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E
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Science
Vo
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22
,
No
.
3
,
J
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202
1
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p
p
.
1411
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sig
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s
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v
e
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u
sin
g
b
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t
h
v
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a
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so
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n
d
in
d
ica
to
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h
e
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sig
n
e
d
s
y
ste
m
is ab
le t
o
d
e
term
in
e
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
ra
d
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n
in
a
sh
o
rt
ti
m
e
a
n
d
stre
n
g
th
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n
b
y
t
h
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d
a
n
g
e
r
-
a
lert
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
p
re
se
n
t
in
th
e
sy
ste
m
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K
ey
w
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s
:
Fu
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ic
I
n
telli
g
en
t r
ea
d
-
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t c
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cu
it
R
ad
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d
etec
to
r
R
ad
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n
le
v
el
Sp
ac
e
r
ad
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n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
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se
.
C
o
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r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
Sit
i Fa
u
ziah
T
o
h
a
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
Me
ch
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n
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E
n
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r
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g
Facu
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y
o
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E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
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g
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
I
s
la
m
ic
U
n
iv
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s
it
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Ma
la
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K
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ala
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M
ala
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E
m
ail:
t
s
f
a
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zia
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@
ii
u
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
az
ak
S
A
T
w
as
Ma
la
y
s
ia
’
s
s
ec
o
n
d
s
atellite
an
d
f
ir
s
t
r
e
m
o
te
s
en
s
i
n
g
s
atelli
te
lau
n
ch
ed
in
to
n
ea
r
eq
u
ato
r
ial
o
r
b
it
(
NE
q
o
)
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
R
az
ak
S
A
T
ca
r
r
ied
a
h
ig
h
-
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
ca
m
er
a
t
h
at
en
ab
led
it
to
tak
e
i
m
a
g
es
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
]
.
I
ts
o
r
b
itin
g
p
ath
h
elp
ed
it
to
o
b
tain
an
i
m
a
g
e
th
at
w
a
s
s
ix
ti
m
es
b
etter
an
d
co
v
er
al
m
o
s
t
7
0
%
o
f
th
e
o
ce
a
n
s
,
w
h
er
e
w
h
et
h
er
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
s
u
ch
as
L
a
Nin
a
o
r
ig
i
n
ated
[
4
]
.
Sev
er
al
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
Asi
a,
L
at
in
Am
er
ica
an
d
th
e
Af
r
ica
n
co
n
tin
e
n
t
s
h
o
w
ed
th
eir
in
ter
est
in
u
t
ilizi
n
g
t
h
e
im
a
g
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
b
y
R
az
ak
S
A
T
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
p
er
io
d
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
a
y
ea
r
af
ter
it
h
a
s
b
ee
n
lau
n
c
h
ed
o
n
J
u
l
y
1
4
,
2
0
0
9
,
it
f
u
ll
y
m
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
o
n
A
u
g
u
s
t 3
0
,
2
0
1
0
[
5
]
.
Oth
er
th
a
n
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
co
m
p
eten
c
y
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
th
e
f
ail
u
r
e
w
as
s
u
s
p
ec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
ac
e
r
ad
iatio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
e
v
en
t
u
p
s
et
s
(
SEU)
ca
teg
o
r
ized
u
n
d
er
s
i
n
g
le
-
e
v
e
n
t
ef
f
ec
ts
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
[
6
]
.
Sp
ac
e
r
ad
iatio
n
is
n
o
t
eq
u
al
to
th
e
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
w
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
h
er
e
o
n
E
ar
th
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Sp
ac
e
r
ad
iatio
n
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
th
r
ee
k
in
d
s
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
;
tr
a
p
p
ed
p
a
r
ticles
in
t
h
e
E
ar
th
’
s
m
ag
n
et
ic
f
ield
,
p
ar
ticles
s
h
o
t
i
n
t
o
s
p
ac
e
d
u
r
in
g
s
o
lar
f
lar
es
(
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
etic
p
ar
ticle
s
)
;
an
d
g
alac
tic
co
s
m
ic
r
a
y
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
t
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
f
r
ad
i
atio
n
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
o
u
r
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
A
ll
o
f
th
ese
k
in
d
s
o
f
s
p
ac
e
r
ad
iatio
n
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
u
n
d
er
io
n
izin
g
r
ad
iatio
n
.
