Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
0
5
6
~
1
064
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1
0
5
6
-
1
064
1056
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
B
iomedi
ca
l
healt
h monito
ring syst
em desig
n and an
alys
i
s
Nu
r
Athil
ah
Ab
d
ul R
ah
m
an
,
Asra
l B
aha
ri
J
am
bek
School
of
Mi
cro
el
e
ct
roni
c Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersiti
Mal
a
y
s
ia Perl
is
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
O
ct
1
1,
2018
Re
vised
D
ec
10, 2
018
Accepte
d
D
ec
2
2
, 201
8
E
-
Hea
l
th
remote
m
onit
oring
s
y
st
ems
have
bloomed
rap
id
l
y
with
a
m
y
ri
ad
o
f
appl
i
ca
t
ions.
This
pape
r
discusse
s
a
d
esign
of
a
r
emote
m
onit
or
in
g
device
for
biomedic
a
l
fi
el
d
.
Four
biomedi
ca
l
s
ensors
which
ar
e
e
le
c
troca
rdiogra
p
h
y
(ECG),
ai
rf
low,
gal
van
ic
skin
res
ponse
and
te
m
pe
rat
ure
with
two
b
oar
ds
which
are
the
e
-
He
alth
Shiel
d
Board
V2.0
and
Ardui
no
Uno
Board
a
re
used
.
The
result
s
show
satis
fac
tor
y
ou
tput
f
or
each
exp
eri
m
ent
using
two
tes
t
subjec
ts
.
The
dev
ice
ab
le
to
a
chi
ev
e
high
accura
c
y
wh
ere
per
c
ent
ag
e
of
t
empera
tur
e
diffe
ren
ce
is
l
ess
tha
n
1%
compar
ed
to
the
comm
erc
ial
d
evice
s
with
an
ave
r
age
power
consum
pti
on
of ea
ch
work
ing
sensor on
bo
ard
is ≤9W
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Airf
l
ow se
ns
or
Ardu
i
no Un
o
Bod
y t
em
per
at
ur
e
ECG
E
-
Healt
h S
hield
V2.0
GS
R
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nur Athil
ah
Abdul Ra
hm
an,
School
of Mi
cr
oelect
ronic E
nginee
rin
g,
U
niv
ersit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s,
Pauh P
utra
Cam
pu
s,
02
600 A
rau, Pe
rlis, M
ALAYS
I
A.
Em
a
il
: n.
at
hilah@ya
hoo.
c
om
.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
E
-
Healt
h,
as
sta
te
d
by
t
he
Wo
rl
d
Healt
h
Organ
isa
ti
on
(
W
HO),
is
the
a
ppli
cat
ion
of
bo
th
i
nfor
m
at
ion
and
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
te
ch
nolo
gy
f
or
resea
rc
h
a
nd
trac
king
diseases
t
o
m
on
it
or
public
healt
h
[1
]
.
e
-
Healt
h
m
on
it
or
ing
is
widely
us
ed
in
al
l
age
groups
ra
ng
i
ng
from
infa
nts
in
[
2]
,
[3
]
,
to
el
ders
i
n
[4
]
.
Ot
her
re
searc
h
app
li
ed
it
i
n
di
seases
m
on
it
or
ing
as
in
[
5]
or
the
s
ubj
ect
’s
conditi
on
i
n
ce
rtai
n
act
ivit
ie
s
su
c
h
as
fire
-
fig
hter
s
in [6],
or astr
onauts
in [7],
dr
ivers
i
n [8
]
or
ph
ysi
cal
acti
vity
m
on
it
or
i
ng in [9].
All
the
m
on
it
or
ing
syst
em
s
equ
ip
ped
with
a
node
or
m
or
e
th
an
one
no
de
as
a
fron
t
-
e
nd
d
e
vi
ce
is
cal
le
d
Bod
y
Se
ns
or
Netw
orks
(BS
N)
or
W
i
reless
Bo
dy
A
rea
N
et
work
s
(
W
B
AN)
[
8].
The
s
ens
or
s
c
ollec
t
the
bo
dy
sign
al
s,
pre
-
pr
ocesse
d
by
the
conditi
on
i
ng
ci
rcu
it
a
nd
nex
t
di
giti
sed
by
A
na
log
t
o
Digital
C
onve
rter
(ADC
)
a
nd
sam
pled
by
a
m
ic
ro
c
on
tr
oller
b
efore
be
in
g
wir
el
essly
transm
i
tt
ed
to
the
ce
ntr
al
po
i
nt
for
data
analy
sis
or
di
sp
la
y
pur
po
ses
.
I
n
[10],
21%
of
he
al
th
rem
ote
m
on
it
or
in
g
patie
nts
are
no
t
will
ing
to
us
e
t
he
syst
e
m
dev
ic
e.
Re
du
nd
a
nt
wirin
g
is
one
of
the
r
easo
ns
i
n
[2
]
as
it
le
ads
to
obstr
uct
io
n
of
m
ob
il
it
y,
hazard
a
nd
disc
om
fo
rt
fo
r
the
ba
bies.
Wh
il
e
in
[
10,
11
]
,
the
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
t
he
de
vi
ce
al
so
nee
ds
t
o
be
c
onside
re
d
an
d
has
ye
t
to
be
a
naly
sed.
Lo
wer
cost
dev
ic
es
[
12]
that
a
re
m
ore
com
pact
an
d
[
11
]
a
nd
have
low
power
c
onsu
m
ption
f
or
ease
of
m
ob
il
it
y
are
pr
e
ferred
.
To
ov
e
rc
om
e
t
he
c
halle
ng
es
,
researc
hes
s
uc
h
as
rem
ote
bio
-
si
gn
al
m
on
it
or
i
ng
i
n
[
2]
,
[
13]
operates
at
sm
a
ll
size, is po
rta
ble and
we
arab
le
on the c
hest or t
he
arm
r
es
pecti
vely
. Apa
rt from
that, the effic
ie
nc
y of
t
he
node disc
us
se
d
in
[13] b
y a
dd
ing
SD car
d for
offli
ne data
re
cord.
