I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
710
~
7
2
0
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijeecs.v
25
.i
2
.
pp
7
1
0
-
7
2
0
710
J
o
ur
na
l
ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Im
pro
v
ing
t
he de
sig
n of super
-
lift
Luo
conv
erte
r usi
ng
hybrid
switching
capa
ci
t
o
r
-
inductor
cell
f
o
r P
V sy
stem
H
us
s
ei
n Abd
ul
-
K
hu
der
H
u
s
s
ein,
H
a
s
s
a
n J
a
s
s
im
M
o
t
la
k
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
B
a
b
y
l
o
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
C
i
t
y
o
f
h
i
l
l
a
,
I
r
a
q
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
18
,
2
0
2
1
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
19
,
2
0
2
1
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
2
9
,
2
0
2
1
In
th
is arti
c
le,
a
n
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
to
th
e
p
o
siti
v
e
o
u
tp
u
t
su
p
e
r
-
li
ft
Lu
o
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(P
OSL
C)
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
to
g
e
t
h
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
a
t
a
l
o
w
d
u
ty
c
y
c
le.
Also
,
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
stre
ss
o
n
t
h
e
sw
it
c
h
a
n
d
d
io
d
e
s,
re
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
c
u
rre
n
t
t
h
ro
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
c
to
rs
t
o
re
d
u
c
e
lo
ss
,
a
n
d
i
n
c
re
a
se
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
Us
in
g
a
h
y
b
ri
d
s
witch
u
n
it
c
o
m
p
o
se
d
o
f
fo
u
r
in
d
u
c
t
o
rs
a
n
d
two
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
rs
it
is
re
p
lac
e
d
b
y
th
e
m
a
in
in
d
u
c
to
r
i
n
th
e
e
lem
e
n
tary
c
ircu
it
.
It’s
c
h
a
rg
e
d
i
n
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
wit
h
th
e
sa
m
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
d
i
n
se
ries
.
Th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
is
in
c
re
a
se
d
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts.
Th
e
g
a
in
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
is
m
o
d
e
led
.
Th
e
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
b
e
twe
e
n
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
(C
CM
)
a
n
d
d
isc
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
(DCM)
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
d
e
riv
e
d
.
P
a
ss
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
re
d
e
sig
n
e
d
t
o
g
e
t
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
(8
ti
m
e
s
a
t
D=
0
.
5
)
a
n
d
lo
w
rip
p
le
a
b
o
u
t
(
0
.
0
0
4
).
T
h
e
c
ircu
it
is
sim
u
late
d
a
n
d
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
sin
g
M
ATLAB/S
imu
li
n
k
.
M
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
e
r
(M
P
P
T)
c
o
n
tro
ls
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
rter t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
m
o
st i
n
te
re
st f
ro
m
so
lar en
e
rg
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
Hig
h
g
a
in
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t tr
ac
k
er
Po
s
itiv
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
PV sy
s
tem
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Hu
s
s
ein
Ab
d
u
l
-
Kh
u
d
e
r
Hu
s
s
ein
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
B
ab
y
lo
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
C
ity
o
f
h
i
lla,
B
ab
il Pr
o
v
in
ce
,
I
r
a
q
E
m
ail:
h
u
s
s
ein
.
r
ad
i@
s
tu
d
en
t.u
o
b
ab
y
l
o
n
.
ed
u
.
iq
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
D
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
-
DC
)
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
m
ee
t
r
esid
en
tial,
co
m
m
er
cial,
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
n
ee
d
s
in
o
u
r
d
aily
liv
es
[
1
]
.
