I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
21
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
202
1
,
p
p
.
987
~
993
I
SS
N:
2
5
02
-
4
7
5
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
ee
cs.v
2
1
.i
2
.
pp
987
-
9
9
3
987
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
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e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Perf
o
r
m
a
nce
eva
lua
tion o
f
P
V pen
e
tration
at di
ff
e
ren
t
lo
ca
tions
in a LV dis
tribu
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n net
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d t
a
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i A
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m
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1
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J
a
g
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deesh
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a
s
up
ulet
i
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J
a
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k
a
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3
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2
In
stit
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te o
f
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n
e
rg
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
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n
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g
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Na
sio
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a
l
(UN
IT
EN),
M
a
la
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3
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
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ic E
n
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e
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g
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Un
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ra
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iy
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ticle
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cc
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o
lar
p
h
o
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v
o
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ic
(P
V
)
p
o
w
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g
e
n
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ra
ti
o
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h
a
s
sh
o
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a
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m
a
rk
a
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le
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ro
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th
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re
c
e
n
t
y
e
a
r
s.
In
o
r
d
e
r
to
a
c
h
iev
e
th
e
in
c
re
a
sin
g
e
n
e
rg
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
re
si
d
e
n
ti
a
l
P
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u
n
i
ts
a
re
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
th
e
lo
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
L
V
)
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s.
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w
e
v
e
r,
h
ig
h
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
so
lar
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o
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ld
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se
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ti
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m
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ts
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n
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istri
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u
ti
o
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g
rid
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d
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g
to
v
io
latio
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s
o
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li
m
it
s
a
n
d
sta
n
d
a
rd
s.
T
h
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
rise
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
re
c
o
g
n
ize
d
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
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i
m
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c
a
ti
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n
s
o
f
in
c
re
a
se
d
P
V
in
teg
ra
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n
,
w
h
ich
c
o
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l
d
sig
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
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strict
th
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
th
e
d
i
strib
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
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su
p
p
o
rt
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ig
h
e
r
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e
n
e
tratio
n
lev
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ls.
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h
is
stu
d
y
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
th
e
p
e
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o
r
m
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n
c
e
o
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th
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ff
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lo
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d
tap
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h
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n
g
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g
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o
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m
e
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n
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e
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ig
h
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lar
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e
n
e
trati
o
n
a
n
d
a
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taile
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ly
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s
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e
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rried
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t
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te
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o
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th
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tran
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o
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m
e
r.
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h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
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p
e
n
e
tratio
n
h
a
s
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e
e
n
d
e
term
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y
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n
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rin
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t
h
a
t
a
ll
n
o
d
a
l
v
o
lt
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g
e
s
a
d
h
e
re
to
g
r
id
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sta
tu
to
ry
li
m
it
s.
T
h
e
si
m
u
latio
n
re
su
lt
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
a
t
th
e
f
ir
st
t
w
o
tap
p
o
siti
o
n
s
c
o
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l
d
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e
a
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o
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te
d
t
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u
n
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ig
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r
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n
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tratio
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s th
u
s f
a
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il
it
a
ti
n
g
f
u
rth
e
r
P
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in
f
lu
x
in
t
o
t
h
e
e
x
isti
n
g
n
e
t
w
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rk
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dis
cr
ete
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
L
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
P
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p
en
etr
atio
n
Of
f
-
lo
ad
tap
ch
an
g
er
Vo
ltag
e
s
tat
u
to
r
y
li
m
i
ts
T
h
is
is
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Dilin
i
Al
m
e
id
a
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
Su
s
tai
n
ab
le
E
n
er
g
y
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
en
ag
a
Na
s
io
n
al
(
UNI
T
E
N)
J
alan
I
k
r
a
m
-
U
n
ite
n
,
4
3
0
0
0
Kaj
an
g
,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
E
m
ail:
d
il
in
ialm
e
id
a
2
@
g
m
ail.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
So
lar
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
g
ai
n
ed
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e
atten
tio
n
in
g
e
n
er
atin
g
g
r
ee
n
er
e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
s
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
p
o
licie
s
b
y
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
m
a
n
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
aid
ed
th
e
g
r
o
w
th
o
f
s
o
lar
P
V
to
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S
s
)
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
R
E
N
A
(
in
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
a
g
e
n
c
y
)
,
t
h
e
c
u
m
u
lat
iv
e
i
n
s
talled
c
ap
ac
it
y
o
f
s
o
lar
P
V
w
o
u
ld
r
ea
ch
to
8
5
1
9
G
W
,
em
e
r
g
in
g
as t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t
R
E
S (
af
ter
w
i
n
d
)
b
y
2
0
5
0
[
1
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
e
x
te
n
s
i
v
e
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
P
V
p
o
s
es
n
e
w
te
ch
n
ica
l
ch
a
llen
g
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
elec
tr
icit
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
w
h
ich
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
e
d
an
d
o
p
er
ated
as
p
ass
iv
e
c
ir
cu
it
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
f
e
ed
.
