Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
324~
3
3
0
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.pp
324
-
3
3
0
324
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Electri
cal char
ac
t
er
is
tic of
photov
oltaic
thermal
coll
ec
t
or wit
h
water
-
m
ulti
walled carbon
nanotub
e nanofl
uid
flow
Nu
r
Far
hana
Mohd
R
az
ali, A
hm
ad
Fud
h
oli, Moh
d H
af
idz
R
uslan,
K
am
aruz
z
ama
n
Sopian
Solar
En
erg
y
R
e
sea
rch
Instit
ut
e,
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
43600
Bangi Sel
angor
,
M
al
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
23
, 201
8
Re
vised Ju
n 3
0, 20
18
Accepte
d
J
ul
2
0
, 2
018
Photovolt
aic
therm
al
(PV
T)
stu
die
s
show
pro
mi
sing
result
s
from
uti
li
zi
n
g
waste
hea
t
und
e
r
the
PV
m
odul
e.
Hea
t
r
emoval
is
essenti
al
l
y
th
e
base
of
a
PV
T
col
lector
.
T
he
heat
absorpt
i
on
from
the
ba
c
k
of
the
PV
m
odule
used
for
diffe
ren
t
purposes.
Solar
ene
rg
y
bei
ng
co
ll
e
cted
are
m
ostl
y
t
urn
ed
int
o
h
eat
and
ne
eds
to
be
ext
r
ac
t
ed
to
m
ai
nt
ai
n
PV
’s
eff
ic
i
ency
.
Th
e
PV
T
co
ll
e
ct
o
r
works
sim
il
ar
to
a
fl
at
pl
at
e
solar
col
l
ec
tor
,
exc
ep
t
that
the
short
wave
le
ng
ths
are
conv
ert
ed
into
el
e
ct
ri
ci
t
y
and
the
remai
n
ing
wave
l
engt
hs
int
o
useful
heat.
The
h
ea
t
co
ll
e
c
te
d
is
al
so
at
a
lower
m
agnitu
de
th
an
col
l
ec
t
e
d
b
y
solar
the
rm
al
col
l
ec
to
rs.
Thi
s
stud
y
pre
sent
th
e
exp
eri
m
ent
a
l
inv
est
iga
ti
on
to
improve
the
eff
ic
i
ency
of
PV
T
col
l
ec
tor
with
and
without
Multi
walled
Carbon
Nanotu
be
(MW
CNT)
nanof
lui
d
usi
ng
spiral
re
cta
ngula
r
tub
e
absorbe
r
as
co
oli
ng.
The
el
e
c
tri
c
al
ch
aract
e
ri
stic
of
PV
T
c
oll
e
ct
or
ar
e
rep
rese
nt
ed
b
y
p
lot
ti
ng
power
(P
)
-
volt
ag
e
(V),
cu
rre
nt
(I)
-
vo
ltage
(V)
cur
ves
.
The
result
s
sho
ws
the
power
gene
ra
te
d
wil
l
in
cre
ase
wi
th
the
inc
re
asing
of
solar
rad
iation
,
and
eff
i
ci
en
c
y
i
s
slight
l
y
high
e
r
tha
n
the
PV
T
col
lector
without
MW
CNT.
In
addition
,
the
hig
hest
m
axi
m
um
power
inc
re
ase
is
obta
in
ed
when
the
0.
1
wt%
MW
CNT
nanof
lui
d
is
used
as
a
cool
ant
in
th
e
PV
T
col
l
ec
tor
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Eff
ic
ie
ncy
Fil
l fact
or
I
c
urve
M
W
CNT
Power
PV
T
V
c
urve
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ah
m
ad
F
udholi
,
So
la
r
En
e
r
gy
Re
search
Insti
tute
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Ke
ba
ngsaan
Mal
ay
sia
,
43600 B
an
gi S
el
angor, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
a.fu
dh
ol
i@uk
m
.ed
u.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
S
olar
e
nergy
is
ren
e
wab
le
e
ne
rg
y
that
can
be
produce
the
rm
al
ener
gy
an
d
e
le
ct
rical
ener
gy
.
Ther
m
al
energy
can
be
ob
ta
ine
d
easi
ly
as
long
as
the
r
e
is
su
nshine
usi
ng
m
edium
s
(air
an
d
water)
.
Both
ai
r
a
nd
water
abs
orbs
heat
from
the
therm
a
l
energy
to
be
us
e
d
in
diff
e
re
nt
fiel
ds
.
I
n
te
r
m
s
of
therm
al
energy
f
ro
m
the
ho
t
water
ge
ner
at
e
d
from
so
la
r
energy
can
be
use
d
in
hote
ls
or
inn
s
,
hom
es,
ho
s
pital
s,
la
undr
ie
s
an
d
s
o
on.
Ho
te
l
and
reside
ntial
hous
es
usual
l
y
req
uire
ho
t
water
f
or
bathi
ng
a
nd
dr
i
nk
i
ng.
H
ospit
al
s
also
nee
d
a
lot
of
ho
t
water fo
r
wa
shi
ng
m
edical
d
evices. S
olar
e
ne
rg
y re
cei
ve
d
a
t t
he
Earth'
s surf
ace ca
n be d
i
vid
e
d
int
o
tw
o t
ypes,
nam
ely
ph
ot
ons
for
ge
ner
at
in
g
el
ect
rici
ty
a
nd
the
rm
al
en
erg
y.
Ap
a
rt
from
the
energy
us
e
of
petr
oleum
for
veh
ic
le
s,
el
ect
r
ic
al
energy
is
energy
wh
ic
h
i
s
ve
ry
im
po
rtant
in
our
li
ves
tod
ay
.
Alm
os
t
al
l
daily
act
ivities
in
people'
s
li
ves
tod
ay
re
qu
ire
el
ect
rici
ty
.
