Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
201
8
,
pp.
1
2
27
~
12
33
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
, DO
I: 10
.11
591/
ijeecs
.
v
10
.i
3
.pp
12
27
-
12
33
1227
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Perform
ance of
a Sm
all
-
si
ze
d S
avon
ious Bl
ade with
Wind
Concent
rator
Dygku.
Asm
ani
ssa
Awg
. O
s
man
1
,
Norz
anah R
os
mi
n
2
,
A
ede H
at
ib
Mu
sta
’
am
al
3
,
Siti
Maher
ah
Hu
ssin
4
,
Md Pa
uz
i Ab
dull
ah
5
1
Cent
r
e
of
Elec
t
ric
a
l
En
erg
y
S
y
s
te
m
(CEE
S),
PO
W
ER
Depa
rtme
nt,
Fa
cul
t
y
of El
ec
tr
ic
a
l Engi
ne
er
ing,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knologi Mal
a
y
sia
,
81310
Skudai, Johor
Bahru
,
Johor,
Mal
a
y
si
a.
2
Facul
t
y
of Educ
at
ion
,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knologi Mal
a
y
sia
,
81310
Skudai, Johor
Bahru
,
Johor,
Mal
a
y
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ja
n
15
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Ma
r
12
, 2
01
8
Accepte
d
Ma
r
2
3
, 201
8
Thi
s
pape
r
pr
ese
nts
the
per
for
m
anc
e
of
a
fab
r
ic
a
te
d
sm
al
l
-
siz
ed
Savonious
wind
turbi
ne
wi
th
two
bla
d
es.
The
design
of
Savonius
ver
tic
al
ax
is
wind
turbi
ne
(VA
W
T)
was
base
d
on
Malay
s
ia
wind
spee
d
condi
t
ion.
Mea
nwhile,
the
design
of
wind
conc
en
trat
or
was
base
d
on
the
dimensi
ons
and
the
consta
nt
ai
rflow
of
an
a
ir
comp
ressor.
From
the
experim
ent
a
l
t
esti
ng
in
a
la
bora
tor
y
,
it
was
found
tha
t
the
proposed
Savonious
turbi
ne
has
best
per
form
anc
e
wh
en
te
st
ed
using wi
nd
concent
ra
t
or.
To
conclude
,
ai
rflow
from
ai
r com
pre
ss
or
ca
n
be inc
r
ea
sed
when
the
propos
ed
wind
con
ce
n
t
rat
or
is use
d
and
henc
e
in
cr
ea
sing
the
prop
osed
VA
W
T
p
erf
orm
anc
e
in
t
erms
of
it
s
angul
ar
spee
d
(
ω),
ti
p
spe
ed
r
atio
(TSR)
and
th
e
gen
era
t
ed
el
e
c
tri
c
al
power
(PE).
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Power c
oe
ff
ic
i
ent
Savoni
ous
Tip s
peed rati
o
W
i
nd c
on
ce
ntr
at
or
W
i
nd tu
r
bin
e
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights
reserv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Norza
nah Ros
m
in,
POWER
Dep
a
rtm
ent, F
acult
y o
f
Ele
ct
rical
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
al
ay
sia
, 81310
Sku
da
i, Joh
or
,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: no
rza
na
h@fk
e
.u
tm
.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Energy has
al
ways b
ee
n
the
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
asset fo
r
t
he
econom
y and
soci
al
g
rowth de
velo
pm
ent o
f
a
country.
It
is
no
l
onge
r
vie
w
ed
as
af
flue
nce
as
it
us
ed
to
be
bu
t
it
has
bec
om
e
a
co
m
pu
lsi
on
in
our
e
very
day
li
fe.
As
in
Ma
l
ay
sia
,
the
do
m
inant
sou
rce
of
ene
r
gy
is
sti
ll
ver
y
m
uch
sust
ai
ned
by
fo
s
s
il
fu
el
s
for
the
past
100
ye
a
rs.
It
is
al
so
ca
us
e
d
by
the
a
bs
entees
of
s
uitable
r
ep
la
ce
m
ent
for
th
e
f
os
sil
f
uels
a
s
the
m
ai
n
sou
rce
of
energy
w
hich
can
f
ulfil
the
consum
er’
s
en
erg
y
re
quirem
ent
for
the
usa
ge
of
el
ect
r
ic
it
y.
Acco
r
ding
to
the
current
risin
g
t
rends
of
f
uel
pri
ces,
especial
ly
the
cru
de
oil
pr
ic
e
in
the
w
orl
d
m
ark
et
,
som
eho
w
it
aff
ec
te
d
the
pr
ic
e
of
co
ns
um
er’
s
total
el
e
ct
rici
ty
bil
ls
wh
ere
it
beco
m
e
s
on
e
of
the
bu
rd
e
ns
they
nee
ded
to
be
ar
in
te
rm
s
of
li
vin
g
c
os
t
no
wad
ay
s
.