This
pap
e
r
re
vi
ews
the
a
vaila
ble
desi
gns
of
e
-
healt
h
an
d
discuss
es
t
he
im
portance
i
n
ea
ch
f
r
on
t
-
e
nd
dev
ic
e
desi
gn.
An
e
–
Healt
h
s
hield
boar
d
V
2.0
c
onnecte
d
with
a
n
Ard
uin
o
U
no
bo
a
r
d
was
us
e
d
to
te
st
fou
r
bi
om
edical
sen
so
rs
com
pr
isi
ng
a
n
Ele
ct
r
ocardio
gr
a
phy
(EC
G)
sens
or,
Airfl
ow
se
nsor
,
Ga
lvanic
S
kin
Re
sp
ons
e
(G
SR
)
sens
or
and
Tem
per
at
ure
S
ens
or.
Eac
h
se
nsor
data
i
s
dis
play
ed
in
a
gra
ph
a
gains
t
tim
e
in
Sect
i
on
I
V.
The
avail
able
resea
rc
h
on
e
-
healt
h
dev
ic
es
is
re
viewe
d
i
n
Sect
io
n
II
,
wh
il
e
Sect
ion
I
II
discusse
s
th
e
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
on
how
e
-
Healt
h
S
hield
boar
d
V
2.0
functi
on
ed.
The
res
ult
is
pr
e
sente
d
in
Sect
io
n
I
V,
a
nd
the
pap
e
r
is c
oncl
uded
in Sec
ti
on
V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Biome
dical
he
alth
monitori
ng syste
m desig
n and a
na
ly
sis
(
Nur Athila
h
A
bdul R
ahm
an
)
1057
Pape
r
in
[13]
intr
oduces
a
no
n
-
c
onta
ct
Ele
ct
ro
ca
rd
i
ogram
(ECG)
el
ect
r
od
es
us
e
d
in
a
w
earable
a
rm
band
t
hat
m
on
it
or
e
d
wi
relessl
y
on
m
ob
il
e
ph
on
e
.
As
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1,
th
e
48m
m
dia
m
e
te
r
siz
e
sen
sor
node
consi
st o
f 3
lead c
onduct
ive
ty
pe
el
ect
r
od
es
to ac
qu
i
re th
e
ECG si
gn
al
,
pre
-
proce
ssin
g
c
onditi
on
i
ng cir
cuit,
a
n
8
-
bi
t
Lil
ypa
d
Ardu
i
no
m
ic
rocon
t
ro
ll
er
a
nd
Bl
uetoo
t
h
a
s
t
he
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
T
he
m
ic
r
ocontr
oller
m
e
m
or
y
su
pp
or
te
d
with
16kB
flas
h
a
nd
on
ly
1kB
S
RAM.
An
a
ddit
ion
al
buil
t
-
in
10
-
bit
A
DC
i
s
us
e
d
to
c
onve
rt
th
e
analo
g
si
gnal
s.
T
he
syst
em
is
validat
e
d
by
com
par
in
g
with
norm
al
wet
-
el
ect
r
od
e
syst
e
m
and
t
he
n
pea
k
detect
ion t
est
ing
wh
il
e
unde
rgoes dif
fer
e
nt a
ct
ivit
ie
s.
Figure
1. S
how
the
non
-
co
nta
ct
ECG a
rm
b
and b
l
ock d
ia
gra
m
[
13]
In
[
1
4
]
the
sys
tem
propose
d
i
s
f
oc
us
e
d
on
r
eal
tim
e
m
on
it
or
i
ng
a
nd
al
ar
m
ing
syst
em
fr
om
var
i
ous
sens
or
s
f
or
patie
nt
healt
h.
T
he
syst
e
m
no
de
or
the
se
ns
in
g
unit
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figure
2
c
on
sis
t
of
a
m
edical
sens
or
set
wh
ic
h
are
5
le
ads
ECG,
blood
press
ur
e
,
tem
per
at
ur
e
and
SpO
2
se
nsors
,
a
n
8
-
bit
RISC
AtMe
ga
2560
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
a
nd
a
Bl
ueto
oth
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
.
The
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
pr
ov
i
des
25
6k
B
flas
h
a
nd
8kB
SRAM
m
e
m
or
y
al
so
buil
t
in
10
-
bit
AD
C
.
T
he
e
xp
e
rim
ent
al
te
st
resu
lt
s
how
t
hat
the
s
yst
e
m
is
reli
able
and
good in
accu
ra
cy
f
or
rem
ote m
on
it
or
ing aft
er c
om
par
ed w
it
h
hos
pital
m
e
dical
d
e
vice.
Figure
2. S
how
the se
ns
in
g u
ni
t block dia
gr
a
m
f
ro
m
p
aper
i
n [1
4
]
An
e
pilepti
c
s
ei
zur
e
detect
ion
ha
r
dw
a
re
de
sign
is
pro
po
s
ed
in
[1
5
]
.
T
he
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
tra
diti
on
al
ly
m
easur
ed
by
t
he
EE
G
se
nsor
is
substi
tute
by
m
on
it
or
in
g
t
hr
ee
s
ens
ors
outp
ut
that
is
G
al
van
ic
S
kin
R
esp
on
s
e
(G
SR
),
MC
P9701
A
a
n
anal
og
t
her
m
al
sens
or
a
nd
a
r
otati
onal
se
nsor
as
il
lustrat
ed
i
n
Fig
ur
e
3.
Th
e
im
ple
m
ented
hard
war
e
is
c
om
po
sed
of
thes
e
sens
ors,
a
P
I
C18
F
87
22
m
icr
oc
ontrolle
r
a
nd
Bl
uet
oo
t
h
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
The
8
-
bit
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
c
om
pleted
with
128kB
flash
,
4k
B
RAM
m
e
m
or
y
and
buil
t
in
10
-
bit
m
ic
ro
cont
ro
ll
er.
