Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
3
,
Septem
ber
20
21
,
pp.
1324
~
1330
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
3
.
pp
1324
-
1330
1324
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Distribu
tion of
attempted
leader
with
mons
oo
n
seasons
and
negative
cloud
-
to
-
ground
f
lashes in
Melaka
, Mal
aysi
a
Nu
r
As
yiqin I
sa
1
, Z
ikri
A
b
adi
Baharudin
2
, H
id
ayat Z
ainud
din
3
,
Tole
Sut
ikn
o
4
,
Mas
lan Z
ainon
5
,
Ah
m
ad
Aiz
an Z
ulkefle
6
1,3
Fakult
i
Ke
juru
te
ra
an El
ek
tri
k,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
,
Ma
lay
sia
2,5,6
Fakult
i
T
ekn
ologi
Ke
jurut
er
a
an
E
le
ktr
ik &
E
l
ekt
ronik
,
Univ
er
siti
T
ekni
k
al Ma
lay
s
ia Mel
ak
a,
Malay
s
ia
4
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersitas Ahm
ad
Dahlan,
Yog
y
ak
art
a
,
I
ndonesia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
pr
27, 202
1
Re
vised Jul
15,
2021
Accepte
d
J
ul
28, 2
021
Ninety
(90)
wav
efo
rm
s
rec
ognized
as
at
t
empted
le
ad
er
wer
e
id
en
ti
fie
d
with
both
positi
v
e
(8
4
eve
nts)
and
n
ega
t
ive
(6
eve
n
t
s)
ini
tial
po
la
ri
t
y
observ
ed
from
four
conse
cutive
y
e
ars
o
f
data
(N=10
,
2
06).
Th
e
posi
tive
a
tt
empte
d
le
ad
er
show
s
no
cor
relati
on
w
ith
th
e
num
ber
of
thunde
rstorm
s
produc
ing
i
t
during
m
onsoon.
Mea
nwhi
le,
th
e
neg
at
iv
e
at
t
empted
l
ea
d
er
dur
i
ng
m
onsoon
and
both
pola
rity
of
at
t
empted
l
ea
der
(posit
ive
and
nega
ti
v
e)
during
i
nte
r
-
m
onsoon
show
s
positi
ve
cor
re
l
at
ion
with
th
e
num
ber
of
thunde
rstorm
s
pr
oduci
ng
it.
In
thi
s
stud
y
,
the
y
e
arly
sta
ti
sti
c
al
distri
bu
ti
on
of
nega
ti
v
e
cl
oud
-
to
-
ground
(CG)
li
ghtn
ing
fla
shes
whi
ch
were
c
la
ss
ifi
ed
as
positi
ve
pre
li
m
ina
r
y
b
re
akdown
pulses
(214
eve
n
ts)
and
neg
at
iv
e
pre
li
m
in
a
r
y
bre
akdown
puls
es
(4982
eve
nts)
in
accorda
n
ce
of
their
pr
el
imin
ar
y
pol
ar
i
t
y
were
a
lso
pre
sen
te
d.
In
addi
t
ion,
the
re
is
no
relations
hip
of
a
tt
em
pte
d
le
ad
er
and
the
in
it
i
al
b
rea
kdown
of
ne
gat
iv
e
ground
fl
ash
since
both
m
ec
hani
sm
s
per
form
ed
as
a
n
ega
t
ive
cor
re
la
t
i
on.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Attem
pted
le
ad
er
In
it
ia
l brea
kd
own
Mon
s
oon sea
s
on
Pu
lse
trai
ns
Tropical
th
unde
rstorm
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Zikri
Ab
a
di Ba
haru
din
Dep
a
rtm
ent
of
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nic
Eng
ineerin
g
T
ech
nolo
gy
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka
Fakult
i Tek
no
l
og
i
Ke
j
ur
utera
an
Ele
ktrik da
n El
ektr
on
i
k (F
TKEE
),
Kam
pu
s Te
knol
og
i
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka, Ha
ng Tu
a
h
Jay
a,
76
100 D
ur
ia
n
T
unggal
, Mel
a
ka, M
al
a
ysi
a
Em
a
il
:
zi
kr
i@utem
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
basic
needs
f
or
t
he
f
orm
a
ti
on
of
t
hunder
storm
are
sunli
gh
t,
m
oist
ai
r
and
unsta
ble
at
m
os
ph
ere
.