The
Ma
la
ysi
an
Governm
ent
com
pr
e
he
nd
e
d
the
po
te
ntial
s
of
s
om
e
ren
ewab
l
e
energy
resou
rces
s
uch
as
hydro
,
wi
nd,
s
olar,
ge
othe
rm
al
and
ti
dal
wav
e
w
her
e
m
os
t
of
these
r
enew
a
ble
en
er
gies
are
no
t
f
ully
util
ized
as
an
op
ti
on
to
ensu
re
the
s
us
ta
ina
b
il
it
y
of
ener
gy
res
our
ces
[1
]
.
Be
twe
en
al
l
tho
se
av
ai
la
ble
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
rg
y,
t
he
ch
os
e
n
gree
n
ene
rgy
that
has
the
po
te
ntial
to
be
de
velo
pe
d
in
com
ing
ye
ars
i
n
Ma
la
ysi
a
is
so
la
r
an
d
bio
m
ass
energy.
For
ti
dal
an
d
wind,
t
hey
are
le
ss
po
pu
la
r.
T
his
is
du
e
to
t
he
pr
ob
l
e
m
of
their
pote
ntial
resou
rces.
N
owadays
,
the
ai
r
-
co
ndit
ion
er
sy
stem
al
read
y
been
buil
t
in
m
a
ny
bu
il
di
ngs
ei
ther
in
workplace
or
r
esi
den
ti
al
.
T
he
ai
r
stream
s
that
flow
out
f
rom
the
ai
r
-
com
pr
ess
or
w
hich
is
on
e
of
pa
rt
of
ai
r
-
conditi
on
e
r
syst
e
m
is
q
uite
con
sta
nt,
as
long
as
it
is
op
era
te
d.
The
ai
r
fl
ow
f
r
om
this
a
ir
-
co
ndit
ion
e
r
syst
e
m
will
be
spread
ed
to
the
open
ai
r
fr
eel
y.
He
nce,
it
will
be
us
ef
ul
to
be
be
nef
it
te
d
if
it
cou
l
d
be
us
e
d
as
the
energy so
urce
for
a w
i
nd
t
urb
ine. Ho
wev
e
r,
the air v
el
ocit
y from
the air co
m
pr
esso
r
is l
ow wher
e the r
a
ng
e
of
ai
r
velocit
y
is
betwee
n
0.5
8
m
/s
to
1.
37
m
/
s.
Th
us
,
it
is
ve
ry
sign
ifa
nt
to f
in
d
a
way
on h
ow
to
i
ncr
eas
e
the
ai
r
velocit
y
from
the
ai
r
-
c
om
pr
essor
s
uc
h
as
usi
ng
wind
co
nc
entrato
r
[
2]
be
sides
desi
gn
i
ng
a
nd
de
velo
ping
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vol
.
10
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
8
:
1127
–
1133
1228
su
it
able
wind
t
urbine
for
this
app
li
cat
ion.
F
or
lo
w
wi
nd
r
eso
ur
ces
,
it
is
com
m
on
to
use
Savoni
ou
s
ve
rtic
a
l
axis
wind
tur
bi
ne
(VA
WT).
Savoni
ous
VAWT
is
gen
e
ral
ly
no
t
a
sel
f
-
sta
rting
wi
nd
t
urbine
a
nd
ha
s
low
powe
r
coeffic
ie
nt.
I
n
sta
ti
c
c
onditi
on,
Savo
nious
V
A
WT
r
equ
i
res
ad
diti
onal
m
echan
ism
to
al
low
the
r
otor
to
ro
ta
te
befo
re
sta
rting
the
tur
bin
e
[
3
]
,
[
4].
It
is
theref
ore,
app
r
opriat
e
S
avonio
us
V
A
WT
syst
e
m
mu
st
be
desig
ne
d
care
f
ully
f
or s
uc
h
ai
r
-
c
om
pr
esso
r.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
In
this
sect
io
n,
the
m
et
ho
d
f
or
the
Savo
nious
V
A
WT
an
d
the
wind
co
nc
entrato
r
de
sig
ns
will
be
exp
la
ine
d b
rief
ly
. Bo
th c
om
po
ne
nts
ha
ve
th
ei
r
ow
n
s
gn
i
ficance in
pr
oduc
ing
good
wind
tur
bin
e.
2.1. Wi
nd C
once
nt
r
ator
De
sign
Be
fore
desi
gn
i
ng
t
he
bla
de,
the
su
it
able
un
i
t
of
ai
r
-
c
onditi
on
e
r
com
pr
ess
or
a
nd
it
s
dim
e
ns
io
n
s
houl
d
be
dete
rm
ined
and
m
easur
e
d.
Af
te
r
e
xec
uting
s
om
e
su
r
vey
in
U
T
M’s
area,
we
decide
d
to
s
el
ect
an
ai
rco
m
pr
esso
r
that
ha
d
bee
n
instal
le
d
at
P16,
F
KE
as
the
ene
rg
y
s
ource
.
T
he
outl
et
dim
ension
of
t
he
ai
rco
m
pr
esso
r
is
eq
ual
to
the
dim
ension
s
of
the
inlet
of
the
wind
co
nce
ntr
at
or
;
heig
ht
(
H
1)
an
d
widt
h
(
W2).