Tem
per
at
ur
e
s
ens
or
re
s
ult
ar
e
ve
rified
by
t
est
ing
on
am
bient
te
m
per
at
ure
by
giv
in
g
co
ns
ta
nt
value
75˚F,
t
he
ro
ta
ti
onal
se
nsor
al
so
giv
es
c
on
c
urre
nt
to
a
ng
le
of
r
otati
on
,
m
eanw
hile
t
he
GS
R
res
ults
co
rr
es
po
nd
i
ng
to
the
e
m
otion
of the
su
bject
.
Fig
ur
e
3
Sho
w
the
h
a
rdwar
e
d
e
sig
n bl
oc
k diag
ram
.
Pape
r
i
n
[1
6
]
discusse
s
a
se
nsor
node
desi
gn
t
hat
a
ble
to
m
easur
e
em
otion
s
th
r
ough
t
he
cha
nges
i
n
auto
no
m
ic
nervous
syst
em
us
ing
va
rio
us
sen
so
rs
.
The
syst
e
m
as
sh
own
in
Figure
4
co
ns
i
sts
of
Galva
nic
S
kin
Re
sist
ance
(GSR),
Bl
ood
V
ol
um
e
Pu
lse
(BVP
)
a
nd
LM3
5
tem
per
at
ur
e
se
ns
ors
in d
at
a
a
cqu
isi
ti
on
pa
rt.
W
hile
a
16
-
bit
MSP4
30F20
13
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
c
om
po
sed
of
2kB
with
ad
diti
onal
25
6B
flash
m
e
m
or
y,
128B
RAM
m
e
m
or
y
and
si
gm
a
delta
ty
pe
16
bit
buil
t
in
AD
C.
T
he
e
xp
erim
ental
set
up
is
set
to
le
t
sub
j
ect
s
li
ste
n
t
o
di
ff
ere
nt
so
ngs
in o
rd
e
r t
o
obta
in
dif
fere
nt em
otion
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
0
5
6
–
1
064
1058
Figure
3. S
how
the
hard
war
e
desig
n bloc
k di
agr
am
in
[
1
5
]
Figure
4. S
how
the em
otion
de
te
ct
ion
se
nsor
nod
e
b
l
ock d
ia
gr
am
in
[
1
6
]
In
[
1
7
]
,
a
distr
ibu
te
d
se
nsor
node
nam
ely
iNO
DE
ar
e
des
ign
f
or
real
ti
m
e
m
on
it
or
in
g
of
Pa
rk
i
ns
on
Disease
(PD)
patie
nt
durin
g
reh
a
bili
ta
ti
on
.
The
fle
xib
le
P
CB
boar
d
of
iNO
DE
that
ar
e
benda
ble
a
nd
can
be
fo
l
d
to
a
c
ompact
cu
be
of
s
iz
e
20
m
m
3
con
sist
of
tw
o
s
ens
or
s
t
hat
is
Fo
r
ce
Se
ns
it
iv
e
Re
sist
or
(
FS
R)
f
o
r
locom
otion
m
easur
em
ent
at
th
e
f
oo
t
an
d
Re
s
pirato
ry
I
nduc
ti
ve
plethysm
og
raphy
(RIP)
for
breat
hi
ng
dete
ct
ion
wear
on
t
he
ab
do
m
en,
a
16
-
bi
t
MSP430F
2618
m
ic
ro
con
tr
ol
le
r
as
the
proc
essing
par
t
c
om
es
with
48kB
flash
and
10k
B
R
A
M
m
e
m
or
y
and
12
bits
buil
t
i
n
A
DC
are
a
s
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
5.
T
he
syst
em
is
s
m
al
l
and
po
rtable
at
the w
ei
gh
t
of
3g and a
ver
a
ge
c
urren
t c
ons
um
ption
of
12
0µA at
3.6V
f
or the
RIP
iN
O
DE.
Figure
5. S
how
the iN
O
DE bl
ock d
ia
gr
am
desi
gn in [1
7
]
Table
1
s
ummari
zed
the
li
te
ratur
e
re
view
di
scusse
d
i
n
sec
ti
on
III
of
this
pa
pe
r.
Ma
jori
ty
of
the
se
pap
e
rs
ta
rget
ed
a
real
ti
m
e
m
o
nitor
i
ng,
wear
a
ble,
porta
ble
a
nd
acc
ur
at
e
se
ns
or
no
de
for
e
-
Healt
h
m
on
it
ori
ng.
The
pap
e
rs
res
earche
d
in
ye
a
r
ra
ng
e
f
ro
m
20
11
to
20
16
for
the
la
te
st
ha
r
dw
a
re
desig
n
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
in
e
-
healt
h
se
nsor
node
.
In
c
om
par
iso
n,
al
l
of
thi
s
pa
pe
r
desig
n
in
se
nsor
node
sti
ll
sh
ares
t
he
sam
e
proce
sses
as
exp
la
ine
d
i
n S
ect
ion
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Biome
dical
he
alth
monitori
ng syste
m desig
n and a
na
ly
sis
(
Nur Athila
h
A
bdul R
ahm
an
)
1059
Table
1.
C
om
par
iso
n
T
a
ble
PAPER
YEAR
SENSOR
MCU
PROC
ESSOR
SIZ
E
ME
MORY
ADC
FLASH
RAM
[
1
3
]
2016
ECG 2 co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
electrod
e
Lily
p
ad
ardu
in
o
8
-
b
it
1
6
KB
1
KB
(SRAM
)
SAR 1
0
bit
[1
4
]
2016
ECG (
5
Leads),
B
P,
Te
m
p
e
rature
(L
M
3
5
),
Sp
O2
(
o
2
satu
ration
&
h
eartbeat)
At
m
el
M
eg
a
2560
8
-
b
it
RISC
256kB
8
k
B
(SRAM
)
SAR 1
0
b
it
[1
5
]
2012
GSR, te
m
p
eratur
e
PIC1
8
F8
7
2
2
8
-
b
it
1
2
8
KB
4
KB
SAR 1
0
bit
[
16
]
2014
GSR, te
m
p
eratur
e,
heart
b
eat
TI
MSP43
0
F2
0
1
3
16
-
b
it
2
KB+
256B
128B
Sig
m
a
-
d
elta
16
bit
[1
7
]
2011
FSR, re
sp
ir
ato
ry
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
leth
y
s
m
o
g
raph
y
(
RIP)
MSP43
0
F1
6
1
16
-
b
it
4
8
KB
1
0
KB
SAR 1
2
bit
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.