The
first
sta
ge
of
cl
ou
d
f
or
m
at
ion
cal
le
d
cum
ulu
s
cl
oud
form
ed
w
hen
the
m
oist
ai
r
rises
i
n
the
unsta
ble
atm
os
ph
e
re,
a
nd
as
the
ai
r
ris
es
higher,
t
he
conde
ns
at
io
n
proces
s
al
so
ha
ppen
in
faster
ra
te
.
All
thu
nder
storm
form
ation
sta
r
t
with
ai
r
risi
ng
into
the
unsta
ble
at
m
os
ph
e
re
befo
re
form
ing
a
co
nv
ect
ive
cel
l
[1]
-
[7]
.
Howe
ver,
the
ai
r
can
be
upr
ai
se
in
va
rio
us
ways
by
w
hi
ch
wh
e
re
(lan
d,
oc
ea
nic,
or
m
ou
ntain)
or
w
he
n
(m
on
soons)
th
ey
wer
e
form
[8]
-
[
10]
.
All
these
ty
pe
of
conditi
on
w
il
l
influ
e
nce
to
dif
fer
e
nt
typ
e
an
d
distrib
ution o
f l
igh
tnin
g disc
ha
rg
e
prod
uced.
The
fir
st
proce
ss
of
li
ghtni
ng
discha
rg
e
ha
ppen
in
cl
oud
a
re
cal
le
d
pr
el
im
i
nar
y
brea
kdow
n
[
7],
[11]
-
[13]
.
T
his
in
-
cl
oud
proces
s
wi
ll
init
ia
te
s
the
earth
ward
m
oving
ste
p
le
a
der
prece
di
ng
the
first
ret
urn
st
roke
i
n
cl
oud
-
to
-
gro
und
(
CG
)
li
ghtni
ng
flas
hes
[11
]
.
Negat
ive
C
G
flas
hes
ta
ke
place
betwee
n
the
m
ai
n
neg
at
ive
c
harge
cente
r
and
gro
und
[
14]
-
[
18]
wh
il
e
po
sit
ive
CG
flashes
ta
ke
pla
ce
between
t
he
po
sit
ive
cha
r
ge
center
and
t
he
gro
un
d
[
19
]
-
[
21
]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
re
are
co
nd
it
io
n
wh
e
re
the
fi
rst
ste
p
le
ader
ca
nnot
pro
pa
gate
to
the
gro
und
c
om
plete
ly
and
t
his
e
ve
nt w
as
te
rm
ino
lo
gical
ly
ref
e
r
red
as ‘
at
te
m
pt
ed
le
a
der’
[22],
[
23]
.
F
ur
t
herm
or
e,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Distri
bu
ti
on
of
a
tt
em
pted
le
ader wi
th
m
ons
oon
s
eas
o
ns
and negati
ve cl
ou
d
-
to
-
groun
d…
(
Nur Asyiqi
n
I
s
a
)
1325
the
la
r
ge
cu
rrent
r
unning
i
n
the
ret
urn
str
ok
e
of
m
os
t
lig
ht
ning
stri
kes
causes
dam
age,
as
does
t
he
heat
gen
e
rated
by
t
his
an
d
the
co
ntinu
i
ng
c
urre
nt
[
24
]
-
[30]
.
I
f
li
gh
t
ning
stri
kes
a
per
s
on,
the
central
nervous
syst
e
m
,
hear
t,
lun
gs,
an
d
oth
er
vital
or
ga
ns
m
igh
t
be
inju
red
by
the
strok
e
c
urre
nt
;
theref
ore,
th
oro
ugh
analy
sis an
d
m
on
it
ori
ng a
re
r
equ
i
red to as
sure the
saf
et
y
of p
e
op
le
a
nd
prop
e
rty
[
31
]
-
[
34]
.
