Ind
o
n
es
ian Jou
r
n
al
o
f
E
le
ctric
a
l E
n
g
in
ee
r
ing
and
C
o
mp
u
t
er
S
c
ienc
e
V
ol
. 8
,
No.
3
,
Dec
em
be
r
20
17
, p
p
.
6
62
~
6
66
DO
I: 1
0.
11
5
91
/
i
j
ee
c
s
.v
8
.i
3
.
pp
66
2
-
66
6
6
62
Rec
ei
v
ed
A
ug
us
t
29
,
20
1
7
;
Rev
i
s
ed
O
c
to
be
r
5,
20
1
7
;
A
c
c
ep
ted
Nov
e
mb
er
23
,
20
17
Dimin
i
shi
ng
C
o
nn
ec
ti
v
it
y
Fail
ur
es b
y
A
u
t
o
-
Reco
nf
ig
urati
on
in WS
N
K. G
u
g
an
1
,
S
.V
.
S
a
r
av
ana
n
2
1
Res
e
a
r
c
h
S
c
h
o
l
a
r,
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
EEEM
,
A
M
ET
Un
i
v
e
rs
i
ty
,
Che
n
n
a
i
2
Dep
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tr
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tr
o
n
i
c
s
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(M
a
ri
n
e
),
AM
E
T
Un
i
v
e
rs
i
ty
,
Che
n
n
a
i
.
Ab
strac
t
Th
e
Wi
re
l
e
s
s
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
work
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
i
fi
c
a
n
t
p
u
rp
o
s
e
s
b
e
h
i
n
d
th
e
a
c
c
o
m
p
l
i
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
l
o
n
g
ra
n
g
e
wir
e
l
e
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Fre
q
u
e
n
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
v
i
t
y
fa
i
l
u
r
e
s
a
re
o
c
c
u
rre
d
i
n
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
-
o
r
g
a
n
i
s
e
d
n
e
two
rk
d
u
e
to
o
b
s
tr
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
s
n
a
g
s
,
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
d
ro
p
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
o
f
n
o
d
e
e
n
e
rg
y
d
e
p
l
e
t
i
o
n
;
o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
a
n
d
s
o
fo
rth
.
T
h
e
to
t
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
g
e
ts
c
o
l
l
a
p
s
e
d
i
f
th
e
re
a
n
y
l
e
s
s
e
n
i
n
g
i
n
th
e
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
c
o
r
re
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
r
q
u
a
l
i
ty
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
o
r
fro
m
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
to
th
e
s
i
n
k
n
o
d
e
s
a
n
d
th
i
s
p
ro
m
p
ts
to
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
fa
i
l
u
re
s
.
To
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
th
e
fre
q
u
e
n
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
v
i
t
y
fa
i
l
u
re
s
we
p
ro
p
o
s
e
Dim
i
n
i
s
h
i
n
g
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
v
i
t
y
Fa
i
l
u
r
e
s
b
y
A
u
to
-
Re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
W
SN
(DC
FA).
T
h
i
s
s
c
h
e
m
e
p
ro
v
i
d
e
s
s
te
a
d
fa
s
t
ro
u
t
e
s
to
r
e
d
u
c
e
th
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
v
i
ty
f
a
i
l
u
re
a
n
d
i
m
p
ro
v
e
t
h
e
n
e
two
r
k
p
e
r
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Key
w
ords
:
Au
t
o
-
Rec
o
n
fi
g
u
ra
b
l
e
,
St
e
a
d
f
a
s
t
R
o
u
ti
n
g
,
W
SN.
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
7
I
ns
titu
t
e
o
f
Adv
a
nc
e
d
Eng
i
ne
e
ring
a
nd
Sc
ie
nc
e
.
All
righ
t
s
re
s
e
rve
d.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
W
i
r
el
es
s
S
en
s
or
Net
wor
k
s
(
W
S
Ns
)
are
us
ed
f
or
s
ev
eral
a
pp
l
i
c
at
i
on
s
b
y
em
pl
o
y
i
n
g
a
s
et
of
m
ob
i
l
e
s
en
s
or
no
de
s
to
c
ol
l
a
bo
r
at
i
v
el
y
m
on
i
tor
an
a
r
ea
of
i
nte
r
es
t
an
d
tr
ac
k
c
e
r
tai
n
e
v
en
ts
or
ph
en
om
en
a.