1.
Hardware
This secti
on
i
nt
rodu
ces
t
he
bi
o
-
si
gn
al
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
assist
ed
by
e
-
He
al
th
Se
nsors
Pl
at
fo
rm
V
2.0
from
Coo
king
Hacks,
op
e
n
ha
rdwar
e
div
isi
on
de
pa
rtm
ent
of
Libe
diu
m
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Distrib
ution
[
18
]
. T
he
syst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
a
n
A
r
du
i
no
U
no
boar
d,
e
-
Healt
h
Sh
ie
l
d
platf
or
m
bo
a
rd
a
nd
f
our
bi
o
-
se
nsors
w
hich
we
re
Ele
ct
ro
car
diog
ram
(ECG),
A
irflo
w,
Gal
vani
c
Sk
i
n
Re
s
po
ns
e
(
GS
R)
a
nd
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
t
he
bl
ock
diag
ram
in
Figu
re
6.
T
hese
se
ns
ors
ac
qu
i
red
the
bio
-
sig
nals
si
m
ult
aneo
us
l
y
and
wer
e
pr
e
-
proce
ssed
by
the
e
-
Healt
h
s
hield boar
d
a
nd
Ard
uin
o U
no
boar
d bef
or
e
bein
g
tr
ansf
e
rr
e
d
se
rial
ly
thr
ough
USB
p
ort
to
PC f
or d
at
a
disp
la
y a
nd ana
ly
sis.
Figure
6. S
how
the
blo
c
k diag
ram
for e
-
Heal
th m
on
it
or
in
g desig
n
The
c
ontrolle
r
pa
rt
of
the
bi
o
-
si
gn
al
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
i
s
base
d
on
the
Ard
uino
U
no
boar
d.
Th
e
ATm
ega3
28P
base
d m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
dif
fer
s
from
oth
er
Ard
uino
boar
ds
by
the
US
B
to
ser
ia
l
dr
i
ver
c
hip
wh
i
c
h
is
an
Atm
ega16U2
in
ste
ad
of
FTDI
c
hip
.
T
he
boa
rd
is
al
s
o
ge
a
re
d
with
Rx/Tx
L
ED
t
ha
t
blink
s
w
hen
data
transm
issi
on
occ
ur
s
v
ia
US
B
to ser
ia
l c
hip.
Othe
r
in
form
ation
is
d
esc
ribe
d
in
[
20
].
The
e
-
Healt
h
s
hield
boar
d
is
de
sign
e
d
to
be
at
ta
ched
to
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
bo
a
r
ds
w
hich
a
re
A
rduin
o
U
no
or
Ra
s
pb
e
rr
y
Pi
f
or
bio
m
edica
l
m
on
it
or
in
g
an
d
ap
plica
ti
on
pur
poses
[
18
]
.
The
bo
a
r
d
c
an
c
onnect
a
bout
te
n
sens
or
s
a
nd
pre
-
proce
ssed
ea
ch
si
gnal
by
a
nalo
gu
e
ci
rc
uitry
res
pecti
vely
.
T
he
sens
ors
a
nd
oth
e
r
functi
on
s
of
the
s
hield
boar
d
a
re
li
ste
d
i
n
[1
8
]
.
ECG
sig
nals
a
re
detect
ed
from
the
el
ect
rical
an
d
m
us
c
ular
act
ivit
y
of
th
e
hear
t
w
hich
is
rec
orded
by
3
-
le
ad
el
ect
r
ode
s
m
ade
of
sil
ve
r/sil
ver
c
hlori
de
(Ag/
A
gCl)
[
1
8
]
.
T
he
el
ect
rodes
consi
ste
d
of
+
ve,
–
ve
a
nd
N
eutral
pola
rity
an
d
place
d
ac
cordin
gly
to
e
ach
c
ol
our
a
s
descr
i
bed
i
n
t
utoria
l
in
[1
8
]
.
The
wi
re
is
the
n
c
onne
ct
ed
to
t
he
plugg
a
ble
sc
rew
te
rm
inal
on
the
sh
ie
ld
boar
d
to
sen
d
ra
w
se
nso
r
data
to
the
anal
ogue
conditi
on
i
ng
ci
rcu
it
pr
e
-
processes
the
se
ns
or
sig
nals
on
the
s
hield
boar
d
an
d
the
n
dig
it
ise
d
by Analo
g
pi
n ‘0’ (A
0)
from
Ardu
i
no
U
no boar
d bef
or
e
bei
ng
t
ran
sm
it
te
d
to PC.
T
he
ra
nge outp
ut is b
e
tween
0
to
5V.
Breat
hing
or
ai
rf
lo
w
se
nsor
se
ns
e
d
by
therm
al
ai
rf
low
c
om
ing
out
from
the
no
st
ril
us
in
g
a
sens
or
.
Thi
s
sens
or
c
on
sist
s
of
a
ca
nnula/h
old
e
r
t
hat
e
nv
e
lop
e
a
t
her
m
isto
r
se
nsor
insi
de
an
d
hol
ds
t
w
o
pro
ngs
on
t
op
of
it
for
colle
ct
in
g
ai
r
unde
r
the
no
st
ril.