Attem
pted
le
ader
is
the
po
te
ntial
cl
ou
d
-
to
-
gro
und
li
gh
t
nin
g
flash
of
fi
rs
t
descendin
g
ste
p
le
ader
i
n
wh
ic
h
it
s p
r
opagati
on
m
ay
be
disc
ourag
e
d
by
the
exce
ssive
existe
nce
of
lo
wer
posit
ive
c
ha
rg
e
re
gion
(
L
PCR
)
[23],
[35],
[
36]
.
Ligh
tnin
g
ha
s
bo
th
direct
and
in
direct
ef
f
ect
s
on
powe
r
syst
e
m
per
fo
r
m
ance,
with
tr
ansient
high
vo
lt
age
s
causin
g
flash
over
on
el
ect
ric
al
equ
i
pm
ent
on
the
po
wer
[
28]
.
I
n
oth
e
r
word
s
,
at
te
m
pted
le
ader
is
the
po
te
ntial
cl
ou
d
-
to
-
gr
ound
li
ghtni
ng
fl
ash,
howe
ver
t
he
dow
nwar
d
m
ov
ing
ste
p
le
ader
s
die
out
be
fore
bein
g
at
ta
che
d
with
the
pro
gressi
ng
upward
le
ade
rs
as
re
ported
by
pre
vi
ou
s
researc
he
rs
suc
h
as
[
22]
-
[23
]
,
[37]
-
[
39]
.
T
his
stu
dy
pr
ese
nt
s
the
no
vel
in
f
or
m
at
ion
in
la
rg
e
s
cal
e
of
da
ta
of
at
te
m
pt
ed
le
a
der
distr
ibu
ti
on
act
ivit
ie
s
with
the
co
rr
el
at
io
n
of
nu
m
ber
of
th
unde
rstorm
s
pro
du
ci
ng
it
with
the
i
nf
l
ue
nce
of
cl
im
ato
lo
gy
conditi
on
,
or
m
on
so
on
seas
on
s
at
locat
ion
of
tr
opic
al
re
gion
Me
la
ka,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
The
ye
arly
distrib
ution
a
nd
correla
ti
on
of
at
tem
pted
le
ader
with
ne
gative
cl
ou
d
-
to
-
groun
d
li
ghtnin
g
flashes
a
re
al
so
pr
ese
nted
i
n
this
stud
y.
2.
METHO
D
The
at
te
m
pted
le
ader
act
ivit
ie
s
recorde
d
f
or
four
c
onsecuti
ve
ye
ars
(
2016
to
2019)
ar
e
exam
ined
in
this
stud
y.
T
he
data
was
exa
m
in
ed
from
Au
gust
to
Dece
m
ber
20
16
(
22
59
data),
Ja
nua
ry
to
Ju
ly
2017
(
1466
data),
Aug
us
t
to
Decem
ber
2018
(
3692
da
ta
),
an
d
Jan
ua
ry
to
Ju
ly
2019
(
2789
data).
Fr
om
al
l
these
data
gathe
red
(10,2
06),
nin
et
y
eve
nts
we
re
rec
ognized
as
at
te
m
pted
le
ade
r.
T
he
m
easur
em
ent
sta
ti
on
was
l
oc
at
ed
in
Me
la
ka
(2.1896°
N
,
102.2
501°
E)
.
F
ur
t
he
rm
or
e,
19,
33,
15
a
nd
23
of
a
tt
e
m
pted
le
ade
r
wa
ve
form
observ
e
d
in 20
16, 201
7,
2018 a
nd 20
19, r
es
pecti
vely
.
In
t
his
stu
dy,
the
ve
rtic
al
plate
anten
na,
buff
e
r
ci
rc
uit,
coa
xial
cabl
e,
an
d
tra
ns
ie
nt
rec
order
(Teledyne
Lec
ro
y
H
DO4
024)
has
bee
n
im
plem
ented
fo
r
m
easur
ing,
re
cordin
g
an
d
a
naly
zi
ng
the
e
le
ct
ric
rad
ia
ti
on
fiel
ds
of
li
ghtni
ng
fl
ashes.