E
ar
li
er
,
it
w
as
j
u
s
ti
f
iab
le
t
o
p
r
esu
m
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
w
o
u
ld
b
alan
ce
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
u
n
d
er
lo
w
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
a
n
d
h
e
n
ce
eli
m
in
at
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
es.
No
n
et
h
eles
s
,
th
e
s
e
a
s
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
s
ar
e
n
o
lo
n
g
er
ap
p
licab
le
w
i
th
h
ig
h
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
s
as
th
e
te
ch
n
ical
is
s
u
e
s
w
ill b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
if
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t ta
k
e
n
at
an
ea
r
l
y
s
ta
g
e.
Du
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
P
V
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
in
L
V
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
r
ev
er
s
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
s
co
u
ld
b
e
s
ee
n
w
h
en
P
V
g
en
er
a
tio
n
ex
ce
ed
s
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
[
2
-
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
,
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
e
alo
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
f
ee
d
er
co
u
ld
b
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
21
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2021
:
9
8
7
-
9
9
3
988
f
o
r
eseen
ca
u
s
i
n
g
v
io
latio
n
s
o
n
u
ti
lit
y
p
la
n
n
in
g
li
m
itatio
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Sev
er
al
r
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c
h
er
s
h
a
v
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id
en
ti
f
ied
v
o
ltag
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a
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o
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e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
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li
m
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g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
P
V
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n
te
g
r
atio
n
[
5
-
9
]
.
T
h
er
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r
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it
is
v
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to
i
n
tr
o
d
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to
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t
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r
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,
a
f
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[
1
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e
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,
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s
ti
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
[
2
1
-
2
5
]
.
T
y
p
icall
y
,
th
e
O
L
T
C
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
ar
e
in
s
talled
at
m
ed
i
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
(
MV
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
t
o
r
eg
u
late
g
r
id
v
o
lta
g
e,
w
h
ile
L
V
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
f
itted
w
it
h
o
f
f
-
lo
ad
tap
ch
an
g
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
u
ld
o
n
l
y
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
af
ter
d
i
s
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
Mo
s
t o
f
t
h
e
OL
T
C
co
n
tr
o
l sch
e
m
e
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
i
n
liter
atu
r
e
h
av
e
u
tili
ze
d
co
m
p
le
x
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
s
tr
ate
g
ies
th
a
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
p
er
ato
r
s
(
DNOs)
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
m
a
s
s
i
v
e
ca
p
ital
in
v
e
s
t
m
en
t
to
r
ep
lace
o
f
f
-
lo
ad
tap
ch
an
g
i
n
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
w
it
h
OL
T
C
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tap
o
p
er
atio
n
s
co
u
ld
b
e
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
h
i
g
h
er
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
e
m
es,
w
h
ic
h
co
u
ld
lead
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
w
ea
r
an
d
tear
o
f
t
h
e
OL
T
C
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
tack
le
t
h
e
a
f
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
li
m
i
tatio
n
s
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
d
e
v
elo
p
p
r
ag
m
a
t
ic
an
d
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
iti
g
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
u
tili
z
in
g
th
e
a
v
ailab
le
ass
et
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
h
o
s
ti
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
tar
g
eti
n
g
to
d
et
er
m
in
e
t
h
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
tec
h
n
ical
is
s
u
e
s
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
m
o
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
en
etr
atio
n
lev
e
l
w
h
ile
r
ed
u
cin
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
o
f
f
-
lo
ad
tap
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
u
n
d
er
h
i
g
h
s
o
lar
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
.
