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5]
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c
t
i
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2,
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d
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k,
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c
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4.
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b
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f
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up
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5.
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r
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t
h
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s
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r
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t
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pa
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r
'
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c
t
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o
ns
:
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n
s
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c
t
i
o
n
2,
"
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k
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we
r
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vi
e
w
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3,
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s
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udy
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t
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o
n
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2.
RE
L
AT
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D
WORK
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o
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u
l
ly
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r
s
t
a
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p
l
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(
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de
s
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g
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wo
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ks
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r
e
b
u
il
t
by
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e
t
al.
[
6]
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i
n
g
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s
m
a
ll
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f
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r
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ni
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t
a
.
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h
e
s
t
udy
by
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t
al.
[
7
]
us
e
d
m
o
r
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t
h
a
n
120,
000
ph
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n
t
r
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by
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ns
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l
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al.
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8]
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x
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de
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pe
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t
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t
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s
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pe
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nc
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s
e
d J
a
n. 19, 2024)
.
[
2]
A
s
hr
af
,
R
.;
A
f
z
al
,
S.;
R
e
hm
an,
A
.U
.;
G
ul
,
S.;
B
abe
r
,
J
.;
B
ak
ht
y
ar
,
M
.;
M
e
hm
ood,
I
.;
Song,
O
.Y
.;
M
aqs
ood,
M
.
R
e
gi
on
-
of
-
I
nt
e
r
e
s
t
“
B
a
s
e
d t
r
a
ns
f
e
r
l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
s
s
is
te
d f
r
a
me
w
or
k
f
o
r
s
ki
n
c
a
nc
e
r
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, pp
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[
3]
E
.
J
a
na
,
R
.
S
ubba
n
a
nd
S
.
S
a
r
a
s
w
a
th
i,
"
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
n
S
k
in
C
a
nc
e
r
C
e
ll
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
U
s
in
g
I
ma
ge
P
r
oc
e
s
s
in
g,
"
2
017
I
E
E
E
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
on
f
e
r
e
nc
e
on
C
om
put
at
io
nal
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nc
e
and
C
om
put
in
g
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
(
I
C
C
I
C
)
,
C
o
im
ba
to
r
e
,
I
ndi
a
,
2017,
pp.
1
-
8,
do
i:
10.1109/
I
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C
I
C
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[
4]
Y
.
D
o
ng,
L
.
W
a
ng,
S
.
C
he
ng,
a
nd
Y
.
L
i,
“
F
A
C
-
N
e
t:
f
e
e
dba
c
k
a
tt
e
nt
i
o
n
ne
twor
k
ba
s
e
d
o
n
c
o
nt
e
x
t
e
n
c
o
d
e
r
n
e
tw
o
r
k
f
or
s
ki
n
le
s
io
n
s
e
gme
nt
a
ti
o
n,”
Se
ns
or
s
, v
ol
. 21, n
o
. 15, p. 5172, J
ul
. 2021, do
i
:
10.3390/s
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[
5]
M
.
K
uma
r
,
M
.
A
ls
he
hr
i,
R
.
Al
-
G
ha
mdi
,
P
u
r
us
ho
tt
a
m
S
ha
r
m
a
,
a
nd
V
ik
a
s
D
e
e
p,
“
A
D
E
-
ANN
in
s
pi
r
e
d
s
ki
n
c
a
n
c
e
r
d
e
t
e
c
t
io
n
a
ppr
o
a
c
h us
in
g
f
uz
z
y
c
-
m
e
a
ns
c
lu
s
t
e
r
in
g,”
M
obi
le
N
e
tw
or
k
s
and A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
, 2020.
[
6]
L
.
Y
u,
H
. C
h
e
n, Q
.
D
o
u,
J
. Q
in
, a
nd
P
. A
.
H
e
ng,
“
A
ut
o
ma
t
e
d
me
la
n
o
ma
r
e
c
o
gni
ti
o
n
i
n d
e
r
m
o
s
c
o
p
y
i
ma
g
e
s
v
ia
ve
r
y
de
e
p
r
e
s
id
ua
l
ne
tw
o
r
ks
,”
I
E
E
E
T
r
ans
ac
ti
ons
on M
e
di
c
al
I
m
agi
ng
, vo
l.
36, n
o. 4, pp. 994
–
1004, Apr
. 2017, do
i:
10.1109
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T
M
I
.2016.2642839.
[
7]
J
.
K
o
e
t
al
.
,
“
D
e
r
ma
t
o
l
o
gi
s
t
-
l
e
ve
l
c
la
s
s
if
i
c
a
ti
o
n
of
s
ki
n
c
a
nc
e
r
w
it
h
de
e
p
ne
u
r
a
l
ne
tw
o
r
ks
,”
N
at
ur
e
,
v
ol
.
542,
no
.
7
639,
pp. 115
–
118, 2017, [
O
nl
in
e
]
. A
v
a
il
a
bl
e
:
ht
tp
:
//
d
x
.d
o
i.
o
r
g/
10.10
38/
na
tu
r
e
21056.