Fig
ur
e
1
s
hows
the
ar
rangem
ent
as
wh
e
re
the
m
easur
em
ent
set
up
wa
s
si
m
il
ar
to
[37
]
-
[
39]
.
The
a
ntenn
a
is
us
ed
to
detect
the
ve
rtic
al
e
le
ct
ric
fiel
ds
a
nd
ar
ra
ng
e
d
perpe
nd
ic
ularly
to
the
el
ect
ric
fi
el
d
vect
or,
pa
rall
el
to
the
gro
und
in
orde
r
to
prev
ent
t
he
horizo
ntal
el
ect
ric
fiel
d
eff
ect
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
t
he
ante
nna’s
physi
cal
heig
ht
is
set
to
1.5
m
et
re
with
t
he
e
ff
ect
ive
heig
ht
of
0.2
5
m
et
re
.
The
anten
na
is
c
on
nected
t
o
el
ect
ronic
buff
e
r
ci
rcu
it
by
us
i
ng
60
-
ce
nti
m
et
re
-
long
c
oax
ia
l
c
able
(R
G
-
58)
and
the
sign
al
is
trans
m
itted
from
t
he
anten
na
to
12
-
bit
dig
it
al
hig
h
-
s
peed
tr
ansient
rec
ord
er
(Teledy
ne
Lecr
oy
HDO
4024)
us
i
ng
10
-
m
et
re
-
lo
ng
c
oa
xial
cab
le
(RG
-
58).
T
his
high
-
spe
ed
transient
recorde
r
is
al
so
e
quip
ped
with
200
M
Hz
High
-
De
finiti
on
O
sci
ll
os
co
pe
an
d
t
he
tra
nsm
issi
on
to
di
gital
transie
nt
recorde
r
occ
ur
after
passing t
hro
ugh
the
elec
tro
ni
c buf
fer ci
rcu
it
.
Figure
1. The
a
rr
a
ng
em
ent of
li
gh
tnin
g
m
easur
em
ent and fo
ll
ow
ed
b
y t
he r
ecordin
g
a
nd a
naly
zi
ng
sect
io
n
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
D
IS
C
USS
ION
The
stu
dy
pr
es
ents
the
novel
inf
or
m
at
ion
on
the
sta
ti
sti
cal
distrib
ution
of
at
tem
pted
le
ader
act
ivit
ie
s
with
num
ber
of
th
underst
or
m
s
durin
g
m
on
s
oon
a
nd
i
nter
-
m
on
so
on
f
or
f
our
ye
ars
(20
16
-
2019)
i
n
tr
opic
al
reg
i
on
Me
la
ka
,
Ma
la
ysi
a.
The
auth
or
f
oc
use
d
only
on
t
he
m
ic
ro
seco
nd
scal
e
of
el
ect
ric
rad
ia
ti
on
fiel
d
tha
t
that
fail
s
to
prop
a
gate
to
the
gro
und
com
plete
ly
and
no
t
producin
g
fi
rst
r
et
urn
stroke.
T
her
e
wer
e
84
posit
ive
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
13
24
-
13
30
1326
po
la
rity
and
6
neg
at
ive
pola
rity
of
el
ect
ric
rad
ia
ti
on
fiel
d
of
at
te
m
pte
d
le
ader
obse
r
ved
a
nd
the
e
le
ct
ri
c
rad
ia
ti
on f
ie
l
d wav
e
f
or
m
sa
m
ple are
sho
wn in F
i
gure
2 (a)
and (
b).