A
d
etailed
an
al
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
c
ted
t
o
ex
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
al
lo
w
ab
le
P
V
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
e
s
f
o
r
d
is
cr
ete
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
o
f
f
-
lo
ad
tap
ch
an
g
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
u
s
i
n
g
a
g
en
er
ic,
Ma
la
y
s
ia
n
r
esid
en
tial
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
ble
m
i
dentif
ica
t
io
n
T
h
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
e
cte
d
s
o
lar
P
V
h
as
cr
ea
ted
n
e
w
c
h
alle
n
g
es
to
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
id
en
tify
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
ese
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
o
cc
u
r
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
i
g
h
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
P
V
in
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
lar
P
V
i
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
u
s
i
n
g
a
s
i
m
p
l
if
ied
L
V
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
a
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
c
o
u
ld
b
e
s
ee
n
at
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
p
o
in
t
in
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
P
V,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
d
e
m
a
n
d
an
d
t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
e
co
u
ld
b
e
s
ee
n
w
h
e
n
P
V
g
en
er
atio
n
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
lo
ca
l
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
b
ec
o
m
e
s
ag
g
r
av
ated
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
e
s
ab
o
v
e
th
e
s
tat
u
t
o
r
y
li
m
it
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
d
u
r
in
g
m
id
d
le
o
f
d
a
y
w
it
h
lig
h
t lo
ad
an
d
p
ea
k
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
m
p
ac
t o
f
s
o
lar
P
V
o
n
L
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f P
V
p
en
etra
tio
n
a
t
d
iffer
en
t lo
ca
tio
n
s
in
a
LV
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
…
(
Dilin
i A
lmeid
a
)
989
2
.
2
.
M
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
A
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
v
e
an
al
y
s
is
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
in
v
e
s
ti
g
a
te
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
o
f
f
-
lo
ad
tap
ch
an
g
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
T
est
net
w
o
rk
T
h
e
g
en
er
ic
r
esid
en
t
ial
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
w
a
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
test
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
L
V
b
u
s
b
ar
h
as
th
r
ee
f
ee
d
er
s
,
s
er
v
i
n
g
3
1
cu
s
to
m
er
s
v
i
a
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
A
p
ea
k
lo
ad
o
f
5
k
W
w
it
h
0
.
9
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
w
a
s
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
ea
ch
cu
s
to
m
er
p
o
in
t
p
lace
d
eq
u
id
is
tan
tl
y
at
ev
er
y
3
0
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
est
n
et
w
o
r
k
2
.
2
.
2
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n
o
f
s
o
la
r
P
V
I
t
w
a
s
ass
u
m
ed
th
a
t th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
o
n
l
y
i
n
s
tal
led
to
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
(
b
lu
e)
f
ee
d
er
o
f
t
h
e
te
s
t n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Sev
er
al
P
V
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as f
o
llo
w
s
;
a)
P
V
clu
s
ter
ed
n
ea
r
th
e
f
ee
d
er
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
b)
P
V
clu
s
ter
ed
n
ea
r
th
e
f
ee
d
er
m
id
p
o
in
t
c)
P
V
clu
s
ter
ed
n
ea
r
th
e
f
ee
d
er
en
d
p
o
in
t
d)
P
V
ev
en
l
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
f
ee
d
er
2
.
2
.
3
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n
o
f
s
o
la
r
P
V
A
t
y
p
ical
1
MV
A
,
1
1
k
V/4
3
3
V
L
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
w
it
h
a
n
o
f
f
-
lo
ad
tap
c
h
an
g
e
r
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
r
an
g
e
o
f
±
5
%
(
5
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
2
.