To
incr
ease
th
e
inlet
’s
of
ai
r
strea
m
velocit
y
to
the
ro
to
r,
con
ce
ntrat
or
nozzl
e
was
co
nsi
der
e
d
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
1.
By
instal
li
ng
a
wind
co
nce
ntrato
r
to
the
wi
n
d
t
urbine,
it
m
ay
in
crease
the
e
ff
i
ci
ency
of
t
he
tur
bine
about
10%
to
20%
wh
e
n
usi
ng
a
sin
gle
-
sta
ge
r
otor
wi
th
the
dim
ension
s
of
=
45º
an
d
=
15º
.
As
the
con
ce
ntrat
or
nozzl
e
is
f
ocu
se
d
on
the
direct
ai
rf
lo
w
w
hic
h
on
ly
ove
rs
th
e
con
ca
ve
blad
e,
the
a
dv
a
nta
ges
of
us
in
g
thi
s
desi
gn
a
re
as
f
ollo
ws
[
5],
[
6];
ne
gative
m
o
m
ent
produce
d
by
the
act
ion
of
th
e
wind
on
the
conve
x
par
t
will
b
e ca
ncell
ed ou
t
and
it
o
f
fer
s
the
po
ssibil
it
y of
inc
r
easi
ng the m
ove
m
ent an
d ef
fi
ci
ency o
f
the
roto
r.
Figure
1. The
desig
n of w
i
nd concent
rato
r
[
6]
Stud
y
in
[
7]
ha
d
intr
oduce
d
a
desig
n
of
a
s
ub
s
onic
nozzl
e
in
orde
r
to
pr
oduce
a
c
onsta
nt
press
ur
e
dro
p
a
nd
c
on
si
der
i
ng
m
oist
ai
r
as
pr
i
ncipal
fluid.
T
his
c
on
verge
nt
nozzl
e
has
al
m
os
t
sim
il
ar
functi
ons
with
the
on
e
s
as
in
[6
]
.
The
func
ti
on
s
are
li
ste
d
as
fo
ll
ow
s;
it
a
m
plifie
d
the
wind’s
ve
lo
ci
ty
and
it
pr
even
te
d
neg
at
ive
to
r
que
w
her
e
it
ca
n
act
as
a
ba
rr
ie
r
f
or
wi
nd
stri
ki
ng
on
t
he
bla
de’
s
c
on
ca
ve
pa
rt
of
t
he
ro
t
or.
T
he
stud
y al
so
clai
m
ed
that wh
e
n usin
g
a co
nver
gen
t
no
zzl
e
ro
t
or, the
s
peed
c
an
be
si
gnific
an
tl
y i
ncr
eased
, a
nd
s
o
do
e
s
the
powe
r
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt.
Anothe
r
fi
nd
i
ng
f
ro
m
the
stu
dy
al
so
sta
te
d
that
the
co
ns
e
r
vation
of
ene
r
gy
in
a
no
zzl
e
ca
n
be
t
erm
ed
as
Be
rnou
ll
i’s
e
quat
io
n
as
s
how
n
i
n
equ
at
io
n
1
w
he
re
it
can
be
de
fine
d
that
t
he
su
m
of
al
l
fo
rm
s
of
w
ind
fl
ow
s
a
re
sam
e
at
the
sa
m
e
po
int;
how
ever,
this
re
quires
the
su
m
of
kin
et
ic
ene
rgy
and
po
te
ntial
ene
r
gy
to
be
kep
t
c
onsta
nt.
Ba
se
d
on
this
e
quat
io
n,
1
can
be
co
nsi
der
e
d
a
s
t
he
inlet
velocit
y
of
the
wind c
on
ce
ntra
tor w
hile
2
is t
he
outl
et
v
el
ocit
y of t
h
e
wind c
on
ce
ntrat
or
.
1
1
1
=
2
2
2
(1)
So
m
e
par
am
eter
s
c
onsider
ed
duri
ng
de
sig
ni
ng
t
he
wind
con
ce
ntrat
or
a
s
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
2
we
re
base
d
on
the
ou
tl
et
dim
ensi
on
s
of
t
he
ai
r
com
pr
esso
r
a
nd
the
HR
an
d
RR
of
the
bla
de
ro
t
or
desi
gn.
The
desig
n
of
the
wind
c
on
ce
ntr
at
or
ha
d
to
be
i
m
pr
ovise
d
f
or
the
pur
po
se
of
this
stu
dy
by
al
so
c
onside
ring
the
Be
rnou
ll
i’s
eq
uation
wh
e
re
the
velocit
y
of
ai
r
can
be
inc
r
eased
w
he
n
flo
wing
thr
ough
f
ro
m
a
la
rg
e
to
sm
a
ll
er
area
with
a
c
onsta
nt
ai
r
den
s
it
y.
The
ch
os
e
n
m
at
erial
fo
r
fabrica
ti
ng
th
e
wind
co
nce
ntrator
was
al
um
iniu
m
because
of
it
s
su
it
able
m
a
ter
ia
l
prop
e
rtie
s.
