I
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urna
l o
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rica
l En
g
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a
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p
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t
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Science
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
201
8
,
p
p
.
51
~
60
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ee
p Da
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s
heela
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o
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da
,
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a
m
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la
n
k
i
M
.
D.
Un
iv
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rsity
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Ro
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tak
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ry
a
n
a
,
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ia
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icle
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nfo
AB
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r
ticle
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to
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y:
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an
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p
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cc
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n
14
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y
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sp
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t
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ted
P
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m
m
in
g
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OP
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p
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ra
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ig
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is
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tt
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g
m
o
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larity
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t
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ield
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re
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t.
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a
n
A
sp
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o
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tw
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re
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y
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m
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AO
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is
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ll
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n
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a
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o
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n
A
OSS
.
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o
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th
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tera
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ica
tes
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t
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ted
to
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tera
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re
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t
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th
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y
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tes
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g
tec
h
n
iq
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e
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se
d
f
o
r
A
OSS
.
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f
o
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in
th
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a
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a
c
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d
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ly
sis re
su
lt
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s tes
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n
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t
e
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h
n
iq
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e
s b
a
se
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v
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rio
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s
p
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ra
m
e
ters
.
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ey
w
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r
d
s
:
A
O
SS
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tin
g
A
O
SS
tes
tin
g
s
u
r
v
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y
Asp
ec
t
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p
r
o
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r
am
m
i
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g
(
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OP
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As
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t
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ted
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
y
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te
m
(
A
O
SS
)
So
f
t
w
ar
e
test
in
g
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
s
h
ee
la
Ho
o
d
a,
M.
D.
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
,
R
o
h
ta
k
,
Har
y
a
n
a,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail:
s
u
s
h
ee
la
h
o
o
d
a@
g
m
ai
l.c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Asp
ec
t
-
Or
ie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
(
AOP
)
is
r
elativ
el
y
th
e
la
tes
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
w
h
ic
h
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
cr
o
s
s
cu
tti
n
g
co
n
ce
r
n
.
A
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
th
in
g
s
s
u
c
h
as
1
)
B
u
s
in
ess
L
o
g
ic
an
d
2
)
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
A
OP
is
o
lates
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ai
n
b
u
s
in
ess
lo
g
ic
i
n
w
h
ic
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
as c
r
o
s
s
c
u
tti
n
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
a
n
d
b
u
s
i
n
ess
lo
g
ic
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
a
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
n
ce
r
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
AOP
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
o
d
u
lar
it
y
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
o
r
n
o
co
d
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
AOP
h
as b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
co
m
p
le
x
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Dala
l
et.
al.
[
1
]
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
tes
tin
g
p
la
y
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
q
u
al
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
So
f
t
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
en
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
test
in
g
.
Mo
h
ap
atr
a
an
d
P
r
asad
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
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t
-
co
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n
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o
p
tim
izatio
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tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
ize
o
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test
s
u
i
te
an
d
p
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v
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its
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tiv
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n
e
s
s
w
i
th
o
th
er
co
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
tech
n
iq
u
es [
2
]
.
A
s
p
e
ct
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
y
s
te
m
te
s
tin
g
i
s
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t so
m
u
ch
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at
u
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ed
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o
t
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er
p
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r
a
m
m
i
n
g
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ar
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s
s
u
c
h
a
s
o
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j
ec
t
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o
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r
o
ce
d
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r
al
p
r
o
g
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am
m
in
g
p
ar
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ig
m
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
a
n
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
w
o
r
k
ed
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
A
OP
test
i
n
g
b
u
t
s
till
o
n
e
n
ee
d
s
to
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
in
th
i
s
f
ield
.
Qu
a
lit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
test
in
g
.
P
r
o
p
er
test
in
g
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
lead
s
to
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
e
lo
p
a
q
u
al
it
y
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
So
f
t
w
ar
e
tes
ti
n
g
ca
n
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
m
a
n
u
all
y
as
w
e
ll
as
au
to
m
at
icall
y
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
G
h
a
n
i [
5
]
,
au
to
m
atio
n
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
test
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
co
s
t a
n
d
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
Au
to
m
at
io
n
o
f
A
OP
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
r
ee
elem
en
ts
:
(
i)
au
to
m
ated
test
in
p
u
t
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
s
ele
ctio
n
(
ii)
au
to
m
ated
test
o
r
ac
l
e
an
d
(
iii)
au
to
m
ated
te
s
t
ex
e
cu
tio
n
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
ab
o
v
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
,
o
t
h
er
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
ar
e
test
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
A
OP
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
te
s
tin
g
le
v
el
a
n
d
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
AOP
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
5
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4752
I
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d
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J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
51
–
60
52
Var
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
3
]
-
[
7
]
d
escr
ib
e
asp
ec
t
-
or
ien
ted
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
tes
tin
g
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
.
B
u
t
s
t
ill,
n
o
f
o
r
m
a
l
s
u
r
v
e
y
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
A
O
P
test
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
s
p
er
o
u
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
w
i
ll
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
d
etailed
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
A
OP
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
f
o
r
m
al
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
[
8
]
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
ev
ie
w
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
o
es
n
o
t
ca
ter
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
A
OP
tes
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
m
er
its
an
d
d
em
er
i
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
t
h
is
p
a
p
er
is
to
g
iv
e
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
s
tu
d
y
o
f
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
asp
e
ct
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
test
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
a
s
ed
o
n
s
o
m
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
te
s
tin
g
tech
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iq
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e,
test
in
g
lev
el,
au
to
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at
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s
u
p
p
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t,
au
to
m
at
io
n
lev
e
l
an
d
test
ca
s
e
g
en
er
atio
n
cr
iter
ia.
Or
g
a
n
iza
tio
n
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
is
as:
Secti
o
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
p
la
n
n
i
n
g
an
d
ex
ec
u
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
Sectio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
d
etail
an
al
y
s
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
test
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
A
OP
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
4
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
i
s
s
u
es
w
h
ic
h
o
cc
u
r
u
s
u
all
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
A
OP
test
i
n
g
.
Sectio
n
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
s
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
.
2.
SYST
E
M
AT
I
C
R
E
VI
E
W:
S
URVEY P
L
ANN
I
N
G
AND
E
XE
CUT
I
O
N
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
.
Kitch
en
h
a
m
[
8
]
,
a
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
is
a
p
lan
n
i
n
g
w
h
ic
h
in
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
id
en
ti
f
y
,
a
n
al
y
ze
a
n
d
clar
if
y
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
esear
ch
ab
o
u
t
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
r
esear
ch
q
u
es
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
tep
s
h
a
v
e
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
ev
ie
w
i
n
th
is
liter
at
u
r
e
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
:
ai
m
,
r
esear
ch
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
,
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
av
ailab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
ele
ctio
n
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
s
,
cla
s
s
i
f
icati
o
n
an
d
ex
tr
ac
t
t
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
A
OP
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
tep
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tak
en
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
B
.
Kitch
en
h
a
m
[
8
]:
Ai
m
:
T
o
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
A
OP
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
a
v
ailab
le
lite
r
at
u
r
e.
