TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 20
15, pp. 232 ~ 237
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
13i2.704
6
232
Re
cei
v
ed
No
vem
ber 2
0
, 2014; Re
vi
sed
Jan
uar
y 2, 20
15; Accepted
Jan
uary 15, 2
015
Energy Efficient RF Re
mote Control for Dim
m
ing the
Household Applainces
Rajesh Sing
h*, Piy
u
sh Kuchhal, Anita, Sushaban
Choudh
ar
y
Univers
i
t
y
of Petrole
u
m an
d E
nerg
y
Stud
ies,
Dehr
adu
n, Indi
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: rsingh@
dd
n.upes.ac.i
n
A
b
st
r
a
ct
Durin
g
rec
ent
years ther
e is
a strong
trend
tow
a
rd
s radi
o f
r
equ
ency (RF
)
remote co
ntrol
s
as it i
s
deliv
eri
ng ev
e
n
more c
o
mfor
t to the users
and
incre
a
se
d
usab
ility w
i
th h
i
gh r
obustn
ess
of the RF li
nk
s.
Lower
power consumption with
new
features and sec
u
rity make RF rem
o
te control system
s
m
o
r
e
competitiv
e w
i
th w
i
de
ly
used
IR re
mote
co
ntrol syst
e
m
s.
In this
p
aper
w
e
pr
opos
e, a
RF mod
u
le
b
a
s
e
d
real tim
e
system
, which is
an inte
grated system
des
igned to contro
l
the dimm
ing or
speed of the
app
lia
nces. Z
i
g
bee
mo
dul
e is
used as RF
mo
dul
e to es
tabl
is
h w
i
reless li
nk betw
een R
e
mo
te and a
ppl
ianc
e
se
cti
o
n ha
vi
ng 9
6
0
0
k
b
s
ba
ud
ra
te an
d ran
g
e
o
f
1
00m
. Di
mmin
g
c
ontr
o
l
c
i
rcuits is p
a
rt
of app
lia
nc
es
section
w
h
ich
i
s
use
d
to c
ontr
o
l th
e a
p
p
lia
nc
es corres
p
o
ndi
ng to
sig
n
a
l
s g
ener
ated
by th
e re
mot
e
secti
o
n
.
This system pr
ovid
es en
ergy
efficient sol
u
tio
n
for house
h
o
l
d uses.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
ap
plai
nce secti
o
n
,
dimmi
ng co
ntrol ci
rcuit, en
er
gy efficient, RF
remot
e
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
In present m
a
rket there a
r
e num
ber of
IR
remote controlle
d appl
iances a
r
e a
v
ailable.
The data tran
smissio
n
usi
n
g IR module
s
are havi
ng li
mitation of line of sight, wh
ich is re
qui
red
by transmitter and re
ceive
r
. In this pape
r, an
ene
rgy efficient syste
m
s und
er di
mming condit
i
on
is co
nsi
dered
, paper fo
cu
s on
system
cost, re
al
e
nergy
saving,
reliability an
d environ
me
ntal
friendlin
ess. The syste
m
prop
osed for large-
scale
lighting appli
c
ation
s
wh
ere the dimming
function
ca
n
be u
s
ed to p
r
ovide ene
rgy
saving
s
su
ch
as car pa
rki
n
g,
resi
dential publi
c
pa
rks etc
[1]. The syste
m
provid
es
solution to exi
s
ting wi
red lig
h
t
ning sy
stem
having
compl
e
x con
s
tructi
on
[2]. The ene
rgy co
nsump
t
ion is rapidl
y incre
a
si
ng
due to dev
elopme
n
t of the urb
ani
zat
i
on
pro
c
e
s
s an
d
popul
ation. It also
affects the cost
and
supply of ele
c
t
r
icity [3]. Due
to dra
w
b
a
ck
of
its sho
r
t ran
g
e
and spee
d RS-2
32-ba
se
d digitally
dimming lighting
system an
d a
l
so ea
ch lighti
ng
area
nee
ds
its own driv
er an
d dim
m
er
circuit,
whi
c
h results in larg
e nu
mbers of
circuit
comp
one
nts
and
non
-cost
-
effectivene
ss.
It nee
ds to
i
m
prove
[4]. USB-based
pro
t
ocol i
n
ste
ad
of
the RS-2
32
-b
ase
d
, provid
e better inte
rface an
d increase dimmin
g
cont
rolled
node
s (devices)
with the use
of Zigbee transmi
ssi
on [5].