W
i
th
the
m
o
s
t
el
e
v
at
ed
de
v
el
op
m
en
t
i
n
the
f
i
el
d
of
em
be
dd
ed
c
o
m
pu
ter
an
d
s
en
s
or
i
nn
o
v
at
i
on
,
W
S
N,
w
hi
c
h
i
s
m
ad
e
ou
t
of
a
s
ev
e
r
al
tho
us
an
ds
of
s
en
s
or
no
de
s
eq
u
i
pp
ed
f
or
de
tec
ti
ng
,
ac
tu
ati
ng
,
an
d
ha
nd
i
n
g
-
of
f
aa
gg
r
eg
ate
d
s
tat
i
s
ti
c
s
,
ha
v
e
m
ad
e
r
e
m
a
r
k
ab
l
e
i
m
pa
c
t
al
l
o
v
er
the
pl
ac
e.
T
he
s
e
s
en
s
or
no
d
es
ou
gh
t
to
be
s
tea
df
as
t,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
i
c
i
en
t,
i
m
pl
an
ted
w
i
t
h
r
ec
on
f
i
gu
r
ab
l
e
de
v
i
c
e.
T
he
as
s
ets
of
the
no
d
es
ar
e
i
n
l
i
k
e
m
an
ne
r
c
om
pe
l
l
ed
as
f
ar
as
c
om
pu
tat
i
on
a
l
v
i
t
al
i
t
y
of
the
Mi
c
r
oc
on
tr
o
l
l
er
Un
i
t
(
M
CU)
,
c
on
tr
o
l
s
ou
r
c
e
an
d
m
em
or
y
s
pa
c
e.
Due
to
the
l
i
m
i
ted
en
erg
y
s
up
pl
y
of
s
en
s
ors
,
en
erg
y
i
s
a
v
er
y
s
c
arc
e
r
es
ou
r
c
e
a
nd
di
r
ec
tl
y
i
nf
l
u
en
c
i
n
g
th
e
n
et
w
ork
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
T
he
r
ef
ore,
the
en
erg
y
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
i
s
th
e
m
os
t
i
m
po
r
tan
t
i
s
s
ue
i
n
W
S
N.
T
he
s
tr
uc
ture
of
W
S
N
i
s
i
l
l
us
tr
ate
d i
n f
i
gu
r
e.
1
F
i
gu
r
e.
1.
S
tr
uc
ture
of
W
S
N
Wi
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
N
o
d
e
s
B
a
s
e
S
t
a
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJE
E
CS
IS
S
N:
2
50
2
-
4
75
2
Di
m
i
n
i
s
hi
n
g Co
nn
ec
t
i
v
i
ty
F
ai
l
ures
by
A
uto
-
R
ec
on
f
i
gu
r
ati
o
n i
n W
S
N
(
K
. G
u
ga
n
)
663
S
i
nc
e
a
s
en
s
or
n
od
e
i
s
t
y
p
i
c
al
l
y
ob
l
i
ge
d
i
n
i
ts
en
erg
y
,
c
o
m
pu
tat
i
on
a
nd
c
orr
es
po
n
de
nc
e
r
es
ou
r
c
es
,
an
ex
pa
ns
i
v
e
s
et
of
s
en
s
ors
are
i
nc
l
ud
ed
to
gu
ara
nte
e
r
a
ng
e
s
c
op
e
an
d
i
nc
r
em
en
t
the
f
i
de
l
i
t
y
of
the
ga
t
he
r
e
d
i
nf
orm
ati
on
.
Upo
n
th
ei
r
s
en
d
i
ng
,
no
de
s
are
r
e
l
i
ed
u
po
n
t
o
r
em
ai
n
r
ea
c
ha
b
l
e
to
ea
c
h
oth
er
f
urtherm
ore,
f
or
m
s
a
ne
t
wor
k
.
Net
wor
k
c
on
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
em
po
wer
s
no
d
es
to
organ
i
z
e
th
ei
r
ac
ti
v
i
t
y
wh
i
l
e
pe
r
f
or
m
i
ng
a
tas
k
,
an
d
to
f
o
r
w
ard
the
i
r
r
ea
d
i
n
gs
to
i
n
s
i
tu
c
l
i
en
ts
or
a
B
as
e
-
S
t
ati
on
(
B
S
)
t
ha
t f
i
l
l
s
i
n a
s
a
pa
s
s
ag
e (
ga
te
wa
y
)
t
o rem
ote
war r
oo
m
s
.
2.