I
t is i
m
p
o
r
tan
t to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
l
ev
el
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
as a
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
er
to
b
e
aler
ted
to
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
’
s
lev
el.
Sp
ac
e
r
ad
iatio
n
w
h
i
c
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
ch
ar
g
ed
p
ar
ticles ac
ce
ler
ated
to
h
ig
h
v
elo
cities
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
ir
r
ep
ar
ab
le
d
a
m
ag
e
to
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
i
n
lo
n
g
-
d
u
r
atio
n
h
u
m
an
s
s
p
ac
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
r
ad
iatio
n
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
at
o
m
s
i
n
w
h
ich
elec
tr
o
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tr
ip
p
ed
a
w
a
y
a
s
t
h
e
ato
m
ac
ce
ler
ated
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4752
I
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d
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n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
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g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
22
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
4
1
1
-
1
4
1
8
1412
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
li
g
h
t
i
n
in
ter
s
tellar
s
p
ac
e
–
f
i
n
all
y
,
o
n
l
y
th
e
n
u
cleu
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
to
m
r
e
m
ai
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
Sin
g
le
-
ev
e
n
t
e
f
f
ec
ts
ar
e
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
th
a
t
h
ap
p
en
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
s
p
ac
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r
ad
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n
a
f
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
d
ig
i
tal
d
ev
ice
i
n
m
an
y
ar
ea
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
A
s
in
g
le
ir
o
n
w
ill
in
ter
ac
t
w
it
h
th
e
e
lectr
o
n
ics
ch
ip
;
s
u
ch
as
co
m
p
u
ter
m
e
m
o
r
ie
s
an
d
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
an
d
ca
u
s
ed
ch
an
g
e
s
o
r
b
it
f
lip
o
f
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
m
e
m
o
r
y
o
r
r
eg
is
ter
b
its
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
e
v
e
n
w
ill
cr
ea
te
t
w
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
r
es
u
lts
: n
on
-
d
estr
u
cti
v
e
an
d
d
estru
ct
iv
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
.
Fo
r
th
e
n
o
n
-
d
estr
u
cti
v
e
e
f
f
ec
t,
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
m
e
m
o
r
y
w
o
u
ld
b
e
co
r
r
u
p
ted
.
T
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
ef
f
ec
t
ca
n
b
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
o
r
r
ef
r
esh
ed
i
f
t
h
e
SEU
i
s
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
d
etec
ted
[
1
8
]
.
W
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
estru
cti
v
e
e
f
f
ec
t,
it
w
il
l
d
estru
ct
t
h
e
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
a
n
d
m
ak
e
t
h
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ex
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t
io
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f
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w
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m
m
a
n
d
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
ec
ts
ar
e
s
to
c
h
asti
c,
a
s
th
e
y
h
ap
p
en
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
it
o
f
s
i
n
g
le
h
i
g
h
en
er
g
etic
p
ar
ticles
w
it
h
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
cir
cu
it
n
o
d
es
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
s
atellite,
it
c
h
an
g
e
s
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
m
e
m
o
r
y
t
h
at
m
a
k
es
th
e
s
atellite
ca
n
n
o
t
r
e
m
e
m
b
er
h
o
w
it
s
h
o
u
ld
w
o
r
k
[
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Mo
s
t
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
h
a
v
e
a
h
i
g
h
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
d
a
m
a
g
e
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
w
o
t
h
i
n
g
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
to
f
ac
e
th
i
s
ef
f
ec
t
w
h
ic
h
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
i
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
t
h
e
d
etec
to
r
to
lo
o
k
in
t
o
as
th
eir
r
o
le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
s
o
r
p
ar
ticle
s
th
at
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
d
a
m
ag
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
r
ad
iatio
n
f
l
u
x
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
ea
ch
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
d
esi
g
n
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
i
t.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
ai
m
s
to
d
esi
g
n
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
n
i
n
tell
ig
e
n
t
r
ea
d
-
o
u
t
cir
cu
it
to
d
etec
t
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
d
ev
ice
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
r
ad
iati
o
n
an
d
also
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ar
e
th
e
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t r
ea
d
-
o
u
t c
ir
cu
it
w
i
ll sp
ec
i
f
y
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
a
n
d
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
to
n
,
n
eu
tr
o
n
,
elec
tr
o
n
an
d
h
ea
v
y
ir
o
n
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
-
o
u
t
cir
cu
it
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
th
is
d
esig
n
ed
cir
cu
it,
th
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
Un
o
is
ch
o
s
e
n
as
th
e
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
(
D
A
Q
)
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
th
en
i
s
f
ed
i
n
to
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
Mo
r
e
d
etails
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
s
ed
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ov
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
i
n
te
llig
e
n
t r
ea
d
-
o
u
t c
ir
c
u
it
2
.
