
et,
also
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
p
air
s
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
d
esti
n
ati
o
n
w
ill
b
e
c
h
an
g
ed
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
I
t
is
p
r
in
cip
all
y
s
u
i
ted
to
a
lar
g
e
an
d
d
en
s
e
n
et
wo
r
k
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
n
at
u
r
e,
an
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
av
a
ilab
le
r
o
u
tes
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
i
f
n
ee
d
ed
[
2
3
]
.
W
ith
s
u
ch
p
r
o
to
co
l
at
p
u
r
e
lin
k
s
tate,
all
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
w
it
h
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es a
r
e
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
ed
a
n
d
ar
e
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
i
n
th
e
e
n
tire
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
4.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
-
b
ased
clu
s
ter
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Gr
id
b
ased
clu
s
ter
W
SN
m
ai
n
ai
m
h
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
at
a
n
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
tr
af
f
ic
l
o
ad
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
g
r
id
h
as
s
q
u
ar
ed
s
h
ap
ed
,
ea
ch
s
q
u
ar
ed
s
h
ap
ed
m
ad
e
b
y
zo
n
e.
T
h
e
s
etti
n
g
o
f
n
×n
g
r
id
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
n
×n
is
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
R
o
w
a
n
d
co
lu
m
n
.
T
h
e
Gr
id
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
es
t
h
e
lef
t
to
r
ig
h
t
a
n
d
to
p
to
b
o
tto
m
.
L
e
f
t
to
r
ig
h
t
p
r
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t
th
e
r
o
w
s
(
n
)
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d
to
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to
b
o
t
to
m
p
r
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t
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co
lu
m
n
s
(
n
)
.
A
2
×2
g
r
id
b
ased
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
w
it
h
r
o
w
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
R
a
n
d
co
lu
m
n
s
s
h
o
w
n
C
[
25
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Gr
id
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
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I
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1
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ased
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Fi
g
u
r
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5
an
d
th
is
w
ill
p
r
o
v
id
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a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
th
at
s
a
v
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g
y
,
r
e
d
u
ce
co
s
t a
n
d
in
cr
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s
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r
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y
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
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k
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
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e
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
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o
f
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
an
d
t
h
e
class
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
as
w
ell
a
s
t
h
eir
f
ea
t
u
r
es a
n
d
th
e
n
s
i
m
u
late
w
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s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
r
o
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tin
g
p
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to
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ls
in
ter
m
o
f
n
et
w
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k
p
er
f
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m
an
ce
u
s
i
n
g
Q
u
al
n
et
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
SE
T
UP
& S
CE
NAR
I
O
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
Q
u
aln
et
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
Gr
id
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
estab
l
is
h
ed
as
a
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
b
y
d
ep
lo
y
i
n
g
a
n
u
m
b
er
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f
n
o
d
es in
1
5
0
0
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1
5
0
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n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
ea
,
th
en
d
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i
n
ed
th
e
s
i
m
u
lat
i
o
n
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
.
5
.
1
.
B
uil
din
g
t
he
Scena
rio
I
n
t
h
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
af
ter
g
r
id
-
b
ased
cl
u
s
ter
s
w
il
l b
e
f
o
r
m
ed
,
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
n
o
d
es c
an
b
e
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
o
n
l
y
w
it
h
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
,
a
f
ter
t
h
at
a
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
o
f
a
c
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ce
n
ter
(
b
ase
Statio
n
)
is
d
o
n
e.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
i
n
en
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
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m
p
tio
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a
s
w
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a
s
en
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g
y
s
av
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gr
id
b
ased
clu
s
ter
f
l
o
w
c
h
ar
t
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
u
ild
in
g
t
h
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
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(
L
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AC
H,
AODV
,
DSR
,
a
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S
R
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d
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Fi
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I
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6.
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ased
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h
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d
icatio
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ased
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.
RE
F
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R
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NC
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[1
]
X
.
L
iu
,
“
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su
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,
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.
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t
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p
p
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1
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5.
[4
]
S
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.
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s
f
o
r
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
4
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
CS
NT
’1
4
)
,
p
p
.
6
3
–
6
8
,
IE
EE
,
Bh
o
p
a
l,
In
d
ia,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
R.
N.
En
a
m
,
R.
Qu
re
sh
i,
a
n
d
S
.
M
isb
a
h
u
d
d
in
,
“
A
u
n
if
o
rm
c
lu
ste
rin
g
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
f
o
r
w
irel
e
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Distri
b
u
t
e
d
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
ID
9
2
4
0
1
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
H.
-
Y.
Kim
,
“
A
n
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
i
c
ien
t
lo
a
d
b
a
lan
c
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
to
e
x
ten
d
li
f
e
ti
m
e
in
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
Clu
ste
r
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
9
–
2
8
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
Am
it
Kr.