Rel
ated
W
o
r
k
s:
In
W
S
Ns
[1]
a
c
o
nn
ec
t
i
on
o
r
a
g
ath
er
i
ng
of
c
on
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
i
n
t
he
c
om
DCF
A
c
ti
v
e
r
a
ng
e
or
area
c
o
ul
d
f
ai
l
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
v
ario
us
c
au
s
es
s
uc
h
as
r
ad
i
o
bl
urr
i
ng
,
s
i
g
na
l
a
tte
nu
at
i
on
,
r
ad
i
o
ob
s
tr
uc
ti
o
n,
ba
c
k
ground
c
o
m
m
oti
on
,
or
f
ai
l
ure
of
on
e
of
the
s
en
s
or
no
de
s
th
at
ar
e
c
on
ne
c
te
d
to
the
c
o
nn
ec
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
T
he
m
os
t
c
on
v
en
t
i
on
al
l
y
us
ed
r
ad
i
o
m
od
el
f
or
as
s
oc
i
ati
o
n
f
ai
l
ur
es
i
n
wi
r
e
l
es
s
s
y
s
t
em
s
i
s
ba
s
ed
on
the
p
a
th
l
os
s
m
od
el
as
the
tr
a
ns
m
i
tte
r
an
d
the
r
ec
i
pi
e
nt
m
ov
e
m
ore
di
s
tan
t
DCF
A
ted
.
T
i
m
e
-
Depe
nd
en
t
Con
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
F
a
i
l
ure
Mo
de
l
i
nc
or
po
r
ate
s
th
e
c
on
s
i
d
erati
on
of
ba
tte
r
y
r
e
l
e
as
e
di
s
p
l
a
y
,
s
en
s
or
c
on
tr
ol
ut
i
l
i
z
at
i
on
i
n
v
ari
ou
s
m
od
es
an
d
r
em
ote
c
ha
nn
el
c
on
di
t
i
o
ns
.
T
hi
s
tr
ad
i
ti
on
i
n
s
pe
c
ts
the
W
S
N
ap
pl
i
c
a
ti
o
n
r
el
en
t
l
es
s
qu
al
i
t
y
a
nd
v
i
t
al
i
t
y
us
ag
e
of
tr
an
s
m
i
tti
ng
de
t
ec
ted
i
nf
orm
ati
on
.
Hel
l
o
-
b
as
ed
f
ai
l
ure
de
tec
ti
on
[2]
i
s
the
pre
v
a
l
en
t
di
s
ap
po
i
ntm
en
t l
oc
at
i
o
n s
y
s
tem
th
at
gi
v
es
a
l
o
wer
bo
u
nd
o
n t
h
e p
ac
k
et
de
l
i
v
er
y
r
ati
o
. It
c
a
ptu
r
es
the
c
om
pe
ti
ng
r
eq
ui
r
em
en
ts
of
c
on
ne
c
ti
on
di
s
ap
p
oi
ntm
en
ts
,
f
al
s
e
l
oc
at
i
on
,
an
d
m
i
s
s
ed
r
ec
og
ni
z
a
bl
e
da
t
a
on
th
e
b
ea
c
on
i
ng
DCF
A
m
ete
r
s
.
Dr
awba
c
k
s
o
f
thi
s
m
od
el
are
r
ou
te
r
ep
ai
r
,
qu
eu
i
n
g
l
os
s
es
when
r
ou
te
m
i
s
f
ortune
s
w
he
n
c
ou
r
s
e
r
ev
e
l
at
i
on
i
s
d
el
a
y
e
d
an
d
c
o
v
eri
ng
.
A
uto
no
m
ou
s
r
ec
on
f
i
gu
r
ati
on
s
y
s
tem
(
A
RS
)
i
nd
e
pe
nd
en
tl
y
l
i
gh
t
en
s
the
n
ea
r
b
y
c
on
n
ec
ti
on
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y
to
s
af
eg
ua
r
d
the
s
y
s
t
em
ex
ec
uti
on
.
T
he
m
eth
od
s
of
S
e
l
f
-
r
ec
on
f
i
gu
r
ab
l
e
w
i
r
e
l
es
s
m
es
h
ne
t
w
ork
s
[3
] i
d
en
t
i
f
i
es
a
d
el
a
y
e
d c
o
v
eri
ng
m
od
el
.
D
y
n
am
i
c
al
l
y
Rec
o
nf
i
gu
r
a
bl
e
Rout
i
ng
P
r
o
toc
o
l
[4]
w
as
i
nte
n
de
d
f
or
s
ub
m
erged
S
en
s
or
Net
w
ork
.
T
he
no
de
s
m
us
t
ha
v
e
the
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
t
o
r
e
-
r
ou
t
e
the
i
r
pa
c
k
ets
i
f
the
de
s
i
gn
of
the
s
y
s
t
em
c
ha
ng
es
.