Resea
rc
h Q
ues
t
io
n:
-
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
av
ailab
le
A
OP
test
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
es a
n
d
th
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
t
ics.
So
urce
s
:
A
C
M
Di
g
ital
L
ib
r
a
r
y
,
I
E
E
E
X
-
p
lo
r
e,
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
j
o
u
r
n
als,
s
p
r
in
g
er
,
Scie
n
ce
d
ir
ec
t,
E
ls
ev
ier
,
v
ar
io
u
s
j
o
u
r
n
al
s
an
d
co
n
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
.
Sea
rc
h
S
t
ring
:
-
(
“A
OP
te
s
t
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es”)
o
r
(
“
T
est
i
n
g
Asp
ec
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
o
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e”
)
o
r
(
“
u
n
it
test
i
n
g
f
o
r
A
OP
”)
o
r
(
“
Data
f
l
o
w
te
s
ti
n
g
f
o
r
A
OP
”)
o
r
(
“
au
t
o
m
a
ted
test
i
n
g
f
o
r
AOP
”)
o
r
(
“
Mo
d
el
b
ased
A
OP
test
i
n
g
”)
o
r
(
“
co
n
tr
o
l
f
lo
w
t
esti
n
g
f
o
r
A
OP
”)
o
r
(
“
Stru
c
tu
r
al
test
i
n
g
f
o
r
A
OP
”)
o
r
(
“
Sear
ch
b
ased
AOP
test
i
n
g
”)
o
r
(
“Reg
r
e
s
s
io
n
te
s
ti
n
g
f
o
r
A
OP
”)
o
r
(
“
R
an
d
o
m
test
i
n
g
f
o
r
AOP
”)
o
r
(
“
in
teg
r
at
io
n
t
esti
n
g
f
o
r
A
OP
”)
.
A
OP
te
s
ti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
clas
s
if
ied
in
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ield
s
b
ased
o
n
a
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
[
3
]
-
[
7
]
s
h
o
ws
th
at
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
V
ar
io
u
s
A
OP
T
esti
n
g
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
F
i
e
l
d
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
T
e
st
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
D
e
f
i
n
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s t
e
st
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s fo
r
A
O
P
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
c
l
a
ssi
f
i
e
d
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
y
b
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
e
r
s.
L
e
v
e
l
o
f
Te
st
i
n
g
D
e
f
i
n
e
w
h
i
c
h
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
t
e
st
i
n
g
i
s
u
se
d
t
o
t
e
st
t
h
e
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
.
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
t
e
st
i
n
g
u
se
d
a
r
e
:
u
n
i
t
,
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
sy
st
e
m,
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
r
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
t
e
st
i
n
g
.
T
e
st
C
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
D
e
f
i
n
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
t
o
se
l
e
c
t
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
p
u
t
s
e
t
s a
r
e
t
o
b
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
.
T
o
o
l
s t
o
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
D
e
f
i
n
e
t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
c
e
o
r
n
o
t
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
s.
A
u
t
o
mat
i
o
n
L
e
v
e
l
A
u
t
o
mat
i
o
n
me
a
n
s
t
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
o
st
,
t
i
me
a
n
d
e
f
f
o
r
t
.
D
e
f
i
n
e
s h
o
w
a
u
t
o
mat
e
d
i
s
a
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
t
e
st
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
M
o
d
e
l
D
e
scri
b
e
w
h
i
c
h
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
mo
d
e
l
i
s
b
e
i
n
g
u
se
d
b
y
t
e
st
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
.
3.
ANALY
S
I
S O
F
ASP
E
C
T
-
O
RIE
N
T
E
D
SO
F
T
WAR
E
T
E
ST
I
NG
T
E
CH
NI
Q
U
E
S
T
o
h
av
e
th
e
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
a
n
asp
ec
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ap
er
s
w
h
ich
h
av
e
e
x
ten
s
i
v
el
y
co
v
er
ed
th
e
b
asic a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
asp
ec
t
-
o
r
i
en
ted
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
an
d
t
h
eir
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
3
.
1
.
T
esting
T
ec
hn
iq
ues
f
o
r
AO
P
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
test
i
n
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
A
OP
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
class
i
f
ied
d
if
f
er
en
tl
y
b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
an
d
[
6
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
a
b
r
o
ad
class
if
icati
o
n
o
f
test
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
f
o
r
A
OP
g
i
v
e
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
d
etail
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
test
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f V
a
r
io
u
s
Tes
tin
g
Tech
n
iq
u
es Used
fo
r
A
s
p
ec
t
-
Ori
en
ted
…
(
S
u
s
h
ee
la
Ho
o
d
a
)
53
T
e
s
t
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
i
n
A
O
P
F
u
nc
t
i
o
na
l
T
e
s
t
i
ng
Or
M
ode
l
B
a
s
e
d
T
e
s
t
i
ng
S
t
r
uc
t
ur
a
l
T
e
s
t
i
ng
Or
C
od
e
B
a
s
e
d
T
e
s
t
i
ng
M
ut
a
t
i
on
T
e
s
t
i
ng
R
e
gr
e
s
s
i
on
T
e
s
t
i
ng
R
a
ndom
T
e
s
t
i
ng
S
e
a
r
c
h
B
a
s
e
d
T
e
s
t
i
ng
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
esti
n
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es i
n
A
OP
3
.
1
.
1.
F
un
ct
io
na
l/
M
o
del
-
B
a
s
ed
T
esting
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
te
s
ti
n
g
is
u
s
ed
to
test
t
h
e
e
x
ter
n
al
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
w
h
et
h
er
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
m
ee
t
s
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
„
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
o
r
n
o
t
w
it
h
o
u
t
b
o
t
h
er
in
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
d
etails
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
Mo
d
el
-
b
ased
test
i
n
g
(
MB
T
)
is
also
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
test
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
li
k
e
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
al
tes
tin
g
,
it
h
as
also
in
ten
d
ed
to
test
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
U
ML
(
Un
i
f
ied
Mo
d
elin
g
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e)
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
to
p
r
ed
ict
test
ef
f
o
r
t
in
ea
r
lier
s
ta
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
war
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
9
]
.
MB
T
w
as
o
r
ig
i
n
all
y
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
te
s
ti
n
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
MB
T
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
u
n
it
te
s
ti
n
g
,
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
te
s
tin
g
a
n
d
i
n
o
t
h
er
test
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
[
1
0
]
-
[
3
0
]
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
Str
uct
ura
l/Co
de
B
a
s
e
d T
esting
Stru
ct
u
r
al
te
s
ti
n
g
is
u
s
ed
to
te
s
t
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
‟
s
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tati
o
n
i
n
w
h
ic
h
te
s
t
d
ata
i
s
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
al
d
etail.
(
e.
g
.
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ath
,
d
ata
ite
m
s
)
.
T
h
is
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ca
n
b
e
g
ath
er
ed
o
n
l
y
w
h
e
n
o
n
e
h
a
s
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
d
e.