Mo
d
er
n
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
m
p
ac
t,
r
o
b
u
s
t,
p
o
wer
f
u
l,
an
d
in
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
li
n
ea
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
b
est
r
ep
lace
d
b
y
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Ma
n
y
m
o
d
e
r
n
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
aten
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
[
2
]
-
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
y
b
r
i
d
v
eh
icl
es,
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
wh
ile
th
e
cir
cu
its
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
i
n
tr
ac
tio
n
,
m
ac
h
in
e
m
o
to
r
s
,
an
d
f
u
el
ce
lls
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
lif
t
(
SL)
m
eth
o
d
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
lift
(
VL
)
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
with
o
u
t
r
ip
p
le
[
8
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
esig
n
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
g
r
ad
u
ally
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
(
VL
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
r
(
SL)
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
eo
m
etr
ically
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
u
lti
-
tim
ed
-
m
u
lti
lev
el
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
as
u
s
ed
to
lift
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
with
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
t
h
e
s
witch
es,
th
e
th
r
ee
lev
els
co
n
v
er
ter
was
th
r
ee
tim
es
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
t
h
at
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Ma
n
y
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
(
POSLC
)
u
s
ed
th
e
s
witch
in
g
ce
ll
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
[1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
f
o
u
r
tim
es
th
e
g
ain
at
h
alf
-
d
u
ty
cy
cle
is
to
ad
d
an
in
d
u
ct
o
r
an
d
d
io
d
e
in
s
er
ies
an
d
co
n
n
ec
t
w
ith
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
io
d
e
in
p
ar
all
el
(
POSLC
)
[
1
2
]
,
to
r
ea
ch
a
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
.
An
o
th
er
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
b
y
ad
d
i
n
g
f
o
u
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
f
o
u
r
d
i
o
d
es
ca
n
r
aise
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
ab
o
u
t
f
iv
e
tim
es
at
o
n
e
-
h
alf
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
[
1
3
]
,
r
ec
en
tly
a
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
n
(
POSLC
)
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
1
4
]
u
s
in
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
witch
in
g
ce
ll
co
m
b
in
e
d
f
r
o
m
two
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
o
n
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
two
d
io
d
es,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
is
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
is
th
e
s
am
e
a
s
[
1
5
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f su
p
er
-
lift
Lu
o
co
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
h
yb
r
i
d
s
w
itch
in
g
…
(
Hu
s
s
ein
A
b
d
u
l
-
K
h
u
d
er Hu
s
s
ein
)
711
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
L
u
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
ca
n
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
c
h
a
h
ig
h
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ain
(
at
least
1
0
tim
es
th
e
g
ain
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
)
,
an
d
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
to
u
s
e
a
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
in
d
u
cto
r
u
n
it
[
16
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
o
b
tain
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
th
ey
ar
e
in
te
g
r
ated
i
n
to
a
s
im
p
le
co
n
v
e
r
ter
.
An
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ci
r
cu
it
th
at
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ten
tim
es
o
r
m
o
r
e
an
d
o
p
er
ate
with
h
ig
h
ef
f
icie
n
cy
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
h
as
b
ee
n
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
jo
u
r
n
als
an
d
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[1
8
]
.
A
lo
t
o
f
h
ig
h
g
ain
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
g
en
er
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
8
]
w
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
its
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
p
r
ac
ticality
an
d
f
o
r
its
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
a
n
ew
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
o
n
s
u
p
er
-
lift
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
in
g
ce
ll
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
o
u
r
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
two
c
ap
ac
ito
r
s
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
th
an
elem
en
tar
y
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
in
ce
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
8
tim
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
at
D=
0
.
5
an
d
2
0
tim
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
at
D=
0
.
8
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
(
MPPT
)
was
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
t
o
m
ee
t
f
u
ll
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
a
n
d
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t
b
o
o
s
t
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
s
atis
f
y
m
ax
im
u
m
in
ter
est
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
.
PV
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
im
p
o
r
tan
t
as
it
o
f
f
er
s
m
a
n
y
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
s
in
clu
d
in
g
n
o
f
u
el
co
s
ts
,
alm
o
s
t
n
o
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
litt
le
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
an
d
n
o
n
o
i
s
e
em
is
s
io
n
[
1
9
]
.
T
o
im
p
lem
en
t
an
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
,
s
o
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
in
th
is
p
ap
er
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tp
u
t
s
u
p
er
lift
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
with
h
y
b
r
id
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
in
d
u
cto
r
s
wi
tch
in
g
ce
ll,
wh
ich
h
as
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
,
v
er
y
lo
w
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
,
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le.
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
w
ith
g
ain
m
o
r
e
th
an
f
o
u
r
tim
es o
f
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
at
a
v
er
y
lo
w
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
wh
en
c
o
n
tr
o
l w
ith
MPPT.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
u
o
co
n
v
er
ter
2
.
1
.