The
wi
re
pola
rity
is
diff
e
re
ntiat
ed
by
the
c
olour
of
t
he
fle
xib
le
threa
d;
red
f
or
posit
iv
e
an
d
blu
e
for
neg
at
ive
to
be
fixe
d
on
t
he
pl
ugga
ble
scre
w
te
rm
inal
[1
8
]
.
Si
m
il
ar
to
ECG,
t
he
sens
or
pr
e
-
pro
cessed
is
dig
it
ise
d
at
A
nalo
g
pi
n
‘
1’
(A1
).
T
he
value
is
disp
l
ay
ed
bet
ween
t
he
ra
nges
of
0
t
o
10
24
dig
it
al
volt
ages
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
0
5
6
–
1
064
1060
Galva
nic
Sk
i
n
Re
sp
onse
(GS
R)
from
Coo
ki
ng
Hac
ks
m
eas
ur
es
s
kin
resist
ance
bet
ween
t
wo
se
ns
it
ive
po
i
nts
wh
ic
h
de
te
ct
ed by
a
s
m
al
l
sit
e
of
A
g/
Ag
Cl
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
with
a
Velcr
o st
ra
p t
o m
ai
ntain
the
se
nsor
po
sit
io
n
on
the
fi
ng
e
rs.
The
s
ens
or
has
no
pola
rity
an
d
is
directl
y
c
onnecte
d
t
o
plugg
a
ble
sc
re
w
t
erm
inal
and
di
giti
sed
by
A
nalo
g
pin
‘2’
(
A
2)
.
The
s
ens
or
c
ou
l
d
be
cal
ibrated
to
en
ha
nce
it
s
acc
uracy
as
exp
la
in
e
d
in
C
ooking
Hacks
tutor
ia
l
web
sit
e. T
he
se
nsor o
utput co
uld b
e
disp
la
ye
d i
n re
sist
ance v
al
ue or
con
du
ct
a
nce
v
al
ue
.
The
te
m
per
at
ure
sen
sor
m
eas
ur
es
t
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
the
s
ki
n
in
c
on
ta
ct
w
it
h
the
surface
plate
at
any
tem
per
at
ur
e
-
se
ns
it
ive
body
pa
rt.
In
ste
a
d
of
le
ad
ca
ble
li
ke
oth
e
r
se
nso
rs,
t
his
se
nsor
us
es
a
m
ono
au
dio
connecto
r
t
o
tr
ansm
it
the d
at
a to
on
e
of t
he
s
hield
bo
a
r
d pin
s in [1
5
].
The
se
nsor
pre
ci
sion
c
ould
be
obta
ined
thr
ou
gh
a
cal
ibrati
on
process
as
in
the
tuto
rial
in
[
20
]
.
A
rduin
o
Uno
An
al
og
di
giti
ses
data
fro
m
the
sh
ie
ld
boar
d
to
Digital
conver
te
r
(
A
DC)
f
r
om
An
al
og
pin
‘
3’
(
A
3).
The
ou
t
pu
t
data
volt
age r
a
nges
bet
ween 0
to 5
V
a
fter
bein
g
c
onve
rted
t
o
a
n
a
nalogue val
ue
v
ia
c
-
program
.
2.2.
So
f
tware
This
syst
em
use
d
t
wo
ty
pes
of
s
of
t
war
e
to
m
anipu
la
te
th
e
data
outp
ut
ot
her
tha
n
A
rdui
no
I
DE
f
or
com
pili
ng
c
-
c
ode
int
o
Hex
fil
e
an
d
nex
t
do
wn
l
oad
i
ng
the
Hex
file
int
o
Ardu
i
no
boa
rd.
Th
e
tw
o
s
of
t
war
e
is
work
i
ng to
geth
er to p
ro
ce
ss th
e outp
ut d
at
a
which a
re Real
te
rm
an
d KST
2 f
or
real
-
ti
m
e d
at
a p
lott
in
g
1
.
Re
al
te
r
m
This
s
of
t
war
e
s
aves
al
l
the
out
pu
t
data
tra
ns
m
it
te
d
serial
ly
into
one
te
xt
file
.
This
file
is
t
hen
us
e
d
in
K
ST
2
to b
e
g
e
ne
rated
into g
raph a
ga
inst tim
e [2
1
].
2
.
KS
T
2
KS
T
2
is
open
s
of
t
war
e
that
ge
ner
at
es
data
fro
m
te
xt
f
il
e
into
a
gra
ph
a
gainst
ti
m
e.
The
data
gen
e
rated
ca
n
be
m
on
it
or
e
d
i
n
a li
ve
f
ee
d o
f
d
at
a sa
ve
d
f
r
om
Rea
lt
er
m
[
2
2
].
3.
R
ESULT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
each
se
nsor as
set
up
a
s
s
how
i
n Fi
gure
7 i
s
te
ste
d an
d
disp
la
ye
d i
n
Ard
uino
IDE
serial
m
on
it
or
or
K
S
T2
real
-
tim
e
m
on
it
or
ing
sof
tware.
Senso
r
data
are
the
n
c
om
par
ed
a
nd
ver
ifie
d
wit
h
e
xisti
ng
com
m
ercial
d
evices.
All o
f
th
e senso
rs
a
re the
n
te
ste
d si
m
ul
ta
neously
for v
erifyi
ng the
syst
e
m
’s
abili
ty
.
Figure
7. Ef
fec
ts of sel
ect
ing
diff
e
re
nt sw
it
c
hing
unde
r dyn
a
m
ic
co
nd
it
io
n
The
EC
G
vo
lt
a
ge
sig
nal
is
plot
te
d
us
i
ng
Re
al
te
rm
and
KST
2
s
of
t
war
e
a
s
i
ll
us
trat
ed
in
Ta
ble
2.
T
wo
act
ivit
ie
s
wer
e
co
nducted
on
two
s
ub
j
ect
s
in
a
rela
xed
sta
te
an
d
a
fter
run
ni
ng
.
D
uri
ng
th
e
relaxe
d
sta
te
,
bot
h
su
bject
s
R
-
pe
ak
in
the
100
s
econd
pe
rio
d
be
tween
2
t
o
3
t
i
m
es
each.