T
h
is
i
s
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
th
at
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
te
s
ti
n
g
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
co
d
e
-
b
ased
test
i
n
g
.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
f
l
o
w
a
n
d
d
ata
f
lo
w
tes
tin
g
h
a
v
e
also
co
m
e
u
n
d
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
test
i
n
g
.
As
co
n
tr
o
l
f
lo
w
test
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
es
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
f
lo
w
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
an
d
d
ata
f
lo
w
tes
tin
g
r
eq
u
ir
es
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
test
p
ath
s
o
f
a
p
r
o
g
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t
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r
elate
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to
th
e
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ata
s
tate
[
3
1
]
-
[
4
5
]
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
M
uta
t
io
n T
esting
Mu
tatio
n
tes
tin
g
i
s
al
s
o
k
n
o
wn
as
f
a
u
lt
-
b
ased
te
s
ti
n
g
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
m
u
tatio
n
tes
tin
g
,
m
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ta
n
t
s
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ated
f
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t
h
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p
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ato
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ter
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tat
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in
g
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p
er
f
o
r
m
e
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to
id
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tify
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h
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ata
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le
to
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is
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v
er
th
e
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
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s
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h
ich
w
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er
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o
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ed
i
n
o
r
ig
i
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al
p
r
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g
r
a
m
o
r
n
o
t [
4
6
]
-
[
6
0
]
.
3
.
1
.
4
.
Reg
re
s
s
io
n T
esting
R
eg
r
es
s
io
n
te
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n
g
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s
p
er
f
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r
m
ed
d
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r
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te
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ase
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to
en
s
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th
at
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lts
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etec
ted
w
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ich
o
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r
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ed
d
u
e
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s
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h
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o
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t
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e
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ile
m
o
d
if
y
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n
g
th
e
s
o
f
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w
ar
e
[
6
1
]
-
[
6
4
]
.
3
.
1
.
5
.
Ra
nd
o
m
T
e
s
t
ing
R
an
d
o
m
te
s
ti
n
g
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
tes
t
d
ata
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
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at
h
er
th
a
n
o
n
e
‟
s
ch
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ice.
I
t
is
o
n
e
o
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th
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s
i
m
p
le
test
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n
g
tech
n
iq
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e
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le
s
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s
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y
a
s
co
m
p
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te
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g
tech
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es.
R
.
M
.
P
ar
izi
et
.
al.
[
6
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
a
n
asp
ec
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
r
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g
r
a
m
u
s
i
n
g
r
an
d
o
m
test
in
g
.
A
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
,
th
is
ap
p
r
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th
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
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f
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r
r
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d
o
m
test
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n
g
f
o
r
an
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t
-
o
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ted
p
r
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g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
au
th
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r
also
ex
te
n
d
s
h
is
o
w
n
w
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r
k
in
[
6
7
]
.
3
.
1
.
6
.
Sea
rc
h
-
B
a
s
ed
T
esting
Sear
ch
b
ased
te
s
ti
n
g
is
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
e
v
o
lu
t
io
n
ar
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te
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tin
g
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
t
h
eo
r
y
o
f
ev
o
lu
tio
n
.
I
t
f
o
r
m
u
late
s
t
h
e
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
c
tio
n
to
s
elec
t
te
s
t
d
ata
b
ased
o
n
s
o
m
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
s
u
ch
as
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
i
ter
ia.
B
etter
f
itn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
h
elp
s
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
b
le
m
in
b
etter
w
a
y
[
6
8
]
-
[
7
3
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
6
2
p
ap
er
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
clas
s
i
f
ied
i
n
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ca
te
g
o
r
ies.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
lete
li
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
p
ap
er
s
w
it
h
th
e
ir
class
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t c
a
teg
o
r
ies.
3
.
2
.
L
ev
el
o
f
T
esting
T
a
b
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
l
ev
el
o
f
te
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ti
n
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o
f
A
OP
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d
n
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m
b
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f
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p
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f
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T
ab
le
4
w
h
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x
ten
d
s
th
e
s
co
p
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o
f
ap
p
licati
o
n
o
f
A
OP
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
\
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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12
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.
1
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
51
–
60
54
T
ab
le
2
.
Var
io
u
s
C
lass
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f
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io
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s
o
f
Selecte
d
P
ap
er
s
P
a
p
e
r
C
a
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e
g
o
r
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s
#
P
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p
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r
s
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
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l
T
e
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n
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se
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21
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se
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15
M
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15
Re
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e
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T
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st
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4
R
a
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T
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5
T
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r
s
62
T
ab
le
3
.
Qu
an
titati
v
e
An
al
y
s
is
o
f
T
esti
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e
l
T
e
st
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n
g
L
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v
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l
#
A
p
p
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a
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10
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st
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30
R
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
t
e
st
i
n
g
3
3.
3
.
T
est
Ca
s
e
Co
v
er
a
g
e
Cri
t
er
ia
C
o
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
w
h
ic
h
in
p
u
t
s
ar
e
to
b
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
test
s
u
it.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
h
e
lp
to
test
th
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
e
f
f
ec
t
i
v
el
y
.
A
s
liter
at
u
r
e
i
n
d
icate
s
t
h
at
n
o
t
all
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
w
h
ic
h
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
e
d
in
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
p
r
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r
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m
m
i
n
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tl
y
u
s
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
test
in
g
AOP
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
b
r
o
a
d
class
if
icati
o
n
o
f
co
v
er
a
g
e
cr
iter
ia
h
as b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
a
n
d
b
r
ief
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
h
as b
ee
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
:
T
e
s
t
i
n
g
C
o
ve
r
a
ge
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
F
o
r
A
O
P
C
o
de
B
a
s
e
d
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
M
o
de
l
B
a
s
e
d
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
F
a
u
l
t
B
a
s
e
d
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dif
f
er
en
t te
s
t c
ase
c
o
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
A
OP
3
.
3
.
1
.
Co
de
-
B
a
s
ed
Crit
er
ia
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
co
d
e
o
f
A
OP
o
r
s
o
m
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
g
r
ap
h
m
o
d
el
a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
d
ef
in
e
co
d
e
-
b
a
s
ed
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia.
C
o
d
e
–
b
ased
cr
iter
ia
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
b
y
t
w
o
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
(
1
)
asp
e
ct
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
an
d
(
2
)
asp
ec
tu
al
b
r
an
ch
co
v
er
a
g
e
cr
iter
ia
[
5
]
.
A
s
p
ec
t
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
in
cl
u
d
e
s
t
ate
m
e
n
t
co
v
er
ag
e,
j
o
in
p
o
in
t
co
v
er
ag
e,
co
n
tex
t
c
o
v
er
ag
e
an
d
d
ef
-
u
s
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
1
]
w
h
er
ea
s
asp
ec
t
u
al
b
r
an
ch
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
in
cl
u
d
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
c
o
v
er
ag
e,
d
ata
f
lo
w
co
v
er
ag
e
an
d
d
ata
co
v
er
ag
e
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
n
e
w
f
lo
w
g
r
ap
h
m
o
d
els
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
h
a
n
d
l
e
th
e
asp
ec
ts
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
w
it
h
s
o
u
r
ce
co
d
e
s
u
c
h
as
d
ef
-
u
s
e
g
r
ap
h
m
o
d
el
(
A
ODU)
,
P
air
W
is
e
Def
-
Use
(
P
W
DU)
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
1
]
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
M
o
del
-
ba
s
ed
co
v
er
a
g
e
cr
it
er
ia
C
o
n
tr
o
l
f
lo
w
g
r
ap
h
w
h
ic
h
is
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
UM
L
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
d
ef
in
e
m
o
d
el
-
b
a
s
e
d
cr
iter
ia.