1
.
De
t
ec
t
o
r
I
n
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
t
w
o
s
u
itab
le
d
etec
to
r
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
w
h
ich
a
r
e
p
o
s
tal
in
d
ex
n
u
m
b
er
(
P
I
N
)
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
an
d
Geig
er
tu
b
e
d
etec
to
r
.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
d
etec
to
r
s
h
av
e
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
ed
p
ar
ticles.
A
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
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N:
2502
-
4752
I
n
tellig
en
t rea
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t c
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it fo
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s
p
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ia
tio
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tio
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(
‘
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ma
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d
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iz
)
1413
is
a
p
-
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
o
r
P
I
N
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
P
I
N
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
elec
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
it
f
ast
er
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
A
n
d
th
e
Gei
g
er
Mu
ller
t
u
b
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
P
I
N
ph
o
t
o
dio
de
I
t
co
n
v
er
ts
ch
ar
g
e
p
ar
ticles
o
r
lig
h
t
in
to
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
th
is
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
v
er
ted
in
to
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
in
cid
e
n
t
r
ad
iatio
n
.
A
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
is
a
p
-
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
o
r
P
I
N
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
P
I
N
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
s
elec
ted
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
f
a
s
ter
i
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
is
s
tr
ik
e
b
y
a
p
h
o
to
n
o
f
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
en
er
g
y
,
it
cr
ea
tes
an
elec
tr
o
n
an
d
h
o
le
p
ai
r
.
T
h
is
e
v
en
t
is
also
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
i
n
n
er
p
h
o
to
elec
tr
ic
ef
f
ec
t.
A
b
u
ilt
-
in
elec
tr
ic
f
ie
ld
o
f
th
e
d
ep
letio
n
r
eg
io
n
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
to
m
a
k
e
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
ar
e
s
w
ep
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
if
t
h
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
in
th
e
j
u
n
ctio
n
's
d
ep
letio
n
r
eg
io
n
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
h
o
les
to
w
ar
d
th
e
an
o
d
e,
a
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
e
to
tal
cu
r
r
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
is
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
d
ar
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
cu
r
r
en
t
th
at
f
lo
w
s
w
it
h
o
r
w
it
h
o
u
t lig
h
t)
,
s
o
th
e
d
ar
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
m
u
s
t b
e
m
i
n
i
m
ized
to
g
et
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
ice.
2
.
1
.
2
.
G
eig
er
m
ull
er
t
ub
e
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
s
is
Gei
g
er
Mu
ller
t
u
b
e.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
tu
b
e
w
it
h
a
lo
w
-
p
r
ess
u
r
e
in
er
t g
as
s
u
c
h
as
n
eo
n
,
h
eli
u
m
,
an
d
h
alo
g
en
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
t
u
b
e,
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
ar
e
a
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
h
u
n
d
r
ed
v
o
lts
,
ar
o
u
n
d
5
0
0
V
b
u
t
n
o
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
i
n
g
in
s
id
e
it.
T
h
e
an
o
d
e
is
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
ce
n
tr
e
o
f
th
e
tu
b
e.
W
h
er
e
as
ca
th
o
d
e
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
w
a
ll
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
u
b
e
w
h
ic
h
is
m
ad
e
en
tire
l
y
o
f
m
etal
o
r
th
eir
in
s
id
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
ated
w
it
h
a
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
g
a
s
m
o
lecu
les
w
i
ll
b
e
io
n
ized
w
h
en
t
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
;
io
n
izin
g
r
ad
iatio
n
en
ter
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tu
b
e.
T
h
is
w
ill
cr
ea
te
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
c
h
ar
g
ed
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
w
i
ll
g
o
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
an
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
io
n
s
to
t
h
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
th
e
t
u
b
e’
s
elec
tr
o
d
es
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
m
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
c
r
ea
ted
.