It
i
s
a
m
ul
ti
-
ho
p
da
ta
gram
r
ou
ti
ng
pl
an
whi
c
h
wi
l
l
of
f
er
s
ol
i
d
s
u
bm
erged
wi
r
e
l
es
s
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
b
y
progr
es
s
i
v
el
y
r
e
-
d
i
r
ec
ti
ng
w
h
en
ne
t
wor
k
s
ett
i
ng
c
ha
n
g
es
.
T
hi
s
tr
ad
i
t
i
on
g
i
v
es
the
pe
r
f
ec
t
c
ou
r
s
es
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
c
orr
es
po
nd
e
nc
e
of
i
nfo
r
m
ati
on
wi
th
no
i
nte
r
f
eren
c
e
an
d
grants
de
pe
nd
a
bl
e
c
orr
es
po
n
de
nc
e
i
ns
i
de
r
es
tr
i
c
ted
.
No
de
-
c
o
nn
ec
ti
v
i
t
y
f
a
i
l
ures
m
a
y
l
ea
v
e
s
om
e
areas
un
c
ov
ered
a
nd
c
orr
up
t
t
he
l
o
y
a
l
t
y
of
the
g
ath
er
ed
d
ata
.
L
os
i
ng
ne
t
wor
k
c
on
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
ha
s
an
ex
tr
em
el
y
ne
ga
t
i
v
e
i
m
pa
c
t
on
t
he
ap
pl
i
c
ati
on
s
.
T
op
ol
og
y
ad
m
i
ni
s
tr
ati
on
t
ec
hn
i
qu
es
f
or
pe
r
s
ev
er
i
ng
n
od
e
f
ai
l
ure
s
i
n
W
S
N
[5]
f
oc
us
o
n
ne
t
w
ork
top
ol
o
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
or
tol
era
ti
n
g/h
an
d
l
i
ng
no
de
f
ai
l
ures
i
n
W
S
Ns
.
F
au
l
t
y
s
en
s
or
no
d
e
i
s
r
ec
og
ni
z
e
d
b
y
c
o
m
pu
ti
n
g
t
he
Roun
d
T
r
i
p
Del
a
y
ti
m
e
of
di
s
c
r
ete
r
ou
nd
tr
i
p
pa
ths
an
d
c
on
tr
as
ti
n
g
th
em
w
i
t
h
l
i
m
i
t
es
tee
m
v
al
u
e [
6]
.
F
ai
l
ure
de
tec
ti
on
us
i
ng
c
o
un
ter
a
pp
r
o
ac
h
[7]
,
ex
am
i
ne
s
the
f
ai
l
ure
c
i
r
c
um
s
tan
c
e
of
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
.
T
hi
s
ap
p
r
oa
c
h
i
s
uti
l
i
s
e
d
to
r
ec
o
up
f
r
o
m
the
m
es
s
ag
e
fai
l
ure
at
t
he
c
i
r
c
u
m
f
erenc
e
no
de
an
d
the
r
ad
i
us
no
de
.
S
e
l
f
-
c
on
ne
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
B
r
ea
k
ag
e
A
nn
ou
nc
em
en
t
[8]
i
ntrod
uc
ed
r
ap
i
d
l
y
di
s
t
i
ng
ui
s
he
s
the
c
on
n
ec
ti
o
n
break
ag
es
i
n
order
to
l
i
m
i
ti
ng
th
e
de
f
err
al
an
d
po
w
er
ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
.
In
t
hi
s
s
c
he
m
e,
a
no
d
e
pe
r
c
e
i
v
es
f
orthc
om
i
ng
c
on
ne
c
ti
on
c
on
n
ec
ti
v
i
t
y
break
ag
es
i
n
s
uc
h
i
nt
erf
ac
ed
c
on
ne
c
t
i
on
bre
ak
ag
e
c
as
es
b
y
i
m
pl
em
en
ti
ng
i
nn
er
de
t
ec
tors
i
ns
i
d
e
of
the
no
de
to
d
et
ec
t
tha
t
c
au
s
e
b
ef
ore
the
c
on
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
bre
ak
ag
e
ac
tua
l
l
y
oc
c
urs
the
r
e
f
ore
the
ne
i
g
hb
o
ur
no
de
s
c
an
prom
ptl
y
s
tart
th
e
c
ou
r
s
e
of
r
ou
te
r
ec
ov
er
y
proc
es
s
.
T
hi
s
s
c
he
m
e
al
s
o
el
i
m
i
na
tes
the
r
ou
ti
n
g
ov
erhe
ad
.