Var
io
u
s
co
v
er
a
g
e
cr
iter
ia
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
d
ef
i
n
e
m
o
d
el
-
b
ased
cr
iter
ia
s
u
c
h
as
tr
an
s
itio
n
co
v
er
ag
e,
s
eq
u
e
n
c
e
co
v
er
ag
e,
m
u
lti
a
s
p
ec
t
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
p
o
l
y
m
o
r
p
h
ic,
b
r
an
c
h
c
o
v
er
ag
e
an
d
asp
ec
t
u
a
l
b
r
an
c
h
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
[
1
4
]
-
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
h
as b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
g
e
n
er
ate
th
e
te
s
t d
ata.
3
.
3
.
3
.
F
a
ult
ba
s
ed
cr
it
er
ia
I
t is u
s
ed
to
g
e
n
er
ate
test
d
ata
to
d
etec
t f
au
lt
s
in
t
h
e
m
u
ta
t
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
[
4
6
]
-
[
6
0
]
.
3.
4
.
T
o
o
ls
t
o
s
up
po
rt
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
1
]
-
[
5
4
]
an
d
s
o
o
n
w
h
i
ch
p
r
o
v
id
e
au
to
m
ated
to
o
ls
to
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a
l
.
[
2
0
1
7
]
M
o
d
e
l
B
a
se
d
T
e
st
i
n
g
S
e
a
r
c
h
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r
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a
3.
5
.
Aut
o
m
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t
io
n lev
el
Au
to
m
a
ted
s
u
p
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o
r
t
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
test
in
g
as
it
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ed
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ce
s
co
s
t,
ef
f
o
r
t,
ti
m
e
an
d
a
ls
o
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
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io
u
s
au
to
m
atio
n
lev
e
l
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
.
On
th
e
b
asis
o
f
t
h
o
s
e,
a
b
r
o
ad
class
if
ica
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to
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v
el
h
as b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Aut
om
a
t
i
on
S
u
ppor
t
Aut
om
a
t
e
d
T
e
s
t
I
np
ut
Ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
And
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l
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o
n
Aut
om
a
t
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d
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t
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cl
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A
ut
o
m
a
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e
d
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s
t
E
x
e
c
u
t
i
on
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
lass
if
ica
tio
n
o
f
a
u
t
o
m
a
tio
n
i
n
A
OP
3
.
5
.
1
.
Aut
o
m
a
t
ed
T
est
I
np
ut
G
ener
a
t
io
n a
nd
Select
io
n T
o
o
ls
T
h
ese
t
y
p
e
o
f
to
o
ls
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
test
d
ata
w
h
ic
h
s
at
is
f
ies th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ized
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia.
3
.
5
.
2
.
Aut
o
m
a
t
ed
T
est
O
ra
cle
T
h
ese
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
au
to
m
atica
l
l
y
ex
a
m
i
n
e
th
e
f
id
elit
y
o
f
t
h
e
te
s
ts
.
3
.
5
.
3
.
Aut
o
m
a
t
ed
T
est
E
x
ec
utio
n
T
h
is
to
o
l
is
u
s
ed
to
e
x
ec
u
te
th
e
test
a
n
d
co
llect
s
t
h
e
te
s
t
r
es
u
lts
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
elp
o
f
au
to
m
ated
test
o
r
ac
les.
4.
I
SS
U
E
S R
E
G
ARD
I
N
G
AO
P
T
E
S
T
I
NG
AP
P
RO
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CH
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S
T
h
er
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ar
e
f
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w
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is
s
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e
s
th
a
t c
o
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ld
h
elp
an
d
m
o
ti
v
ate
t
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e
p
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s
p
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tiv
e
r
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s
to
d
o
th
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
t
h
is
f
ield
.
4
.
1
.
Su
pp
o
rt
o
f
U
M
L
beha
v
i
o
r
m
o
del f
o
r
Asp
ec
t
-
O
rient
e
d T
esting
Ap
pro
a
ches
I
n
asp
ec
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
,
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
te
s
ti
n
g
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
as
it
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
Sep
ar
atio
n
o
f
C
o
n
ce
r
n
s
(
So
C
)
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
A
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
T
ab
le
4
,
o
n
l
y
a
f
e
w
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
u
s
ed
t
h
e
U
ML
b
e
h
av
io
r
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
A
s
p
ec
t
-
Or
ie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
E
f
f
icien
t
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
test
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
e
d
b
y
d
ir
ec
tl
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
UM
L
b
eh
av
io
r
al
m
o
d
els.
Desig
n
i
n
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
test
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
i
s
a
ted
io
u
s
a
n
d
ti
m
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
ta
s
k
[
8
]
.
Usag
e
o
f
UM
L
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
l
m
o
d
el
to
tes
t
A
OP
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
o
r
t a
n
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
es r
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
4
.
2
.
T
est
Ca
s
e
Co
v
er
a
g
e
Cri
t
er
ia
C
o
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
i
s
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
to
d
ec
id
e
w
h
ic
h
in
p
u
t
s
ets
ar
e
to
b
e
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
tes
tin
g
.
I
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
,
co
v
e
r
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
ed
s
o
h
elp
f
u
l.
B
u
t
in
ca
s
e
o
f
test
i
n
g
asp
ec
t
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
all
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
i
a
r
elate
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
d
ir
ec
tl
y
a
s
t
h
er
e
is
a
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
So
C
[
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
ee
d
to
ex
ten
d
th
e
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
A
OP
[
8
]
.
Stu
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
in
d
icate
s
th
a
t o
n
l
y
th
r
ee
test
in
g
co
v
er
ag
e
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
[
3
]
.
4
.
3
.
Aut
o
m
a
t
io
n Su
pp
o
rt
Asp
ect
-
Or
ie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
is
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
m
at
u
r
e
d
a
y
b
y
d
a
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
au
to
m
at
io
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
test
i
n
g
AOP
is
n
ee
d
ed
n
o
w
.
Au
to
m
a
tio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
cu
t
d
o
w
n
t
h
e
test
e
f
f
o
r
t
b
u
t
it
also
u
p
t
u
r
n
s
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
51
–
60
58
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
es
s
o
f
A
OP
test
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
au
to
m
ated
th
e
AOP
test
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
4
.
4
.
Sea
rc
h
-
B
a
s
ed
T
esting
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
o
n
l
y
th
r
e
e
s
ea
r
ch
-
b
ased
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
A
O
P
.