Fu
r
th
er
g
as
m
o
lecu
le
s
w
ill
b
e
io
n
ized
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
llis
io
n
s
b
y
th
e
io
n
p
ai
r
s
w
h
ic
h
g
ai
n
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
n
cr
ea
tin
g
a
n
av
alan
c
h
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
ed
p
ar
ticles.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
an
in
ten
s
e
p
u
ls
e
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
co
u
n
ted
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
p
ass
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
eg
at
iv
e
to
t
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
e.
2
.
2
.
R
a
dia
t
io
n bo
a
rd
t
este
r
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
test
r
ad
iatio
n
s
en
s
o
r
b
o
ar
d
,
v
aselin
e
g
las
s
b
ea
d
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
y
co
n
tai
n
s
m
all
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
r
an
i
u
m
(
0
.
2
%)
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
clas
s
if
ied
a
s
b
eta
an
d
g
a
m
m
a
p
ar
ticles.
So
m
e
g
a
m
m
a
p
ar
ticles
b
asicall
y
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
ad
iatio
n
s
u
c
h
as
co
s
m
ic
r
a
y
s
(
s
u
n
an
d
s
tar
s
)
a
n
d
m
i
n
er
al
i
n
th
e
E
ar
th
.
He
n
ce
,
b
y
t
u
r
n
i
n
g
Geig
er
tu
b
e
s
en
s
o
r
,
th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
d
etec
ted
ea
s
il
y
.
T
h
eir
v
alu
es
d
ep
en
d
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
altit
u
d
e,
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
Gei
g
er
tu
b
e.
T
h
eir
r
an
g
e
ar
e
ab
o
u
t
1
5
-
6
0
co
u
n
t
s
p
er
m
i
n
u
te.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
t
o
tal
v
alu
e
d
etec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
m
u
s
t b
e
s
u
b
tr
ac
t
ed
w
it
h
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
ad
iatio
n
’
s
v
al
u
e
to
g
et
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
.
2
.
3
.
M
icro
co
ntr
o
ller
In
th
is
r
esear
c
h
,
th
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
Un
o
is
ch
o
s
e
n
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
r
a
d
iatio
n
lev
el
an
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
.
I
t
al
s
o
h
as
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
tell
th
e
u
s
er
s
w
h
at
t
h
e
s
ta
tu
s
is
f
o
r
ea
ch
lev
el
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
.
Fo
r
th
e
d
esi
g
n
in
g
p
h
a
s
e,
th
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
s
er
ial
b
u
s
(
U
SB
)
p
o
r
t
to
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
f
o
r
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
esen
tatio
n
.
On
ce
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
p
h
a
s
e
is
co
m
p
leted
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
is
b
u
ilt
an
d
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
in
th
e
A
r
d
u
in
o
to
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
u
ter
an
d
en
ab
le
a
s
ta
n
d
-
alo
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
th
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
in
telli
g
e
n
t r
ea
d
-
o
u
t c
ir
c
u
it
f
o
r
s
p
ac
e
r
ad
iatio
n
d
etec
tio
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
IS
CU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
r
ea
d
-
o
u
t
cir
cu
it
i
s
te
s
ted
an
d
a
n
al
y
s
ed
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
l
ete
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
ice
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
t
h
e
r
ea
d
-
o
u
t
c
ir
cu
it
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
aler
t
t
h
e
u
s
er
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
its
le
v
el
a
n
d
t
y
p
e.
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
ap
p
lied
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
class
i
f
y
t
h
e
v
alu
e,
th
e
t
y
p
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
ab
ili
t
y
o
f
t
h
i
s
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
i
n
d
ea
li
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
itie
s
a
n
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ti
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
g
ic
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
tell
ig
e
n
t
r
ea
d
-
o
u
t
cir
cu
it
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
An
d
th
e
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
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1414
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
m
p
lete
s
y
s
te
m
:
(
a
)
r
ea
d
-
o
u
t c
ir
cu
it a
n
d
(
b
)
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
p
u
ts
(
v
a
lu
e
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
)
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t (
e
f
f
ec
t)
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
is
tr
an
s
l
ated
in
to
t
w
o
f
o
r
m
s
to
ea
s
e
th
e
u
s
er
:
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
el
an
d
th
e
s
tat
u
s
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
le
v
el
d
etec
tio
n
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
in
f
i
v
e
s
ta
g
es
n
a
m
el
y
s
a
f
e,
m
o
d
er
ate,
w
ar
n
i
n
g
,
d
an
g
er
a
n
d
d
a
m
a
g
ed
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
as
f
ast
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
el
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
co
u
n
t
p
er
m
in
u
te
(
C
P
M
)
.