(a)
(b)
Figure
2. The
a
tt
e
m
pted
le
ade
r,
(a) p
os
it
ive
pola
rity
on 7
th
D
ece
m
ber
2018
and (
b) n
e
gativ
e polari
ty
on
30
th
Septem
ber 2
018
This
stu
dy
presents
the
co
r
relat
ion
bet
we
en
the
at
tem
pted
le
ader
a
nd
thun
der
st
orm
un
de
r
the
influ
e
nce
of
N
or
t
heast
Mon
s
oon
(
Octo
ber
-
Ma
c),
South
we
st
Mon
soo
n
(
Ma
y
-
Septem
ber
),
Fi
rst
In
te
r
-
m
on
so
on
(Marc
h)
,
a
nd
Seco
nd
I
nter
-
m
on
so
on
(
Octob
e
r),
as
dep
i
ct
ed
in
Figure
3
(a)
,
(
b),
(c)
and
(
d),
res
pe
ct
ively
.
Re
su
lt
show
s
that
the
po
sit
ive
at
te
m
pted
le
ader
act
i
viti
es
duri
ng
m
on
s
oon
i
n
Fig
ure
2
(a)
has
ne
gative
correla
ti
on
with
th
unde
rstor
m
s.
The
highe
st
po
sit
ive
at
te
m
pted
le
ader
durin
g
m
on
soon
occ
ur
i
n
2017
a
nd
2019
in
w
hich
twenty
-
nin
e
(
29)
a
nd
twe
nty
(20)
posit
ive
at
tem
pted
le
ader
wer
e
obse
rv
e
d
in
on
ly
five
(
5)
an
d
four
(4)
rec
orded
th
unde
rst
orm
resp
ect
ively
.
Wh
il
e
in
2016
an
d
2018,
seven
ty
(
17)
and
twel
ve
(
12)
of
po
sit
ive
at
te
m
pted
le
a
der
act
ivit
ie
s
wer
e
ob
serv
e
d
i
n
only
nin
e
(
9)
an
d
fi
ve
(
5)
t
hunders
torm
resp
ect
iv
el
y.
In
oth
e
r
w
ord,
si
ng
le
th
unde
rstor
m
du
rin
g
m
on
s
oon
a
re
capab
le
of
pro
du
ci
ng
m
or
e
than
one
at
tem
pted
le
ade
r
even
t.
Howe
ver,
the
neg
at
ive
at
te
m
pted
le
ade
r
act
ivit
ie
s
du
ri
ng
m
on
so
on
in
Fi
gure
3
(b)
s
hows
a
posit
ive
correla
ti
on
wit
h
the
th
unde
rs
torm
.
The
ye
a
rly
distrib
utio
n
act
ivit
ie
s
are
al
so
fa
r
le
ss
than
that
of
po
sit
ive
at
tem
pted
le
ad
er
durin
g
t
he
Mon
s
oon
seas
on.
F
urt
her,
i
n
Figure
3
(
b)
,
th
ere
was
no
at
te
m
pted
le
ader
e
ven
t
i
n
2017
duri
ng
t
he
Mon
s
oon
sea
so
n.
O
bvio
us
ly
,
the
thun
der
st
or
m
pr
od
uced
durin
g
Mo
nso
on
sea
sons
in
t
ropical
cl
i
m
at
e
do
es
not
s
upportin
g
t
he
pro
du
ct
io
n
of
ne
gative
pol
arit
y
of
at
tem
pted
le
ade
r
si
nc
e
t
he
act
ivit
y
of
this
prof
il
e
a
ppear
ed
durin
g
t
his
pa
rtic
ular
pe
r
iod
(
on
ly
th
re
e
(
3)
act
ivit
ie
s
rec
orde
d
f
or
four
ye
ars
).
N
ext,
t
he
at
tem
pted
le
ad
er
f
or
both
pos
it
ive
and
ne
gat
ive
pola
rity
du
rin
g
the
I
nter
-
m
on
so
on
in
Fi
gure
3
(c)
a
nd
(d)
al
so
sh
ows
ver
y
posi
ti
ve
correla
ti
on
with th
unde
rstorm
. Th
e ye
arly
d
ist
rib
utio
n
act
ivit
ie
s w
er
e also not as f
r
equ
e
nt
as
can
be
seen
durin
g
Mo
nsoon
f
or
po
sit
ive
po
la
rity
of
at
tem
pted
le
a
der
act
ivit
ie
s.