Ther
m
al
ener
gy
can
al
so
be
use
d
f
or
ai
r
he
at
ing
d
ur
i
ng
winter
,
pro
du
ct
io
n
of
ho
t
water
f
or
ba
thing
a
nd
wa
sh
in
g,
co
okin
g,
dry
in
g
a
nd
m
any
m
or
e.
Ele
ct
rical
energy
can
be
gen
e
rated
us
i
ng
a
phot
ovoltai
c
(P
V
)
s
olar
colle
ct
or
.
But
the
am
ou
nt
of
el
ect
rici
ty
pr
oduce
d
by
P
V
so
la
r
colle
ct
or
s
will
decr
ease
as a
re
s
ult o
f
inc
reas
ed heat
on PV
cel
ls i
n
the
so
l
ar c
ollec
tors
[1
-
13]
.
The
ph
otovo
lt
a
ic
(
PV
)
is
one
of
the
te
ch
nolo
gy
us
e
d
to
harness
so
la
r
ene
r
gy
.
PV
m
od
ule
fr
om
so
la
r
energy
are
wide
ly
adopted
re
new
a
ble
e
nerg
y
so
urces
a
nd
com
m
ercial
ly
avail
able
syst
em
s
that
can
be
us
e
d
in
var
i
ou
s
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
s.
Howe
ve
r,
the
pr
ob
le
m
of
tem
per
at
ur
e
of
P
V
m
od
ule
raisi
ng
ca
us
es
the
ef
fici
ency
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Ele
ct
ric
al char
acteri
sti
c o
f
photo
v
oltaic t
her
ma
l c
ollec
tor
wi
th
…
(
Nur Farhan
a
M
ohd R
az
ali
)
325
decerease
was
ov
e
rco
m
e
by
add
i
ng
a
heat
recovery
syst
e
m
to
a
PV
m
od
ule.
Th
us
,
photov
oltai
c
t
her
m
al
(P
V
T)
colle
ct
or
s
hav
e
be
en
intro
duce
d
to
to
pr
od
uce
el
ect
rical
and
therm
al
ener
gy
fr
om
so
la
r
energy
si
m
ultaneou
sly
.
A
PVT
coll
ect
or
ty
pical
ly
com
pr
ise
s
an
PV
m
odule
,
abs
orber
plate
an
d
a
heat
re
m
ov
al
syst
e
m
.
The
P
V
m
od
ule
are
us
ua
ll
y
at
ta
ched
to
th
e
abs
or
ber
plate
.
P
VT
colle
ct
or
s
ha
ve
been
de
v
el
oped
i
n
var
i
ou
s
syst
em
s
over
the
past
few
ye
ars.
H
oweve
r,
ne
w
st
ud
ie
s
are
sti
ll
bein
g
c
onduct
ed
to
im
pr
ov
e
syst
e
m
eff
ic
ie
ncy
in
te
rm
s
of
the
rm
al
an
d
el
ect
rical
aspects.
Va
rio
us
st
ud
ie
s
ha
ve
bee
n
c
onduct
ed
on
P
VT
c
ollec
tor
s
base
d
on
ai
r
,
w
at
er
,
ai
r
-
water,
and
water
-
na
nof
uid
s
as h
eat
carriers
.
A
wat
er o
r nan
of
l
uid based
P
VT
co
ll
ect
or
has
sim
il
ar
structu
re
as
the
c
onve
ntion
al
fla
t
plate
so
la
r
c
ol
le
ct
or
s.
T
he
a
bs
or
ber
co
ns
ist
of
tu
be
is
at
ta
ched
to
the
PV
m
od
ul
e
in
order
to
use
for
heati
ng
pur
po
ses
.
The
water
base
d
P
VT
colle
ct
or
cou
l
d
achie
ve
enh
a
nc
e
coo
li
ng
e
ff
ect
i
ven
e
ss
com
pared
to
t
he
ai
r
ba
sed
syst
em
du
e
to
t
he
hi
gh
therm
al
m
ass
of
water
over
t
he
ai
r.
Var
i
ou
s
t
heore
ti
cal
and
ex
pe
rim
ental
stud
ie
s
of
PVT
coll
ect
or
s
a
re
av
ai
la
ble
in
the
li
te
ratur
e
[
1
4
-
2
1
]
.
To
ov
e
rc
om
e
the
lim
it
at
ion
of
c
onve
rsion
e
ff
i
ci
ency
of
PV
cel
l,
phot
ovoltai
c
therm
al
(P
VT)
wa
s
int
rodu
c
e
d
wh
ic
h
is
th
e
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
ly
us
ed
m
et
hod
f
or
act
ive
c
oo
li
ng
t
hat
pro
vid
e
both
th
erm
al
and
el
ect
rici
ty
si
m
ultaneou
sly
[22].
Be
side
that,
by
m
od
ify
in
g
the
nonlinea
r
I
-
V
cal
culat
ion
w
hich
i
nclu
des
open
ci
rcu
it
,
extrem
e
power
an
d
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
,
th
e
theor
et
ic
al
and
sim
ulati
on
appr
oach
of
th
e
photovo
lt
ai
c
cel
l
b
y
Ma
tl
ab
-
Sim
uli
nk
Sit
ua
ti
on
ca
n
be
e
valuated to
get
a
bette
r
perform
ance
[2
3,
24]
.
Zo
nda
g
et
al
.
[25]
ev
al
uated
var
i
ou
s
desig
ns
of
P
VT
wate
r
colle
ct
or
.
T
he
desig
ns
ha
ve
cat
ego
rise
d
to
sh
eet
and
tu
be
,
channel,
f
re
e
flow
and
tw
o
a
bsor
ber.
Althou
gh
the
s
heet
a
nd
tub
e
desi
gn
is
in
dicat
ed
2%
le
ss
in
ef
fici
ency
tha
n
t
he
c
hannel
desig
n,
it
is
th
e
easi
est
desig
n
f
or
m
anu
fact
ur
i
ng
proces
s.