So
,
o
n
e
n
ee
d
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
ap
p
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to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
a
n
d
ef
f
icie
n
t.
4
.
5
.
L
a
ck
o
f
E
x
peri
m
ent
a
l E
v
a
lua
t
io
n
T
h
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
e
m
p
ir
ical
r
esu
l
ts
o
n
A
OP
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
th
e
6
2
an
al
y
ze
d
p
ap
er
s
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
o
n
l
y
to
s
m
al
l
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
r
ath
er
th
an
th
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
o
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
a
n
d
d
o
n
o
t
g
et
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
i
n
to
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
atic
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
p
ar
tial
r
esu
lt
s
o
n
A
O
P
test
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
d
u
e
to
s
p
ac
e
r
est
r
ictio
n
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
an
al
y
s
is
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
av
ailab
le
i
n
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
an
d
[
6
]
.
I
f
o
n
e
h
a
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
o
n
l
y
MB
T
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
A
OP
th
e
n
t
h
e
d
etailed
an
al
y
ze
d
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
av
ailab
le
i
n
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
NS A
ND
F
UT
URE WO
RK
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
ca
ter
s
a
d
ep
th
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
li
ter
atu
r
e
o
n
a
s
p
ec
t
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
y
s
te
m
tes
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
also
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
A
OP
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
AOP
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ch
ar
ac
te
r
ized
o
n
th
e
b
asi
s
o
f
s
o
m
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
s
u
ch
as
A
OP
test
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
lev
el
o
f
te
s
ti
n
g
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
to
o
ls
,
test
ca
s
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
cr
iter
ia
an
d
a
u
to
m
at
io
n
le
v
el.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
av
ailab
le
A
OP
te
s
ti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
4
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
t
is
s
u
e
s
al
s
o
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
th
is
p
ap
er
s
u
c
h
as
a
u
to
m
atio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
lack
o
f
o
p
ti
m
izati
o
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
ed
f
o
r
A
OP
t
esti
n
g
,
lac
k
o
f
AOP
test
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
UM
L
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
m
o
d
el
to
test
AOP
etc.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
elp
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
t
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
d
ep
th
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
ca
n
al
s
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
eir
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
ject.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Da
lal
S
.
a
n
d
C
h
h
il
ler
R.
S
.
A
No
v
e
l
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
o
f
Te
st
Ca
se
s
Ba
s
e
d
o
n
Be
e
Co
l
o
n
y
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
o
d
if
ied
G
e
n
e
ti
c
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
(
BCO
-
m
GA
).
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
V
o
l
.
6
8
,
No
.
1
9
,
A
p
r,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
M
o
h
a
p
a
tra
S
.
K.
a
n
d
P
ra
sa
d
S
.
T
e
st
Ca
se
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
Us
in
g
A
n
t
Co
lo
n
y
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r
Ob
jec
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
ro
g
ra
m
.
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
V
o
l.
5
,
N
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
4
-
1
4
3
2
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
Na
q
v
i
S
.
A
.
a
n
d
A
li
S
.
a
n
d
Kh
a
n
M
.
U.
An
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Asp
e
c
t
-
Or
ien
ted
T
e
stin
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Em
e
rg
in
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
Isla
m
a
b
a
d
,
S
e
p
t,
2
0
0
5
.
[4
]
Ba
n
ik
K.
In
v
e
sti
g
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
.
M
a
ste
r
De
g
re
e
P
ro
jec
t
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
k
o
v
d
e
,
2
0
1
3
.
[5
]
G
h
a
n
i
A
a
n
d
P
a
rizi
R.
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Or
ien
ted
P
ro
g
ra
m
T
e
stin
g
:
A
n
A
n
n
o
tate
d
Bib
li
o
g
ra
p
h
y
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
ft
wa
re
,
V
o
l
.
8
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
3
.
S
i
n
g
h
a
l,
A
.
Ba
n
sa
l,
Ku
m
a
r
A
.
A
Crit
ic
a
l
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
V
a
rio
u
s
T
e
stin
g
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Ori
e
n
ted
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
S
y
ste
m
s.
ACM
S
IGS
O
FT
S
o
ft
w
a
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
No
tes
,
J
u
l
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
Ho
o
d
a
S
,
Da
lal
S
,
S
o
la
n
k
i.
A
S
y
st
e
ma
ti
c
Rev
iew
fo
r
M
o
d
e
l
B
a
se
d
T
e
stin
g
a
n
Asp
e
c
t
-
Or
ien
ted
Pro
g
ra
m
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
3
rd
IEE
E
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
f
o
r
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
G
lo
b
a
l
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
IN
DIA
C
OM
2
0
1
6
;
Av
a
il
a
b
le at I
EE
E
-
Xp
lo
re
Dig
it
a
l
L
ib
ra
r
y
.
[7
]
Kitch
e
n
h
a
m
B.
Pro
c
e
d
u
re
s
fo
r
p
e
rfo
rm
in
g
sy
ste
ma
ti
c
re
v
iew
.
Jo
in
t
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Re
p
o
rt
S
o
f
twa
re
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
G
ro
u
p
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Ke
e
le
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
UK
a
n
d
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
ICT
A
u
stra
li
a
L
td
.
[8
]
S
a
h
o
o
P
.
a
n
d
M
o
h
a
n
ty
J.R.
Earl
y
T
e
st
E
ff
o
rt
P
re
d
icti
o
n
Us
i
n
g
UML
Dia
g
ra
m
s.
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
(
I
J
EE
CS
)
,
V
o
l
.
5
,
No
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
2
0
-
2
2
8
,
Ja
n
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
Ka
n
d
e
M
.
M
,
Kie
n
z
le
J,
S
tro
h
m
e
ier
A
.
Fro
m
AOP
to
UM
L
:
T
o
wa
rd
s
a
n
As
p
e
c
t
-
Or
ien
ted
Arc
h
it
e
c
t
u
ra
l
M
o
d
e
l
in
g
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
.
8
th
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
0
]
Kh
a
n
S
.
A
.
Na
d
e
e
m
A
.
UM
L
Ext
e
n
sio
n
s
fo
r
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
Asp
e
c
t
Or
ien
ted
S
o
ft
w
a
re
:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
.
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
o
f
twa
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(NSE
C‟1
0
),
Oc
t,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
1
]
Qa
isa
r
Z.
H,
A
n
w
a
r
K,
Re
h
m
a
n
S
.
U.
Us
in
g
UML
Be
h
a
v
io
r
a
l
M
o
d
e
l
t
o
S
u
p
p
o
rt
A
sp
e
c
t
Orie
n
ted
M
o
d
e
l
.
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
f
twa
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
M
a
r,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
X
u
W
,
X
u
D,
G
o
e
l
V
,
N
y
g
a
rd
K.
Asp
e
c
t
fl
o
w
g
r
a
p
h
fo
r
tes
ti
n
g
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
t
e
d
p
ro
g
ra
ms
.
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
c
s.n
d
su
.
n
o
d
a
k
.
e
d
u
/w
x
u
/res
e
a
rc
h
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
3
]
X
u
D,
X
u
W
,
Ny
g
a
rd
K,
“
A
S
ta
te
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
tes
ti
n
g
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
te
d
p
r
o
g
ra
ms
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ju
l.