Sp
eci
fical
ly
,
sing
le
thund
e
rstorm
i
s
seen
pro
du
ci
ng
not
m
or
e
than
one
posit
ive
and
ne
gative
po
la
rity
du
ri
ng
I
nter
-
m
on
soon.
T
he
sam
e scenar
io
al
so
see
n durin
g
Mo
nso
on for ne
gative att
em
pted
le
a
der.
On
the
ot
her
hand,
the
ye
ar
ly
distribu
ti
on
of
at
tem
pted
le
ader
was
al
s
o
pr
e
sente
d
to
per
cei
ve
the
correla
ti
on
of
at
tem
pted
le
ader
act
i
viti
es
w
it
h
the
ne
gati
ve
cl
ou
d
-
to
-
groun
d
li
ghtnin
g
flashes
(sam
e
an
d
opposit
e
pola
ri
ty
of
pr
el
im
ina
ry
break
dow
n).
The
pe
rce
ntage
of
at
te
m
pted
le
ade
r
on
bo
th
pola
rity
(
posit
ive
and
ne
gative)
in
2016,
2017,
2018
a
nd
2019
we
re
0.8
4%
2.
25%
,
0.4
1%
and
0.82%
fro
m
the
ye
arl
y
data
recorde
d,
res
pe
ct
ively
.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
t
he
perce
ntage
of
ne
gative
cl
oud
-
to
-
gro
und
li
ght
ning
flashes
on
bo
t
h
pr
el
im
inary
br
eakdo
wn
po
la
r
it
y
(p
os
it
ive
and
neg
at
i
ve)
i
n
2016,
2017,
2018
an
d
20
19
we
re
77.
51%,
59%,
66.66%
a
nd
45
.39%
f
ro
m
the
ye
arl
y
data
reco
r
de
d,
res
pecti
vely
.
As
dep
ic
t
ed
in
Fi
gure
4,
the
highest
act
ivit
y
of
at
te
m
pted
le
ader
occ
urre
d
in
ye
ar
2017
(
N=
33).
H
ow
e
ver,
the
le
ast
a
ct
ivit
y
of
neg
a
ti
ve
cl
oud
-
to
-
gro
un
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Distri
bu
ti
on
of
a
tt
em
pted
le
ader wi
th
m
ons
oon
s
eas
o
ns
and negati
ve cl
ou
d
-
to
-
groun
d…
(
Nur Asyiqi
n
I
s
a
)
1327
li
gh
tnin
g
flas
he
s
(N
=
865)
w
ere
seen
in
the
sa
m
e
ye
ar.
On
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
the
lowe
st
act
ivit
y
of
at
tem
pted
le
ader
(N
=
15)
portrayed
in
y
ear
20
18
sho
w
s
the
highest
a
ct
ivit
y
of
ne
ga
ti
ve
cl
oud
t
o
-
gro
und
li
ghtni
ng
flas
h
(N
=
2461)
.
Overall
,
the
s
umm
ary
of
the
co
rr
el
at
ion
bet
we
en
the
t
otal
at
tem
pted
le
ade
r
and
ne
gative
cl
oud
-
to
-
gro
und
li
ghtni
ng f
la
s
hes, i
s presente
d
as
sho
wn in Fi
gure
4.
