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r
e.
Flat
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
n
o
t
ap
t
f
o
r
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
Hie
r
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
c
lu
s
ter
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
h
as
lo
t
o
f
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
s
o
v
er
f
lat
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
C
lu
s
te
r
in
g
i
s
g
r
o
u
p
i
n
g
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
to
clu
s
ter
s
.
E
ac
h
clu
s
t
er
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
s
a
n
o
d
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
is
t
h
e
o
n
e
wh
ich
i
s
h
e
ld
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
to
tall
y
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tin
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
.
C
l
u
s
te
r
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
a
s
w
ell
l
ik
e
lo
ad
b
alan
c
in
g
,
en
h
a
n
ce
d
f
a
u
lt
to
ler
an
ce
,
a
m
p
lif
ied
co
n
n
ec
tiv
it
y
a
n
d
ab
r
id
g
ed
d
elay
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
et
i
m
e
[
1
]
.
So
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t p
o
p
u
lar
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t scala
b
ilit
y
in
W
SN
s
.
W
ir
eless
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
i
s
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
s
e
n
s
in
g
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
w
h
ich
ar
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
u
t
in
t
h
e
f
ield
h
av
e
to
co
llect
t
h
e
d
ata
a
n
d
tr
an
s
f
er
th
e
s
a
m
e
to
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
b
atter
y
o
p
er
ated
s
o
en
er
g
y
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
cr
iter
io
n
th
at
h
as
to
b
e
tak
en
ca
r
e.
W
SNs
h
av
e
i
n
n
u
m
er
ab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
b
u
t
w
h
ate
v
er
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
li
m
i
ted
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
is
a
m
aj
o
r
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
t
h
at
h
a
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es i
n
W
SN
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
No
d
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t:
A
s
a
lr
ea
d
y
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
,
W
SN
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
,
s
o
n
o
d
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t i
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
a
cto
r
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
m
an
u
a
ll
y
o
r
in
a
r
an
d
o
m
f
as
h
io
n
.
Data
d
eliv
er
y
:
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
d
ata
d
eliv
er
y
v
ar
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
ti
m
e
d
r
iv
e
n
,
ev
en
t d
r
i
v
en
o
r
q
u
er
y
d
r
iv
e
n
.
Hete
r
o
g
en
eit
y
:
I
n
m
a
n
y
ca
s
es
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
w
h
er
ein
al
l
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
w
i
th
s
a
m
e
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
.
B
u
t
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
f
e
w
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ca
n
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
e
x
tr
a
ca
p
ac
it
y
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
,
m
e
m
o
r
y
etc.
Scalab
ilit
y
:
A
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
th
at
i
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
f
2
0
n
o
d
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es a
ls
o
.
So
an
y
p
r
o
to
co
l d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
W
SN sh
o
u
ld
b
e
s
ca
lab
le.
Fau
lt
to
ler
an
ce
:
Sen
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
m
a
y
f
ail
d
u
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ea
s
o
n
s
li
k
e
b
atter
y
f
a
ilu
r
e,
p
h
y
s
ic
al
d
am
a
g
e
o
r
d
u
e
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
h
az
ar
d
s
.
T
h
is
f
ailu
r
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t a
f
f
e
ct
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Qo
S:
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
th
e
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ca
n
v
a
r
y
.
Fo
r
a
ti
m
e
b
o
u
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
d
elay
i
s
n
o
t
ac
ce
p
tab
le
a
n
d
i
n
f
e
w
ap
p
licatio
n
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
th
e
p
r
i
m
e
f
ac
to
r
.
So
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
,
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
h
av
e
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
to
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
in
s
u
c
h
a
w
a
y
t
h
at,
th
at
t
h
e
Qo
S p
ar
a
m
eter
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ac
h
ie
v
ed
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
ASP
E
C
T
S O
F
WSN
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
W
SN
p
av
e
w
a
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
R
o
u
t
in
g
i
n
W
SN
is
a
v
er
y
c
h
alle
n
g
i
n
g
tas
k
w
h
er
ein
a
n
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
te
h
a
s
to
b
e
estab
li
s
h
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
to
th
e
s
i
n
k
.