5
%
p
e
r
s
tep
)
w
as
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
th
r
ee
d
is
cr
ete
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
(
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
th
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
tap
–
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
3
)
,
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
w
er
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
u
n
d
er
h
i
g
h
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
First th
r
ee
d
is
cr
ete
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
o
f
f
-
lo
ad
tap
ch
an
g
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
T
a
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
P
r
i
mary
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
1
1
1
5
5
0
4
3
3
2
1
1
2
7
5
4
3
3
3
1
1
0
0
0
4
3
3
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
rm
a
nce
a
na
ly
s
i
s
A
d
etailed
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
a
s
e
L
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
o
p
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
u
lato
r
(
Op
en
DSS)
s
i
m
u
latio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
Ma
la
y
s
i
an
E
lectr
ic
u
til
it
y
,
ten
ag
a
n
as
io
n
al
b
er
h
ad
(
T
NB
)
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
p
lan
n
i
n
g
cr
iter
i
a
f
o
r
L
V
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
a)
T
h
e
s
tatu
to
r
y
to
ler
an
ce
li
m
i
ts
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
et
w
ee
n
+1
0
% a
n
d
-
6
%.
b)
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
allo
w
ab
le
P
V
ca
p
ac
it
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
L
V
f
ee
d
er
p
illar
is
1
8
0
k
W
(
to
av
o
i
d
ex
ce
ed
in
g
o
f
ca
b
le’
s
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
c
u
r
r
en
t c
ap
ac
it
y
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
21
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2021
:
9
8
7
-
9
9
3
990
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
w
a
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
th
e
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
to
tal
co
n
n
ec
ted
P
V
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
allo
w
ab
le
P
V
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
th
e
L
V
f
ee
d
er
p
illar
(
1
)
.
(
1
)
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
o
f
f
-
l
o
ad
tap
ch
an
g
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
w
as
a
n
al
y
ze
d
u
n
d
er
s
e
v
er
al
ca
s
es
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fo
r
all
1
2
ca
s
es,
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
allo
w
ab
le
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
s
tat
u
to
r
y
li
m
i
t
v
io
latio
n
s
w
as
e
x
a
m
in
ed
u
n
d
er
n
o
-
lo
ad
(
w
o
r
s
t
ca
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
)
an
d
p
ea
k
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
is
cr
ete
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
u
n
d
er
p
ea
k
co
n
s
u
m
er
lo
ad
an
d
ze
r
o
P
V
g
en
er
atio
n
to
ex
a
m
in
e
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
u
n
d
er
-
v
o
lta
g
e
is
s
u
es.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
w
i
n
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
w
as r
etai
n
ed
at
1
1
k
V
f
o
r
all
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
ases
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
al
y
s
is
C
a
se
T
a
p
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
P
V
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
1
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
2
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
mi
d
-
p
o
i
n
t
3
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
e
n
d
p
o
i
n
t
4
P
V
e
v
e
n
l
y
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
5
2
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
6
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
mi
d
-
p
o
i
n
t
7
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
e
n
d
p
o
i
n
t
8
P
V
e
v
e
n
l
y
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
9
3
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
10
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
mi
d
-
p
o
i
n
t
11
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
e
n
d
p
o
i
n
t
12
P
V
e
v
e
n
l
y
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
3
.
2
.
Resul
t
s
P
o
w
er
f
lo
w
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
f
o
r
all
P
V
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
(
1
,
2
an
d
3
)
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
f
o
r
ea
c
h
ca
s
e
was
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
all
n
o
d
al
v
o
lta
g
es
ar
e
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
s
tat
u
to
r
y
l
i
m
it
s
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
n
o
-
lo
ad
an
d
p
ea
k
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
an
d
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t P
V
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
T
a
p
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
V
p
e
n
e
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
%)
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
st
a
r
t
i
n
g
p
o
i
n
t
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
mi
d
-
p
o
i
n
t
P
V
c
l
u
st
e
r
e
d
n
e
a
r
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
e
n
d
p
o
i
n
t
P
V
e
v
e
n
l
y
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
f
e
e
d
e
r
No
-
l
o
a
d
P
e
a
k
l
o
a
d
No
-
l
o
a
d
P
e
a
k
l
o
a
d
No
-
l
o
a
d
P
e
a
k
l
o
a
d
No
-
l
o
a
d
P
e
a
k
l
o
a
d
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
6
5
.
5
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
8
0
.
5
1
0
0
4
1
.
7
8
4
.
4
7
7
.
8
1
0
0
3
1
0
0
1
0
0
59
9
4
.
4
1
6
.
1
5
8
.
3
3
1
.