Alum
iniu
m
is
li
gh
t
in
weig
ht,
co
rrosio
n
r
esi
sta
nce,
ha
ve
good
rigid
it
y, a
recy
cl
able m
at
erial,
easy
to
constr
uct and l
ow in c
os
t [
8].
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Perf
orma
nce
of
a
Small
-
size
d Sa
v
onio
us
Bl
ade wi
th Wi
nd
Con
ce
ntra
t
or
(
Dyg
k
u. As
mani
ssa
Aw
g. Os
m
an
)
1229
Figure
2.
W
i
nd concent
rato
r d
esi
gn’s dim
ension
(left:
sc
he
m
at
ic
, r
igh
t:
bu
il
t)
2.2. Sa
vonio
us
VAWT
Desig
n
In
[
8
]
,
[
9],
the
y
m
entioned
that
two
-
bla
ded
Savonius
VAWT
is
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
an
d
ha
s
a
hig
he
r
powe
r
c
oeffici
ent
com
par
e
d
t
o
a
t
hr
ee
-
bla
de
d
Sa
voni
us
VA
WT
un
de
r
t
he
sam
e
te
s
t
cond
it
ion
. I
t
is beca
us
e
as
the
num
ber
of
blades
i
ncr
eas
es,
it
will
al
so
increase
th
e
drag
on
the
s
urf
aces
w
hen
t
he
wind
fl
ow
s
a
r
ound
them
.
This
wil
l
cause
t
he
re
ver
se
to
rque
t
o
inc
rease
an
d
causi
ng
the
ne
t
tor
qu
e
w
ork
ing
on
th
e
blades
of
Savoni
us
wind
tur
bin
e
to
dec
r
ease.
T
he
evi
de
nce
of
us
in
g
t
wo
blade
s
wa
s
al
so
sup
ported
by
[
10
]
,
[11].
Wh
e
n
ti
p
sp
ee
d
rati
o (TSR)
=
0.8,
t
he
p
owe
r
coe
ff
ic
i
ent (
Cp
) for tw
o
-
blade
d
r
ot
or
is 0.165
wh
il
e
three
-
blad
ed ro
tor
is
0.12.
It
has
pro
ved
that
if
the
nu
m
b
er
of
blades
was
i
ncr
ea
sed
from
two
t
o
th
ree,
the
po
wer
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
the
wind
tu
rb
i
ne
r
otor
will
dec
re
ases.He
nce,
i
n
this
stud
y,
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
bla
des
of
the
r
otor
was
m
ini
m
ized
to
two blade
s
on
l
y.
To
determ
ine
the
ra
dius
an
d
heig
ht
of
the
S
avonio
us
blade
,
we
nee
d
to
re
fer
a
gain
t
he
dim
ension
of
the
wind
co
nc
entrato
r
that
ha
s
been
e
xpla
ined
pr
e
viously
.
By
relat
ing
su
ch
dim
ension
and
al
s
o
the
predict
e
d
ou
t
pu
t,
t
he
ra
di
us
is
dete
rm
ine
d
fir
st
by
us
i
ng
equ
at
io
n
(2)
[
12
]
,
[13],
wh
e
r
e
is
m
echan
ic
al
power,
is
ai
r
densi
ty
,
is p
ower
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
an
d
is win
d
s
peed. Finall
y,
the d
esi
gn
f
or
S
avonio
us
V
A
WT
is
as
s
how
n
i
n
Figure
3.
=
0
.
5
2
3
(2)
Figure
3. Dim
e
ns
io
n of t
he p
r
opos
e
d
S
av
onius
blade
w
it
h t
wo b
la
des
Po
ly
la
ti
c
aci
d
(P
L
A
)
plasti
c
was
c
hosen
as
the
m
at
erial
fo
r
de
velo
ping
the
blade
ro
t
or
s
.
It
was
pro
du
ce
d
by
usi
ng
the
t
hr
ee
-
dim
ension
al
(
3D)
pri
ntin
g
m
achine.
PL
A
pl
ast
ic
s
are
en
vi
ronm
ental
fr
ie
nd
ly
m
at
erial
, p
r
oduc
e no
har
m
fu
l f
um
es and
less
tim
e n
eede
d durin
g 3D p
rintin
g p
r
ocesses
w
e
re c
onduct
ed.
2.3.
E
xp
eri
me
nt
al
Testin
g
The
e
xperim
ental
test
ing
s that
h
a
ve been
do
ne
in
the
lab
or
at
or
y a
re as
foll
ows:
a.
W
i
nd s
pee
d
m
easur
em
ent at
diff
e
re
nt positi
on
s;
at 0
and
30 cm
in
distanc
e
b.
W
i
nd s
pee
d
m
easur
em
ent w
it
h
a
nd w
it
ho
ut
wind c
on
ce
ntra
tor
c.
Rotat
ion
al
s
pe
ed,
c
urre
nt and
volt
age m
easur
em
ent b
ased
on c
onditi
on in
(1) an
d (2) a
bove
.
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o.
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201
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1133
1230
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
the
re
su
lt
s
of
the
co
nce
ntrat
ed
wind
s
peed
w
hen
wi
nd
c
on
ce
ntrat
or
is
us
e
d
will
be
giv
e
n.