Zigbe
e transreceiver module i
s
based
on IEEE 802.
15.4
proto
c
ol to
m
a
ke
the
wirel
e
ss
sen
s
o
r
n
e
twork [6
]. T
h
e sy
stem p
r
o
v
ides th
e cha
r
acte
ri
stics of
low
power, lo
w
cost, flexible
stru
cture [7].
ADPCM
(a
d
aptive differe
ntial pul
se
code m
odul
ation)
dimming
co
ntrol
system
can be
u
s
ed
to control
the
LED
cu
rrent
with hi
gh
re
solutio
n
. It also
help
s
to redu
ce
RFI (radi
o
frequ
en
cy in
tensity)
b
e
ca
use
of spre
a
d
ing o
u
t the
harm
oni
c current
of pulses [8]. By simulatio
n
re
sult
s it can
be
con
c
lu
ded that
pul
se width
mod
u
lation
(PWM)-
based
pul
se
positio
n m
o
d
u
lation
(PPM
)
sign
al form
at is better f
o
r vi
sible
ligh
t
comm
uni
cat
i
on
system
s. It is also u
s
eful for ope
ration
of
data transmissi
on an
d dimming
cont
rol sim
u
ltane
ously
[9]. A new scheme i
s
p
r
op
ose
d
to avoid
probl
em
s of
the pul
se
wid
t
h m
odulatio
n
(PWM
) control
of the lamp
curre
n
t. A PWM-co
ntrolle
d half-b
r
id
g
e
inverter i
s
u
s
ed fo
r this
purp
o
se [10]. A
dynamic dim
m
ing
control
system
is
discu
s
s
ed fo
r hig
h
way tu
nnel LE
D lig
hting, ba
sed
on
controllability of LED [11].
2. Hard
w
a
re
De
v
e
lopment
In the propo
sed system th
e commu
nica
tion rang
e betwee
n
remote
and app
alian
c
e nod
e
is of 10
0 met
e
rs. At the
re
mote sectio
n
contro
l
swit
ch
es
(two fo
r
UP/DOWN dim
m
ing bul
b, two
for UP/DOWN dimmin
g
F
an an
d One
for OK the
set level ) are
to gene
rate
control si
gn
als
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Energ
y
Efficient RF Rem
o
te Control fo
r Dim
m
i
ng the
Hou
s
e
hold A
pplain
c
e
s
(Ra
j
esh Sing
h)
233
corre
s
p
ondin
g
to both app
liances. The
bulb is dim
m
ed in eight le
vels and fan i
s
dimme
d in four
levels. Proce
ssi
ng unit is Atmega16, whi
c
h is pro
g
ramm
ed by
Embedded
C langu
age
and
gene
rated
He
x code
is th
e
n
dum
ped to
it throug
h ISP con
n
e
c
tor.
Display unit i
s
to di
splay
a
nd
che
c
k inp
u
t to controll
er.
The bl
ock
di
agra
m
of
re
mote Se
ction
for the
prop
ose
d
system
is
shown in Figure 1 and Fi
gure 2
represent
s the
block di
agram of appllia
nces section for the
prop
osed
system. AVR st
udio4 i
s
u
s
e
d
and
pro
g
ra
mming i
s
do
ne in em
bed
ded
C lan
g
u
age.
Zigbee
is
used a
s
RF m
odule. In thi
s
sy
stem
di
mming
cont
rol ci
rcuits a
r
e used to
control
dimming of a
pplian
c
e
s
wit
h
the help of different po
rts of single con
t
roller.
Figure 1. Block di
agram of
Remote Se
ction
for the pro
p
o
s
ed
system
Figure 2. Block di
agram of
applian
c
e
se
ction
for the pro
p
o
s
ed
system
Figure 3. Dev
e
lope
d re
ceiv
er se
ction
Fi
gure 4. Snap Shot of
develope
d syste
m
3.
Sy
stem Softw
a
r
e
Design
The co
ntroll
er is prog
ram
m
ed with the h
e
lp
of AVR studio. The lan
guag
e used for this is
Embedd
ed C and co
mplie
d with ope
n sou
r
ce comp
iler avr.g
cc.
The software
desig
n of the
system i
s
divided in two
se
ction
s
.
3.1.