2
1
0
0
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
P
V
p
en
et
r
atio
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t P
V
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f P
V
p
en
etra
tio
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t
d
iffer
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in
a
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(
Dilin
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)
991
B
y
e
x
a
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
b
ta
in
ed
f
o
r
all
1
2
ca
s
es,
it
co
u
ld
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
t
h
e
d
is
cr
ete
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
o
f
f
-
lo
ad
tap
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
h
as
an
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
P
V
p
en
e
tr
atio
n
.
As
i
t
is
ev
id
en
t
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
allo
wab
le
P
V
in
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
1
an
d
2
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
3
f
o
r
all
P
V
lo
ca
tio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
u
n
d
er
n
o
-
lo
ad
an
d
p
ea
k
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
f
o
r
m
an
y
lo
ca
tio
n
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
s
,
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
V
p
en
etr
ati
o
n
u
n
d
er
th
e
p
ea
k
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
r
ea
ch
es 1
0
0
%.
T
h
e
n
o
d
al
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
f
ee
d
er
2
o
f
th
e
test
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
P
V
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
ee
d
er
)
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
u
n
d
er
p
ea
k
lo
ad
an
d
ze
r
o
P
V
g
en
er
atio
n
is
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
s
ill
u
s
tr
ate
d
in
th
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
th
e
n
o
d
al
v
o
ltag
e
s
lie
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
allo
w
ab
le
s
tat
u
to
r
y
li
m
i
ts
p
r
ev
en
t
in
g
u
n
d
er
-
v
o
lta
g
e
v
io
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
t
est
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
u
n
d
er
p
ea
k
lo
ad
an
d
ze
r
o
P
V
g
en
er
atio
n
is
tab
u
lated
i
n
T
ab
le
4
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
l
ts
,
t
h
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
an
i
n
cr
e
m
en
t
in
tap
p
o
s
itio
n
s
1
an
d
2
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
tap
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
f
ee
d
in
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
lo
ad
s
f
r
o
m
l
o
ca
l
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
it
was
clea
r
l
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tl
y
v
ar
ie
s
w
it
h
th
e
P
V
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
allo
w
a
b
le
P
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
v
io
latio
n
o
f
s
tat
u
to
r
y
li
m
it
s
h
as
a
n
eg
at
iv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
n
d
th
e
P
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
o
in
t
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
No
d
al
v
o
ltag
es o
f
f
e
ed
er
2
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t ta
p
p
o
s
itio
n
s
u
n
d
er
p
ea
k
lo
a
d
an
d
ze
r
o
P
V
co
n
d
itio
n
T
ab
le
4
.
T
o
tal
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
T
a
p
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
T
o
t
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
ss (k
W
)
I
n
c
r
e
me
n
t
a
l
l
o
ss c
o
mp
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
n
o
mi
n
a
l
t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
E
lec
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&
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p
Sci,
Vo
l.
21
,
No
.
2
,
Feb
r
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2021
:
9
8
7
-
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992
4.
CO
NCLU
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b
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s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
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h
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en
ag
a
Nas
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B
er
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ad
(
T
NB
)
,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
f
o
r
f
u
n
d
in
g
th
is
r
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n
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er
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T
N
B
R
&
D
S
ee
d
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g
F
u
n
d
(
U
-
TD
-
RD
-
19
-
0
7
)
an
d
UNI
T
E
N
R
&
D
Sd
n
.
B
h
d
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
IRENA
,
“
F
u
tu
re
o
f
S
o
lar
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic:
De
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t,
in
v
e
st
m
e
n
t,
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
g
rid
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
so
c
io
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
sp
e
c
ts
”,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
]
M
.
M
.
Be
g
o
v
ic,
I.
Kim
,
D.
No
v
o
se
l,
J.
R.
A
g
u
e
ro
,
a
n
d
A
.
Ro
h
a
tg
i,
“
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
taic
d
istri
b
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
g
rid
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
An
n
u
a
l
Ha
w
a
ii
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
y
ste
m
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
7
-
1
9
8
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
T
.
A
z
iz
a
n
d
N.
Ke
tj
o
y
,
“
P
V
P
e
n
e
tratio
n
L
im
it
s
in
L
o
w
V
o
lt
a
g
e
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
V
o
lt
a
g
e
V
a
riatio
n
s
,
”
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
A
u
g
u
st,
p
p
.
1
6
7
8
4
-
1
6
7
9
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[4
]
R.