H
ard
w
a
r
e
(
H
W
)
Rec
on
f
i
gu
r
ab
l
e
No
de
w
i
t
h
No
v
e
l
S
c
he
d
ul
i
ng
[9]
e
na
b
l
es
th
e
uti
l
i
z
at
i
on
of
en
v
i
r
on
m
en
tal
i
m
pe
r
ati
v
e
ne
s
s
w
i
t
h
ga
t
he
r
i
ng
c
ares
.
T
he
tas
k
al
l
oc
at
i
on
c
an
be
arr
an
ge
d
b
y
i
m
pe
r
ati
v
en
es
s
av
ai
l
ab
i
l
i
t
y
.
I
n
t
hi
s
a
pp
r
oa
c
h,
en
erg
y
i
m
pe
r
ati
v
e
c
an
b
e
s
av
ed
be
c
au
s
e
on
l
y
the
m
os
t
f
r
eq
ue
ntl
y
us
e
d
tas
k
s
are
ex
ec
ute
d
ti
m
e
to
ti
m
e
on
l
y
us
i
ng
the
ha
r
d
war
e.
T
he
no
v
e
l
s
c
he
du
l
i
n
g
s
tr
at
eg
y
i
s
us
ed
to
i
de
nt
i
f
y
the
m
os
t
v
al
ua
bl
e
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
on
f
or
the
r
ec
on
f
i
gu
r
ab
l
e
ha
r
d
war
e.
T
he
r
ec
on
f
i
gu
r
ab
l
e
H
W
-
ba
s
ed
he
terog
en
e
ou
s
s
y
s
t
em
i
s
a
s
ui
tab
l
e
proc
e
du
r
e
f
or
ex
ten
di
n
g
the
g
et
r
ea
d
y
l
i
m
i
t
of
s
tr
uc
tures
ho
wev
er
at
l
o
wer
i
m
pe
r
ati
v
e
ne
s
s
c
os
ts
. Ho
wev
er,
thi
s
s
c
he
m
e p
r
ov
i
d
es
v
ers
ati
l
e c
om
pl
ex
i
t
y
.
E
ac
h
m
ob
i
l
e
de
v
i
c
e
i
n
the
ne
t
w
ork
i
s
c
on
tr
ol
l
ed
b
y
a
m
ul
ti
-
r
ol
e
ag
e
nt
b
y
us
i
ng
th
e
l
oc
al
i
nte
r
ac
t
i
o
ns
c
an
be
do
ne
us
i
ng
th
e
pro
toc
o
l
D
i
s
tr
i
bu
ted
S
e
l
f
-
O
r
ga
ni
z
at
i
on
A
l
go
r
i
thm
(
DS
O
A
)
.
T
he
r
ol
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
al
l
o
w
s
the
s
tr
e
n
gth
of
c
ha
r
a
c
teri
s
ed
r
ec
on
f
i
g
urat
i
on
w
he
n
t
he
n
od
es
l
ea
v
e
or
arr
i
v
e
i
n
to
the
ne
t
wor
k
o
f
the
gl
ob
a
l
em
ergent
be
ha
v
i
ou
r
.
E
ne
r
g
y
r
ed
uc
t
i
on
i
s
ac
hi
ev
ed
b
y
ad
a
pti
ng
t
he
t
i
m
e i
nte
r
v
al
a
nd
tra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
po
w
er
on
l
y
af
ter th
e n
et
w
ork
f
or
m
ati
o
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4
75
2
IJE
E
CS
V
ol
.
8
,
N
o.
3
,
Dec
em
be
r
2017
:
662
–
6
66
664
3.
Dimin
i
shin
g
Co
n
n
e
ctiv
i
t
y
F
ail
u
r
es
b
y
A
u
t
o
-
Re
co
n
f
igu
r
atio
n
in W
S
N
In
th
i
s
s
c
he
m
e,
the
s
ou
r
c
e
f
l
oo
d
the
Ro
ute
Req
ue
s
t
(
RREQ)
m
es
s
ag
e.
T
he
n
ev
er
y
s
en
s
or
no
de
s
s
c
r
ee
ns
the
na
ture
of
i
ts
c
on
ne
c
ti
o
n
b
y
c
on
s
i
d
erin
g
the
Ro
ute
Repl
y
(
RRE
P
)
m
e
s
s
ag
e.
T
hi
s
i
s
e
ns
urin
g
the
c
o
nn
ec
t
i
v
i
t
y
b
et
w
e
en
a
l
l
no
d
es
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
ork
.
T
h
es
e
no
de
s
are
s
en
di
ng
th
e
c
on
ne
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
as
s
oc
i
ati
on
i
nf
or
m
ati
on
to
t
he
s
ou
r
c
e
no
de
.