c)
d)
a)
b)
Figure
3. Va
riat
ion
of Mo
nso
on th
unde
rstor
m
s f
or
(
a
) p
os
it
ive att
em
pted
le
ader an
d (b)
ne
gative att
em
pt
ed
le
ader
a
nd
var
i
at
ion
of Inte
r
-
m
on
so
on t
hunderst
or
m
s f
or
(
a)
p
os
it
ive att
e
m
pted
le
ader
a
nd (b) ne
g
at
ive
at
tem
pted
in
2016 t
o 201
9
Figure
4. The
ye
arly
v
ariat
io
n of p
os
it
ive at
tem
pted
le
ader, n
e
gative
at
te
m
pted
le
ader
, pos
it
ive
preli
m
inary
br
ea
kdow
n
a
nd n
e
gative
pr
el
i
m
inary b
rea
kd
own of n
egati
ve
CG fla
sh
es
of
2016 (A
ugus
t
to Decem
ber
),
2017
(Janua
ry
to J
uly),
2018
(
Aug
us
t t
o Dec
e
m
ber
)
a
nd
2019 (
Ja
nuary t
o July
) fr
om
tota
l of 1
0,2
06
el
ect
ric rad
ia
ti
on f
ie
ld
of lig
ht
nin
g flas
hes
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
3
,
Se
ptem
ber
20
21
:
13
24
-
13
30
1328
Figure
5
dep
ic
ts
the
at
te
m
pte
d
le
ade
r
i
nd
ic
a
te
d
the
ne
gativ
e
correla
ti
on
w
it
h
the
ne
gativ
e
cl
oud
-
to
-
groun
d
li
gh
t
ning
flashes
.
It
see
m
s
l
ike
the
at
tem
pted
le
ad
er
act
ivit
ie
s
are
decr
eases
with
the
increases
of
cl
oud
-
to
-
gro
und
li
gh
tni
ng
fl
ashes
occ
urre
nces.
I
n
ot
her
wo
r
ds,
the
m
or
e
su
ccee
din
g
ret
urn
str
oke
of
li
gh
tnin
g
flash
act
ivit
y
ob
ser
ve
d,
the
le
ss
not
su
ccee
ding
return
str
oke
li
gh
t
ning
flas
he
s
will
be
obser
ved
(att
e
m
pted
le
ader
occ
urren
ce
s).
T
hese
phen
om
ena
agr
ee
w
it
h
the
ex
plana
ti
on
in
[7]
a
nd
[42]
w
her
e
m
os
tl
y
the
LPCR
i
n
tro
pical
co
un
t
ries
are
ei
ther
wea
k
or
wit
hout
a
ny
PBP
sign
at
ur
e
po
ssibly
due
to
an
insig
nificant
L
PCR
m
agn
it
ude.
In
this
sit
uat
ion
,
init
ia
l
br
e
akdo
wn
proces
ses
happe
ned
t
o
be
in
the
cl
oud
with
a
lo
w
e
ne
rg
y
le
vel
bet
ween
t
he
neg
a
ti
ve
charge
re
gion
an
d
t
he
LPCR
,
do
no
t
need
to
str
ug
gle
to
br
ea
k
the
“
blo
cki
ng
”
a
ge
nt
in
LPCR
.
Al
though,
t
he
pr
of
il
e
of
overa
ll
at
tem
p
te
d
le
ader
s
i
n
tro
pi
cal
countries
wer
e
fou
nd
t
o
ha
ve weak
com
par
e
d
to
ne
gative cl
oud
-
to
-
gro
und l
igh
tnin
g flash
es
[43]
. Ho
we
ve
r,
the att
e
m
pted
le
ader
s a
re co
m
m
on
ly
ex
ist
ing
d
uri
ng the Mo
ns
oo
n
seas
on
a
nd
uniq
uely
the
m
ajo
rity
ex
hi
bit
as posit
ive att
e
m
pted
le
ader
.
Figure
5. Va
riat
ion
of ye
arly
di
stribu
ti
on
of both
pola
rity
(p
os
it
ive a
nd
ne
ga
ti
ve)
of
att
em
pted
le
a
der an
d
bo
t
h po
la
rity
of
pr
el
im
inary break
dow
n (sam
e an
d opp
os
it
e)
of
neg
at
ive
cloud
-
to
-
gro
und
li
gh
tnin
g flas
he
s
in 20
16 to 2
019
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Fr
om
am
ou
nt
of
10,
206
data
of
li
gh
t
ning
fla
sh
es
for
fou
r
y
ears
(
A
ugus
t
t
o
Decem
ber
2016,
Jan
ua
ry
to Ju
ly
2
01
7,
Aug
us
t t
o
Dec
e
m
ber
2018,
a
nd
Ja
nuary to J
uly 2019)
rec
orde
d
in Mel
aka
(
tro
pical
r
egi
on)
, only
90
(
0.8
8%)
at
tem
pted
le
ade
r
act
ivit
ie
s
w
hi
ch
com
pr
ise
s
of
po
sit
ive
(
N=84,
0.8
2%
)
an
d
neg
at
i
ve
(
N=6,
0.06%)
po
la
rit
y
wer
e
obse
rv
e
d.