Be
si
des
,
the
res
ults
of
t
he
tu
r
bin
e
sp
ee
d
ro
ta
ti
on,
ge
ner
at
e
d
c
urren
t,
ge
ne
rated
vo
lt
age
an
d
th
e
gen
e
rated
pow
er
al
so
will
be
dem
on
strat
ed
wh
e
n
the
pr
opos
e
d
Savoni
ou
s
VAWT
is
te
ste
d
at
centered
-
bla
de
po
sit
io
n
a
nd th
e co
n
cave
-
blad
e posti
on, wit
h exist
ence
of
w
ind
c
oncent
rator.
3.1.
Wind
Spe
ed Conce
nt
r
ati
on
Table 1
sho
ws
the r
esults o
f
the m
easur
ed
w
ind
airfl
ow
fr
om
the air co
m
p
ressor whe
n
te
ste
d
without
and w
it
h wi
nd
con
ce
ntrat
or.
Table
1.
Res
ults o
f
the
W
i
nd
Sp
ee
ds
at
Dif
f
eren
t
Po
sit
io
ns
No
of
m
e
asu
re
m
en
t
W
ith
o
u
t wind
co
n
cent
rator
W
ith
t wind
co
n
cent
rator
0
c
m
3
0
c
m
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Av
erage
0
.64
1
.16
1
.24
1
.04
0
.58
0
.6
1
.51
0
.87
0
.76
0
.92
0
.93
2
0
.86
0
.78
0
.68
0
.58
0
.56
0
.8
0
.76
0
.67
0
.74
0
.66
0
.71
0
.93
1
.04
1
.35
1
.26
1
.37
0
.84
0
.91
0
.84
0
.85
0
.9
1
.02
9
Fo
r
t
he
te
sti
ng
without
wi
nd
con
ce
ntrat
or,
r
esults
are
giv
e
n
w
he
n
the
rea
ding
is
m
easur
ed
at
0
cm
distance
an
d
30
cm
distance.
Fr
om
the
ta
ble,
it
can
be
sum
m
arised
that
wind
sp
ee
d
m
easur
e
d
at
0
c
m
fr
om
the
ai
r
com
pr
e
sso
r
has
higher
wind
sp
ee
d
c
om
par
ed
to
30
c
m
in
distanc
e.
W
in
d
s
pee
d
is
reduced
by
23.8%
with
30cm
di
sta
nce.
H
ow
e
ver,
wh
e
n
the
pr
op
os
e
d
wi
nd
c
on
ce
ntrat
or
is
us
e
d,
th
e
wind
s
peed
can
be
con
ce
ntrate
d
m
or
e
where
the
s
peed can
b
e
in
creased
up t
o 1
0.41%.
The
co
ndit
ion
of
the
Sa
voni
ou
s
V
A
W
T
t
ha
t
adjusted
at
0
cm
and
30
c
m
distancei
s
dep
ic
te
d
i
n
Figure
4(a)
a
nd
(b),
res
pe
ct
ively
.
Wh
er
eas,
the
co
ndit
ion
of
Sa
vo
nious
V
A
WT
wh
e
n
posit
io
ned
at
con
ca
ve
blade
and
ce
nter
-
bla
de
w
hen
wind
con
ce
ntrato
r
is
us
ed
can
be
de
picte
d
in
Figure
4(c)
a
nd
(d),
resp
ect
ively
.
Figure
4. Co
ndit
ion
of
pro
pos
ed
Sa
voni
ous
VAWT
3.2.
Pro
po
se
d
Out
p
ut o
f the
Prop
os
ed
S
avon
ius
HAWT
an
d
Wind
Co
ncentr
ator
Figure
5
de
pic
ts
the
res
ult
of
the
bla
de
s
pe
ed
in
rad
/s
.
At
0
distance,
bl
ade
ca
n
r
otate
faster
tha
n
blade
posit
ione
d
at
30
cm
distance
f
ro
m
the
f
r
on
t
e
nd
of
the
ai
r
c
om
pr
esso
r
filt
er.
B
la
de
can
r
otate
up
to
89.34
7
ra
d/s
without
wi
nd
con
ce
ntrat
or
unde
r
this
co
nd
it
ion
.
W
it
h
wind
c
oncentrat
or,
at
co
ncav
e
-
blade
po
sit
io
n,
tu
rb
i
ne
can
sp
ee
d
fas
te
r
(
111.1
08
ra
d/s),
le
ads
11.
5%
f
ro
m
the
V
A
WT
at
ce
nter
-
bla
de
po
sit
io
n.
T
his
is
relevan
t
due
to
the
reason
of
the
c
on
ce
ntr
at
ed
wind
sp
ee
d
w
hen
wind
con
ce
ntrat
or
is
us
e
d
an
d
al
so
du
e
t
o
the lar
ger
ex
po
sed of t
he blad
e area
w
hen pr
opos
e
d VAWT
is posit
ion
at
c
on
ca
ve
-
bla
de.