Th
us
,
t
his
desi
gn
is
the
m
os
t
prom
isi
ng
com
pare
d
to o
t
her desi
gns.
Re
centl
y,
var
i
ou
s
stu
dies
ha
ve
be
en
c
ondu
ct
ed
PVT
coll
ect
or
s
base
d
on
wate
r
-
na
nofluid
s
as
hea
t
carrier
has
be
en
de
velo
pe
d.
Sar
dar
a
bad
i
e
t
al
.
[2
6
]
inv
e
sti
gated
e
xpe
rim
ental
ly
the
e
ff
ect
s
of
sil
ic
a/
wate
r
nano
fluid
s
on
therm
al
and
el
ect
rical
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
P
VT.
T
he
diff
e
re
nt
co
ncen
t
rati
on
of
nano
fluid
in
dicat
ed
that
overal
en
erg
y
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
an
d
total
e
xergy
inc
rease
with
hi
gh
e
r
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
na
nofl
uid
s.
Th
e
eff
ic
i
ency
P
V
T
eq
uipped
wi
th
a
colle
ct
or
c
om
par
ed
with
no
c
ollec
tor
show
sig
nificantl
y
hig
he
r
perfom
ance.
Zei
nali
et
al
.
[
27
]
in
vestigat
e
d
the
c
on
vecti
ve
heat
tran
sfe
r
of
nano
fluid
s
in
la
m
inar
flo
w
th
rou
gh
a
c
hannel
with
a
square
-
cro
ss
sect
io
n
r
esulte
d
i
n
inc
r
ea
sing
heat
t
ra
ns
fe
r
when
the
siz
e
of
nano
pa
rtic
le
is
sm
a
ller
a
nd
vo
l
um
e
fr
act
ion
is
i
ncr
ease
d.
Wor
k
ha
ve
been
la
rg
el
y
carried
out
on
na
noflui
d
for
the
past
de
cades.
Ex
per
im
ents
sh
owe
d
a
sig
nif
ic
ant
increa
se
for
the
rm
al
con
duct
ivit
y
by
disp
e
rsion
of
l
ess
tha
n
1%
volum
e
fr
act
io
n
of
na
nofl
uid
s.
The
id
eal
therm
al
pr
op
e
rtie
s
of
na
noflui
d
wit
h
hi
gh
e
r
the
rm
al
cond
uctivit
y
and
heat
trans
fer
,
sm
al
l
er
an
d
com
pact
design
of
P
VT
will
bec
om
e
po
ssible
w
it
ho
ut
le
sse
ning
the
de
sired
ou
t
pu
t
.
Youse
fi
et
al
.
[2
8
]
in
vestigat
ed
t
he
ef
fici
en
cy
of
flat
plate
so
la
r
water
he
at
er
colle
ct
or
by
va
ryi
ng
the
m
ass
flo
w
rate
a
nd
vo
l
um
e
con
cen
trat
ion
of
al
umi
na
na
nofl
uid
.
The
res
ult
dr
e
w
that
by
inc
re
asi
ng
m
ass
flo
w
rat
e
from
1
to
3
L/m
in,
the
ef
fici
ency
of
s
olar
c
ollec
tor
i
ncr
ea
sed
at
a
c
ons
ta
nt
volum
e
concentrat
io
n.
Ji
ng
et
al
.
[29]
prep
are
of
hi
gh
ly
disp
e
rsed
SiO
2
/H
2
O
with
var
i
ous
par
ti
cl
e
siz
es.
They
ci
rc
ulate
the
nano
fluid
bot
h
above
t
he
PV
pan
el
to
filt
er
I
R
par
t
of
t
he
i
ncide
nt
li
ght
a
nd
bel
ow
the
P
V
cel
l
to
rem
ov
e
th
e
heat
ge
ner
at
e
d
in
the
phot
oelet
ric
co
nv
e
rsion
process
.
T
his
desig
n
is
help
f
ul
in
reduce
t
he
oper
at
io
n
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
P
V
cel
l
and
e
xpect
ed
t
o
im
pr
ov
e P
V
T eff
ic
ie
ncy.
A
dv
a
ntage o
f
li
quid f
il
te
r
is t
ha
t t
hey can
be
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed dyna
m
ic
al
l
y
by
pum
ps
,
m
agn
et
ic
/e
le
ct
ric
fiel
d
an
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
cha
ng
e
s.
X
u
a
nd
Klei
ns
tre
uer
[30]
showe
d
that
con
ce
ntrati
on
PV
T
us
i
ng
na
noflui
d
is
m
ore
su
it
able
f
or
sil
ic
on
so
la
r
c
el
l
co
m
par
ed
t
o
m
ulti
j
unct
io
n
so
la
r
cel
ls
and
t
he
overall
e
nergy
c
onve
rsion
ef
fic
ie
ncy
of
the
C
PV
/T
syst
em
i
s
highe
r
tha
n
t
hat
of
c
onve
ntion
al
syst
e
m
.
Gh
adir
i
et
al
.
[3
1]
ev
al
uated
the
ef
f
ect
of
fe
rrof
l
uid
as
co
olant
on
the
ove
rall
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
P
VT.
T
he
resu
lt
s
f
ound
t
hat
50%
inc
rea
se
in
overall
ef
fici
ency
w
hen
ferrofl
uid
was
placed
unde
r
a
lt
ern
at
ing
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d wit
h 50 H
z fr
e
quency.
Ma
ny ex
pe
rim
ent stud
ie
s
fo
c
us
e
d
on the siz
e, ar
ra
ngem
ent
an
d
ty
pe of f
lu
id u
se
d
f
or
c
oo
li
ng
in
P
VT
colle
ct
or
,
ho
w
ever
stu
dies
usi
ng
na
noflui
d
a
s
a
co
olant
is
s
ti
ll
at
an
early
sta
ge.
T
he
us
e
of
na
noflui
d
as
heat
trans
fer
f
l
uid
i
n
the P
VT
c
ollec
tor
prov
e
d
to
r
esult i
n bett
er
p
er
form
ance.