T
he
occ
urre
nce
of
posit
ive
at
tem
pted
le
a
der
was
m
or
e
com
m
on
com
p
ared
t
o
neg
at
ive
po
la
r
it
y
especial
l
y
with
thu
nde
r
storm
du
rin
g
Mon
s
oon
seas
on
s
.
I
n
fact,
there
we
re
ne
gative
correla
ti
on
bet
ween
the
t
hunderst
or
m
producin
g
at
te
m
pte
d
le
ade
r
a
nd
th
e
at
tem
pted
le
ade
r
obse
rv
e
d.
I
n
othe
r
word,
si
ng
le
thun
der
st
or
m
duri
ng
Mo
nsoon
wer
e
see
n
su
f
fici
ent
of
pro
du
ci
ng
m
or
e
tha
n
one
posit
ive
at
tem
pted
le
ad
er
act
ivit
ie
s.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
ne
gative
pola
rity
duri
ng
Mo
nso
on
a
nd
both
pola
rity
of
at
te
m
pte
d
le
ader
act
ivit
ie
s
duri
ng
I
nte
r
-
m
on
s
oon
we
re
see
n
sig
nif
ic
antly
le
ss
than
the
posit
iv
e
at
tem
pted
le
ade
r
recorde
d
durin
g
Mo
nsoon.
A
lso,
they
s
how
ver
y
po
sit
ive
correla
ti
on
with
the
t
hunderst
or
m
pr
od
ucin
g
it
.
I
n
oth
e
r
w
ord,
duri
ng
the
se
pe
rio
d,
sin
gle
th
unde
rstorm
w
as
seen
only
pro
du
ci
ng
s
i
ngle
eve
nt
of
a
tt
e
m
pted
le
ader
.
Nex
t
,
the
at
tem
pted
le
ader
act
ivit
ie
s
sh
ow
neg
at
i
ve
co
rr
el
at
io
n
with
the
ne
gat
ive
cl
oud
-
to
-
gro
und
flashes
. T
he
m
or
e
att
e
m
pted
le
ader rec
orde
d, the less
n
e
gat
ive clo
ud
-
to
-
groun
d ob
s
er
ved.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
Au
t
hors
w
ould
li
ke
to
than
k
to
Zam
al
ah
Schem
e
un
de
r
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Tekn
i
kal
Ma
la
ys
ia
Me
la
ka.
More
ov
e
r,
a
ut
hors
would
li
ke
to
tha
nk
to
t
he
Mi
nister
of
Ed
ucati
on
(M
OE),
Ma
la
ysi
a
and
the
Ce
nter
f
or
Re
search
an
d
Ma
nag
em
ent
(
CR
IM)
of
UT
eM
for
e
quip
m
ent
an
d
m
ea
su
rem
ent
facil
it
ie
s
,
m
or
al
su
pport
a
nd
co
-
operati
on
duri
ng
our
m
eas
ur
em
ent
ca
m
paign
.
The
e
quipm
ent
of
this
r
esearch
was
ea
rlie
r
purc
hase
d
from
the fu
nd
i
ng b
y
MOE
unde
r
E
xplo
rati
on Rese
arch G
ran
t
Schem
e (ERGS
/
2013
/F
KE/T
K02/
UTEM/
03/0
1).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Distri
bu
ti
on
of
a
tt
em
pted
le
ader wi
th
m
ons
oon
s
eas
o
ns
and negati
ve cl
ou
d
-
to
-
groun
d…
(
Nur Asyiqi
n
I
s
a
)
1329
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