T
o
n
k
o
sk
i,
D.
T
u
rc
o
tt
e
,
a
n
d
T
.
H.
M
.
El
-
F
o
u
ly
,
“
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
h
ig
h
P
V
p
e
n
e
trati
o
n
o
n
v
o
lt
a
g
e
p
ro
f
il
e
s
in
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s,”
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
1
8
-
5
2
7
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
J.
G
.
S
.
R.
Be
rn
a
rd
s,
J.
M
o
rre
n
,
“
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
P
V
-
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
in
lo
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
a
b
le
n
e
t
w
o
rk
s
,
”
7
th
IEE
E
Y
o
u
n
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
e
rs
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
A
.
P
a
ti
l,
R.
G
irg
a
o
n
k
a
r,
a
n
d
S
.
K.
M
u
su
n
u
ri
,
“
Im
p
a
c
ts
o
f
in
c
re
a
sin
g
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
o
n
d
ist
rib
u
ti
o
n
g
ri
d
-
V
o
l
tag
e
rise
c
a
se
stu
d
y
,
”
2
0
1
4
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
Gr
e
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
IC
AGE
2
0
1
4
,
n
o
.
De
c
e
m
b
e
r,
p
p
.
1
0
0
-
1
0
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
K.
A
.
A
lb
o
a
o
u
h
a
n
d
S
.
M
o
h
a
g
h
e
g
h
i,
“
Im
p
a
c
t
o
f
Ro
o
f
to
p
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ics
o
n
t
h
e
Distrib
u
t
io
n
S
y
ste
m
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
Ro
o
f
to
p
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
s o
n
th
e
Dist
rib
u
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2
0
2
0
,
n
o
.
Ja
n
u
a
ry
,
2
0
2
0
.
[8
]
D.
A
l
m
e
id
a
,
S
.
A
b
e
y
sin
g
h
e
,
M
.
P
.
Ek
a
n
a
y
a
k
e
,
R.
I.
G
o
d
a
li
y
a
d
d
a
,
J.
Ek
a
n
a
y
a
k
e
,
a
n
d
J.
P
a
su
p
u
leti
,
“
G
e
n
e
ra
li
z
e
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
a
ss
e
ss
a
n
d
c
h
a
ra
c
ter
ise
th
e
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
so
lar
P
V
o
n
L
V
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r a
n
d
E
n
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
O.
G
a
r
f
i,
H.
A
lo
u
i,
a
n
d
N.
Ch
a
k
e
r,
“
Im
p
a
c
ts
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic p
o
w
e
r
so
u
rc
e
in
term
it
ten
c
e
o
n
a
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
1
3
4
-
5
1
4
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
P
.
Ch
a
u
d
h
a
ry
a
n
d
M
.
Rizw
a
n
,
“
V
o
lt
a
g
e
re
g
u
latio
n
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
w
it
h
h
ig
h
P
V
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
:
A
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
i
e
ws
,
v
o
l.
8
2
,
n
o
.
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
9
-
3
2
8
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
S
.
Ha
sh
e
m
i
a
n
d
J.
Øs
ter
g
a
a
rd
,
“
M
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
stra
teg
ies
f
o
r
o
v
e
rv
o
lt
a
g
e
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
i
n
lo
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s w
it
h
P
V
,
”
IET
Ren
e
wa
b
l
e
Po
we
r Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
.
p
p
.
2
0
5
-
2
1
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
L
.
Co
ll
i
n
s
a
n
d
J.
K.
W
a
rd
,
“
Re
a
l
a
n
d
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
d
is
tri
b
u
te
d
P
V
in
v
e
rters
f
o
r
o
v
e
rv
o
lt
a
g
e
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
c
re
a
se
d
re
n
e
w
a
b
le g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
h
o
sti
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
1
,
p
p
.
4
6
4
-
4
7
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
G
.
Y
A
N
G
e
t
a
l.
,
“
V
o
lt
a
g
e
rise
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
so
lar
P
V
i
n
teg
ra
ti
o
n
a
t
L
V
g
rid
s:
S
tu
d
ies
f
ro
m
P
V
NE
T
.
d
k
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
rn
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Cl
e
a
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
1
1
-
4
2
1
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
L
.