This p
a
pe
r
pre
sents an
e
xperi
m
ental
st
ud
y
t
o
in
ves
ti
gate
the
el
ect
rical
cha
racteri
sti
c
of
a
P
VT
colle
ct
or
with
an
d
with
ou
t
Mult
iwal
le
d
C
arbo
n
Nanotu
be (M
WCNT
) na
nofluid
flo
w wit
h
s
piral r
ect
a
ngul
ar tube a
bsor
be
r.
2.
MA
TE
RIA
L
AND ME
TH
ODS
The
set
up
of
P
VT
c
ollec
tor
duri
ng
t
he
in
do
or
e
xperim
ent
u
nde
r
so
la
r
si
m
ula
tor
is
s
hown
i
n
Fi
gure
1
a
.
S
piral
rectangula
r
tu
be
ab
so
r
be
r
(
Fig
ur
e
1b)
we
re
sel
ect
ed
in
this
study
based
on
a
stud
y
by
I
br
a
hi
m
et
al
.
[
32,
33
]
,
Fud
holi
et
al
.
[3
4
]
and
Aisya
h
et
al
.
[35]
.
T
he
width
of
the
a
bs
or
ber
is
1.9
c
m
×
1.
9
cm
with
a
thickne
ss
of
1
m
m
.
The
i
m
pr
ov
em
ent
of
the
loo
ser
form
of
stud
y
is
that
t
he
diam
et
er
of
the
abs
orber
is
raised
to
increase
the
tou
ch
s
urface
area
betwee
n
the
PV
m
od
ule
and
the
ab
sor
ber.
The
m
at
er
ia
l
us
ed
to
m
a
ke
this
abs
orber
is
rat
her
tha
n
a
r
us
t
-
pro
of
pa
ti
ent.
The
co
nductivit
y
of
the
te
r
m
inu
s
is
16
.
3
to
20.0
W
/m
K.
This
m
at
erial
is
chosen
because
of
it
s
cheap
e
r
pr
i
ce
com
par
ed
t
o
c
opper
an
d
hi
gh
cal
or
ific
re
sist
ance.
A
sta
nd
a
r
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
324
–
330
326
po
ly
cryst
al
li
ne
80
W
PV
m
odule
represe
nted
as
a
flat
plate
unglazed
s
heet
at
ta
ch
ed
on
th
e
top
.
T
he
coll
ect
or
m
ade
up
of
sin
gle
unil
at
eral
channel
f
or
t
he
fluid
t
o
flo
w
is
inserted
unde
r
neath
the
PV
m
od
ule.
The
si
ze
of
PV
T
c
ollec
tor
su
r
face
is
1.2
m
lon
g
an
d
0.
5
wide
.
K
-
ty
pe
therm
oco
uple
us
e
d
with
data
log
ge
r
to
c
ollec
t
the
PV
m
od
ule
s
ur
face
te
m
per
at
ur
e
,
inlet
a
nd
ou
tl
et
fluid
.
T
he
change
of
te
m
per
at
ur
e
durin
g
the
e
xperim
e
nt
can
be
trac
ked
a
nd
recorde
d
in
1
m
inu
te
.
The
t
ot
al
incident
ra
di
at
ion
on
the
s
yst
e
m
is
m
eas
ur
e
d
by
pyra
nom
et
er.
A
fl
ow m
et
er (
1
-
4 G/M
)
m
ounted
at
t
he o
pe
ning
of f
lu
i
d
in
le
t fo
r
contr
olli
ng of m
ass f
lo
w
r
at
e.
The
ex
pe
rim
e
nt
was
co
nduc
te
d
unde
r
in
door
te
sti
ng
facil
it
y
us
ing
so
la
r
si
m
ulator.
Th
e
si
m
ulator
consi
st
of
40
ha
log
e
n
la
m
ps
and
t
he
intensit
y
of
so
la
r
ra
dia
ti
on
co
ntr
olled
by
var
ia
ble
vo
lt
age
con
t
ro
ll
er
.
The
PV
T
c
ollec
tor
has
bee
n
e
xpose
d
to
the
s
ola
r
ra
diati
on
of
900
W
/m
2
fo
r
40
m
inu
te
s
be
f
or
e
c
ollec
ti
ng
data
to
ens
ur
e
t
he
e
quil
ibriu
m
sta
te
of
ra
diati
on.
The
c
ha
ng
e
of
vo
lt
age
are
recorde
d
us
i
ng
el
ect
ric
loa
d
unde
r
diff
e
re
nt
m
ass
flo
w
rate
an
d
vo
l
um
e
con
cen
trat
io
n
of
na
no
fluid.
The
m
as
s
flow
rate
of
water
of
0.0
25
5
kg/s.
The
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
th
e
syst
em
colle
ct
ed
fr
om
therm
oco
uple
store
d
in
the
A
DA
M
D
at
a
Acquisi
ti
on
Syst
e
m
for
e
ver
y 1
m
inu
te
a
nd
la
te
r
u
se
d
to
cal
cula
te
the
el
ect
rical
an
d
t
her
m
al
eff
ic
ie
ncy
f
or
the
co
ll
ect
or.
T
he
water
was
ci
rc
ulate
d
arou
nd
t
he
syst
e
m
us
ing
the pum
p
and
heat
e
xch
a
nger u
se
d
for
c
oo
li
ng
t
he
fluid
in
t
he
cl
oose
d
loop
syst
e
m
.
The
co
oling
f
lui
d
us
e
d
in
this
exp
e
rim
ents
are
water
an
d
wat
er
-
M
W
C
NT
w
it
h
0.
02
wt%
a
nd
0.1
wt%
co
nce
ntr
at
ion
.
M
WCN
T
n
a
noflui
ds
are
pre
par
e
d
with
s
on
ic
at
or
and
ad
de
d
with
sta
bili
zer
.