Fo
r
m
ilit
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
ec
u
r
i
t
y
i
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
n
o
d
es
an
d
b
et
w
e
en
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
ec
u
r
e
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
tialit
y
.
M
A
C
la
y
er
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
av
o
id
i
n
g
th
e
w
a
s
tag
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
d
u
e
to
co
ll
i
s
io
n
,
o
v
er
h
ea
r
in
g
,
id
le
lis
te
n
i
n
g
etc.
No
w
-
a
-
d
a
y
s
W
SNs
ar
e
th
e
b
ase
o
f
I
n
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
.
W
ir
eless
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
ar
e
t
h
e
e
y
e
s
a
n
d
ea
r
s
o
f
I
OT
.
So
W
SN
in
I
OT
is
an
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
.
3.
WSN
-
CL
US
T
E
R
I
N
G
R
o
u
ti
n
g
,
as
a
n
y
o
n
e
w
h
o
k
n
o
w
s
ev
e
n
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
ca
n
s
a
y
,
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
i
n
W
S
Ns.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
w
a
y
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
r
o
u
tin
g
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
ied
as
f
lat
r
o
u
tin
g
o
r
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
I
n
f
lat
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
all
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
it
y
an
d
ea
ch
an
d
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
s
a
m
e
task
.
I
t
e
m
p
lo
y
s
m
u
lti
h
o
p
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
Hier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
e
m
p
lo
y
s
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
co
n
ce
p
t
to
ex
ten
d
t
h
e
li
f
et
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
4
]
.
I
t
h
a
s
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
e
o
f
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
f
lat
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
Fe
w
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
[
5
]
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
3
,
Ma
r
ch
2
0
1
8
:
7
7
8
–
7
8
3
780
Scalab
ilit
y
:
T
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
clu
s
ter
s
a
n
d
in
ea
c
h
cl
u
s
ter
th
e
C
H
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
d
ata
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
B
S.
T
h
is
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
ea
s
y
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
an
d
is
m
o
r
e
s
ca
l
ab
le.
Data
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
:
Se
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
w
h
ich
ar
e
clo
s
e
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
h
av
e
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ili
t
y
o
f
s
en
d
i
n
g
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
to
C
H.
T
h
e
C
H
ag
g
r
eg
ate
s
t
h
e
d
ata
th
at
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
it
s
m
e
m
b
er
s
a
n
d
t
h
en
t
h
e
ag
g
r
e
g
ated
d
ata
is
s
e
n
t to
B
S,
th
er
eb
y
s
a
v
es e
n
er
g
y
[
6
]
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e:
I
n
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
n
g
d
is
ta
n
ce
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
.
T
h
e
C
Hs
alo
n
e
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
en
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
g
g
r
eg
ated
d
ata
to
t
h
e
B
S
a
n
d
t
h
is
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
s
a
v
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
to
a
lar
g
e
ex
te
n
t t
h
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
lif
e
ti
m
e.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
lo
ad
:
I
n
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
t
h
e
r
o
u
tes
ar
e
e
s
t
ab
lis
h
e
d
w
it
h
i
n
cl
u
s
ter
b
et
w
e
en
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
an
d
r
o
u
tes
ar
e
estab
lis
h
ed
b
etw
ee
n
C
H
s
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
th
at
is
s
to
r
ed
in
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
R
ed
u
ce
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
:
T
h
e
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
co
n
ce
p
t
lead
s
to
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
en
er
g
y
b
ec
au
s
e
all
th
e
d
ata
t
h
at
ar
e
s
e
n
t b
y
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es a
r
e
n
o
t tr
an
s
m
itted
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t d
ata
ar
e
b
ein
g
eli
m
i
n
ated
a
n
d
th
e
d
ata
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
u
s
e
f
u
l
alo
n
e
a
r
e
b
ein
g
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
b
y
C
H
t
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
.
C
lu
s
te
r
i
n
g
attr
ib
u
tes:
T
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
at
tr
ib
u
tes
i
n
W
ir
ele
s
s
Se
n
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
s
ca
n
b
e
lis
ted
as
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
C
H
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
in
cl
u
d
es
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cl
u
s
te
r
s
cr
ea
ted
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
in
tr
a
an
d
i
n
ter
c
lu
s
ter
r
o
u
t
in
g
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
C
H
in
cl
u
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
h
e
ter
o
g
en
ei
t
y
,
a
n
d
r
o
le
o
f
C
H
etc.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
in
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
n
o
d
e
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
,
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
[
5
,
7
,
8
]
.