T
h
e
b
o
ar
d
co
u
n
ts
p
u
ls
es
f
o
r
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
o
g
et
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
in
u
te
s
,
m
u
ltip
l
y
th
e
p
u
ls
es
b
y
6
.
Mo
s
t
d
o
s
i
m
eter
s
u
s
e
m
icr
o
-
Si
ev
er
ts
p
er
h
o
u
r
(
µSV/
h
)
as
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
r
ad
iatio
n
d
o
s
e.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
g
et
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
v
alu
e
o
f
µSV/
h
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
is
m
ad
e
b
y
m
u
ltip
l
y
i
n
g
C
P
M
b
y
0
.
0
0
8
1
2
as
d
escr
ib
es
in
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
ac
to
r
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
Ge
ig
er
t
u
b
e
its
el
f
;
t
h
e
s
h
ap
e,
th
e
s
ize,
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
ar
ticle
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
,
th
e
m
ater
ial
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
s
.
No
r
m
all
y
t
h
i
s
f
ac
to
r
is
m
ad
e
b
y
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
ased
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n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
w
it
h
i
n
f
o
u
r
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
r
ad
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n
v
alu
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
a
f
e
co
n
d
itio
n
w
it
h
C
P
M
r
ated
ar
o
u
n
d
0
to
th
e
d
am
a
g
ed
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
it
h
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M
v
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e
ar
o
u
n
d
1
0
0
.
×
0
.
0812
=
/
ℎ
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
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g
&
C
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n
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ir
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it fo
r
s
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‘
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d
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l A
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iz
)
1415
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Me
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
;
(
a)
r
ad
iatio
n
d
a
m
ag
e,
(
b
)
in
t
er
f
er
en
ce
,
(
c)
s
in
g
le
ev
e
n
t
u
p
s
et
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gr
ap
h
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
v
alu
e
i
n
C
P
M
v
er
s
u
s
d
ate
an
d
ti
m
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
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lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
22
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
4
1
1
-
1
4
1
8
1416
An
o
th
er
f
ea
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
i
n
tel
lig
e
n
t
r
ea
d
-
o
u
t
cir
c
u
it
i
s
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e
i
n
d
ica
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
s
tat
u
s
o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
e
n
ab
les
th
e
u
s
er
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
r
ad
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n
b
y
j
u
s
t
lo
o
k
i
n
g
at
th
e
liq
u
id
cr
y
s
tal
d
is
p
la
y
(
L
C
D
)
s
cr
ee
n
,
lig
h
t
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e
m
itti
n
g
d
io
d
e
(
L
E
D
)
s
an
d
P
iezo
s
p
ea
k
er
s
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
L
C
D
an
d
L
E
D
in
d
icato
r
s
r
ef
lect
in
g
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
.
L
E
D
b
ar
s
w
il
l
tu
r
n
o
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tat
u
s
o
f
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
-
f
)
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
t
h
e
r
ea
l
s
y
s
te
m
w
o
r
k
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
af
e
lev
el
r
ad
iatio
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
a)
to
th
e
d
am
a
g
e
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
el
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
(
f
)
.
T
h
e
r
ed
L
E
D
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
t
in
g
b
o
th
d
an
g
er
an
d
d
a
m
ag
e
lev
el
to
i
m
p
l
y
th
e
d
estru
cti
v
e
p
o
ten
tia
l
h
az
ar
d
s
p
r
esen
t
at
t
h
o
s
e
s
ta
g
e
s
.
A
ls
o
,
t
h
e
p
iezo
s
p
ea
k
er
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
t
h
e
s
o
u
n
d
“
c
h
ir
p
”
ea
c
h
ti
m
e
a
p
u
l
s
e
is
g
e
n
er
ated
.
I
t
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
Gei
g
er
t
u
b
e
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ir
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A
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Clas
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S
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ri,
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[4
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M
.
Ha
sh
im
,
e
t
a
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.,
“
G
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tri
c
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C.
P
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d
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.
Ha
sh
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,
“
In
c
re
a
sin
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,
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[7
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V
.
U. J.
Nw
a
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.
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Jib
iri
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.
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.
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[
On
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.
A
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C.
S
c
h
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a
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,
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]
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.
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.
Wu
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[1
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J
.
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2
]
J.
De
W
it
t
a
n
d
E.
R.