[
8]
H
.
A
.
H
a
e
ns
s
le
e
t
al
.
,
“
M
a
n
a
ga
in
s
t
ma
c
hi
ne
:
di
a
gn
o
s
ti
c
pe
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
of
a
de
e
p
le
a
r
ni
ng
c
o
n
vo
lu
ti
o
na
l
ne
ur
a
l
n
e
tw
o
r
k
f
or
de
r
m
o
s
c
o
pi
c
m
e
la
n
o
ma
r
e
c
o
gni
ti
o
n
in
c
o
mpa
r
is
o
n
t
o
58
d
e
r
ma
to
l
o
gi
s
ts
,”
A
nnal
s
of
O
nc
ol
ogy
,
vo
l.
29,
n
o
.
8,
pp.
1836
–
1
842,
2018, do
i:
10.1093/ann
o
n
c
/m
d
y
166.
[
9]
N
.
C
.
F
.
C
o
d
e
ll
a
e
t
al
.
,
“
D
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
ns
e
mbl
e
s
f
or
m
e
la
n
oma
r
e
c
o
gni
ti
o
n
in
d
e
r
m
o
s
c
o
p
y
im
a
g
e
s
,”
I
B
M
J
our
nal
of
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
and De
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
, v
o
l.
61, n
o
. 4, 2017, d
o
i:
10.1147/J
R
D
.2017.
2708299.
[
10]
M
.
A
.
K
ha
n,
M
.
I
.
S
ha
r
i
f
,
M
.
R
a
z
a
,
A
.
A
nj
um,
T
.
S
a
ba
,
a
nd
S
.
A
.
S
ha
d,
“
S
ki
n
le
s
i
o
n
s
e
gm
e
nt
a
ti
o
n
a
nd
c
la
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
ti
o
n:
a
uni
f
ie
d
f
r
a
me
w
o
r
k
of
d
e
e
p
n
e
ur
a
l
ne
twor
k
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
f
us
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n,”
E
x
pe
r
t
Sy
s
te
m
s
,
vo
l.
39,
n
o
.
7,
A
ug.
2
022,
do
i:
10.1
111/
e
x
s
y
.12497.
[
11]
I
.
K
o
us
is
,
I
.
P
e
r
ik
o
s
,
I
.
H
a
t
z
il
y
g
e
r
o
udi
s
,
a
nd
M
.
V
ir
vo
u,
“
D
e
e
p
le
a
r
n
in
g
m
e
th
o
ds
f
or
a
c
c
u
r
a
te
s
ki
n
c
a
nc
e
r
r
e
c
o
gni
ti
o
n
a
nd
m
obi
le
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
o
n,”
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
, vo
l.
11, n
o
. 9, p. 1294, Apr
. 2022, d
o
i
:
10.3390/e
l
e
c
tr
o
ni
c
s
11091294.
[
12]
M.
D
il
da
r
e
t
al
.
,
“
S
ki
n
c
a
nc
e
r
de
te
c
ti
o
n:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
us
in
g
de
e
p
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
te
c
hni
qu
e
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
E
nv
ir
on
m
e
nt
al
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h a
nd P
ubl
ic
H
e
al
th
, vo
l.
18, n
o
. 10, p. 5479, 2021
.
[
13]
M
.
A
l
R
a
z
ib
,
D
.
J
a
v
e
e
d,
M
.
T
.
K
ha
n,
R
.
A
lk
a
nhe
l,
a
nd
M
.
S
.
A
.
M
ut
ha
nna
,
“
C
y
b
e
r
th
r
e
a
ts
d
e
te
c
ti
o
n
in
s
ma
r
t
e
n
v
ir
o
nm
e
nt
s
us
in
g
S
D
N
-
e
na
bl
e
d
D
N
N
-
L
S
T
M
h
y
b
r
id
f
r
a
me
w
or
k,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
vo
l.
10,
pp.
53015
–
53026,
2022,
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i:
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E
S
S
.2022.3172304.
[
14]
D
.
J
a
v
e
e
d,
T
.
G
a
o
,
M
.
T
.
K
ha
n,
a
nd
I
.
A
hma
d,
“
A
hy
b
r
id
de
e
p
le
a
r
n
in
g
-
d
r
i
ve
n
S
D
N
e
na
bl
e
d
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
f
o
r
s
e
c
ur
e
c
o
mm
uni
c
a
ti
o
n i
n i
nt
e
r
n
e
t
of
th
in
gs
(
I
oT
)
,”
Se
ns
or
s
, v
o
l.
21, n
o. 14, p. 4884, J
ul
. 2021,
do
i:
10.3390/s
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[
15]
F
.
W
a
ha
b
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
n
A
I
-
dr
i
ve
n
h
y
b
r
id
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
in
tr
us
i
o
n
d
e
t
e
c
ti
o
n
in
I
oT
-
e
na
bl
e
d
e
-
h
e
a
lt
h,”
C
om
put
at
io
nal
I
n
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
and N
e
ur
os
c
ie
nc
e
, v
o
l.