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Perf
orma
nce
of
a
Small
-
size
d Sa
v
onio
us
Bl
ade wi
th Wi
nd
Con
ce
ntra
t
or
(
Dyg
k
u. As
mani
ssa
Aw
g. Os
m
an
)
1231
Figure
5. Bl
ad
e r
otati
on
Figure
6
sho
w
s
the
gen
er
at
ed
vo
lt
age,
c
urre
nt
and
el
ect
rical
po
we
r
of
th
e
pr
op
os
e
d
V
A
WT
syst
e
m
wh
e
n
te
ste
d
w
it
h
an
d
with
out
wind
c
oncent
rator.
F
r
om
the
fig
ur
e
,
it
ca
n
be
seen
that
with
pro
po
se
d
wind
con
ce
n
trat
or,
pro
posed
Sa
voni
ou
s
V
A
WT
c
an
produce
c
urre
nt,
vo
lt
age
and
el
ect
rical
powe
r
ar
ound
152.8
m
A,
27
.4
m
V
and
4.187
m
W,
resp
ect
ively
.
This
data
can
be
obta
ined
w
hen
the
tu
r
bine
is
po
sit
ion
e
d
at
th
e
con
ca
ve
-
bla
de.
At
ce
nter
-
blad
e
posit
ion
with
wind
c
oncent
r
at
or
,
cu
rr
e
nt,
volt
age
a
nd
the
el
ect
rical
powe
r
ca
n
be
produce
d
in
si
m
il
ar
patte
rns.
H
oweve
r,
at
su
c
h
cente
r
-
bla
de
po
sit
io
n,
t
he
ge
ner
at
e
d
ou
tpu
t
is
le
sse
ning.
At
con
ca
ve
-
bla
de
posit
ion,
c
urr
ent
can
be
in
creased
9.6
%
com
par
ed
t
o
center
-
bla
de
posit
ion.
Me
a
nwhile
,
vo
lt
age
l
ooks
s
li
gh
tl
y
s
m
aller
wh
e
n
tu
rb
i
ne
is
po
sit
io
ned
at
con
ca
ve
-
bla
de,
com
par
ed
to
c
enter
-
blad
e
po
sti
on
.
Howe
ver,
in
te
rm
s
of
gen
e
rated
powe
r,
it
can
be
see
n
that
with
wind
c
oncentrato
r,
e
nergy
can
be
generat
e
d
m
or
e
(4
.18
7
m
W)
at
co
ncav
e
-
bal
de
posit
ion.
This
is
du
e
t
o
la
rg
e
r
bla
de
area
can
capt
ure
the
co
ncen
t
rated
wind
flo
w
f
r
om
the
ai
r
c
om
pr
esso
r
at
c
onca
ve
-
blade
posit
ion.
In
ad
diti
on,
wi
nd
fl
ow
wa
s
increa
sed
an
d
m
or
e
con
ce
ntrate
d
wh
e
n
wind
c
oncent
rator
is
use
d.
With
ge
ne
rated
ou
t
put
of
4.1
87
m
W
,
only
LEDs
loa
d
can
be
li
gh
te
d
up.
Fro
m
the
ob
ta
ine
d
resu
lt
s,
the
re
are
so
m
any
ro
om
s
fo
r
im
prov
e
m
ent
cou
l
d
be
done
i
n
th
e
near
fu
t
ur
e,
i
n
pa
rtic
ular
in
te
rm
s
of
c
urre
nt
an
d
vo
lt
age
c
ontr
ol,
sh
a
fting
syst
em
,
app
ropr
ia
te
gen
e
rato
r,
s
uitable
powe
r
c
onver
t
er a
nd etc.
Figure
6. Ge
ne
rated
volt
age,
c
urren
t a
nd elec
tric
al
p
ower
at
diff
e
re
nt con
diti
on
s
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pap
e
r,
t
he
a
ppr
oach
es
on
ho
w
to
desi
gn
a
sm
al
l
-
siz
e
d
Sa
voni
ou
s
V
A
WT
a
nd
a
n
a
ppr
opriat
e
wind
c
oncentr
at
or
ha
ve
bee
n
ex
plaine
d
br
ie
fly
.
F
ro
m
the
exp
e
rim
ental
t
est
s
in
t
he
la
borat
or
y,
it
was
f
ound
that,
el
ect
rical
power
can
be
gen
e
rated
be
st
wh
en
the
pro
po
se
d
wi
nd
co
ncen
t
rator
was
us
e
d.
It
is
al
so
rev
eal
e
d
that
the
pro
pose
d
de
sign
(S
a
voni
ou
s
V
A
W
T
a
nd
wind
co
nc
entrato
r)
wor
ks
well
wh
e
n
te
ste
d
at
con
ca
ve
-
bla
de
posit
ion,
c
ompare
d
t
o
the
bl
ade
that
posit
ion
e
d
at
ce
nter
point
.
At
c
oncave
-
blade
posit
ion,
tur
bin
e s
pee
d
c
an be
ro
ta
te
d u
p
to
11
1.108 ra
d/s w
it
h
TSR
a
t about
10.07
4.
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.
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, N
o.