The
so
nicat
io
n
pro
cess
f
or
dis
persi
ng
na
nopa
rtic
le
in
disti
ll
ed
water
is
a
bout
1
hour.
T
he
ze
ta
po
te
ntial
is
us
e
d
to
exam
ine
the
sta
bili
ty
of
na
nofluid
pr
e
pa
red.
The
pro
per
ti
es
of
flui
d
us
ed
is
sh
ow
n
in
Ta
ble
1
.
The
el
ec
tric
al
data
c
ollec
ti
on
f
or
volt
age,
c
urren
t,
op
e
n
ci
rcu
it
vo
lt
age
(
V
oc
)
a
nd
s
hort
ci
rcu
it
cu
rr
e
nt
(I
sc
)
use
s
a
n
el
ect
ronic
load
of
85
00
m
od
el
fr
om
BK
P
recisi
on.
T
he
data
obta
in
ed
is
us
e
d
to
plo
t
the
I
-
V
c
urve
gr
a
ph.
M
axim
u
m
powe
r
(
Pm
)
can
be dete
rm
ined fr
om
the g
ra
ph.
Table
1.
Fluid
roper
ti
es
Flu
id
Particle
Size
(µ
m
)
Heat Capacit
y
(J/k
g
K
Den
sity
(kg
/
m
3
)
Ther
m
a
l Co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
(
W
/
m
K
)
MW
C
NT/w
ater
D:1
1
0
-
190
L:
5
-
9
630
1700
~3
0
0
0
(a)
(b)
Figure
1
(a
)
.
P
VT wat
er c
olle
ct
or
unde
r
s
ola
r
sim
ulator
, (b
)
Sp
i
ral recta
ngular
t
ub
e
ab
s
or
ber
at
ta
ched
at t
he PV
bac
k
The
el
ect
rical
eff
ic
ie
ncy
of
t
he
P
V
m
od
ule
is
m
easur
ed
by
the
m
axi
m
um
po
we
r
rati
o
(P
m
)
to
the
intende
d ra
diati
on
,
=
(1)
wh
e
re
A
c
is
the
s
urface
are
a
of
the
c
ollec
tor,
S
is
the
intensit
y
of
ra
diati
on
,
an
d
P
m
is
der
ived
from
th
e
equ
at
io
n,
=
×
(2)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Ele
ct
ric
al char
acteri
sti
c o
f
photo
v
oltaic t
her
ma
l c
ollec
tor
wi
th
…
(
Nur Farhan
a
M
ohd R
az
ali
)
327
The
featu
res
of
a PV
m
od
ule
can b
e rem
ov
e
d
from
the P
V
m
od
ule o
utput wh
ic
h
can b
e e
xp
la
ine
d
by
the
resu
lt
in
g
I
-
V
curve
d
nat
ur
e
of
the
cu
rv
e
.
The
cu
rv
e
c
ha
ng
e
s
as
a
fu
nc
ti
on
to
the
P
V
tem
per
at
ure
(T
pv
)
an
d
the s
olar radiat
ion
(S)
receive
d by the m
odule.
The
fill
factor
of
a
PV
m
od
ul
e
is
a
m
easur
e
of
the
real
I
-
V
chara
ct
erist
ic
curve.
It
defi
ned
as
th
e
m
axi
m
u
m
po
w
er
rati
o
(P
m
)
pr
oduce
d
by
the
cel
l
against
the
open
ci
rcu
it
volt
age
pro
du
ct
(V
oc
)
an
d
t
he
c
lose
d
ci
rcu
it
curre
nt
(I
sc
)
. T
his f
il
l f
act
or
(F
F
)
ca
n be
wr
it
te
n
as
=
×
(3)
The
featu
res
of
a PV
m
od
ule
can b
e rem
ov
e
d
from
the P
V
m
od
ule o
utput wh
ic
h
can b
e
e
xp
la
ine
d
by
the r
es
ulti
ng I
-
V
c
urve
d nature
of the
curve
. T
he
c
urve c
ha
ng
e
s as a
fu
nction
t
o
the
P
V
t
e
m
per
at
ure (
T
pv
)
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
PV
T
c
ollec
tor
with
an
d
with
out
M
W
CNT
na
noflui
d
has
be
en
te
ste
d
in
the
la
borato
ry.
The
ef
fect
of
m
ass
flow
rate
change
on
P
VT
colle
ct
or
without
M
W
C
NT
na
noflui
d
can
be
seen
in
Table
2.
At
the
m
ass
flo
w
rate
of 0
.
012
kg
/s
a
nd
the
s
olar
ra
diati
on
c
ha
ng
e
d
fro
m
50
0
W/m
2
t
o
90
0
W
/m
2
,
I
sc
increase
d
f
rom
0.
84
1
A
to
2.018
A
a
nd
V
oc
decr
eas
ed
f
ro
m
17.52
V
to
17.00
V.
The
re
s
ulti
ng
powe
r
al
so
i
ncrea
sed
f
r
om
9.
85
3
W
to
22.
823
W
i
n
the
sam
e
so
la
r
ra
diati
on.
T
he
inc
rease
in
the
I
sc
a
nd
t
he
decr
ease
of
V
oc
was
re
co
rd
e
d
whe
n
the
m
ass
flow
rate
was
cha
nged
to
0.0
255
kg/s.
Wh
e
n
the
m
axi
m
u
m
incr
ease
in
power
i
s
recorde
d
as
5.0
4%
,
4.36
%
an
d
3.3
2%
at
50
0
W
/
m
2
,
700
W
/m
2
and
900
W/m
2
at
the
sam
e
m
ass
flow
rate
of
0.0
12
kg/s
an
d
0.025
5 kg
/s
.
Table
2.