M
u
k
w
e
k
w
e
,
C.
V
e
n
u
g
o
p
a
l,
a
n
d
I.
E.
Da
v
id
so
n
,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
a
c
ts
a
n
d
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
stra
teg
ies
o
f
h
ig
h
P
V
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
in
lo
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
n
e
t
wo
rk
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
-
2
0
1
7
I
EE
E
PE
S
-
IAS
Po
we
rAfrica
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
:
Ha
rn
e
ss
in
g
En
e
rg
y
,
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
ICT
)
fo
r
A
ff
o
rd
a
b
le
El
e
c
trif
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
Af
ric
a
,
Po
we
rAfri
c
a
2
0
1
7
,
n
o
.
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
2
7
4
-
2
7
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
T
.
De
g
n
e
r
e
t
a
l.
,
“
In
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
-
sy
ste
m
h
o
s
ti
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
lo
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
”
2
1
s
t
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
ti
o
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
E
lec
tricity Distrib
u
ti
o
n
(
CIRE
D)
,
n
o
.
1
2
4
3
,
p
p
.
6
-
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
6
]
R.
M
a
h
ro
o
-
Ba
k
h
ti
a
ri,
M
.
Iz
a
d
i,
A
.
S
a
f
d
a
rian
,
a
n
d
M
.
Leh
to
n
e
n
,
“
Distrib
u
te
d
lo
a
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
c
h
e
m
e
to
in
c
re
a
se
P
V
h
o
sti
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
in
L
V
f
e
e
d
e
r
s,”
IET
Ren
e
wa
b
le P
o
we
r Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
-
1
3
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
7
]
P
.
H.
Div
sh
a
li
a
n
d
L
.
S
o
d
e
r,
“
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
P
V
h
o
stin
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
g
rid
s
c
o
n
sid
e
rin
g
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
h
a
ra
c
teristic,”
2
0
th
Po
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Co
m
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
P
S
CC 2
0
1
8
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
N.
Kh
a
b
o
o
t,
R.
C
h
a
tt
h
a
w
o
rn
,
A
.
S
iri
tara
ti
w
a
t,
C.
S
u
ra
w
a
n
it
k
u
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
Kh
u
n
k
it
ti
,
“
I
n
c
re
a
sin
g
P
V
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
lev
e
l
in
lo
w
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
istri
b
u
t
io
n
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
o
p
ti
m
a
l
in
sta
ll
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
b
a
tt
e
ry
e
n
e
rg
y
st
o
ra
g
e
,
”
Co
g
e
n
t
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f P
V
p
en
etra
tio
n
a
t
d
iffer
en
t lo
ca
tio
n
s
in
a
LV
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
…
(
Dilin
i A
lmeid
a
)
993
[1
9
]
M
.
R.
Ba
sir
Kh
a
n
,
J.
P
a
su
p
u
leti
,
J.
A
l
-
F
a
tt
a
h
,
a
n
d
M
.
T
a
h
m
a
se
b
i,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
f
o
r
P
V
-
b
a
tt
e
ry
m
icro
g
rid
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
p
re
d
ict
iv
e
c
o
n
tro
l,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(
IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
-
2
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
D.
A
l
m
e
id
a
,
J.
P
a
su
p
u
leti
,
J.
Ek
a
n
a
y
a
k
e
,
a
n
d
E.
Ka
ru
n
a
ra
th
n
e
,
“
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
o
v
e
rv
o
lt
a
g
e
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
o
f
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ics
u
sin
g
sm
a
r
t
in
v
e
rters
v
o
lt
/
v
a
r
c
o
n
tro
l,
”
In
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(
IJ
EE
CS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
9
-
1
2
6
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
1
]
D.
A
.
S
a
rm
i
e
n
to
,
P
.
P
.
V
e
rg
a
ra
,
L.
C.
P
.
Da
S
il
v
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
C.
De
A
lme
id
a
,
“
In
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
P
V
h
o
sti
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
w
it
h
OLT
C
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
P
V
V
A
r
a
b
so
rp
ti
o
n
i
n
a
M
V
/L
V
r
u
ra
l
Bra
z
il
ian
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
H
a
rm
o
n
ics
a
n
d
Q
u
a
l
it
y
o
f
Po
we
r,
IC
HQ
P
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
6
-
De
c
e
m
,
p
p
.