3
,
June
201
8
:
1127
–
1133
1232
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
would
li
ke
to
than
k
RM
C,
Power
De
partm
ent,
CEES,
FK
E
,
U
niv
e
r
sit
i
Teknolo
gi
Ma
la
ysi
a
and
the
Mi
nistry
of
Hi
gh
e
r
E
du
cat
io
n
of
Ma
la
ysi
a
fo
r
the
fi
nan
ci
al
su
pp
or
t
pro
vide
d
unde
r
RUG
(12
H00)
and FRG
S(4F
794) t
o
car
ry
out t
his stu
dy.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A.
Y.
Azm
an,
A.
A.
Rahman,
N.
A.
Baka
r,
F.
Hana
f
fi
and
A.
Kham
is,
"S
tudy
of
Rene
wable
E
ner
g
y
Poten
tial
i
n
Malay
s
ia,"
IE
EE F
irst Con
fe
renc
e
on
C
le
an
Ene
r
gy
and
Te
chnol
o
gy
(
CET)
,
pp.
17
0176,
2011
[2]
R.
L.
F
.
,
"Exp
erim
ent
al
Stud
y
on
the
Inc
r
ea
se
o
f
the
Eff
ic
i
ency
o
f
Vert
ical
Axis
W
ind
Turbi
nes
b
y
Equ
ippi
ng
th
em
with
W
ind
Conc
ent
ra
tors,
"
Journ
al
of
Sustainable
Ene
rgy
,
vo
l. 3,
no.
1
,
pp
.
30
-
35
,
2012.
[3]
S.
Mathe
w
,
W
in
d
Ene
rg
y
:
Funda
m
ent
al
s,
R
esour
ce
Ana
l
y
s
is a
nd
Ec
o
nom
ic
s vol
.
1:
Springer
,
200
6.
[4]
Moham
ad
Sabhi
Hiss
am,
"
Maximum
Pow
er
Po
int
Tracki
ng
of
a
Sm
al
l
W
ind
Turbi
ne
with
Perm
ane
nt
Magn
et
S
y
nchr
onous Ge
ner
at
or
,
" UTM
T
hesis,
2012
.
[5]
A.
Dam
ak,
Z.
Driss
,
and
M.
A
bid,
"Expe
r
imenta
l
Inve
st
iga
t
ion
of
Heli
cal
Savonius
Rotor
with
a
Twist
of
180,
"
Re
newab
le
Ene
r
gy,
vo
l. 52, pp. 1
36
-
142,
2013
[6]
L.
Rus,
"Expe
ri
m
ent
al
Stud
y
o
n
the
Inc
rea
se
of
the
Eff
i
ci
en
c
y
o
f
Vert
ic
a
l
Axis
W
ind
Turbi
nes
b
y
Equi
pp
ing
th
em
with
W
ind
Conc
ent
ra
tors,
"
Journ
al
of
Sustainable
Ene
rgy
,
vo
l. 3,
pp.
30
-
35
,
2012
.
[7]
J.
Oros
a,
E.
Gar
cí
a
-
Bust
el
o,
and
J.
Pére
z,
"W
ind
Turbi
ne
Conc
en
tra
tor
Design
Ba
sed
on
Moist
Ai
r
Phase
Change
,
"
in
2009
In
te
rnati
onal
Conf
ere
nce on
Pow
er
Eng
in
ee
ring,
En
ergy
a
nd
Elec
tri
cal Dr
iv
es
,
2009,
pp.
4
90
-
494.
[8]
M.
H.
Ali,
"Exp
eri
m
ent
a
l
Com
par
ison
Stud
y
for
Savonius
W
ind
Turbi
ne
of
Two
and
Three
Blades
at
Low
W
in
d
Speed,
"
In
te
rnat
ional
Journ
al
of
Mode
rn E
ngin
eer
ing
Re
search
(
IJM
ER
)
,
vo
l. 3, p
p.
2978
-
2986
,
2
013.
[9]
A.
Kada
m
and
S.
Patil,
"A
Rev
ie
w
on
Savon
iu
s
W
ind
Rotors
f
or
Acc
essing
th
e
Pow
er
Perfor
m
anc
e,
"
Journal
of
Me
chanical
a
nd
Civ
il E
ng
ine
erin
g
,
vol
.
5
,
pp
.
18
-
24,
2013
.
[10]
Z.
Zha
o
,
Y.
Zh
e
ng,
X.
Xu,
W
.
Liu,
and
G.
Hu,
"Resea
rch
on
th
e
I
m
prove
m
ent
of
the
Perform
anc
e of
Savonius
Rotor
Based
on
Num
er
ic
a
l
Stud
y
,
"
in
2009
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
renc
e
on
Sustainabl
e
Pow
er
Gene
ration
and
Supply
,
2009
,
pp.
1
-
6.
[11]
Z.
Driss
,
O.
M
lay
eh
,
S.
Driss
,
M.
Maa
loul,
a
n
d
M.
S.
Abid,
"S
tud
y
of
th
e
Inc
ide
n
ce
Ang
le
Eff
ec
t
on
th
e
Aerod
y
n
amic
Struct
ure
Ch
ara
c
teristic
s
of
an
Inc
u
rve
d
Savonius
W
ind
Rotor
Placed
in
a
W
ind
Tu
nnel
,
"
En
ergy
,
v
ol
.