E
ffec
t o
f
s
olar radiat
i
on and m
ass f
l
ow r
at
e
on
V
oc
and I
sc
of P
VT c
ollec
tor
S (
W
/
m
2
)
ṁ
=
0.0
1
2
kg
/s
ṁ
=
0.0
2
5
5
kg
/s
I
s
c
(A
)
V
o
c
(V)
P
m
(
W
)
I
s
c
(A
)
V
o
c
(V)
P
m
(
W
)
500
0
.84
1
1
7
.52
9
.85
3
0
.87
8
1
7
.33
1
0
.33
6
700
1
.36
0
1
7
.35
1
6
.02
9
1
.42
4
1
7
.05
1
6
.72
8
900
2
.01
8
1
7
.00
2
2
.82
3
2
.08
0
1
6
.84
2
3
.58
0
Af
te
r
t
he
PVT
colle
ct
or
without
M
W
CNT
na
noflui
d
te
st,
the
opim
u
m
m
a
ss
flo
w
rate
de
te
rm
ined
is
0.025
5
kg/s.
PV
T
c
ollec
tor
was
stu
died
with
M
W
C
NT
nanof
l
uid
s
at
diff
e
re
nt
co
nc
entrati
on
(
0.0
2
wt%
and
0.
1
wt%
).
Figure
2
to
Figure
4
show
s
the
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
cu
rv
es
at
th
e
m
ass
flow
ra
te
of
0.0
255
kg/s
an
d
the
so
la
r
ra
dia
ti
on
of
500
W
/m
2
to
900
W
/m
2
,
and
sum
m
arized
in
Table
3.
F
or
PV
T
c
ollec
tor
withou
t
M
W
CNT
na
no
fluid,
I
sc
increa
ses
from
0.
878
A
to
2.
08
0
A
wh
e
n
the
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on
cha
nges
from
50
0
W
/m
2
to
900
W
/m
2
.
Wh
e
n
the
P
V
T
colle
ct
or
wit
h
0.0
2
wt
%
M
WCNT
acc
umulat
es
an
incre
ase
fro
m
0.
912
A
to
2,087
A
i
n
the
sam
e
ob
ser
vation.
At
hi
gh
e
r
c
on
ce
ntrati
ons
of
M
W
C
NT
na
noflui
d
,
the
I
sc
change
d
f
ro
m
0.919
A
to
2.15
4 A.
Me
anwhil
e,
V
oc
fo
r
PVT
coll
ect
or
wit
hout
M
W
CNT
nano
fluid
decr
ea
sed
from
17
.43
V
to
16.
84
V
.
The
V
oc
cha
nge
for
the 0
.
02 w
t%
an
d
0.1
w
t%
MW
C
NT
na
nof
uid
,
t
he
V
oc
of
c
ollec
tors
i
s
17.
34
V
to 16.92
V
and
17.
25
V
t
o
16.82
V,
res
pe
ct
ively
.
The
di
sp
la
cem
ent
of
the
heat
i
ns
ide
the
na
no
be
nd
is
higher
t
ha
n
water
fo
ll
owin
g
th
e
hi
gh
e
r
na
nostr
uc
ture
of
t
he
na
no
st
ru
ct
ur
es
.
I
ncr
ease
d
rem
ov
al
of h
ig
her
hea
t
will
further
reduc
e
PV
m
od
ule
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
Th
e
i
m
pr
ession,
an
increase
to
the
power
of
m
axi
m
u
m
and
higher
el
ect
rical
i
m
ped
ance
is li
ste
d.
Table
3.
E
ffec
t o
f
s
olar radiat
i
on and m
ass f
l
ow r
at
e
on
V
oc
and I
sc
of P
VT c
ollec
tor wit
h and wit
ho
ut
M
W
CNT
n
a
no
flid
S
(
W
/
m
2
)
MW
C
NT
Isc
(A
)
Vo
c
(V
)
Pm
(W)
FF
(%)
500
W
ith
o
u
t
0
.87
8
1
7
.43
1
0
.33
6
0
.67
9
3
.32
0
.02
wt%
0
.91
2
1
7
.34
1
0
.64
5
0
.67
3
3
.42
0
.1 wt%
0
.91
9
1
7
.25
1
0
.78
0
0
.68
0
3
.47
700
W
ith
o
u
t
1
.42
4
1
7
.25
1
6
.72
8
0
.68
9
3
.68
0
.02
wt%
1
.45
6
1
7
.21
1
6
.82
3
0
.67
9
3
.70
0
.1 wt%
1
.46
4
1
7
.13
1
7
.04
1
0
.68
4
3
.75
900
W
ith
o
u
t
2
.08
0
1
6
.84
2
3
.58
0
0
.67
3
4
.01
0
.02
wt%
2
.08
7
1
6
.92
2
3
.75
4
0
.67
8
4
.02
0
.1 wt%
2
.15
4
1
6
.82
2
3
.79
0
0
.66
5
4
.05
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry
201
9
:
324
–
330
328
Figure
2
.
P
ow
e
r
(
P)
an
d
c
urre
nt (I)
over
volt
age
(V)
for
P
V
T co
ll
ect
or
without M
W
C
NT
at
so
la
r ra
diati
on of
500
t
o 900 W/
m
2
Figure
3
.
P
ow
e
r
(
P)
an
d
c
urre
nt (I)
over
volt
age
(V)
for
P
V
T co
ll
ect
or
with
0.
02
wt%
MWCNT
n
a
nofl
uid
at
so
la
r ra
diati
on
of 50
0
to
90
0 W
/m
2
Figure
4
.
P
ow
e
r
(
P)
an
d
c
urre
nt (I)
over
volt
age
(V)
for
P
V
T co
ll
ect
or
with
0
.1
wt% M
WCNT
na
nofl
uid
at
so
la
r ra
diati
on
of 50
0
to
90
0 W
/m
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
0
5
10
15
20
Power
(W
)
Curr
ent
(A)
V
olt
ag
e (
V
)
I
-
V
,
5
0
0
I
-
V
,
7
0
0
I
-
V
,
9
0
0
P-
V
,
5
0
0
P-
V
,
7
0
0
P-
V
,
9
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
0
5
10
15
20
power
(W
)
Curr
ent
(A)
V
olt
ag
e (
V
)
I
-
V
,
5
0
0
I
-
V
,
7
0
0
I
-
V
,
9
0
0
P-
V
,
5
0
0
P-
V
,
7
0
0
P-
V
,
9
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
0
.