Me
anwhil
e,
a
fter
the
r
un
s
ta
te
,
t
he
R
-
peaks
obser
ve
d
i
n
both
sub
je
ct
s
increa
sed
to
3
t
o
4
tim
es
in
each
per
i
od.
Sig
nals
fro
m
Su
bj
ect
2
w
hich
are
ta
ken
in
a
la
yi
ng
po
sit
io
n
a
re
m
or
e
sta
ble
c
om
par
ed
t
o
Subj
ect
1
that
wa
s
in
a
sit
ti
ng
posit
ion.
Sli
ght
m
ov
es
can a
ff
ect
t
he EC
G
si
gn
al
s.
In
Ta
ble
3,
thr
ee
br
eat
hing
act
ivit
ie
s
wer
e
re
corde
d
from
Su
bject
1
a
nd
S
ubj
ect
2.
N
or
m
al
br
eat
hi
ng
is
wh
il
e
in
a
r
e
la
xed
c
onditi
on
an
d
without
any
tim
e
con
strai
nt.
T
he
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
br
eat
hing
was
car
ried
ou
t
by
tim
ing
the
in
ha
li
ng
a
nd
ex
hali
ng
of
th
e
s
ubj
e
ct
ever
y
t
hr
ee
s
econds
.
At
m
axim
u
m
exh
al
at
ion
,
the
sub
j
ect
s
nee
d
to
ta
ke
a
dee
p
br
eat
h
be
f
or
e
e
xh
al
in
g
t
o
their
m
axi
m
u
m
.
In
Table
3,
in
t
he
norm
al
sta
te
,
bo
th
s
ubj
ect
br
e
at
hin
gs
pro
du
ce
d
lo
w
vo
lt
age
ou
t
put
w
hich
is
le
ss
than
10
0
dig
it
al
volt
s
c
om
par
ed
to
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
breat
hing
a
ct
ivit
y
wh
e
re
the
brea
thing
i
ncr
ea
sed
up
t
o
10
0
di
gi
ta
l
vo
lt
s.
F
or
m
axi
m
u
m
exhal
at
ion
res
ults,
bo
t
h
rea
dings
peak
e
d
above
25
0
dig
i
ta
l
vo
lt
s.
T
he
s
ens
or
w
orks
prop
e
rly
wh
e
n
de
te
ct
ing
t
her
m
al
from
ex
haled
ai
r,
ho
wev
e
r,
w
he
n
the
the
rm
is
tor
at
the
pro
ng
t
ou
c
he
d
the
sk
i
n,
t
he
re
su
lt
be
com
e
inv
al
id
beca
us
e
the
s
kin
te
m
per
at
ure
was
detect
ed wit
h
t
he breat
h
te
m
per
a
ture
. T
hus,
t
he pr
ong m
us
t be ca
reful n
ot t
o
to
uc
h
the
s
kin
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Biome
dical
he
alth
monitori
ng syste
m desig
n and a
na
ly
sis
(
Nur Athila
h
A
bdul R
ahm
an
)
1061
Table
2.
Sho
w EC
G
si
gn
al
res
ults f
ro
m
two
s
ubj
e
ct
s at t
wo
diff
e
re
nt acti
viti
es
Activ
ity
Su
b
ject 1
Su
b
ject 2
Relax
Ru
n
Table
3.
Sho
w t
he
ai
rf
l
ow gra
ph of
dig
it
al
vo
lt
age output a
ga
inst tim
e (s
) f
or d
if
fer
e
nt act
ivit
ie
s o
f
t
wo
diff
e
re
nt sub
j
e
ct
s
Activ
ity
Su
b
ject 1
Su
b
ject 2
No
r
m
al
Breath
in
g
Co
n
trolled
Breath
in
g
Maxi
m
u
m
Exh
aled
Air
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
0
5
6
–
1
064
1062
The
sub
j
ect
fac
ed
t
hr
ee
ty
pes
of
act
ivit
ie
s
to
ob
s
er
ve
c
ha
nges
in
G
SR
se
nsor
outp
ut
i
n
m
i
cro
-
Siem
en
(µS)
agai
ns
t
ti
m
e
in
seco
nd
(
s).
In
a
rela
xed
sta
te
,
the
s
ubje
ct
was
a
dv
ise
d
to
be
i
n
the
m
os
t
co
m
fo
rta
ble
sta
te
befor
e
the
data
was
ta
ke
n.
Wh
il
e
in
f
or
ce
d
e
xh
al
at
io
n,
the
su
bject
was
ins
tructed
to
in
hale
dee
ply
an
d
e
xh
al
e
afterwa
r
ds
.
Th
e
subje
ct
saw
a
short
hor
ror
vid
eo
f
or
a
s
urpr
i
se
te
st.
The
res
ult
is
as
dep
ic
te
d
in
Table
4.
D
ur
i
ng
the
relaxe
d
s
ta
te
,
both
gr
a
phs
s
how
a
sta
ble
gra
ph,
but
dur
ing
the
s
urpr
is
e
te
st,
t
he
grap
h
li
ne
e
xperien
ced
a
su
dde
n
hi
ke
w
hen
t
he
sub
j
ect
s
wer
e
s
urp
rise
d.
Wh
e
n
rem
oving
the
se
nsor
f
ro
m
the
su
bject
,
the
rea
ding
dr
oppe
d
to
-
1
µS
as
pro
gr
am
m
ed
in th
e Ard
uino s
oft
war
e
.
T
he
e
-
Healt
h
tem
per
at
ure
se
ns
or
read
i
ng
was
ta
ke
n
e
ve
ry
10
m
inu
te
s
tog
et
he
r
with
a
com
m
ercial
sens
or
(MT
902C
-
CU
)
on
a
subj
ect
i
n
a
la
borator
y
e
nv
iro
nm
ent.