4.
RO
UT
I
N
G
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
S
E
M
P
L
O
YING
CL
U
ST
E
R
I
N
G
M
E
CH
ANIS
M
L
E
A
CH
:
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
clu
s
ter
in
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
W
SN
is
L
E
AC
H.
L
o
w
E
n
er
g
y
A
d
ap
tiv
e
C
lu
s
ter
i
n
g
Hier
ar
ch
y
is
a
cl
u
s
t
er
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
h
ic
h
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
ea
t
u
r
es: ad
ap
tiv
e,
r
an
d
o
m
an
d
s
elf
-
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
in
g
clu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
lo
ca
l
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
f
er
an
d
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
a
tio
n
[
9]
-
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata
is
n
o
t
as
s
u
ch
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
B
S.
T
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
all
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
w
it
h
in
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
lo
ca
ll
y
a
n
d
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
ata
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
d
ata
is
k
ep
t a
s
s
u
ch
a
n
d
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
th
e
B
S.
I
n
th
is
p
r
o
to
co
l,
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
g
r
o
u
p
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es
i
n
to
cl
u
s
ter
an
d
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
ac
ts
as
C
H.
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
c
l
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
s
e
n
s
e
an
d
tr
an
s
m
it
t
h
eir
d
ata
to
its
o
w
n
C
H.
T
h
e
C
H
r
ec
eiv
es
t
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
all
i
ts
m
e
m
b
er
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
d
ata
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
d
ata
ar
e
eli
m
i
n
ated
.
No
w
t
h
e
ag
g
r
e
g
a
ted
d
ata
is
s
en
t
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
So
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
h
en
ce
i
t
w
ill
co
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
n
o
r
m
al
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
Su
p
p
o
s
e
if
th
e
C
H
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
a
n
d
ar
e
f
i
x
ed
th
e
n
t
h
e
C
H
g
et
s
d
ep
leted
v
er
y
s
o
o
n
a
n
d
th
e
w
h
o
le
clu
s
te
r
g
ets
c
u
t
o
f
f
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
B
S
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
d
ata
lo
s
s
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
t
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
Hen
ce
L
E
AC
H
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
r
an
d
o
m
r
o
tatio
n
o
f
C
H.
So
h
er
e
ea
c
h
an
d
e
v
er
y
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
cl
u
s
ter
b
ec
o
m
e
s
C
H
at
o
n
e
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
ti
m
e
th
er
eb
y
b
alan
cin
g
t
h
e
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
en
tire
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
L
E
AC
H
ca
n
b
e
class
i
f
ied
in
to
t
w
o
p
h
ases
-
s
et
u
p
p
h
ase
an
d
s
tead
y
s
tate
p
h
a
s
e
[
9
,
1
0
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
et
u
p
p
h
a
s
e,
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
s
ar
e
o
r
g
an
i
s
ed
an
d
in
t
h
e
s
tead
y
s
t
ate
p
h
ase,
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
to
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
et
u
p
p
h
ase
in
tu
r
n
i
n
clu
d
e
s
ad
v
er
tis
e
m
en
t
p
h
ase,
clu
s
ter
s
et
u
p
p
h
ase
a
n
d
s
c
h
ed
u
le
cr
ea
tio
n
.
E
ac
h
an
d
e
v
er
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
d
ec
id
es
w
h
et
h
er
it
ca
n
ac
t
as
C
H
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
is
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
ac
tin
g
as
C
H
o
r
n
o
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
H
s
th
a
t
h
as
b
ee
n
f
i
x
ed
f
o
r
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
is
ch
o
s
en
b
et
w
ee
n
0
an
d
1
.
I
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
is
les
s
th
a
n
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
T
(
n
)
th
en
h
e
n
o
d
e
b
ec
o
m
es t
h
e
C
H
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t r
o
u
n
d
.
(
)
{
(
)
(
1
)
w
h
er
e:
=a
n
ticip
ated
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
C
H
n
o
d
es in
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
r
=is th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t r
o
u
n
d
n
u
m
b
er
.