T
he
n
th
e
s
o
urc
e
tr
an
s
m
i
t
s
the
d
ata
t
o
r
ec
ei
v
er
no
d
e.
S
ec
on
dl
y
,
t
he
c
on
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
f
ai
l
ures
c
on
n
ec
ti
v
i
t
y
’
s
are
d
ete
c
ted
c
a
us
ed
b
y
pa
c
k
et
l
os
s
or
c
on
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
’
s
are
no
t
us
ed
y
et.
T
hi
r
d
l
y
,
th
i
s
f
ai
l
e
d
no
d
e
c
on
s
tr
uc
ts
the
au
to
r
e
-
c
on
f
i
gu
r
at
i
on
p
l
a
n
an
d
s
e
n
ds
to
the
f
orw
ardi
ng
no
de
a
nd
i
ts
ne
i
g
hb
o
urhoo
d
no
de
.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
t
he
s
e
no
de
s
ex
ec
ute
t
he
s
e
l
f
r
e
-
c
on
f
i
gu
r
at
i
o
n p
l
an
an
d
r
e
-
es
t
ab
l
i
s
hm
en
t o
f
r
ou
te.
Di
m
i
ni
s
hi
n
g
Con
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
F
ai
l
ures
b
y
A
uto
-
Rec
o
nf
i
g
urati
o
n
i
n
W
S
N
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
i
s
ex
am
i
ne
d
b
y
us
i
ng
Net
wor
k
S
i
m
ul
ato
r
-
2.
T
he
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
us
ed
f
or
DC
F
A
an
d
D
S
O
A
are
s
ho
w
n
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1.
P
erf
orm
an
c
e
ev
al
u
ati
on
of
the
DCF
A
an
d
DS
O
A
protoc
o
l
s
are
prov
i
de
d
b
y
es
ti
m
ati
ng
t
he
P
ac
k
et
Del
i
v
er
y
R
ate
,
P
ac
k
et
Lo
s
s
Rate
an
d
Del
a
y
i
n
th
e
ne
t
wor
k
.
T
ab
l
e.1
.
S
i
m
ul
at
i
on
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
lue
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Ty
p
e
W
i
r
e
le
s
s
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
S
i
m
u
la
t
ion
T
i
m
e
5
0
m
s
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
50
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
Ty
p
e
W
i
r
e
le
s
s
P
h
y
Tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
ion
r
a
n
g
e
250m
M
A
C
t
y
p
e
8
0
2
.
1
1
T
he
P
ac
k
et
Del
i
v
er
y
Rat
e
(
P
DR)
i
s
the
r
ati
o
of
nu
m
be
r
o
f
pa
c
k
ets
de
l
i
v
ered
to
al
l
r
ec
ei
v
ers
to
the
n
um
be
r
of
da
ta
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
b
y
the
s
ou
r
c
e
no
d
e.
T
he
P
DR
i
s
c
al
c
ul
a
ted
b
y
t
he
eq
ua
ti
o
n 1
.
F
i
gu
r
e
2
.
P
ac
k
et
Del
i
v
er
y
R
ate
0
0
n
n
P
a
c
k
e
t
s
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
P
D
R
P
a
c
k
e
t
s
S
e
n
t
(
1)
T
he
f
i
gu
r
e
2
s
ho
w
s
the
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
e
o
f
P
DR
f
or
the
propos
ed
s
c
he
m
e
DCF
A
.
T
h
e
P
DR
of
the
LFT
R
m
eth
od
i
s
greate
r
th
an
th
e
ex
i
s
ti
ng
m
eth
o
d
DS
O
A
.
T
he
greate
r
v
al
ue
of
P
D
R
m
ea
ns
th
e b
ett
er perf
orm
a
nc
e o
f
th
e
protoc
o
l
.
0
50
0
10
00
15
00
20
00
25
00
30
00
35
00
40
00
45
00
10
20
30
40
50
D
S
OA
D
CFA
Si
m
u
latio
n
Tim
e
(m
s)
P
acke
t
Re
ceiv
ed
(
b
p
s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJE
E
CS
IS
S
N:
2
50
2
-
4
75
2
Di
m
i
n
i
s
hi
n
g Co
nn
ec
t
i
v
i
ty
F
ai
l
ures
by
A
uto
-
R
ec
on
f
i
gu
r
ati
o
n i
n W
S
N
(
K
. G
u
ga
n
)
665
T
he
P
ac
k
et
Lo
s
s
Rate
(
P
L
R)
i
s
th
e
prop
orti
o
n o
f
th
e
n
um
be
r
of
pa
c
k
ets
dropp
ed
t
o t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
da
ta
pa
c
k
ets
s
en
t. T
he
f
or
m
ul
a u
s
ed
to
c
a
l
c
ul
ate
th
e
P
L
R i
s
gi
v
en
i
n
e
qu
at
i
on
2
.