2
0
0
5
.
[1
4
]
X
u
D,
X
u
W
,
N
y
g
a
rd
K.
A
S
ta
te
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
tes
ti
n
g
a
s
p
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
r
o
g
ra
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
1
7
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
J
u
l.
2
0
0
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
C
o
mp
a
r
a
tive
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f V
a
r
io
u
s
Tes
tin
g
Tech
n
iq
u
es Used
fo
r
A
s
p
ec
t
-
Ori
en
ted
…
(
S
u
s
h
ee
la
Ho
o
d
a
)
59
[1
5
]
Ba
d
ri
M
,
Ba
d
ri
L
,
Bo
u
rq
u
e
-
F
o
rt
in
M
.
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
u
n
it
tes
t
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
fo
r
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
r
a
ms
:
T
o
wa
rd
s
a
fo
rm
a
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
u
si
n
g
UM
L
sta
te
d
ia
g
ra
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
3
rd
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
De
c
.
2
0
0
5.
[1
6
]
M
a
ss
ico
tt
e
P
,
Ba
d
ri
L
,
Ba
d
ri
M
.
Ge
n
e
ra
li
zin
g
a
sp
e
c
ts
-
c
la
ss
e
s
in
teg
ra
t
io
n
tes
ti
n
g
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s:
a
c
o
ll
a
b
o
r
a
ti
o
n
d
ia
g
ra
m
b
a
se
d
str
a
teg
y
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
3
rd
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
A
u
g
.
2
0
0
5
.
[1
7
]
M
a
ss
ico
tt
e
P
,
Ba
d
ri
L
,
Ba
d
ri
M
.
Asp
e
c
ts
-
c
la
ss
e
s
in
te
g
ra
ti
o
n
tes
ti
n
g
stra
te
g
y
:
a
n
in
c
re
me
n
ta
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
Ra
p
i
d
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
5
.
[1
8
]
X
u
D,
X
u
W
.
S
ta
te
b
a
se
d
in
c
re
me
n
ta
l
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
a
s
p
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
ra
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
5
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
S
o
f
twa
re
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
6
.
[1
9
]
a
ss
ico
tt
e
P
,
Ba
d
ri
L
,
Ba
d
ri
M
.
T
o
w
a
rd
s
a
to
o
l
su
p
p
o
rti
n
g
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rien
ted
p
ro
g
r
a
m
s.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ob
jec
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ja
n
-
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
7
.
[2
0
]
X
u
W
.
T
e
stin
g
a
s
p
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
ra
ms
wit
h
st
a
te
mo
d
e
ls.
Ph
D
Diss
e
rta
ti
o
n
,
No
rt
h
Da
k
o
la
S
tat
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ag
ricu
lt
u
re
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
ied
S
c
ien
c
e
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
7
.
[2
1
]
X
u
D,
He
X
.
Ge
n
e
ra
t
io
n
o
f
tes
t
r
e
q
u
ire
me
n
ts
fro
m
a
s
p
e
c
tu
a
l
u
se
c
a
se
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
3
rd
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Ori
e
n
ted
P
ro
g
ra
m
s,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
7
.
[2
2
]
X
u
D,
Xu
W
,
W
o
n
g
W
.
E.
T
e
stin
g
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rien
ted
p
r
o
g
ra
m
s
w
it
h
UML
d
e
sig
n
m
o
d
e
ls.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
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o
ft
w
a
re
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g
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rin
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Kn
o
wl
e
d
g
e
En
g
in
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rin
g
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
3
]
L
iu
C.
H,
Ch
a
n
g
C.
W
.
A
sta
te
-
b
a
se
d
tes
ti
n
g
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p
p
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c
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ra
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J
o
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In
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E
n
g
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g
,
2
0
0
8
.
[2
4
]
Ba
b
u
C,
Krish
n
a
n
H.
R.
F
a
u
lt
m
o
d
e
l
a
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tes
t
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c
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g
e
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ra
ti
o
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fo
r
th
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c
o
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p
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siti
o
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f
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sp
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c
ts.
A
CM
S
IGS
OFT
S
o
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w
a
re
En
g
in
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rin
g
No
tes
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
5
]
Ba
d
ri
M
,
Ba
d
r
i
L
,
Bo
u
r
q
u
e
-
F
o
r
ti
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M
.
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u
to
m
a
ted
sta
te
-
b
a
se
d
u
n
it
tes
ti
n
g
f
o
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sp
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c
t
-
o
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p
ro
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ra
m
s:
A
su
p
p
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rti
n
g
f
ra
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ob
jec
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
a
y
-
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
9
.
[2
6
]
X
u
D,
El
-
A
riss
O,
X
u
W
,
Wan
g
L
.
T
e
stin
g
a
sp
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c
t
-
o
rien
ted
p
ro
g
ra
m
s
w
it
h
f
in
it
e
m
a
c
h
in
e
.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
ft
w
a
re
T
e
stin
g
Ve
rifi
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Reli
a
b
i
li
ty,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/stv
r.
4
4
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
7
]
M
a
d
a
d
p
o
u
r
S
a
n
d
.
Ho
ss
e
in
a
b
a
d
i
S
.
H.
M
.
T
e
stin
g
As
p
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s
w
it
h
UML
Ac
ti
v
it
y
Dia
g
ra
m
s.
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
mp
u
ter
Ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
1
.
[2
8
]
Ka
u
r
C,
G
a
rg
S
.
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
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ted
S
o
f
t
wa
re
Us
in
g
U
M
L
Ac
ti
v
it
y
Dia
g
ra
m
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
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l
J
o
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rn
a
l
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f
En
g
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n
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rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
2
.
[2
9
]
Da
lal
S
,
Ho
o
d
a
S
.
A
u
to
m
a
ted
T
e
st
S
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
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ted
P
ro
g
ra
m
s
b
a
se
d
u
p
o
n
UML
A
c
ti
v
it
y
Dia
g
ra
m
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
7
.
[3
0
]
Zh
a
o
J.
Da
t
a
-
fl
o
w
-
b
a
se
d
u
n
it
tes
t
in
g
o
f
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
r
a
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
-
1
9
7
,
De
c
.
2
0
0
3
.
[3
1
]
Zh
o
u
Y,
Zi
v
H
,
Ric
h
a
rd
so
n
D.
T
o
wa
r
d
a
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
t
o
tes
t
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
so
ft
wa
re
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
-
b
a
se
d
S
y
ste
m
,
S
e
p
t.
2
0
0
4
.
[3
2
]
X
u
D,
Xu
W
,
N
y
g
a
rd
K.
A
S
ta
te
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
tes
ti
n
g
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
r
a
ms
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
1
7
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Kn
o
w
led
g
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Ju
l.
2
0
0
5
.
[3
3
]
L
o
p
e
s
C.
V
,
Ng
i
T
.
C.
Un
it
_
tes
ti
n
g
a
sp
e
c
tu
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
w
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Ori
e
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
5
.