T
o
po
lo
g
y
o
f
P
V
mo
del
A
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
d
ev
ice
co
n
v
er
ts
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
i
n
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els,
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
ar
e
m
ad
e
u
p
m
o
s
tly
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
p
ar
allel
o
r
s
er
ies,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
n
ee
d
s
,
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
el
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
in
s
er
ies
,
wh
il
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
el
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
a
r
r
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
ce
lls
in
p
ar
allel
[
20
]
,
F
ig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws a
cir
cu
it
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
PV m
o
d
el
cir
cu
it [
2
1
]
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
'
s
P
-
V
an
d
I
-
V
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
n
o
t
lin
ea
r
.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
i
n
ten
s
ity
ar
e
th
e
two
m
ajo
r
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
PV
d
e
v
ice.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
PV
d
ev
ice
ch
an
g
e
as
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
lev
el
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le'
s
n
o
m
in
al
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
r
e
2
5
°C
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
(
G=
1
)
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
e
p
icts
th
e
P
-
V
an
d
I
-
V
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
a
PV
ce
ll
[
22
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
-
ci
r
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
VOC)
is
th
e
h
ig
h
est
v
o
ltag
e
a
ce
ll
wil
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
wh
en
I
=
ze
r
o
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
22
:
7
1
0
-
7
2
0
712
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
SC
)
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
th
at
b
elo
n
g
to
a
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
wh
en
V=
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
PV
ce
ll
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
at
ju
s
t
o
n
e
p
o
in
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
er
v
ice,
wh
ich
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t,
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
t
ed
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
b
y
I
’
m
,
Vm
,
a
n
d
Pm
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
an
id
ea
l
ce
ll
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
is
(
1
)
,
=
−
(
1
)
I
d
is
th
e
Sh
o
ck
ley
eq
u
atio
n
,
R
sh
is
th
e
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el,
an
d
I
pv
is
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
g
en
er
ated
b
y
lig
h
t,
wh
ich
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll'
s
li
g
h
t
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
p
r
im
a
r
ily
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
a
n
d
its
wo
r
k
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
in
C
elsi
u
s
.
=
[
+
(
−
)
]
.
(
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll [
2
5
]
I
SC
is
th
e
ce
lls
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
at
(
2
5
°C
)
an
d
(
G=
1
)
,
KI
is
th
e
ce
ll'
s
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
-
e
f
f
icien
t,
T
r
an
d
T
c
ar
e
th
e
ce
ll'
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
Sh
o
ck
ley
eq
u
ati
o
n
is
,
=
{
(
)
−
1
}
(
3
)
=
−
−
(
4
)
=
−
{
(
)
−
1
}
−
+
(
5
)
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
a
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
alize
d
PV
ar
r
a
y
m
ath
em
atica
l
eq
u
atio
n
with
(
Ns)
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
eq
u
en
ce
an
d
(
Np
)
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
d
u
les
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
p
ar
allel,
q
i
s
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
[
1
.
6
0
x
1
0
-
19
C
]
,
k
is
th
e
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t [
1
.
3
8
x
1
0
-
23
J
/K]
,
is
,
=
−
{
(
+
)
−
1
}
(
6
)
=
(
)
3
[
(
1
−
1
)
]
(
7
)
w
h
er
e
(
E
g
)
is
th
e
b
an
d
g
ap
en
e
r
g
y
o
f
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
an
d
(
I
r
s
)
is
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t o
f
a
ce
ll
at
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
a
n
d
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
Fo
r
p
o
ly
cr
y
s
tallin
e
Si,
(
E
g
)
is
ar
o
u
n
d
1
.
1
2
eV
a
t
2
5
o
C
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
(
8
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lc
u
late
a
ce
ll'
s
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
r
s
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f su
p
er
-
lift
Lu
o
co
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
h
yb
r
i
d
s
w
itch
in
g
…
(
Hu
s
s
ein
A
b
d
u
l
-
K
h
u
d
er Hu
s
s
ein
)
713
=
(
(
)
)
−
1
(
8
)
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
em
p
lo
y
DC
-
DC
s
tep
-
u
p
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
PV
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
to
r
aise
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
v
o
ltag
e.
On
e
s
witch
(
S
)
,
o
n
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
(
L
)
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
1
an
d
C
2
)
,
a
n
d
two
d
io
d
es
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
(
POSLC
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
th
e
(
POSLC
)
cir
cu
it
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
[
2
7
]
,
as
well
as
its
m
o
d
elin
g
(
9
)
(
o
n
-
s
tate)
an
d
(
1
0
)
(
o
f
f
-
s
tate)
f
o
r
d
is
p
lay
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
ai
n
[
2
8
]
.