3
9
5
-
3
9
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
2
]
A
.
Na
v
a
rro
-
e
sp
in
o
sa
a
n
d
L
.
F
.
Oc
h
o
a
,
“
In
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
P
V
Ho
s
ti
n
g
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
L
V
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
:
OLT
C
-
F
it
te
d
T
ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
rs
v
s
.
Re
in
f
o
rc
e
m
e
n
ts,
”
2
0
1
5
IEE
E
Po
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
o
c
iety
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
S
m
a
rt
Gr
i
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
IS
GT)
,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
3
]
C.
L
i,
V
.
R.
Disf
a
n
i,
Z.
K.
P
e
c
e
n
a
k
,
S
.
M
o
h
a
jery
a
m
i,
a
n
d
J.
Kle
issl,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
O
LT
C
v
o
lt
a
g
e
c
o
n
tro
l
sc
h
e
m
e
to
e
n
a
b
le
h
ig
h
s
o
lar p
e
n
e
tratio
n
s
,
”
E
lec
tric P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
6
0
,
p
p
.
3
1
8
-
3
2
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
K.
Ra
u
m
a
,
F
.
Ca
d
o
u
x
,
N.
Ha
d
j
-
S
a
ïd
,
A
.
Du
f
o
u
rn
e
t,
C.
Ba
u
d
o
t,
a
n
d
G
.
Ro
u
p
i
o
z
,
“
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
M
V
/L
V
o
n
-
lo
a
d
tap
c
h
a
n
g
e
r
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
s
a
w
a
y
to
in
c
re
a
s
e
L
V
h
o
stin
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
to
rs,”
IET
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Pu
b
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
6
,
n
o
.
C
P
6
8
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
5
]
S
.
Ha
sh
e
m
i,
W
.
He
c
k
m
a
n
n
,
D.
G
e
ib
e
l,
T
.
De
g
n
e
r
a
n
d
J.
Øs
t
e
rg
a
a
rd
,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
V
/L
V
T
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
e
rs
w
it
h
OLT
C
f
o
r
In
c
re
a
sin
g
th
e
P
V
Ho
stin
g
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
L
V
G
rid
s,”
in
3
1
st
Eu
ro
p
e
a
n
Ph
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
S
o
la
r
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
Ex
h
ib
i
ti
o
n
(
EU
P
VS
EC
2
0
1
5
)
,
Ha
m
b
u
rg
,
Ge
r
m
a
n
y
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
6
]
Y.
P
.
A
g
a
lg
a
o
n
k
a
r,
B.
C.
P
a
l
a
n
d
R.
A
.
Ja
b
r,
"
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
V
o
l
tag
e
Co
n
tro
l
Co
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
th
e
I
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
P
V
G
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
o
n
T
a
p
Ch
a
n
g
e
rs an
d
A
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s Re
g
u
lato
rs,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s o
n
Po
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
-
1
9
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dili
n
i
Al
m
e
i
d
a
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
En
g
.
De
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
P
e
ra
d
e
n
iy
a
,
S
ri
Lan
k
a
,
in
2
0
1
7
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
g
ra
d
u
a
te
re
se
a
rc
h
o
ff
ice
r
a
t
in
stit
u
te
o
f
su
sta
in
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
e
r
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
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tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
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g
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
n
a
g
a
Na
sio
n
a
l
(T
h
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
En
e
rg
y
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
),
M
a
la
y
sia
.
He
r
m
a
in
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
a
n
a
l
y
sis a
n
d
re
n
e
w
a
b
le en
e
rg
y
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
.
Dr
.
J
a
g
a
d
e
e
s
h
Pa
s
u
p
u
l
e
ti
is
t
h
e
He
a
d
o
f
H
y
b
rid
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s,
In
stit
u
te
o
f
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
n
a
g
a
Na
sio
n
a
l,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
is
a
S
e
n
io
r
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
(USA
),
M
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IET
(UK
),
Ch
a
rtere
d
En
g
in
e
e
r
(UK
),
P
ro
f
e
ss
io
n
a
l
Re
v
iew
In
terv
ie
w
e
r
f
o
r
CEn
g
(UK
),
M
e
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