Remote Section
Program for remote se
ctio
n:
#incl
u
d
e
<
a
vr/io.h>
// avr main hea
der fil
e
#incl
u
d
e
<
u
til/d
e
la
y_
bas
ic.h>
//avr dela
y
h
e
a
der file
#incl
u
d
e
"lcd.h
" //avr lcd head
er file
DDRB&=
~
(
1<
<
0
); //Assigning
register B as in
put
DDRB&=~(1
<<1
);
DDRB&=~(1
<<2
);
DDRB&=~(1
<<3
);
PORT
B|
=(1
<<0
);
PORT
B|
=(1
<<1
);
PORT
B|
=(1
<<2
);
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 2015 : 232 – 237
234
PORT
B|
= (1<<3);
InitUSART
(71);// initilise USA
R
T
LCDInit (0);// initilise LCD
LCDClear();// c
l
ear LCD
if(
!
(PINB&1)) // read
ing p
i
n 0 o
f
B register
{
_delay
_
ms(
2
00);
LCDClear();
LCDW
riteS
X
Y(
0,0,"F
AN Spee
d in %");
LCDW
riteS
X
Y(
7,1,"10
%
");
USART
W
Char('
a'
);// w
r
ite
dat
a
}
else if(
!
(PINB
&
4
))// readin
g
pi
n 2 of B registe
r
{
_delay
_
ms(
2
00);
LCDClear();
LCDW
riteStrin
g
XY(0,0,"F
AN
Spee
d in %"); // print on LCD
LCDW
riteStrin
g
XY(7,1,"5
0%"
)
; // print on LC
D
USART
W
Char('c'); //
w
r
ite
data
}
The Prog
ram
m
ing win
d
o
w
of AVR studio
4
for rem
o
te Section is
sh
own in Fig
u
re
5.
Figure 5. Pro
g
rammi
ng wi
ndo
w of AVR studio
4
for re
mote Section
3.2.
Applainc
e Section
Program for receive
r
se
ctio
n
InitUSART
(71);// initilise USA
R
T
LCDInit (0);// initilise LCD
LCDClear();// c
l
ear LCD
DDRB=0b00001111;//assign r
egister as output
PORT
B=
0b000
011
11;
w
h
il
e(1)
{
data=UReadChar();// r
ead data as char
if(data=
=
'
a'
)// receiv
ed d
a
ta
{
PORT
B
=
0b00001101;// dimmer si
gnal from PORT B
LCDClear();//clear LCD
LCDWriteSX
Y(0,0,"FAN Spee
d in %");// print on LCD
LCDWriteSX
Y(7,1,"1
0%");// print on LCD
}
else if(d
ata=
=
'
d'
)// received dat
a as char
{
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Energ
y
Efficient RF Rem
o
te Control fo
r Dim
m
i
ng the
Hou
s
e
hold A
pplain
c
e
s
(Ra
j
esh Sing
h)
235
PORT
B=
0b000
000
11; // dimmer sign
al from PORT
B
LCDClear();//clear LCD
LCDWriteSX
Y(0,0,"FAN Spee
d in %");// print on LCD
LCDWriteSX
Y(7,1,"7
5%");// print on LCD
}
The Prog
ram
m
ing win
d
o
w
of AVR studio
4
for
re
ceiver
se
ction is
sho
w
n in Figu
re
6.
Figure 6. Pro
g
rammi
ng wi
ndo
w of AVR studio
4
for re
ceiver
se
ction
Flow Chart:
Figure 7. Flow ch
art of Progra
mming
windo
w of AVR studio4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 2015 : 232 – 237
236
The T
able
1
sho
w
s the l
o
ad p
o
we
r
co
nsum
ption
w.
r.t dimming
l
e
vel of the
d
e
vice
with
the help of di
mmer
circuit, if divided into eight levels.
Table 1. The l
oad po
we
r of dimmabl
e port (up to 1kW)
Inpu
t t
o
dim
m
er
from
c
o
n
t
ro
l
l
e
r
%
in
put
pro
v
id
ed
by
r
e
m
o
t
e
Load
current
(A
)
Voltag
e
across p
o
rt
(V)
Load
Po
w
e
r
(W
)
A
t
50
ohm
111 15
1.1
55
60.5
110 25
1.88
94
176.74
101 40
2.4
120
288
100 50
2.8
140
392
011 60
3.2
160
512
010 75
4.04
202
816.08
001 85
4.36
218
950.48
000 100
4.6
230
1058
Figure 8
sho
w
s th
e graphi
cal relation
of power
con
s
u
m
ption w.
r.t dimmer level. I
t
clearl
y
sho
w
s at low
dimmer level
power con
s
u
m
ption is lo
w.