G=
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
th
at
h
av
e
n
o
t b
ee
n
C
H
s
in
t
h
e
las
t
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
th
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is
ele
cted
as
C
H,
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ts
an
a
d
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er
tis
e
m
en
t
m
ess
a
g
e
to
al
l
th
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o
t
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e
m
b
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in
ti
m
ati
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g
t
h
at
it
h
as
b
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m
e
th
e
C
H.
I
t
e
m
p
lo
y
s
C
S
M
A
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AC
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
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en
d
i
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v
er
tis
e
m
en
t
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
.
B
ase
d
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
t
h
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
eter
m
in
e
to
w
h
i
ch
cl
u
s
ter
it
b
elo
n
g
s
to
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
is
s
en
t to
its
C
H
u
s
i
n
g
C
SM
A
/M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
l.
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Data
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
L
E
AC
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
On
ce
t
h
e
C
H
an
d
it
s
m
e
m
b
er
s
ar
e
f
ix
ed
,
t
h
e
C
H
cr
ea
t
es
T
DM
A
s
ch
ed
u
le
a
n
d
th
e
s
a
m
e
is
s
en
t
to
i
t
s
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
All
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
ev
e
n
ts
tak
e
p
lace
i
n
s
e
t
u
p
p
h
a
s
e.
I
n
th
e
s
tead
y
s
tate
p
h
a
s
e,
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
T
DM
A
s
c
h
ed
u
le,
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
tr
an
s
m
it
t
h
eir
d
ata
to
it
s
o
w
n
C
H
i
n
t
h
e
allo
tt
ed
ti
m
e
s
lo
t.
D
u
r
in
g
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ti
m
e
s
lo
t
w
h
e
n
o
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e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
is
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata,
th
e
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
r
ad
io
ca
n
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
a
n
d
t
h
is
r
esu
lts
i
n
e
n
er
g
y
s
a
v
i
n
g
.
On
ce
th
e
C
H
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
i
ts
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
th
e
d
ata
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
t
h
e
ag
g
r
e
g
ated
d
ata
i
s
s
e
n
t
to
th
e
B
S
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ep
ea
ts
ag
ai
n
a
f
ter
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
i
n
ed
ti
m
e
s
lo
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
s
o
f
L
E
A
C
H
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
I
t
i
s
co
m
p
letel
y
d
i
s
t
r
ib
u
ted
an
d
g
lo
b
al
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
n
o
t r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
i
s
n
o
t
f
ix
ed
a
n
d
h
en
ce
lo
ad
is
b
ein
g
s
h
ar
ed
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
o
th
er
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
T
D
MA
m
ec
h
an
is
m
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
i
n
t
er
clu
s
ter
co
llis
io
n
.
E
n
er
g
y
is
b
ein
g
s
a
v
ed
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
li
k
e
d
ata
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
,
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
an
d
T
DM
A
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
Fe
w
co
n
s
o
f
L
E
AC
H
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Si
n
g
le
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
C
H
a
n
d
B
S
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
lar
g
e
s
ize
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
1
3
]
.
C
H
elec
tio
n
is
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
b
ased
h
en
ce
t
h
e
C
H
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
w
el
l
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
all
o
v
er
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
C
H
is
n
o
t
f
i
x
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
H
E
E
D:
H
y
b
r
id
E
n
er
g
y
E
f
f
ic
ien
t
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
clu
s
ter
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
o
v
er
co
m
e
s
f
e
w
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
o
f
L
E
AC
H
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
n
o
d
es
ar
e
n
o
t
s
el
ec
ted
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
.
T
h
e
C
H
i
s
el
ec
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
w
o
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e’
s
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
an
d
t
h
e
i
n
tr
a
clu
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
s
t
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
3
p
h
ases
: I
n
itializa
tio
n
p
h
a
s
e,
R
ep
etitio
n
p
h
ase
an
d
Fi
n
aliza
t
io
n
p
h
ase.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Data
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
HE
E
D
p
r
o
to
co
l
I
n
th
e
i
n
itializa
tio
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p
h
a
s
e,
ea
ch
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d
ev
er
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s
e
n
s
o
r
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d
e
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e
t
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th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
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C
H
pro
b
,
o
f
b
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o
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in
g
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clu
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ter
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ased
o
n
th
e
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an
d
m
ax
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m
u
m
en
er
g
y
.