=
=
1
=
/
(
9
)
=
(
1
−
)
/
=
−
2
(
1
−
)
/
(
1
0
)
=
=
2
−
1
−
(
1
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
lem
e
n
tar
y
cir
c
u
it (
POSLC
)
[
2
9
]
2
.
2
.
M
o
dify
(
P
O
SL
C)
T
h
e
elem
en
tar
y
cir
cu
it
o
f
(
P
OSLC)
i
s
h
ig
h
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
[
30
]
.
W
e
ca
n
g
et
m
an
y
tim
es
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
with
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
to
r
a
is
e
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
at
a
l
ev
el
th
at
m
ak
es
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
witch
ca
u
s
e
m
o
r
e
lo
s
s
es
.
H
y
b
r
id
s
witch
in
g
-
ca
p
a
cito
r
-
in
d
u
ct
o
r
(S
-
C
-
L
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ce
ll
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
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a
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co
m
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o
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ed
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f
f
o
u
r
in
d
u
cto
r
s
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n
d
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ca
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s
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e
v
o
ltag
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o
u
t
eig
h
t
tim
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at
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
0
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5
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ch
ar
g
e
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n
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ar
allel
th
e
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am
e
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p
u
t v
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ltag
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d
d
is
ch
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g
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in
s
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ies to
in
cr
ea
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e
th
e
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u
tp
u
t v
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ltag
e
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
cir
cu
it
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
,
its
o
n
-
o
f
f
s
tate
F
ig
u
r
e
s
5
(
b
)
,
a
n
d
5
(
c
)
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
f
o
u
r
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
(
L
1
,
L2
,
L3
,
a
n
d
L
4
)
,
th
r
ee
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
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C2
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an
d
C3
,
o
u
t
p
u
t
ca
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ito
r
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ed
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ce
th
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t
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t
v
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e
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ip
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le
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io
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es
D
m
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m
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io
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m
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p
r
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tects
th
e
cir
c
u
it
f
r
o
m
r
ev
er
s
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
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h
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
at
s
witch
-
o
n
is
,
=
1
=
2
=
3
=
4
=
1
=
2
=
3
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1
2
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t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
at
s
witch
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o
f
f
is
,
1
=
4
−
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1
3
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f
r
o
m
th
e
v
o
lt
-
s
ec
o
n
d
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ce
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+
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1
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0
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1
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ub
(
1
2
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d
(
1
3
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in
(
1
4
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we
g
et
th
e
v
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ltag
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g
ain
,
=
=
4
1
−
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1
5
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i
n
(
1
5
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is
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
eq
u
atio
n
th
at
m
ea
n
s
wh
e
n
th
e
d
u
ty
is
0
.
5
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
eig
h
t
tim
es
.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
d
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
an
d
g
ain
f
o
r
b
o
th
elem
e
n
tar
y
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
cir
cu
its
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
22
:
7
1
0
-
7
2
0
714
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ied
cir
c
u
it o
f
(
POSLC
)
is
(
a)
M
ain
cir
cu
i
t
,
(
b
)
C
ir
cu
it a
t switch
-
on
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(
c)
C
ir
cu
it a
t switch
-
o
f
f
,
an
d
(
d
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R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etw
ee
n
g
ain
a
n
d
d
u
ty
cy
cle
f
o
r
b
o
th
POSLC
an
d
MPOSL
C
2
.
3
.
Desig
n o
f
pa
s
s
iv
e
elem
e
nts
Fro
m
(
9
)
,
=
(
1
6
)
-
:
R
ip
p
le
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
e
d
(
0
.
2
to
0
.
4
)
-
L
m
in
=
3
e
−
4
H
I
t’
s
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
to
wo
r
k
in
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
-
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
CCM
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T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
ap
ac
ito
r
can
b
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
(
1
7
)
,
=
2
0
(
1
7
)
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le
in
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
1
,
2
,
3
=
ℚ
1
,
2
,
3
=
(
1
−
)
1
,
2
,
3
=
1
−
1
,
2
,
3
(
1
8
)
1
,
2
,
3
=
0
∕
2
0
=
1
−
2
1
,
2
,
3
(
1
9
)
1
,
2
,
3
=
1
−
2
1
,
2
,
3
(
2
0
)
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
t
o
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et
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th
an
5
% [
3
1
]
.
=
1
.
5
μ
f
I
t’
s
th
e
m
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im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
a
p
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ito
r
f
o
r
wo
r
k
in
g
in
C
C
M.