Be
n
to
n
,
“
S
h
ield
in
g
e
f
fe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
s
s:
A
we
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h
te
d
f
ig
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re
o
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m
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rit
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sp
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e
ra
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s
h
ield
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n
g
,
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li
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.
[1
3
]
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.
Ya
tag
a
i
,
M
.
Ho
n
m
a
,
N
.
Do
h
m
a
e
,
a
n
d
N
.
Is
h
io
k
a
,
“
Bio
l
o
g
ica
l
e
ff
e
c
ts
o
f
sp
a
c
e
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
f
a
c
t
o
rs:
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p
o
ss
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l
e
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
b
e
tw
e
e
n
sp
a
c
e
ra
d
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n
a
n
d
m
icro
g
ra
v
it
y
,
”
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if
e
S
c
ien
c
e
s in
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[1
4
]
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'
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o
b
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.
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M
a
g
d
u
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l
,
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n
d
N
.
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.
Na
im
,
“
M
it
ig
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ti
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f
sp
a
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e
ra
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e
ff
e
c
ts
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sa
tel
li
tes
a
t
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o
w
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it
(L
EO),
”
2
0
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6
th
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EE
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ter
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ti
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ste
m,
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mp
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a
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d
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(
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CE)
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0
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6
.
7
8
9
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5
4
5
.
[1
5
]
R.
A
.
W
e
ll
e
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
M
o
n
te
Ca
rl
o
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
S
i
n
g
le
Ev
e
n
t
Ef
fe
c
ts,"
in
I
E
E
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
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o
n
N
u
c
lea
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e
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2
0
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0
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0
4
4
8
0
7
.
[1
6
]
E
.
A
.
Ya
h
y
a
,
R
.
Ka
n
n
a
n
,
a
n
d
L
.
L
e
e
,
“
S
i
m
u
latio
n
st
u
d
y
o
f
sin
g
le
e
v
e
n
t
e
ffe
c
ts
se
n
siti
v
it
y
o
n
c
o
m
m
e
rc
ial
p
o
w
e
r
M
OSF
ET
w
it
h
sin
g
le
h
e
a
v
y
io
n
ra
d
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n
,
”
Bu
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
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rin
g
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
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ti
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s
,
v
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l.
8
,
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o
.
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,
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p
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8
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4
.
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.
[1
7
]
S
.
J
.
H
.
P
irza
d
a
,
A
.
M
u
rtaz
a
,
L
.
J
ian
w
e
i,
a
n
d
T
.
Xu
,
“
S
in
g
le
Ev
e
n
t
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f
e
c
ts
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o
lera
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t
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ES
-
CT
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m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
f
o
r
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u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
a
telli
te
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
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o
mp
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ter
a
n
d
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o
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o
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9
.
8
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7
8
-
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8
3
.
[1
8
]
A
.
S
.
G
o
h
a
rd
a
n
i,
“
En
a
b
li
n
g
re
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
ry
p
o
we
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
f
o
r
f
u
tu
re
sp
a
c
e
m
i
ss
io
n
s:
P
r
o
g
re
ss
in
m
e
t
a
l
-
o
x
id
e
-
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
f
ield
-
e
ff
e
c
t
tran
sisto
rs,” in
AIA
A
S
c
it
e
c
h
2
0
1
9
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ru
m
,
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0
1
9
,
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–
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,
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0
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2
5
1
4
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.
2
0
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9
-
1
5
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9
.
[1
9
]
K.
Ya
rit
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
r
o
to
n
Ra
d
iatio
n
Da
m
a
g
e
Ex
p
e
ri
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
X
-
Ra
y
S
OI
P
ix
e
l
De
tec
to
rs,”
N
u
c
lea
r
I
n
stru
me
n
ts
a
n
d
M
e
th
o
d
s
in
Ph
y
sic
s
Res
e
a
rc
h
S
e
c
t
io
n
A:
Acc
e
ler
a
to
rs
,
S
p
e
c
tro
me
ter
s,
De
tec
to
rs
a
n
d
Asso
c
i
a
ted
Eq
u
ip
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
9
2
4
,
p
p
.
4
5
7
-
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6
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,
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9
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o
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0
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j
.
n
im
a
.
2
0
1
8
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0
9
.
0
5
7
.
[2
0
]
J.