(
2
)
W
h
er
e:
=in
itial
f
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
C
H
s
a
m
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g
all
s
e
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r
=
m
ax
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n
th
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ase,
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e
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o
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t
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n
tr
an
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m
it
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ata
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th
m
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m
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m
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Su
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as
n
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it
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elf
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t
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s
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a
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a
n
en
t
C
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h
e
n
its
h
a
s
r
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ch
ed
1
.
I
n
th
e
f
i
n
aliza
tio
n
p
h
ase,
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
d
ec
id
es th
e
C
H
to
w
h
ic
h
it h
a
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
to
.
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h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
tr
an
s
m
its
its
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
t
h
e
C
H
an
d
t
h
e
C
H
s
en
d
s
th
e
ag
g
r
eg
a
ted
d
ata
to
th
e
B
S
in
a
m
u
lt
ih
o
p
f
as
h
io
n
.
HE
E
D
h
as
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
:
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n
er
g
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
m
a
in
cr
it
er
ia
f
o
r
a
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
to
b
e
el
ec
ted
as
a
C
H.
I
n
ter
C
lu
s
ter
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
is
al
lo
w
ed
t
h
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
lo
n
g
d
is
tan
ce
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
w
h
ic
h
s
av
e
s
en
er
g
y
to
a
lar
g
e
ex
ten
t.
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
C
H
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
w
h
ich
e
n
s
u
r
es
lo
a
d
b
alan
cin
g
.
So
m
e
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
HE
E
D
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Se
v
er
al
iter
atio
n
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
f
o
r
m
c
lu
s
t
er
s
w
h
ic
h
r
es
u
lt
s
i
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
o
v
er
h
ea
d
a
n
d
th
i
s
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
T
ab
le
1
)
.
Few
C
Hs
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
n
ea
r
th
e
s
in
k
g
e
ts
d
ep
leted
s
o
o
n
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
h
o
t sp
o
t p
er
s
is
t
s
h
er
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
L
E
AC
H
an
d
HE
E
D
C
H
A
R
A
C
T
ER
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C
S
L
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A
C
H
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EED
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n
t
r
a
C
l
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t
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r
R
o
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t
i
n
g
S
i
n
g
l
e
h
o
p
S
i
n
g
l
e
h
o
p
I
n
t
e
r
C
l
u
st
e
r
R
o
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t
i
n
g
S
i
n
g
l
e
h
o
p
S
i
n
g
l
e
h
o
p
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d
M
u
l
t
i
h
o
p
C
l
u
st
e
r
o
v
e
r
l
a
p
p
i
n
g
No
No
C
l
u
st
e
r
st
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
H
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g
h
B
a
l
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n
c
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d
C
l
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r
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M
o
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r
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t
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G
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d
M
o
b
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t
a
t
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t
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t
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C
l
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p
r
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x
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c
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t
i
o
n
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
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i
c
I
t
e
r
a
t
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v
e
C
H
c
a
p
a
b
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t
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D
a
t
a
a
g
g
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g
a
t
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n
,
h
o
mo
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
D
a
t
a
a
g
g
r
e
g
a
t
i
o
n
,
h
o
mo
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
S
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
L
o
w
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
En
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
L
o
w
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
D
e
l
a
y
V
e
r
y
smal
l
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
AND
F
U
T
U
RE
DIR
E
C
T
I
O
N
S
R
o
u
ti
n
g
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ch
al
len
g
e
s
in
W
SN.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
w
h
ic
h
i
s
g
iv
e
n
th
e
u
t
m
o
s
t
p
r
io
r
it
y
is
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
b
atter
y
o
p
er
ated
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
p
u
t
u
n
d
er
th
r
ee
ca
te
g
o
r
ies:
Se
n
s
i
n
g
,
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
es
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ta
k
es
u
p
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
.
So
,
it
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
i
n
t
u
r
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e.
Hen
ce
a
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
i
n
s
u
c
h
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
W
SN
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
clu
s
ter
in
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
p
r
o
v
e
to
ca
ter
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
W
SN.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
in
W
SN,
r
esear
ch
asp
ec
ts
o
f
W
SN,
an
d
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
.