The
e
-
Healt
h
te
m
per
at
ur
e
s
ens
or
wa
s
cal
ibrated
befo
re
the
e
xp
e
rim
ent
was c
ondu
ct
ed.
T
he c
al
ib
rated
val
ue i
s
a
s
sta
te
d i
n Ta
ble
5 w
hile
the
r
esult
is
dep
ic
te
d
in
Ta
ble
6.
C
om
par
ing
data
ta
ke
n
f
ro
m
bo
t
h
te
m
per
at
ur
e
se
nsors
,
the
di
ff
e
ren
ce
s
are
bet
ween
0.1
1
°C
to
0.2
6
°C
w
hi
ch
c
on
cl
ud
e
s
t
he
ov
e
rall
dif
f
eren
ce
in
per
c
entage
is
le
ss
than
1%
with
the
highest
di
f
f
eren
c
e
bein
g 0.81%
.
The
volt
age
re
adin
g
a
nd
pow
er
for
eac
h
se
nsor
are
ta
bula
t
ed
i
n
Ta
ble
7
.
ECG
se
nsor
a
ve
rag
e
power
is
the
lo
west
w
hich
is
7.8
4W
com
par
ed
t
o
th
e
highest
powe
r
c
on
s
um
ption
,
body
te
m
per
at
ur
e
sen
sor
with
valu
e
9.03W.
T
he ne
xt h
i
gh
e
st val
ue
is G
SR
se
ns
or w
it
h 8.78W
f
ollow
e
d by
Air
flo
w
se
ns
or
8.5
0W.
Table
4.
Sho
w t
he
ai
rf
l
ow gra
ph of
dig
it
al
vo
lt
age output a
ga
inst tim
e (s
) f
or d
if
fer
e
nt act
ivit
ie
s o
f
t
wo
diff
e
re
nt
sub
j
e
ct
s
Activ
ity
Su
b
ject 1
Su
b
ject 2
Relax
ed
Su
rprised
Test
Re
m
o
v
ed
Sen
so
r
Table
5.
Sho
w
s the cali
brat
io
n
m
easur
e
d f
rom
the e
-
Healt
h shie
d bo
a
rd
Measu
re
m
en
t
Valu
e
Vo
ltag
e Ref
erence
2
.49
V
Ra
4
6
2
0
.0Ω
Rb
4
6
8
0
.0Ω
Rc
8
1
6
.0Ω
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Biome
dical
he
alth
monitori
ng syste
m desig
n and a
na
ly
sis
(
Nur Athila
h
A
bdul R
ahm
an
)
1063
Table
6.
Sho
w t
he
e
-
Healt
h
te
m
per
at
ur
e se
nsor
and c
omm
er
ci
al
sen
sor
dat
a w
it
h dif
f
ere
nc
e in
per
ce
ntag
e
Test
(M
in
u
te)
Te
m
p
e
rature
Sen
so
r
e
-
Health
(˚
C)
Co
m
m
e
rcial
Te
m
p
erature
Mon
ito
r
(M
T90
2
C
-
CU) B
(˚
C)
Dif
f
erence in Mea
su
re
m
en
t
|A
-
B
|
(
˚C)
Dif
f
erence percent
ag
e
(
|
A
-
B
|
)/B*
1
0
0
(%)
10
3
1
.77
3
2
.0
0
.23
0
.72
20
3
1
.74
3
2
.0
0
.26
0
.81
30
3
2
.15
3
2
.0
0
.15
0
.47
40
3
1
.86
3
2
.0
0
.14
0
.44
50
3
1
.89
3
2
.0
0
.11
0
.34
60
3
2
.18
3
2
.0
0
.18
0
.56
Table
7.
Sho
w
s each
senso
r
a
ve
ra
ge
a
nd
pea
k powe
r
c
on
s
um
pt
ion
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
per
disc
us
se
d
th
e
a
vaila
ble
healt
h
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
an
d
a
n
e
-
healt
h
m
on
it
or
i
ng
s
yst
e
m
con
sist
of
four
dif
fer
e
nt b
io
-
sig
nal se
ns
or EC
G,
Bo
dy Tem
per
at
ure, A
ir
flo
w
an
d GSR w
it
h
e
-
H
eal
th sh
ie
ld
board
a
nd
Ardu
i
no
bo
a
r
d
as
the
pre
-
proc
essing
a
nd
pr
oc
essing
el
em
ent
resp
ect
ively
i
n
the
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
e
m
.
Eac
h
s
ens
or
te
ste
d
an
d
the
r
esults
w
orks
ac
cordin
gly
to
ea
ch
e
xperim
ental
te
st
as
in
Sect
ion
V
.
A
ver
a
ge
powe
r
c
onsu
m
ption
is hig
hest
wh
e
n usin
g b
od
y t
e
m
per
at
ur
e se
nsor
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hor
w
ould
li
ke
to
ac
knowle
dge
the
su
pp
or
t
f
ro
m
the
Fun
dam
ental
Re
searc
h
G
r
ant
S
chem
e
(F
RG
S)
under
a
gra
nt
num
ber
of
FR
GS
/2/
2014
/
ICT0
6/UNI
MAP/0
2/3
f
r
om
the
Mi
nistry
of
Hi
gh
e
r
E
ducat
io
n
Ma
la
ysi
a.
REFERE
NCE
S
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"
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eHe
al
th,
"
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ine
]
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p:
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who.i
nt/
to
pic
s/eh
ea
l
th/
en
/.
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essed:
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ea
r
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lt
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te
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y
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ld
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e
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rab
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ire
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ire
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ea
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e
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ade
,
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,
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e
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and
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ea
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puti
ng,
"
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–
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,
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16.
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ei
t
le
r
an
d
J.
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Piccini,
"
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m
onit
or
ing
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ca
rdi
ac
i
m
pla
nta
bl
e
e
lect
ronic
d
evi
c
es
(
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),
"
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d.
,
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–
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ia
n
,
K
.
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ave
lu
,
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.
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er,
T
.
M
.