Bi,
“
Ra
d
iatio
n
e
f
f
e
c
ts
o
f
f
lo
a
ti
n
g
-
g
a
te
(F
G
)
a
n
d
c
h
a
rg
e
-
trap
p
in
g
(CT
)
F
las
h
m
e
m
o
r
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
”
2
0
1
9
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
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De
sig
n
a
n
d
T
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h
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lo
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(
ICICDT)
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
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-
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,
d
o
i
:
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0
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1
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0
9
/ICICDT
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
7
9
0
8
9
3
.
[2
1
]
M.
Ib
a
rra
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
EDRA
,
th
e
Arg
e
n
ti
n
e
f
a
c
il
it
y
to
si
m
u
late
ra
d
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n
d
a
m
a
g
e
in
sp
a
c
e
,
”
Ra
d
ia
ti
o
n
P
h
y
sic
s
a
n
d
Ch
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
1
5
4
,
p
p
.
7
9
-
8
4
,
2
0
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9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
ra
d
p
h
y
sc
h
e
m
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
8
.
0
3
2
.
[2
2
]
J
.
Kim
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ra
d
iatio
n
d
a
m
a
g
e
e
ff
e
c
ts
in
G
a
2
O3
m
a
teria
ls
a
n
d
d
e
v
ice
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
ter
ia
ls
C
h
e
mistry
C
,
v
o
l.
7
,
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o
.
1
.
p
p
.
1
0
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4
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0
1
9
,
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o
i
:
1
0
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1
0
3
9
/C
8
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C0
4
1
9
3
H
.
[2
3
]
K.
D.
Ba
rtl
e
tt
,
D.
D.
S.
Co
u
p
lan
d
,
D.
T.
Be
c
k
m
a
n
,
a
n
d
K.
E.
M
e
sic
k
,
“
P
ro
t
o
n
irrad
iatio
n
d
a
m
a
g
e
a
n
d
a
n
n
e
a
li
n
g
e
ffe
c
ts
in
ON
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
J
-
se
ries
sili
c
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
m
u
lt
ip
li
e
rs,”
Nu
c
lea
r
In
stru
me
n
ts
a
n
d
M
e
th
o
d
s
in
Ph
y
sic
s
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
S
e
c
ti
o
n
A:
Acc
e
ler
a
to
r
s,
S
p
e
c
tro
me
ter
s,
De
tec
to
rs
a
n
d
Asso
c
ia
ted
E
q
u
ip
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
9
6
9
,
p
.
1
6
3
9
5
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
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6
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.
n
im
a
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
6
3
9
5
7
.
[2
4
]
A
.
Co
b
u
rg
e
r,
J.
L
ik
a
r
,
a
n
d
C.
S
m
it
h
,
“
Ba
y
e
sia
n
Ra
d
iatio
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
f
o
r
S
p
a
c
e
c
ra
f
t
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
P
re
d
icti
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
9
IEE
E
Aer
o
sp
a
c
e
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
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1
1
0
9
/A
ERO.
2
0
1
9
.
8
7
4
1
7
8
3
.
[2
5
]
E
.
C
.
A
b
a
n
a
,
M
.
J
.
Pa
lata
n
,
C
.
P
.
P
a
sc
u
a
l,
C
.
M
.
M
a
teo
s,
a
n
d
S
.
A
.
Ga
las
in
a
o
,
“
F
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
b
a
se
d
f
a
n
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
o
f
in
d
o
o
r
a
ir
p
u
rif
ier
fa
n
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
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mp
u
ter
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c
ien
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e
,
v
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l.
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o
.
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p
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[2
6
]
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.
S
u
b
ra
m
a
n
i
a
n
d
V
.
B
.
Ku
m
a
r
a
v
e
lu
,
“
A
f
u
z
z
y
b
a
s
e
d
v
e
rti
c
a
l
h
a
n
d
o
v
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r
n
e
tw
o
rk
se
lec
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
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l.
1
7
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.
1
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p
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c
s.v
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7
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i
1
.
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p
3
2
4
-
330
.
[2
7
]
K
.
W
.
Na
ss
e
r,
S
.
J.
Ya
q
o
o
b
,
a
n
d
Z
.
A
.
Ha
ss
o
u
n
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
a
n
e
l
u
sin
g
f
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
-
M
P
P
T
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
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.