T
ab
le
1
Sh
o
ws
all
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
ich
s
im
u
lated
in
MA
T
L
AB
an
d
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
with
its
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
an
d
PV
ce
ll
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
u
o
co
n
v
e
r
ter
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
t
ed
an
d
s
im
u
lated
in
MA
T
L
AB
,
w
it
h
h
y
b
r
i
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
in
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
in
g
ce
ll
an
d
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
(
P
&
O
)
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l,
as sh
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f su
p
er
-
lift
Lu
o
co
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
h
yb
r
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d
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w
itch
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g
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(
Hu
s
s
ein
A
b
d
u
l
-
K
h
u
d
er Hu
s
s
ein
)
715
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
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ed
co
n
v
er
ter
I
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a
r
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me
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e
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o
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a
l
u
e
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n
i
t
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n
p
u
t
v
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l
t
a
g
e
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12
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o
l
t
2
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u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
96
V
o
l
t
3
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
L1
,
L
2
,
L
3
,
L
4
0
.
8
m
h
e
n
r
y
4
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
C
1
,
C
2
,
C
3
,
C
o
2
2
0
u
F
a
r
a
d
5
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
F
6
0
0
0
0
HZ
6
D
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
D
0
.
5
-
7
Lo
a
d
r
e
si
s
t
a
n
c
e
R
50
O
h
m
8
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
P
2
1
3
W
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Mo
d
if
ied
(
POSLC
)
with
s
witch
in
g
S
-
C
-
L
ce
ll a
n
d
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
2
.
4
.
B
o
un
da
ry
co
nd
it
io
ns
bet
wee
n CC
M
a
nd
D
CM
W
h
en
s
witch
(
s
)
o
n
at
T
=
0
~D
(
9
)
s
atis
f
ied
,
w
h
en
s
witch
(
s
)
o
f
f
at
T
=
1
-
D
,
=
4
−
4
=
(
1
−
)
(
2
1
)
=
(
4
−
0
)
(
1
−
)
4
(
2
2
)
s
u
b
(
9
)
i
n
(
2
2
)
we
g
et
,
(
1
−
)
=
4
(
4
−
)
(
2
3
)
in
(
2
3
)
s
h
o
win
g
t
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
tim
e
at
th
e
s
witch
-
o
f
f
.
=
1
2
(
1
−
)
(
2
4
)
I
L
eq
u
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ig
n
al
in
cu
r
r
en
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
,
at
s
tead
y
s
tate
=
0
so
,
1
2
(
1
−
)
=
(
2
5
)
1
2
4
(
4
−
)
∗
=
(
2
6
)
1
2
∗
4
2
2
(
4
−
)
=
(
2
7
)
1
2
∗
4
2
2
(
4
−
)
=
(
2
8
)
2
−
4
+
2
2
2
=
0
(
2
9
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
25
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
20
22
:
7
1
0
-
7
2
0
716
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
law
.
=
2
∓
√
4
2
−
2
2
2
(
3
0
)
=
2
2
(
2
+
2
1
−
)
2
−
4
(
3
1
)
T
h
e
(
3
1
)
d
r
aws
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
b
etwe
en
C
C
M
an
d
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
DC
M
)
we
ca
n
d
r
aw
th
e
c
u
r
v
e
b
etwe
en
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
τ
=
(
f
L
)
/R
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
.
No
tice
if
we
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
o
v
er
its
lim
its
th
e
c
ir
cu
its
wo
r
k
at
DC
M
th
at
m
ea
n
th
e
in
d
u
ct
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
o
f
f
-
s
tate
will
b
e
ze
r
o
f
o
r
a
wh
ile
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
B
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
b
etwe
en
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M
f
o
r
POSLC
an
d
MPOSL
C
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
A
ND
DIS
C
USS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
wit
ho
ut
M
P
P
T
Mo
d
if
ied
(
POSLC
)
th
at
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
h
as
b
ee
n
s
im
u
l
ated
an
d
a
n
aly
ze
d
with
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
th
e
s
im
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lts
s
atis
f
y
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
we
ch
o
o
s
e
all
in
d
u
cto
r
s
with
v
alu
e
0
.