113,
pp
.
894
-
90
8,
2016
.
[12]
A.
Kada
m
and
S.
Patil,
"A
Rev
ie
w
on
Savon
iu
s
W
ind
Rotors
f
or
A
cc
essing
th
e
Pow
er
Perfor
m
anc
e,
"
Journal
of
Me
chanical
a
nd
Civ
il E
ng
ine
erin
g,
vol
.
5
,
pp
.
18
-
24,
2013
.
[13]
M.
Ahm
adi
-
Bal
outa
ki
,
R.
Carr
i
vea
u,
and
D.
S.
Ti
ng,
"S
tra
ight
-
Bla
ded
Vert
ic
a
l
Axis
W
ind
Turb
ine
Rotor
Design
Guide
Based
on
Aerod
y
n
amic
P
erf
orm
anc
e
and
Lo
adi
ng
Ana
l
y
s
i
s,"
Proce
ed
ings
of
the
Inst
it
ut
io
n
of
Me
chani
ca
l
Engi
ne
ers,
Part
A:
Journal
of
Po
wer
and
En
ergy
,
vol. 228, pp. 74
2759,
2014
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
D
y
gku.
As
m
anis
sa
Aw
g.
Osman
is
a
m
aste
r
st
udent
a
t
Cent
r
e
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
E
ner
g
y
S
y
stem
(CEE
S),
PO
W
ER
Depa
rtment
,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Mal
a
y
s
ia
,
81310
Skudai,
J
ohor,
Mala
y
si
a.
Her
rese
arc
h
work i
s de
sign
ing a
m
ic
ro
-
size
d
Sav
onius wi
nd
turb
i
ne.
Dr
Norza
nah
R
osm
in
is
a
senior
le
c
ture
r
und
e
r
PO
W
ER
Dep
art
m
ent
,
Univ
er
siti
Te
kno
logi
Malay
s
ia
,
81310
Skudai,
Johor,
Malay
s
ia.
She
worked
in
UTM
since
1999
.
In
20
11,
she
joi
ned
Cent
re
of
E
lectr
ic
a
l
Ene
rg
y
S
y
s
te
m
(CEE
S),
U
TM.
Her
rese
a
r
ch
int
er
est
is
in
wind
turbi
ne
design
and
con
tr
ol,
r
ene
wab
le e
n
erg
y
(RE)
,
R
E
m
ana
gement
and
a
lso RE
int
egr
atio
n
s
y
s
t
em.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
of
a
Small
-
size
d Sa
v
onio
us
Bl
ade wi
th Wi
nd
Con
ce
ntra
t
or
(
Dyg
k
u. As
mani
ssa
Aw
g. Os
m
an
)
1233
Dr
Aede
Hati
b
Mus
ta
’amal
is
a
senior
lectur
er
at
Facult
y
of
E
duca
t
ion,
Unive
rsiti
Te
kno
logi
Malay
s
ia.
He
joi
ned
UTM
since
2004.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
st
is
in
innova
ti
on
an
d
cre
ativity
i
n
design
and
edu
ca
t
ion,
t
ec
hni
cal
and
engi
ne
eri
n
g
educ
ation,
an
d
al
so
design
a
nd
te
chnol
og
y
educ
a
ti
on.
Dr
Siti
Mah
era
h
is
a
senior
lectu
rer
under
PO
W
ER
Depa
rtment
,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
ologi
Mal
a
y
sia
,
81310
Skudai,
Johor,
Malay
sia
.
She
al
so doe
s re
sea
rch
under
Ce
ntre
of
El
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
Ene
rg
y
S
y
stem
(CEE
S),
U
TM
.
Her
rese
arc
h
intere
st
is
in
pow
er
s
y
stem,
en
erg
y
sec
urity
,
and
a
lso
m
ai
nte
n
ance
sche
duli
ng
s
y
st
e
m
on
gene
r
at
ion
,
tra
nsm
ission a
n
d
distri
but
ion
s
ystem.
Dr
Md
Pauzi
A
bdull
ah
is
a
sen
ior
lectur
er
und
er
PO
W
ER
Depa
rtment,
Univer
siti
T
eknol
ogi
Malay
s
i
a
,
8131
0
Skudai,
Johor,
Mal
a
y
s
ia.
He
al
so
does
r
ese
ar
ch
under
Centre
of
E
le
c
trica
l
Ene
rg
y
S
y
stem
(CEE
S),
UTM.
He
is
ver
y
activ
e
in
IEE
E
orga
n
iz
a
ti
on,
Mal
a
y
s
i
a.
His
rese
arc
h
int
er
est
is
in
po
wer
s
y
st
em,
en
erg
y
sec
ur
ity
,
p
ower
qualit
y
and
al
so
m
ai
n
te
nan
ce
sch
edul
in
g
s
y
stem on
g
ene
r
at
ion
,
tr
ansm
ission a
nd
d
istri
but
i
on
s
y
st
em.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.