5
1
1
.
5
2
2
.
5
0
5
10
15
20
Power
(W
)
Curr
ent
(A)
V
olt
ge
(V
)
I
-
V
,
5
0
0
I
-
V
,
7
0
0
I
-
V
,
9
0
0
P-
V
,
5
0
0
P-
V
,
7
0
0
P-
V
,
9
0
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Ele
ct
ric
al char
acteri
sti
c o
f
photo
v
oltaic t
her
ma
l c
ollec
tor
wi
th
…
(
Nur Farhan
a
M
ohd R
az
ali
)
329
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
On
the
basis
of
pr
ese
nt
stu
dy,
the
res
ults
of
these
stu
di
es
m
ay
be
con
cl
uded
as
f
ol
low:
1)
The
highest
m
axi
m
um
po
we
r
i
ncrea
se
is
obta
ine
d
wh
e
n
t
he
0.1
wt%
M
W
C
N
T
na
noflui
d
is
us
e
d
as
a
co
ol
ant
in
the
P
VT
c
ollec
tor.
2)
T
he
po
wer
ge
ner
at
e
d
will
increase
w
it
h
the
a
dd
it
io
n
of
s
olar
rad
ia
t
ion
a
nd
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
is
sli
gh
tl
y hig
he
r t
han
t
he
P
VT
c
ollec
tor wit
hout
M
W
CNT
n
a
nofl
uid
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENT
The
a
uthor
s
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
t
o
th
ank
the
U
niv
e
rsiti
Keb
a
ngsa
an
Ma
la
y
-
sia
(
UK
M
)
f
or
f
un
ding
(G
P
-
K02
0448)
a
nd
(GGP
-
20
17
-
04
5), also
P
rof.
Dr
. Z
aha
ri Ibra
him
f
or
indo
or
te
sti
ng
in
P
hys
ic
s Lab
orat
ory
(
So
l
a
r
Si
m
ulator
La
b.) a
nd the
So
la
r
Energy Re
se
a
r
ch Ins
ti
tute
(SER
I)
,
UKM.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Budiy
ant
o,
F
adl
iondi
(2018)
,
The
improvem
ent
of
solar
ce
l
l
o
utput
power
using
cool
ing
and
r
efl
e
ct
ion
from
m
irror
.
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Jou
rna
l
of
Pow
er
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s
and
Dr
ive
S
y
s
te
m
s (IJP
EDS),
8
(3)
,
132
0
-
26.
[2]
Yah
y
a
M,
Fudholi
A,
Hafi
z
h
H,
Sopian
K
(
2016),
Com
par
ison
of
solar
dry
er
and
solar
-
assisted
hea
t
pum
p
dry
er
for
ca
ss
ava
.
Solar
E
ner
g
y
136,
606
-
13.
[3]
Yah
y
a
M,
Fudholi
A,
Sopian
K
(2017),
Ene
rg
y
and
ex
erg
y
ana
l
y
ses
of
solar
-
assisted
flui
di
zed
bed
dr
y
ing
integra
t
e
d
with
biomass
fur
nac
e
.
R
ene
wab
le E
ner
g
y
105,
22
-
29.
[4]
Fudholi
A,
Sopian
K,
Gabb
asa
M,
Bakhty
a
r
B,
Yah
y
a
M,
Ruslan
MH
,
Mat
S
(2015),
T
echno
-
ec
onom
ic
o
f
solar
dr
y
ing
s
y
st
ems
with
wat
er
base
d
solar
col
l
ec
tor
s
in
Mal
a
y
si
a:
a
rev
ie
w,
Ren
ewa
ble
and
Sus
ta
in
a
b
le
Ene
rg
y
R
eview
2015;
51:
809
-
8
20.
[5]
Fudholi
A,
Sopian
K,
Bakh
t
yar
B,
Gabba
sa
M
,
Othm
an
MY
,
R
uslan
MH
(2015
),
Rev
ie
w
of
sol
ar
dr
y
ing
s
y
st
ems
with
air
-
base
d
solar
c
oll
e
ct
ors i
n
Mal
a
y
sia
.
R
ene
wab
le
and
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
Ene
rg
y
R
evi
ew
51,
1191
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1204
.
[6]
Fudholi
A,
Sopian
K,
Rusl
a
n
MH
,
Alghoul
MA
,
Sulai
m
an
MY
(2010),
Re
vie
w
of
sol
ar
dr
y
ers
for
ag
ric
u
ltural
and
m
ari
ne
produ
ct
s.
Rene
wab
le a
nd
Sus
ta
ina
ble E
n
er
g
y
Reviews
14(1
),
1
-
30
.
[7]
Fudholi
A,
Sopian
K,
Alghoul
MA
,
Ruslan
MH
,
Oth
m
an
MY
(2015),
Per
form
anc
es
and
i
m
prove
m
ent
pote
ntial
of
solar
dr
y
ing
s
y
st
em for
pa
lm oil f
ronds.
Rene
w
able
En
erg
y
78
,
56
1
-
65.
[8]
Fudholi
A,
S
opia
n
K,
Yaz
di
MH
,
Ruslan
M
H,
Gabba
sa
M,
Kaz
em
HA
(201
4),
Perform
anc
e
ana
l
y
sis
of
solar
dr
y
ing
s
y
stem for
r
ed c
hil
i. Sola
r
En
erg
y
99,
47
-
54.
[9]
Fudholi
A,
S
opia
n
K,
Othm
an
MY
,
Ruslan
MH
(2014),
Ene
rg
y
and
ex
erg
y
ana
l
y
ses
of
solar
dr
y
ing
s
y
st
em
for
red
sea
wee
d
.