T
w
o
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
cl
u
s
ter
i
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
n
a
m
el
y
L
E
AC
H
an
d
HE
E
D,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
in
d
etail
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
HE
E
D
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
g
o
o
d
b
alan
ce
d
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
L
E
AC
H
a
n
d
al
s
o
e
m
p
lo
y
s
m
u
l
tih
o
p
i
n
ter
-
clu
s
ter
r
o
u
ti
n
g
w
h
ich
p
av
e
s
a
wa
y
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lif
eti
m
e
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
So
w
h
e
n
r
o
u
tin
g
i
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
it
i
s
a
d
v
is
ab
le
to
g
o
f
o
r
m
u
lti
h
o
p
in
ter
-
cl
u
s
ter
r
o
u
t
in
g
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
p
r
o
to
co
ls
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
o
b
ili
t
y
o
r
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eit
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
a
lo
t
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
w
h
ich
e
m
p
lo
y
s
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es,
s
o
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
er
ca
n
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
n
o
d
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
w
h
ile
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
n
g
a
clu
s
ter
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l.
No
d
e
h
eter
o
g
en
ei
t
y
is
a
n
o
th
er
in
ter
esti
n
g
co
n
ce
p
t,
w
h
ich
i
s
u
s
ed
to
s
av
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
er
eb
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e.
So
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
W
S
N
;
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
a
cl
u
s
te
r
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
to
b
e
ch
o
s
en
i
n
s
u
ch
a
w
a
y
t
h
at,
th
at
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
m
ee
ts
t
h
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
g
i
v
e
n
f
o
r
I
o
T
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
as
w
e
ll
[
1
6
]
.
I
t
w
o
u
ld
b
e
m
o
r
e
c
h
alle
n
g
i
n
g
w
h
e
n
clo
u
d
an
d
I
o
T
g
ets alo
n
g
w
h
er
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
also
h
as to
b
e
d
o
n
e
[
1
7
]
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Na
v
d
e
e
p
Ka
u
r,
Da
l
v
e
e
r
Ka
u
r
G
re
w
a
l,
S
h
a
sh
i
Ka
n
t
S
h
a
n
k
a
r.
T
y
p
ica
l
a
n
d
a
typ
ica
l
h
ier
a
rc
h
ica
l
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
fo
r
W
S
Ns: A
re
v
iew.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
(ICCCA),
2
0
1
6
.
[2
]
Ak
y
il
d
iz
I.
F
.
,
W
e
il
ian
S
u
,
S
a
n
k
a
ra
su
b
ra
m
a
n
ia
m
Y.
a
n
d
Ca
y
irci
E.
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s M
a
g
a
zin
e
,
2
0
0
2
,
Vo
l.
4
0
,
Iss
u
e
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
-
1
1
4
.
[3
]
S
a
ty
a
m
G
u
p
ta,
G
u
n
jan
G
u
p
ta.
S
im
u
latio
n
T
i
m
e
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
T
e
st
f
o
r
T
o
p
o
lo
g
y
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
in
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s (
IJ
EE
I)
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
2
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
F
a
tem
e
h
Ha
k
i
m
i
fa
r,
S
e
y
e
d
-
Am
in
Ho
ss
e
in
i
-
S
e
n
o
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
Ho
s
se
in
M
o
a
tt
a
r,
T
h
a
ir
A
l
-
Da
la’in
,
Ra
h
m
a
t
Bu
d
iarto
.
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
En
e
rg
y
-
a
wa
re
Cl
u
ste
r
Ba
se
d
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tro
l)
,
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No
.
2
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
5
[5
]
X
u
x
u
n
L
iu
.
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
Clu
ste
r
in
g
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
i
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
2
0
1
2
,
S
e
n
s
o
rs
,
12
(
8
),
1
1
1
1
3
-
1
1
1
5
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
C
o
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
S
tu
d
y
a
n
d
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f LE
A
C
H
a
n
d
HE
E
D
R
o
u
tin
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
fo
r
… (
F
ir
s
t
A
u
th
o
r
)
783
[6
]
Da
sg
u
p
ta
K.,
Ka
lp
a
k
is
K.,
a
n
d
Na
m
jo
sh
i
P
.