[3
4
]
Ra
jan
H,S
u
l
li
v
a
n
K.
Ge
n
e
ra
li
zin
g
AOP
fo
r
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
tes
ti
n
g
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
4
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
S
o
f
twa
re
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
5
.
[3
5
]
X
ie
T
,
M
a
rin
o
v
J.
Z.
D
,
No
tk
i
n
D.
Au
t
o
ma
ted
tes
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
fo
r
Asp
e
c
tJ
p
ro
g
ra
ms
.
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
5
.
[3
6
]
X
ie
T
,
Zh
a
o
J.
A
fra
me
wo
rk
a
n
d
t
o
o
l
su
p
p
o
rts
fo
r g
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
tes
t
i
n
p
u
ts
o
f
As
p
e
c
tJ
p
ro
g
ra
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
5
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
S
o
f
twa
re
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
6
.
[3
7
]
A
n
b
a
lag
a
n
P
,
X
ie
T
.
Au
to
ma
ted
p
o
in
tc
u
t
tes
ti
n
g
f
o
r
Asp
e
c
tJ
p
ro
g
ra
ms
:
AP
T
E
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s,
Ju
l.
2
0
0
6
.
[3
8
]
L
e
m
o
s
O.
A
.
L
,
V
in
c
e
n
z
i
A
.
M
.
R
J,M
a
ld
o
n
a
d
o
C
,
M
a
sie
ro
P
.
C.
Co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
d
a
ta
f
lo
w
stru
c
tu
ra
l
tes
ti
n
g
c
rit
e
ria
f
o
r
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rien
ted
p
ro
g
ra
m
s.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
y
ste
m a
n
d
S
o
ft
w
a
re
,
V
o
l
.
8
0
,
2
0
0
7
.
[3
9
]
X
ie
T
,
Zh
a
o
J.
P
e
rs
p
e
c
ti
v
e
o
n
a
u
t
o
ma
ted
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
te
d
p
ro
g
ra
ms
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
3
r
d
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
7
.
[4
0
]
F
ra
n
c
h
in
I.
G
,
L
e
m
o
s
O.A
.
L
,
M
a
sie
ro
P
.
C
.
Pa
ir
-
W
ise
S
tru
c
tu
ra
l
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
o
b
jec
t
a
n
d
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
J
a
v
a
p
ro
g
r
a
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
2
1
st
Bra
z
il
ian
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
0
7
.
[4
1
]
L
e
m
o
s
O.
A
.
L
,
M
a
sie
ro
P
.
C.
In
teg
r
a
ti
o
n
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
:
A
stru
c
t
u
ra
l
p
o
in
tcu
t
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
2
2
nd
Bra
z
il
ian
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
0
8
.
[4
2
]
W
e
d
y
a
n
F
,
G
h
o
sh
S
.
A
Da
t
a
Fl
o
w
T
e
stin
g
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r A
s
p
e
c
t
-
Or
ien
ted
Pro
g
r
a
ms
.
IEE
E
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
Hig
h
A
ss
u
ra
n
c
e
S
y
ste
m
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
0
.
[4
3
]
W
a
n
g
P
,
Z
h
a
o
X
.
T
h
e
Res
e
a
rc
h
o
f
Au
t
o
ma
te
d
S
e
lec
t
T
e
st
C
a
se
s
fo
r
Asp
e
c
t
-
Or
ien
ted
Pro
g
ra
ms
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l,
In
d
u
str
ial
a
n
d
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
4
]
W
e
d
y
a
n
F
,
G
h
o
sh
S
,
V
ij
a
y
a
s
a
rth
y
L
.
R.
A
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
a
n
d
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
sta
te
v
a
riab
le
b
a
se
d
d
a
ta
f
lo
w
tes
t
c
o
v
e
ra
g
e
f
o
r
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rien
ted
p
ro
g
ra
m
s.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
ft
w
a
re
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
V
o
l
.
5
9
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
.
[4
5
]
A
le
x
a
n
d
e
r
R.
T
.
,
Biem
a
n
J.
M
.
,
A
n
d
re
w
s
A
.
A
.
T
o
wa
rd
s
th
e
s
y
ste
ma
ti
c
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
a
s
p
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
ra
ms
.
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Re
p
o
rt,
2
0
0
4
.
[4
6
]
M
o
rten
se
n
M
,
A
lex
a
n
d
e
r
R.
T
.
A
d
e
q
u
a
te
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rien
ted
p
ro
g
ra
m
s.
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Re
p
o
rt,
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
ien
c
e
,
Co
l
o
ra
d
o
S
tat
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
USA
,
D
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4752
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
51
–
60
60
[4
7
]
A
n
b
a
lag
a
n
P
,
X
ie
T
.
A
u
to
ma
ted
p
o
i
n
tcu
t
tes
ti
n
g
fo
r
Asp
e
c
tJ
p
r
o
g
ra
ms
:
AP
T
E
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s,
Ju
l.
2
0
0
6
.
[4
8
]
L
e
m
o
s
O.
A
.
L
,
F
e
rra
ri
F
.
C,
M
a
is
iero
P
.
C
,
L
o
p
e
s
C
.
V.
T
e
stin
g
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
r
a
mm
in
g
p
o
i
n
tc
u
t
d
e
sc
rip
to
rs
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
2
nd
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Ori
e
n
ted
P
ro
g
ra
m
s,
Ju
l.
2
0
0
6
.
[4
9
]
Ba
e
k
k
e
n
J.S
,
A
lex
a
n
d
e
r
R.
T
.
T
o
wa
rd
s
a
fa
u
lt
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
Asp
e
c
tJ
p
ro
g
r
a
ms
:
S
tep
1
-
po
i
n
tcu
t
fa
u
lt
s
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
2
nd
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
ro
g
ra
m
s,
Ju
l.
2
0
0
6
.
[5
0
]
Zh
a
o
C,
A
lex
a
n
d
e
r
R.
T
.
T
e
stin
g
Asp
e
c
tJ
p
ro
g
ra
ms
u
si
n
g
f
a
u
lt
-
b
a
se
d
tes
ti
n
g
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
3
rd
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s,
M
a
r.
2
0
0
7
.
[5
1
]
A
n
b
a
lag
a
n
P
,
X
ie
T
.
Au
t
o
ma
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
i
n
tcu
t
m
u
ta
n
t
s
fo
r
tes
ti
n
g
p
o
in
tcu
ts
i
n
Asp
e
c
tJ
p
ro
g
ra
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
1
9
th
In
tern
a
t
io
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
Re
li
a
b
il
it
y
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
No
v
.
2
0
0
8
.
[5
2
]
F
e
rra
ri
F
.
C,
M
a
ld
o
n
a
d
o
J.C,
Ra
sh
id
A
.
M
u
ta
ti
o
n
tes
ti
n
g
fo
r
a
s
p
e
c
t
-
o
ri
e
n
ted
p
r
o
g
ra
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
1
st
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
Tes
ti
n
g
,
V
e
rif
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
8
.