Ka
u
sh
ik
“
A
H
y
b
rid
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
o
f
F
u
z
z
y
C
-
M
e
a
n
s
C
lu
ste
rin
g
a
n
d
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
t
o
M
a
k
e
En
e
rg
y
Eff
icie
n
t
He
tero
g
é
n
e
o
s
W
ir
e
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
”
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
e
t
e
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
V
o
l.
6
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
6
7
4
~
6
8
1
.
[8
]
Bil
a
l
Ja
n
,
H.
F
a
rm
a
n
,
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Ja
v
e
d
,
B.
M
o
n
tr
u
c
c
h
io
,
M
.
Kh
a
n
,
a
n
d
S
h
.
A
li
,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
Eff
icie
n
t
Hie
ra
rc
h
ica
l
Clu
ste
ri
n
g
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
,
”
W
ir
e
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
e
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
V
o
lu
me
2
0
1
7
,
Arti
c
le ID
6
4
5
7
9
4
2
,
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
A
li
A
.
A
b
d
u
lraz
z
a
q
,
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li
,
"
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
y
s
tem
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
Ba
se
d
o
n
M
A
TL
A
B
S
i
m
u
latio
n
"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
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)
8
(6
),
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
W
.
W
a
n
g
,
B.
W
a
n
g
,
Z.
L
iu
,
L
.
G
u
o
,
a
n
d
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.
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n
g
,
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c
lu
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r
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se
d
a
n
d
tree
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se
d
p
o
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ff
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t
d
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ta
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ll
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ti
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a
n
d
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g
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re
g
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ti
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p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
w
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ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
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rk
s,”
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
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y
J
o
u
r
n
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l
,
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l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
5
7
–
5
6
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
1
]
Is
m
a
t,
N.,
Qu
re
sh
i,
R.
,
a
n
d
Im
a
m
,
M
.
,
“
Ef
fi
c
ien
t
Clu
ste
rin
g
fo
r
M
o
b
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e
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ire
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
two
rk
s”
,
IEE
E
1
7
t
h
In
ter
.
M
u
lt
i
T
o
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ic Co
n
f
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re
n
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,
p
p
.
1
1
0
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1
1
4
,
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c
e
m
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e
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2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
A
.
T
h
o
n
k
li
n
a
n
d
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.
S
u
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ti
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m
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u
t,
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o
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d
b
a
l
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c
e
d
a
n
d
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rg
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ff
icie
n
t
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ste
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h
e
a
d
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lec
ti
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i
n
wire
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s
se
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n
e
two
rk
s,”
i
n
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
8
th
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
in
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g
,
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e
c
tro
n
ics
,
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m
p
u
ter,
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
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n
s
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
ECT
I
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1
)
,
p
p
.
4
2
1
–
4
2
4
,
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
1
.
[1
3
]
S
h
a
rm
a
,
C.
&
Ka
u
r,
J.,
"
L
it
e
ra
tu
re
S
u
rv
e
y
o
f
A
OD
V
a
n
d
DSR
R
e
a
c
ti
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e
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u
ti
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g
P
ro
t
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o
ls"
.
ICA
ET
,
IJ
CA
14
-
1
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
Hu
ss
e
in
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li
,
"
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e
c
t
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f
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m
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S
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c
u
rit
y
M
e
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h
a
n
ism
s
o
n
th
e
Qo
s
V
o
I
P
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
OP
NET
"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Cu
rr
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n
t
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
V
o
l
.
3
,
No
.
5
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[1
5
]
K.
P
a
n
im
o
z
h
i,
G
.
M
a
h
a
d
e
v
a
n
,
“
Q
o
S
F
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
f
o
r
a
M
u
lt
i
-
sta
c
k
b
a
se
d
He
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
V
o
l.
7
,
No
.
5
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
3
~
2
7
2
0
[1
6
]
Ke
v
re
,
P
.
&
S
h
r
iv
a
sta
v
a
,
L
.
"
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m
p
a
re
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Re
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ti
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P
ro
to
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n
G
r
id
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se
d
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u
ste
r
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irele
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S
e
n
so
r
Ne
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o
rk
U
sin
g
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a
ln
e
t
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im
u
lato
r"
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
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a
n
d
E
n
g
in
e
e
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g
Res
e
a
rc
h
3
(2
)
:
532
-
5
3
9
.
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
A
d
n
a
n
H.
A
li
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A
li
N.
A
b
b
a
s,
M
.
H.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
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n
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(
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su
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p
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5
.
[1
8
]
A
d
n
a
n
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A
li
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F
a
rh
o
o
d
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A
.
D.
“
De
sig
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DM
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Fi
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e
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.
2
0
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9
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7
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1
9
.
[1
9
]
A
li
A
.
A
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a
q
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A
d
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n
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A
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"
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ff
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o
lar
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d
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e
s"
,
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
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n
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l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m
(
IJ
PE
DS
),
V
o
l
.
9
,
No
.
4
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
5
~
1
7
6
4
.
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.
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.
2
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1
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.
[2
3
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A
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S
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5
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3.
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