2
,
p
p
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1
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s.v
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-
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
22
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
4
1
1
-
1
4
1
8
1418
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
‘U
m
a
r
A
bd
A
z
iz
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
r
k
in
g
a
t
Ne
x
p
e
ria
M
a
la
y
sia
S
d
n
Bh
d
a
s
S
e
n
io
r
T
e
st
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
En
g
in
e
e
r.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
E
n
g
(Ho
n
s)
i
n
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
(IIUM
).
Ha
s
se
v
e
n
y
e
a
rs
w
o
r
k
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
in
d
u
stry
a
s P
r
o
d
u
c
t
En
g
i
n
e
e
r;
T
e
st P
ro
g
ra
m
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
Be
n
c
h
a
n
d
d
a
ta a
n
a
ly
sis.
S
iti
F
a
u
z
ia
h
T
o
h
a
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
i
c
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
la
y
sia
(IIUM
).
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
B.
En
g
(H
o
n
s)
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
P
e
tro
n
a
s
a
n
d
late
r
re
c
e
iv
e
d
M
S
c
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
S
h
e
w
a
s
th
e
n
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
P
h
D
i
n
A
u
to
m
a
ti
c
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
T
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
h
e
f
f
i
e
ld
in
2
0
1
0
.
Dr
T
o
h
a
is
a
s
e
n
io
r
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
a
lso
a
P
r
o
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
M
a
l
a
y
sia
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
a
Ch
a
rtere
d
En
g
in
e
e
r
w
it
h
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
u
n
c
il
,
T
h
e
In
stit
u
ti
o
n
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
.
S
h
e
is
a
ls
o
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
Yo
u
n
g
S
c
ien
ti
st Ne
tw
o
rk
,
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s M
a
la
y
sia
(YSN
-
A
S
M
).
R
a
b
i
a
tu
l
a
d
a
w
ia
h
A
bu
H
a
n
if
a
h
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
Ku
a
la
L
u
m
p
u
r,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
En
g
(Ho
n
s)
i
n
M
e
c
h
a
tr
o
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
M
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
r
sity
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
1
1
a
n
d
2
0
1
4
r
e
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
In
2
0
2
0
,
s
h
e
su
c
c
e
ss
f
u
ll
y
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
P
h
D
f
ro
m
th
e
s
a
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
g
o
n
th
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
lex
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
e
lec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
in
s
y
ste
m
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
v
a
rio
u
s
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
m
e
th
o
d
s.Dr.
Ra
b
iat
u
l
is
a
st
u
d
e
n
t
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
a
lso
a
re
g
istere
d
g
ra
d
u
a
te
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
o
f
B
o
a
rd
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
M
a
lay
sia
.
In
I
T
EE
S
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
jo
u
r
n
a
ls an
d
o
t
h
e
r
sc
ien
ti
fi
c
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
sh
e
h
a
s se
rv
e
d
a
s in
v
it
e
d
re
v
ie
w
e
r.
N
u
r
u
l
F
a
d
z
li
n
H
a
s
b
u
ll
a
h
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
A
ss
o
c
iate
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
S
h
e
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
w
it
h
a
F
irst
Clas
s
Ho
n
o
u
rs
f
ro
m
Ca
rd
iff
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
W
a
le
s,
w
it
h
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
i
n
2
0
0
1
.
L
a
ter,
s
h
e
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
n
In
teg
ra
ted
C
h
ip
De
sig
n
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
M
a
lay
sia
M
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
S
o
l
u
ti
o
n
,
Cy
b
e
rja
y
a
f
o
r
a
y
e
a
r
b
e
f
o
re
jo
in
in
g
a
c
a
d
e
m
ia,
tea
c
h
in
g
a
t
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
Ten
a
g
a
N
a
sio
n
a
l
(Ba
n
g
i,
M
a
lay
sia
)
a
s
a
tu
to
r
.
I
n
2
0
0
3
,
sh
e
m
o
v
e
d
to
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
a
s
a
n
A
ss
ist
a
n
t
L
e
c
tu
re
r.
S
h
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
D
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
h
e
ff
ield
,
UK
in
2
0
1
0
re
se
a
rc
h
in
g
o
n
th
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
o
p
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
isti
c
s
o
f
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
t
las
e
r
stru
c
t
u
r
e
s.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
i
n
t
h
e
a
re
a
s
o
f
se
m
ico
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
d
e
v
ice
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
,
o
p
ti
c
a
l
d
e
tec
to
rs
a
n
d
ra
d
iatio
n
h
a
rd
d
e
v
ice
s.
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