En
erg
y
and
Bu
il
dings
6
8,
121
-
29
.
[10]
Fudholi
A,
Othm
an
MY
,
Ruslan
MH
,
Sopi
an
K
(2013),
Dry
ing
of
Mal
a
y
s
i
an
Capsic
um
an
nuum
L.
(re
d
ch
il
i)
dr
ie
d
b
y
open and
sol
a
r
dr
y
ing. Interna
t
iona
l
Journal
of P
hotoe
ner
g
y
,
1
-
9.
[11]
Fudholi
A,
Bakhty
ar
B
,
Sal
eh
H,
Ruslan
M
R,
Othm
an
MY
&
Sopian
K
(2016),
Dr
y
ing
of
salted
silve
r
je
wfi
sh
in
a
h
y
brid
sol
ar
dr
y
i
ng
s
y
stem
and
u
nder
open
sun:
m
odel
ing
and
pe
rform
a
nce
an
alys
es.
Inte
rna
ti
ona
l
Journal
of
Gre
en
Ene
rg
y
13
(11),
1135
-
1144.
[12]
Fudholi
A,
Sopian
K,
Rusl
a
n
MH
,
Othm
an
MY
(2013),
Perf
orm
anc
e
and
cos
t
ben
efi
ts
ana
l
y
s
is
of
doubl
e
-
pas
s
solar
col
l
ec
tor
with
an
d
without fi
ns.
E
ner
g
y
Conversio
n
and
Man
age
m
ent
76
,
8
-
19
.
[13]
Fudholi
A,
Sopian,
K,
Rusla
n
MH
,
Othm
an,
MY
,
Bakhty
ar
,
B
(2013).
Ene
rg
y
anal
y
sis a
nd
i
m
prove
m
ent
pot
ent
i
al
o
f
finne
d
doub
le
-
p
a
ss
solar
colle
ct
or
.
En
erg
y
Conv
er
sion a
nd
Man
ag
ement
75
,
234
-
4
0.
[14]
Fudholi
A,
Zohri
M,
Jin
GL,
Ibra
him
A,
Yen
CH,
Othm
an
MY
,
Ruslan
M
H,
Sopian
K
(20
18),
Ene
rg
y
and
exe
rg
y
ana
l
y
ses of
pho
-
tovol
taic
the
rm
a
l
collector
wi
th
▽
-
groove
.
Sol
ar Ene
rg
y
159
,
742
-
50.
[15]
Fudholi
A,
Sopian
K
(2018),
R&D
of
Photovolt
aic
Therm
al
(PV
T)
Sy
st
ems
:
an
over
vie
w
.
Int
ern
ational
Journ
al
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ron
i
cs
and
Dr
ive
S
y
s
te
m
s (IJP
EDS) 9
(2), 803
-
10.
[16]
Fudholi
A,
Sopian
K
(2018),
Review
on
e
xer
g
y
and
en
erg
y
an
aly
sis
of
solar
a
ir
heate
r
.
In
te
rna
ti
ona
l
Journal
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
ron
i
cs
and
Dr
ive
S
y
s
te
m
s (IJP
EDS) 9
(1), 420
-
26.
[17]
Fudholi
A,
Sop
ia
n
K
(201
8),
Rev
ie
w
on
s
ola
r
col
l
ec
tor
fo
r
agr
i
cul
tur
al
pr
oduce
.
Internat
i
onal
Journa
l
of
Pow
er
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Drive
S
y
s
te
m
s (I
JP
EDS) 9
(1),
4
14
-
19.
[18]
Fudholi
A,
Haw
LC,
Sopi
an
K
&
Abdul
m
ula
AM
O
(20
18),
Prim
ar
y
stud
y
of
tra
ck
ing
photovol
taic
s
y
s
te
m
fo
r
m
obil
e
sta
ti
on
in
Malay
si
a. I
nt
ern
at
ion
al
Journa
l
o
f
Pow
er
Elec
tron
ic
s a
nd
Drive
S
y
stems
(IJP
EDS)
9
(1), 427
-
32.
[19]
Zohri
M,
Nurat
o
N,
Fudh
oli
A
(2017),
Photovolt
a
ic
the
r
m
al
(PV
T)
s
y
st
em
with
and
w
it
hout
f
ins
Coll
ec
tor
:
The
ore
ti
c
al Approac
h.
Int
ern
a
ti
o
nal
Journa
l
of
Pow
er
Elec
troni
cs
and
Drive
S
y
st
e
m
(IJP
EDS) 8(4)
,
1756
-
63
.
[20]
Zohri
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ta
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c
the
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erg
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e
conomi
c
ana
l
y
sis
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oelec
tr
ic
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T
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TE
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ai
r
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cal
m
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th
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the
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c
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PV
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TE
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a
ir
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Inte
rn
at
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cal
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iv
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heat
tr
ansfe
r
of
Al
2
O
3
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te
r,
Cu
O/wate
r
and
Cu/
wate
r
nanof
lu
ids
through
square
cro
ss
-
sec
ti
on
duct
on
la
m
ina
r
fl
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Engi
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r
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H2O
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d
on
th
e effi
c
ie
nc
y
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flat
-
pla
t
e
solar
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ct
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n
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Hy
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d
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taic
t
he
rm
al
(PV
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ai
r
and
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r
b
ase
d
col
l
ec
tors
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ble
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c
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i
enc
i
es
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ent
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at
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photovo
lt
a
ic
the
rm
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T
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A
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az
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an
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hi
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A
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em
HA
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P
erf
orm
anc
e
ana
l
y
sis
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taic
the
r
m
al
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wat
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r
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CN
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ce
k
a
pan
pengumpul
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m
engguna
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te
rm
a
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a
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uk
pi
li
n
(Ef
ficien
c
y
of
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col
le
ctor
using
spira
l
the
rm
al
absorbe
r
design),
Sa
ins M
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859.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.