0
0
n
n
P
a
c
k
e
t
s
D
r
o
p
p
e
d
P
L
R
P
a
c
k
e
t
s
S
e
n
t
(
2)
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
P
ac
k
et
Lo
s
s
Rate
F
i
gu
r
e
4.
D
el
a
y
R
ate
T
he
l
os
s
r
ati
o
of
LFT
R
i
s
l
o
w
er
t
ha
n
the
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
c
he
m
e
DS
O
A
w
hi
c
h
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
3.
L
o
w
er t
he
P
LR
i
n
di
c
ate
s
t
he
hi
g
he
r
p
erf
or
m
an
c
e o
f
th
e
ne
t
wor
k
.
T
he
av
erag
e
de
l
a
y
i
s
de
f
i
ne
d
as
the
ti
m
e
di
f
f
erenc
e
be
t
w
e
en
th
e
c
urr
en
t
p
ac
k
ets
r
ec
ei
v
ed
an
d
the
prev
i
o
us
pa
c
k
et
r
ec
ei
v
e
d.
It
i
s
m
ea
s
ured b
y
t
he
e
qu
ati
on
3
.
0
n
P
k
t
R
e
c
v
d
T
i
m
e
P
k
t
S
e
n
t
T
i
m
e
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
D
e
l
a
y
n
(
3)
0
50
10
0
15
0
20
0
25
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
D
S
OA
D
CFA
Sim
ul
at
i
on
T
i
m
e (
m
s)
P
ac
k
et
d
r
p
p
ed
R
ate
(
p
ac
k
et)
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
D
S
OA
D
CFA
Sim
ul
at
i
on
T
i
m
e
(
m
s)
D
el
ay
(
m
s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4
75
2
IJE
E
CS
V
ol
.
8
,
N
o.
3
,
Dec
em
be
r
2017
:
662
–
6
66
666
F
i
gu
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
tha
t
t
he
a
v
erag
e
de
l
a
y
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
e
of
the
propos
ed
s
c
he
m
e,
the
ac
hi
ev
ed
de
l
a
y
v
a
l
u
e i
s
l
o
w
f
or th
e p
r
op
os
ed
s
c
he
m
e L
F
T
R tha
n t
he
ex
i
s
ti
n
g s
c
he
m
e DS
O
A
.
4.
Co
n
clus
ion
:
Di
m
i
ni
s
hi
n
g
Co
nn
ec
t
i
v
i
t
y
F
ai
l
ures
b
y
A
u
to
-
Rec
o
nf
i
gu
r
ati
on
i
n
W
S
N
to
r
ed
u
c
e
c
on
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
f
ai
l
ures
i
s
pro
po
s
ed
to
o
v
erc
om
e
the
f
r
eq
ue
nt
no
de
c
on
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
f
ai
l
ures
an
d
t
o
prov
i
de
th
e
s
te
ad
f
as
t
da
ta
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
am
on
g
t
he
no
d
es
i
n
t
he
ne
t
wor
k
.
In
W
S
N,
the
t
ota
l
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
g
et
c
ol
l
ap
s
ed
i
f
the
r
e
i
s
the
r
ed
uc
t
i
on
i
n
the
qu
al
i
t
y
of
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
ati
on
b
et
w
e
e
n
the
s
en
s
or
no
de
s
or
f
r
o
m
the
s
en
s
or
no
de
s
to
the
s
i
nk
no
de
s
an
d
thi
s
l
e
ad
s
to
f
ai
l
ure
of
c
on
ne
c
ti
v
i
t
y
’
s
th
es
e
c
a
n
b
e
ov
erc
om
e
b
y
us
i
ng
the
pr
op
os
ed
tec
h
ni
q
ue
.
T
he
s
i
m
ul
at
i
o
n
r
es
u
l
ts
are an
al
y
s
ed
an
d
th
e
prop
o
s
ed
DCF
A
m
ec
ha
ni
s
m
ac
hi
ev
es
t
he
great
er pac
k
et
de
l
i
v
er
y
r
at
e.
Ref
er
en
ce
s:
[1]
A
.E
.
Z
on
o
u
z
,
L.
X
i
n
g,
V
.
M.
V
ok
k
arane
an
d
Y
.L.
S
u
n
.
A
ti
me
-
de
pe
n
de
n
t
c
on
n
ec
ti
v
i
ty
fai
l
ure
mo
de
l
for
wi
r
e
l
es
s
s
en
s
or
ne
twork
s
.