Figure 8. Gra
ph sh
ows rel
a
tion betwee
n
power con
s
umption w.
r.t dimmer level
s
Black colo
r g
r
aph
line
sho
w
s current
consumption
b
y
system
w.r.
t dimmer lev
e
l. Blue
grap
h lin
e
sh
ows voltag
e required
by th
e sy
stem
w.r.
t dimme
r leve
l. Sky blu
e
g
r
aph li
ne
sh
o
w
s
power con
s
u
m
ption by the system w.r.t
dimmer level.
4. Conclu
sion
Zigbee m
odul
e based d
e
ve
loped
system
has n
o
limit
a
t
ion of line of sight like IR remotes
and e
s
tabli
s
h
wirele
ss li
nk at 960
0kbps. The nu
mb
e
r
of applia
nce
s
can
be
con
t
rolled
by usi
n
g
singl
e modul
e of the prop
ose
d
syste
m
. Dimme
r co
nt
rol sy
stem is
able to re
du
ce the amou
nt of
energy. The system offers ene
rgy sa
ving thr
oug
h
their dimming cap
abilitie
s and to red
u
ce
electri
c
al d
e
m
and.
Referen
ces
[1]
Chu
ng HSH,
Ngai-M
an H
o
, W
e
i Yan, T
a
m PW
,
Hui SY.
Comp
ariso
n
of Dimmabl
e Ele
c
tromagn
eti
c
and
Electro
n
ic
Ball
ast S
y
st
ems-An Ass
e
ssment o
n
E
nerg
y
Efficien
c
y
an
d L
i
feti
me.
Industri
a
l
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on
. 20
07; 5
4
(6): 314
5, 315
4.
[2]
L
i
Li
an
L
i
Li
.
W
i
reless d
i
mmin
g
s
y
stem for
LED Street la
mp base
d
o
n
Z
i
gBee
and G
P
RS
S
y
stem
Scienc
e 3
rd
In
ternatio
nal c
o
nferenc
e on
Engi
neer
in
g D
e
sig
n
an
d Ma
nufacturi
ng. In
formatizatio
n
(ICSEM). 2012
; 2: 100-10
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Energ
y
Efficient RF Rem
o
te Control fo
r Dim
m
i
ng the
Hou
s
e
hold A
pplain
c
e
s
(Ra
j
esh Sing
h)
237
[3]
F
an Chu
n
li
ng,
Guo Yuan.
T
he
applicati
o
n
of
a
Z
i
gBee
ba
sed
w
i
r
e
less
s
ensor n
e
t
w
ork
in the LE
D
street lamp c
ontrol s
y
stem
Image. Interna
t
iona
l Conf
ere
n
ce on A
nal
ysis and Si
gn
a
l
Processi
n
g
(IASP). 2011: 501 – 5
04.
[4]
Che
ng Li
an
g
L. Implementation of a
digita
l
l
y
dim
m
ing co
ntroll
e
d
lighti
ng s
ystem for t
w
o
area fluorescent lamps.
5th
IEEE
Confer
ence
on
Indus
trial Electronic
s an
d Applications (ICIEA).
201
0: 228
1 – 2
286.
[5]
Chu
n
An
C
h
e
ng; H
u
n
g
-Li
a
n
g
C
hen
g, Ku
n
-
Jhen
g L
i
n, K
uan-
Lin
C
hu,
Chu
n
-Hsi
en Y
en. A
di
gital
l
y
w
i
rel
e
ss dimm
abl
e lig
htin
g s
y
stem for t
w
o-ar
ea fluor
esce
nt lamps.
TENCON 2010 - 20
10 IEEE
Regio
n
10 Co
nfere
n
ce
. 2010; 21
73,2
178.
[6]
Sing
h R Mish
ra, S Joshi
P. Pressure Monitori
ng i
n
w
i
rel
e
ss sens
or net
w
o
rk
us
ing Z
i
g
b
e
e
™
transceiv
er mo
dul
e.
ICCCT.
2011 ISBN: 97
8
-
1-45
77-1
3
8
5
-
9
.
[7]
Sing
h R, Mishra S.
T
e
mperature mon
i
tori
ng in
w
i
r
e
less
sensor net
w
o
rk using Z
i
gb
e
e
transceiv
e
r
modu
le.
Pow
e
r, Control an
d E
m
b
e
d
ded Syst
ems
(ICPCES)
.
Internation
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