Kotr
esh,
D.
T
.
Shakuntha
l
a,
P.
Gopal,
and
V
.
C
.
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aki
,
"
Sm
art
Vest :
W
ea
r
abl
e
m
ult
i
-
par
amet
er remote
ph
y
siolo
gic
a
l
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ot,
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a,
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ber
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tmar,
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d
ams
,
a
nd
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Mem
ber
,
"
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wea
rab
le,
low
-
power,
h
ea
l
th
-
m
onit
oring
instru
m
ent
at
ion
base
d
on
a
Progr
amm
abl
e
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y
s
te
m
-
on
-
C
hip,
"
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t
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alt
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an
d
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S.
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m
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t
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si
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Algorit
hm
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Biof
ee
db
ac
k
Si
gnal
s
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Esti
m
a
ti
ng
Emotions,
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335
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340
,
20
14
.
Sen
so
r
Vo
ltag
e (
V)
Res
isto
r(
Ω)
Po
wer
P =
V
2
/R
Av
erage
Peak
Av
erage
Peak
ECG
3
.43
0
.30
1
.5
7
.84
0
.06
Airflo
w
3
.57
0
.46
1
.5
8
.50
0
.14
GSR
3
.63
0
.50
1
.5
8
.78
0
.17
Bod
y Tempera
tu
re
3
.68
046
1
.5
9
.03
0
.14
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
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l.
1
3
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o.
3
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0
5
6
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1
064
1064
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L
eonha
rdt
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M
.
Schi
ek,
"
Distri
bute
d
In
te
l
li
gen
t
Sensor
Network
for
the Re
h
abi
l
itati
on
of
Park
inson ’
s Pa
ti
en
ts,
"
vol.
15
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2
)
,
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L.
Fren
zel,
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W
hat
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the
Di
ffe
ren
c
e
B
et
we
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SA
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Delt
a
-
Sigm
a
A
DCs
?
,
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2016
.
[Online
]
.
Availab
le
:
htt
p://elec
troni
c
design.
com/ad
c/w
hat
-
s
-
diffe
ren
c
e
-
bet
we
en
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sar
-
a
nd
-
del
t
a
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sigm
a
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a
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Cooking
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hac
ks.
c
om
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e
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He
al
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for
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and
Ras
pber
r
y
Pi
[B
io
m
et
ric
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ical
Applic
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ti
ons]
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[Onlin
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[20]
Arduino.
cc,
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Arduino
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16.
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e]
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Av
ai
l
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e
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htt
ps://
ww
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rd
uino.
c
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en
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n/
ArduinoBoardUno.
[Ac
ce
ss
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1
-
Oct
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2016]
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lterm
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rm
inal,
"
Re
a
lt
erm.sourcefog.
io.
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.
Ava
il
able:
h
tt
ps:/
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a
lt
erm.sourceforg
e.
io
/.
[Ac
ce
ss
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22
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Oct
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2016]
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[22]
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Ks
t
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y
our
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ta,
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kd
e.
org
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ine
]
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Avail
a
ble:
htt
ps://
kst
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p
lot
.
k
de.
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.
[Acc
essed:
22
-
Oct
-
2016
]
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[23]
A. Ekh
are, “
Desi
gn
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Deve
lop
m
ent
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ul
ti
-
pa
ramet
er
Patient
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ng
S
y
st
em
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i
r
el
es
s
Com
m
unic
at
io
n
to,
”
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2
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[24]
“
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ren
ce
b
etw
ee
n
8
bit
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16
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con
trol
ler.”
[Online]
.
Avail
able:
Dif
fer
ence
be
twee
n
8
bit
and
16
b
i
t
Microc
ontro
ll
er
.
[25]
IMO
TION,
Ever
y
th
ing
y
ou
n
eed
to
know
abou
t
Galva
n
ic
Skin
Response
to
p
ush
y
our
insig
h
t
s
int
o
emotion
al
beha
vior
-
1
-
.
2
016.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Nur
Athilah
Bt
.
A
bdul
Ra
hm
a
n
gr
a
duat
ed
f
or
he
r
fi
rst
degre
e
in
Ba
c
helo
r
of
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng
in
Ele
ct
ronics
f
ro
m
Un
ive
rsiti
Ma
la
ysi
a
Perlis
(UniM
A
P)
i
n
2015.
N
ow,
s
he
is
curre
ntl
y
purs
uing
her
Ma
ste
r
De
gr
ee
by
resea
rc
h
on
sig
nal
a
naly
sis
al
gorithm
a
nd
arc
hitec
tur
e
for heal
th m
onit
or
in
g
a
pp
li
cat
ion
.
Associ
at
e
Pr
ofesso
r
Dr
.
A
sral
Ba
har
i
J
a
m
bek
is
a
m
e
m
ber
of
t
he
Sc
hool
of
Mi
cro
el
ect
roni
cs
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
U
niv
e
rsiti
Ma
la
ysi
a
Perlis
(UniM
AP),
an
d
was
a
Pr
og
ram
m
e Chairp
er
son
for
t
he
Ele
ct
r
on
ic
s
En
gin
eeri
ng Degree
Pro
gr
am
m
e, U
niMA
P.
He
has
m
or
e
th
an
15
ye
ars
e
xperie
nce
in
inte
gr
at
e
d
ci
rc
uit
a
nd
syst
em
desi
gn
in
both
t
he
industry
a
nd
a
cadem
ic
sect
or
s,
a
nd
has
bee
n
i
nvolv
e
d
at
va
rio
us
le
vels
of
VLS
I
desi
gn
su
c
h
as
tra
ns
i
stor
m
od
el
li
ng,
dig
it
al
ci
rc
ui
t
desig
n,
a
na
logue
ci
rcu
it
desig
n,
lo
gic
synthesis a
nd
physi
cal
p
la
ce a
nd ro
ute, ar
c
hit
ect
ur
e
desig
n a
nd alg
or
it
hm
develo
pm
ent.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.