In
Rel
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
an
d
Ma
i
nt
ai
na
b
i
l
i
t
y
S
y
m
po
s
i
um
(
RA
MS
)
.
2014
: 1
-
7
.
[2]
V
al
era,
A
.,
&
T
an
,
H.
P
.
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
of
he
l
l
o
-
ba
s
ed
c
on
ne
c
ti
v
i
ty
fai
l
ure
de
tec
ti
on
i
n
wi
r
el
es
s
ad
ho
c
ne
tw
ork
s
.
In
P
ers
on
a
l
I
nd
oo
r
a
nd
M
ob
i
l
e
R
ad
i
o
C
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
s
(
P
IMR
C)
,
2
01
2
I
E
E
E
23
r
d I
n
terna
ti
o
na
l
S
y
m
po
s
i
um
on
.
2012
:
66
9
-
67
4
.
[3]
K
-
H.
K
i
m
an
d
K
.G
.
S
hi
n
.
S
el
f
-
r
ec
on
f
i
gu
r
ab
l
e
wi
r
el
es
s
m
es
h
ne
t
w
ork
s
.
Network
i
n
g,
IE
E
E
/
A
C
M
Tr
a
ns
ac
ti
o
ns
on
.
20
1
1
;
19
(
2
)
: 3
93
-
4
04
.
[4]
Y
ou
ni
s
,
M
.,
Le
e,
S
.,
S
en
t
urk
,
I.
F
.,
&
A
k
k
a
y
a
,
K
.
T
op
o
l
og
y
m
an
a
ge
me
nt
tec
h
ni
q
ue
s
for
tol
era
ti
n
g
n
od
e
fa
i
l
ure
.
I
n
T
he
A
r
t
of
W
i
r
el
es
s
S
en
s
or
Net
w
ork
s
.
S
prin
ge
r
B
erl
i
n
Hei
d
el
be
r
g.
20
14
: 2
7
3
-
31
1.
[5]
B
.
A
y
a
z
,
A
.
A
l
l
e
n
an
d
M.
W
i
erc
i
groc
h
.
Dy
na
m
i
c
al
l
y
R
ec
on
fi
gu
r
a
bl
e
Ro
uti
ng
P
r
ot
oc
ol
Des
i
g
n
for Und
erw
ate
r
W
i
r
el
es
s
S
e
ns
or Netw
ork
.
20
1
4.
[6]
Duc
he
,
R.
N.,
&
S
ar
w
a
de
,
N.
P
.
S
en
s
or
Nod
e
F
ai
l
u
r
e
Dete
c
ti
o
n
B
as
e
d
on
Ro
un
d
T
r
i
p
Del
a
y
an
d
P
a
t
hs
i
n
W
S
Ns
.
S
en
s
ors
J
ou
r
n
al
,
IE
E
E
.
20
14
;
1
4(2)
:
4
55
-
46
4.
[7]
N.
Rak
es
h,
an
d
V
.
T
y
ag
i
.
F
ai
l
ure
Det
ec
ti
o
n
us
i
n
g
Co
nto
ur
A
pp
r
oa
c
h
on
Net
wor
k
Code
d
DCF
A
l
l
e
l
Ne
t
w
ork
s
.
P
r
oc
ed
i
a
E
ng
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
.
2
01
2
;
3
8:
7
63
-
77
0
.
[8]
H
-
H.
S
h
i
n,
S
.
L
ee
a
nd
B
-
S
.
K
i
m
.
P
erfor
ma
nc
e
I
m
prov
em
e
nt
Us
i
n
g
S
el
f
-
C
o
nn
ec
ti
v
i
ty
-
B
r
ea
k
ag
e
A
nn
o
un
c
e
me
nt
i
n
W
i
r
el
es
s
A
d
-
ho
c
N
etwo
r
k
s
.
In
Com
pu
tat
i
o
na
l
S
c
i
e
nc
e
an
d
E
ng
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g (CS
E
)
, I
E
E
E
1
6th
I
nte
r
na
ti
o
na
l
Co
nf
er
en
c
e.
20
13
;
20
8
-
212
.
[9]
Y
.
Li
,
Z
.
J
i
a,
S
.
X
i
e,
an
d
F
.
Li
u
.
A
n
HW
Rec
on
fi
g
urab
l
e
Node
w
i
th
N
ov
el
S
c
he
d
ul
i
ng
I
n
an
E
ne
r
gy
-
Har
v
es
ti
ng
E
nv
i
r
on
me
nt
.
20
13
;
9(4)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.