[5
3
]
De
l
m
a
re
R,
Ba
u
d
ry
B,
L
e
T
r
a
o
n
L
.
Aj
M
u
ta
to
r:
A
t
o
o
l
fo
r
th
e
m
u
ta
ti
o
n
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f
Asp
e
c
tJ
p
o
in
tcu
t
d
e
sc
rip
t
o
r
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
T
e
stin
g
V
e
rif
ic
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
V
a
li
d
a
ti
o
n
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
(ICS
T
W
2
0
0
9
),
A
p
r.
2
0
0
9
.
[5
4
]
Ja
c
k
so
n
A
,
Clark
e
S
.
M
u
A
sp
e
c
tJ
:
M
u
tan
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
t
o
su
p
p
o
rt
m
e
a
su
rin
g
th
e
tes
tab
il
it
y
o
f
A
sp
e
c
tJ
p
ro
g
ra
m
s.
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Re
p
o
rt
(T
CD
-
CS
-
2
0
0
9
-
3
8
),
A
CM
,
S
e
p
t.
2
0
0
9.
[5
5
]
F
e
rra
ri
F
.
C,
Ra
sh
id
A
,
Na
k
a
g
a
wa
E.
Y,
M
a
ld
o
n
a
d
o
J.C.
Au
t
o
ma
t
i
n
g
th
e
mu
t
a
ti
o
n
tes
ti
n
g
o
f
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
J
a
v
a
p
ro
g
r
a
ms
.
In
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
5
th
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
T
e
st (
A
S
T
‟1
0
),
M
a
y
2
0
1
0
.
[5
6
]
De
l
m
a
re
A
,
Ba
u
rd
y
B,
G
h
o
sh
S
,
G
u
p
ta
S
,
L
e
T
ra
o
n
Y.
A
n
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
tes
ti
n
g
p
o
in
tc
u
t
d
e
sc
rip
to
r
i
n
A
sp
e
c
tJ.
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
ft
w
a
re
T
e
stin
g
,
Ver
if
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Relia
b
il
ty,
2
0
1
1
.
[5
7
]
X
u
D,
Din
g
J.
Prio
riti
zin
g
S
t
a
te
-
Ba
se
d
Asp
e
c
t
T
e
sts.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
Tes
ti
n
g
V
e
rif
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
V
a
li
d
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
0
.
[5
8
]
G
h
a
n
i
A
.
A
.
A
,
T
o
w
a
rd
s
S
e
m
a
n
ti
c
M
u
tati
o
n
T
e
stin
g
o
f
As
p
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
f
twa
re
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
1
0
A
,
Oc
t.
2
0
1
3
.
[5
9
]
L
e
m
e
F
.
G
.
,
F
e
rra
ri
F
.
C.
,
M
a
l
d
o
n
a
d
o
J.C
a
n
d
Ra
sh
i
d
A
.
,
M
u
l
ti
-
L
e
v
e
l
M
u
ta
ti
o
n
T
e
stin
g
o
f
J
a
v
a
a
n
d
Asp
e
c
t
J
Pro
g
ra
ms
T
e
sti
n
g
o
f
J
a
v
a
a
n
d
As
p
e
c
tJ
Pro
g
ra
ms
S
u
p
p
o
rte
d
b
y
t
h
e
Pro
teu
m/AJv
2
T
o
o
l
,
h
t
tp
:/
/w
ww
2
.
d
c
.
u
f
sc
a
r.
b
r/~
fa
b
ian
o
/
p
u
b
_
a
rq
u
iv
o
s/L
e
m
e
2
0
1
5
_
c
b
so
f
tT
o
o
ls2
0
1
5
.
p
d
f
.
[6
0
]
Zh
a
o
J.,
Xie
T
.
a
n
d
L
i
N.,
T
o
wa
rd
s
a
re
g
re
ss
io
n
tes
t
se
lec
ti
o
n
fo
r
Asp
e
c
tJ
Pro
g
ra
ms
,
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
2
n
d
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Ori
e
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s,
Ju
l.
2
0
0
6
.
[6
1
]
X
u
G
.
A
re
g
re
ss
io
n
tes
ts
se
lec
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
fo
r
a
s
p
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
r
a
ms
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
2
nd
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
T
e
stin
g
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
P
r
o
g
ra
m
s,
Ju
l.
2
0
0
6
.
[6
2
]
X
u
G
,
Ro
u
n
tev
A
.
Reg
re
ss
io
n
T
e
st
S
e
lec
ti
o
n
fo
r
Asp
e
c
tJ
S
o
f
twa
re
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
2
9
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
0
7
.
[6
3
]
Qa
m
a
r
M
,
Na
d
e
e
m
A
,
A
z
i
z
R.
A
n
Ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
T
e
st
Asp
e
c
t
-
Or
ien
ted
Pro
g
ra
ms
.
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
W
o
rld
Co
n
g
re
ss
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
U.K.,
2
0
0
7
.
[6
4
]
De
l
m
a
re
R,
G
h
o
sh
B,
G
h
o
sh
S
,
T
ra
o
n
Y.
Reg
re
ss
io
n
T
e
st
S
e
l
e
c
ti
o
n
wh
e
n
Evo
lvi
n
g
S
o
f
twa
re
wit
h
As
p
e
c
ts.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
2
0
0
8
.
[6
5
]
P
a
rizi
R
.
M
,
G
h
a
n
i
A
.
A
.
A
,
A
b
d
u
ll
a
h
R
,
A
tan
R
.
T
o
wa
r
d
s
a
fra
me
wo
rk
fo
r
a
u
to
m
a
ted
r
a
n
d
o
m
t
e
stin
g
o
f
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
ra
ms
.
In
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
IS
C
A
1
8
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Da
ta
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(S
EDE
2
0
0
9
)
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
9
.
[6
6
]
P
a
rizi
R.
M
,
G
h
a
n
i
A
.
A
.
A
.
On
th
e
p
re
li
min
a
ry
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
ra
n
d
o
m t
e
stin
g
o
f
a
sp
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
ra
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
6
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
twa
re
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s (ICS
EA
2
0
1
1
),
Ba
rc
e
lo
n
a
,
S
p
a
i
n
,
a
n
d
2
0
1
1
.
[6
7
]
Ha
r
m
a
n
M
,
Isla
m
F
,
X
ie
T
,
W
a
p
p
ler.
A
u
to
ma
ted
tes
t
d
a
t
a
g
e
n
e
ra
t
io
n
fo
r
a
s
p
e
c
t
-
o
rie
n
ted
p
ro
g
r
a
ms
.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
8
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
sp
e
c
t
-
Orie
n
ted
S
o
f
tw
a
re
D
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
2
0
0
9
.
[6
8
]
De
l
m
a
re
R,
Kra
f
t
N.
A
.
A
Ge
n
e
ti
c
Al
g
o
rit
h
m
fo
r
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
Cla
ss
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
T
e
st
Or
d
e
rs
fo
r
Asp
e
c
t
-
Or
ien
te
d
S
y
ste
m.
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
IEE
E
5
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
T
e
stin
g
,
V
e
rif
ica
ti
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