A
n
Ef
f
ici
e
n
t
Clu
ste
rin
g
-
Ba
se
d
He
u
risti
c
f
o
r
Da
t
a
Ga
th
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Ag
g
re
g
a
ti
o
n
in
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
2
0
0
3
.
[7
]
J.N.
A
l
-
Ka
ra
k
i,
A
.
E.
Ka
m
a
l.
Ro
u
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
i
n
w
irele
s
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s:
a
su
rv
e
y
.
IEE
E
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
4
,
Vo
l
u
m
e
:
1
1
,
Iss
u
e
:
6
,
6
–
2
8
.
[8
]
X
u
x
u
n
L
iu
.
A
t
y
p
ica
l
Hie
ra
rc
h
i
c
a
l
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
f
o
r
W
irel
e
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s:
A
Re
v
ie
w
.
IEE
E
S
e
n
so
rs
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
2
0
1
5
,
Vo
l
u
m
e
:
1
5
,
Iss
u
e
:
1
0
,
5
3
7
2
–
5
3
8
3
.
[9
]
W
.
He
in
z
e
l
m
a
n
,
A
.
Ch
a
n
d
ra
k
a
sa
n
,
H.
Ba
lak
rish
n
a
n
.
En
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
fo
r
wire
les
s
mic
ro
se
n
so
r n
e
two
rk
s
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
Ha
wa
ii
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
y
ste
m
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Ha
wa
ii
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
0
0
.
[1
0
]
He
in
z
e
l
m
a
n
W
.
B.
,
Ch
a
n
d
ra
k
a
sa
n
A
.
P
.
a
n
d
Ba
lak
rish
n
a
n
.
H.
A
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
-
S
p
e
c
if
ic
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
M
icro
se
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
W
ire
les
s C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
0
2
,
6
6
0
-
6
7
0
.
[1
1
]
S
a
ra
y
u
t
P
o
o
lsa
n
g
u
a
n
,
Ch
a
k
c
h
a
i
S
o
-
In
,
Ka
n
o
k
m
o
n
Ru
ji
ra
k
u
l,
Ka
n
o
k
p
o
r
n
Ud
o
m
p
o
n
g
su
k
.
An
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
c
lu
ste
r
h
e
a
d
se
lec
ti
o
n
c
riter
io
n
o
f
L
E
ACH
in
wire
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
two
rk
s.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
in
t
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(JCSS
E),
2
0
1
6
.
[1
2
]
Kh
a
li
d
Ha
se
e
b
,
Ka
m
a
lru
ln
iza
m
A
b
u
Ba
k
a
r,
A
b
d
u
l
Ha
n
a
n
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
,
T
a
sn
e
e
m
Da
r
w
ish
,
F
a
se
e
Ullah
,
A
d
n
a
n
A
h
m
e
d
.
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
En
e
rg
y
Aw
a
re
Clu
ste
r
b
a
se
d
Da
t
a
Ro
u
ti
n
g
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
W
S
N.
T
EL
KOM
NIKA
(
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
n
tro
l),
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
6
[1
3
]
K.
A
k
k
a
y
a
M
.
Yo
u
n
is.
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
ls
f
o
r
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
r
k
s
,
2
0
0
5
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
5
-
3
4
9
.
[1
4
]
Y.
L
i
L
.
Din
g
F
.
L
iu
.
T
h
e
imp
ro
v
e
me
n
t
o
f
L
EA
CH
p
ro
to
c
o
l
i
n
W
S
N
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
5
-
1
3
4
8
.
[1
5
]
O
Yo
u
n
is
,
S
F
a
h
m
y
.
HEED:
a
h
y
b
rid
,
e
n
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t,
d
istri
b
u
te
d
c
lu
ste
ri
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
a
d
h
o
c
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
mo
b
il
e
c
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
2
0
0
4
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
3
6
6
-
3
6
9
.
[1
6
]
V
e
lu
sa
m
y
,
K
a
u
sh
ik
,
De
e
p
th
i
Ve
n
k
it
a
ra
m
a
n
a
n
,
S
h
riram
K.
V
a
su
d
e
v
a
n
,
P
ra
k
a
sh
P
e
rias
a
m
y
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