2022, pp. 1
–
11, Aug. 2022, d
o
i:
10.115
5/
2022/6096289.
[
16]
D
.
J
a
v
e
e
d,
T
.
G
a
o
,
M
.
T
.
K
ha
n,
a
nd
D
.
S
ho
uka
t,
“
A
h
y
br
id
in
te
ll
ig
e
nt
f
r
a
me
w
o
r
k
t
o
c
o
mba
t
s
o
phi
s
ti
c
a
t
e
d
th
r
e
a
ts
in
s
e
c
ur
e
in
dus
tr
i
e
s
,”
Se
ns
or
s
, v
o
l.
22, n
o
. 4, 2022, d
o
i:
10.3390/s
220415
82.
[
17]
F
.
A
la
m,
A
.
A
lm
a
ght
h
a
w
i,
I
.
K
a
ti
b,
A
.
A
lb
e
s
hr
i,
a
nd
R
.
M
e
hmoo
d
,
“
iR
e
s
p
o
ns
e
:
a
n
A
I
a
nd
I
oT
-
e
na
bl
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
o
r
a
ut
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
pa
nde
mi
c
ma
na
ge
me
nt
,”
Sus
ta
in
abi
li
ty
, vo
l.
13, n
o
. 7, p. 3797, M
a
r
. 2021, d
o
i:
10.3390/s
u13073797.
[
18]
A
.
A
lm
a
ght
ha
w
i,
F
.
B
o
u
r
e
nna
ni
,
a
nd
I
.
R
.
K
ha
n,
“
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ia
l
e
vo
lu
ti
o
n
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
f
or
t
o
ne
-
ma
ppi
ng
of
hi
gh
d
y
na
mi
c
r
a
nge
im
a
ge
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
d
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
,
vo
l.
11,
n
o
.
7,
pp.
341
–
347,
2020,
do
i:
10.14569/
I
J
A
C
S
A
.2020.0110745.
[
19]
H
.
A
.
O
w
id
a
,
“
R
e
c
e
nt
bi
o
mi
m
e
ti
c
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
e
s
f
o
r
a
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
c
a
r
ti
la
ge
t
is
s
ue
e
ngi
n
e
e
r
in
g
a
nd
th
e
i
r
c
li
ni
c
a
l
a
ppl
i
c
a
ti
o
ns
:
na
r
r
a
ti
ve
r
e
v
i
e
w
of
t
h
e
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
,”
A
dv
anc
e
s
i
n O
r
th
ope
di
c
s
, v
o
l.
2022, p
p. 1
–
9, A
pr
. 2022, do
i:
10.1155
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022/
8670174.
[
20]
R
.
A
la
z
a
id
a
h,
G
.
S
a
ma
r
a
,
S
.
A
lm
a
ta
r
n
e
h,
M
.
H
a
s
s
a
n,
M
.
A
lj
a
id
i,
a
nd
H
.
M
a
ns
ur
,
“
M
ul
ti
-
la
be
l
c
la
s
s
i
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
ba
s
e
d
o
n
a
s
s
o
c
ia
t
i
o
ns
,”
A
ppl
ie
d Sc
ie
nc
e
s
, v
o
l.
13, n
o
. 8, p. 5081, Apr
. 20
23, do
i:
10.3390/app130850
81.
[
21]
H
.
A
.
O
w
id
a
e
t
al
.
,
“
T
he
p
e
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
of
a
r
ti
f
i
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
in
pr
o
s
ta
te
ma
gne
ti
c
r
e
s
o
na
n
c
e
im
a
gi
ng
s
c
r
e
e
ni
ng
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
E
le
c
tr
ic
al
and
C
om
put
e
r
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
(
I
J
E
C
E
)
,
vo
l.
14,
n
o
.
2,
p.
2234,
A
pr
.
2024,
do
i:
10.11591/i
je
c
e
.
v
14i
2.pp2234
-
2241.
[
22]
H
.
A
.
O
w
id
a
,
B
.
A
.
ha
j
M
o
h
’
d,
N
.
T
ur
a
b,
J
.
A
l
-
N
a
bul
s
i,
a
nd
S
.
A
buo
w
a
id
a
,
“
T
h
e
e
vo
lu
ti
o
n
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bi
li
t
y
of
ma
c
hi
n
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
te
c
hni
que
s
f
or
o
nc
o
l
o
g
y
,”
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ngi
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,
v
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l.
19,
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o
.
8,
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110
–
129,
2023,
do
i:
10.3991/i
jo
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.
v
19i
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[
23]
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e
, v
o
l.
198, pp. 295
–
300, 2021, d
o
i:
10.1016/j
.pr
o
c
s
.2021.12.243.
[
24]
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.
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1569911.
[
26]
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[
27]
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p. 2022, d
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