8
m
H
an
d
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
wi
th
2
2
0
µF
an
d
th
e
lo
ad
with
5
0
Ω
a
n
d
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
6
0
0
0
0
HZ
,
F
ig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
PV
p
an
el
d
iv
id
ed
e
q
u
al
ly
b
etwe
en
all
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
,
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
in
d
u
cto
r
th
at
s
av
es
s
ize
an
d
p
r
o
tect
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
in
p
u
t p
u
ls
atin
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t in
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
cir
cu
it c
a
n
r
e
d
u
ce
its
ef
f
ec
t a
n
d
p
r
o
tect
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Mo
d
if
ied
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
cu
r
r
en
t
,
(
a)
in
d
u
cto
r
s
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
(
b
)
in
p
u
t p
u
ls
atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
F
ig
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
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ig
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itiv
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ch
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s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
d
esig
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f su
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Lu
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ve
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ter u
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w
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u
l
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h
u
d
er Hu
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717
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u
r
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t v
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u
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u
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b
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t c
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n
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ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4
7
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2
I
n
d
o
n
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J
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lec
E
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&
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p
Sci
,
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l.
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2
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r
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ated
f
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m
th
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PV
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el
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s
h
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ld
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
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n
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ter
with
m
ax
im
u
m
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r
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o
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tr
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er
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h
e
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V
ch
ar
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cter
is
tic
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s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
F
ig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
o
d
if
ied
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
im
p
lem
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t
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n
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
with
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alg
o
r
ith
m
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
co
n
v
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ter
an
d
ex
tr
ac
t
m
ax
im
u
m
p
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wer
p
o
in
t
.
F
ig
u
r
e
11
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
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ter
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an
d
th
e
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icien
cy
is
ab
o
u
t
9
4
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e
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o
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im
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Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
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th
e
in
p
u
t
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f
co
n
v
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ter
f
r
o
m
PV
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d
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t
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th
e
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te
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Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
P
in
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d
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o
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
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N
T
h
e
d
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n
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d
m
o
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o
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e
d
p
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s
itiv
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u
tp
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t
s
u
p
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lift
L
u
o
c
o
n
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e
r
ter
(
MP
OSLC)
ar
e
s
im
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lated
s
u
cc
ess
f
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lly
with
MA
T
L
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/S
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d
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er
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e
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ally
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e
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y
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it
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.
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r
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t p
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r
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en
t p
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tects th
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wer
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p
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esp
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in
th
e
n
o
n
-
is
o
lated
co
n
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er
ter
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f su
p
er
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lift
Lu
o
co
n
ve
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ter u
s
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g
h
yb
r
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d
s
w
itch
in
g
…
(
Hu
s
s
ein
A
b
d
u
l
-
K
h
u
d
er Hu
s
s
ein
)
719
Fro
m
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
ee
n
th
e
s
m
all
a
r
ea
o
f
wo
r
k
i
n
DC
M
an
d
t
h
e
f
r
ee
r
o
p
er
atio
n
in
C
C
M,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
c
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r
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en
t
h
as
n
o
t
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ch
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ze
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o
.
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h
is
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y
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n
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e
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ased
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th
e
MPPT
o
f
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in
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en
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en
t
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h
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t
o
v
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y
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tem
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s
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ag
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ltu
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al
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r
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ts
to
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u
n
p
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m
p
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ig
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th
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is
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lled
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ith
m
th
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tr
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f
r
o
m
PV
in
cr
ea
s
es
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
E.
C
a
n
,
“
P
W
M
c
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o
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mu
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.
[
2
]
E.
V
.
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P
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p
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s (I
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/
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C
P
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2
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.
[
3
]
E.
C
a
n
,
“
A
n
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w
m
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-
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[
4
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y
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h
n
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2
0
0
3
.
[
5
]
X
.
H
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g
,
K
.
Li
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d
X
.
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.
[
6
]
L.
Zh
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,
D
.
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,
G
.
S
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M
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[
7
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T.
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8
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[
9
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0
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[
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1
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2
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[
1
3
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.
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.
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[
1
4
]
A
.
T.
M
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mm
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.
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2
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[
1
5
]
S
.
M
o
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a
mm
e
d
,
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o
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e
p
=
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p
1
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p
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=
p
d
f
.
[
1
6
]
B
.
A
x
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l
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d
,
Y
.
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r
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d
DC
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C
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c
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[
1
7
]
B
.
A
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l
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d
,
Y
.
B
e
r
k
o
v
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c
h
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n
d
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.
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o
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c
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a
n
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to
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d
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EEE
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.