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e s
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m
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s
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he f
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©
2
01
7
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
ci
en
ce
.
A
l
l
r
i
g
h
t
s r
es
er
ved
.
1
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
A
do
pt
i
ng
R
en
e
w
ab
l
e
E
ner
g
y
S
y
s
t
em
s
(
R
E
S
)
s
uc
h a
s
P
hot
ov
ol
t
ai
c
(
P
V
)
,
w
i
nd
ener
g
y
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
and s
m
al
l
h
y
dr
o t
ur
b
i
nes
ar
e
i
nc
r
e
as
i
ng
i
n
e
le
c
t
r
ic
net
w
or
k
s
[
1
]
.
T
hi
s
f
und,
w
hi
c
h
or
ga
ni
z
es
one
of
t
h
e
m
os
t
i
m
por
t
ant
t
ec
hn
ol
o
gi
es
am
ong
D
G
s
,
ar
e
t
y
p
i
c
al
l
y
s
m
al
l
er
t
han
c
onv
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nt
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ona
l
p
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w
er
p
l
a
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dd
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r
c
ul
at
e
d f
r
om
a geogr
aph
i
c
po
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nt
of
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w
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t
h
oug
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t
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l
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oot
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ES i
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or
l
d'
s
r
api
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nc
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eas
i
ng
ener
g
y
m
ar
k
et
[
2
-
4
]
.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
t
he
f
r
ee
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er
pr
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s
e
of
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l
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c
s
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v
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c
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bas
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oder
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bus
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o
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t
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or
f
ur
t
her
di
s
t
r
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b
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d
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t
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at
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w
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of
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a
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nc
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on c
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ur
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her
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v
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add
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t
o
t
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e
di
s
t
r
i
but
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al
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nt
s
[
5,
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.
T
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o l
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s
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7
].
O
ne of
t
he
k
e
y
c
aus
es
f
or
t
hi
s
w
o
r
ld
w
id
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ar
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t
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eac
t
i
on
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a
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.
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l
t
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r
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d
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p
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t
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hr
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os
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uel
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m
por
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ad
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on an
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m
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pos
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out
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r
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our
c
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g
y
[
8
,
9
]
.
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
po
w
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s
y
s
t
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nc
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ont
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at
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d
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as
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d s
ab
o
t
ag
e,
am
ong
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s
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l
o
w
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al
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t
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i
n
dex
es
and
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onom
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c
l
os
s
es
ar
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ex
per
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enc
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d
.
Maj
or
po
w
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f
l
o
w
f
r
om
t
he
pow
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s
ubs
t
at
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s
upp
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s
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T
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i
s
t
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un
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t
h
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t
heor
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of
d
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s
t
r
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b
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gener
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T
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t
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t
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el
a
y
s
is
e
x
p
la
in
e
d
.
S
i
nc
e p
o
w
er
s
c
an b
e ov
er
t
ur
ne
d t
h
ei
r
w
a
y
i
n
c
er
t
ai
n s
pec
i
f
i
c
t
i
m
e,
r
ev
er
s
i
ng
o
v
er
c
ur
r
ent
r
el
a
y
s
c
an
b
e
r
el
ev
ant
.
H
e
nc
e,
t
o
put
on
t
h
i
s
r
el
a
y
k
i
n
d
i
s
no
t
eas
y
.
D
i
r
ec
t
i
o
n
l
oc
at
i
o
n of
r
e
v
er
s
i
ng
ov
er
c
ur
r
ent
r
e
l
a
y
s
i
s
c
h
al
l
eng
i
n
g.
A
n
ad
di
t
i
o
na
l
m
et
hod
i
s
s
i
m
pl
e.
S
pac
e
r
e
l
a
y
i
ng
i
s
at
t
ac
hed
t
o
s
af
eguar
d
t
he
s
u
ppl
y
f
or
t
he
p
o
w
er
p
l
a
nt
s
.
H
e
nc
e,
c
ons
eque
nc
es
bet
w
e
en put
on
t
h
es
e r
e
l
a
y
s
ar
e m
at
c
hed and
de
l
i
ber
a
t
ed [
10
].
O
ne i
m
por
t
ant
par
t
of
t
he
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on s
y
s
t
em
s
ar
e t
h
e
l
oa
ds
.
T
hes
e ar
e
af
f
ec
t
ed
b
y
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
ge
v
ar
i
at
i
o
ns
pr
es
ent
ed
d
ur
i
n
g
f
aul
t
s
i
t
uat
i
ons
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
m
os
t
of
t
he
aut
hor
s
c
ons
i
der
s
t
at
i
c
l
o
ad
m
odel
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
au
l
t
l
oc
at
i
on
m
et
hods
,
as
t
hes
e
pr
es
ent
ed
i
n,
but
t
hes
e
l
oa
d
m
odel
s
ar
e adequa
t
e on
l
y
i
n t
he s
t
ead
y
s
t
at
e [
1
1,
12]
.
Mor
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e l
oa
d beh
a
v
i
o
ur
i
s
d
y
nam
i
c
and t
h
en
ad
equ
at
e l
oa
d
m
ode
l
s
ar
e
f
i
r
s
t
c
ons
i
der
ed
i
n.
N
one
t
he
l
es
s
,
t
hes
e
m
et
hods
w
er
e
no
t
adeq
uat
el
y
an
al
y
s
ed,
bec
a
us
e aut
h
or
s
f
r
equent
l
y
a
v
o
i
d t
he t
i
m
e do
m
ai
n ana
l
y
s
i
s
,
w
h
i
c
h c
aus
es
s
ig
n
if
ic
a
n
t
i
m
pac
t
on
t
he
l
o
c
at
or
per
f
or
m
anc
e.
F
i
nal
l
y
,
unc
er
t
ai
nt
i
es
as
s
oc
i
at
ed
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
par
am
et
er
s
,
s
uc
h as
l
o
ad
m
odel
,
f
aul
t
t
y
p
e,
f
aul
t
r
es
i
s
t
anc
e,
am
ong ot
h
er
s
,
w
er
e not
c
ons
i
der
e
d
i
n t
he
pr
ev
i
o
us
s
t
udi
es
,
w
her
e t
he d
y
n
am
i
c
l
oad m
o
del
s
an
d t
he t
i
m
e do
m
ai
n ana
l
y
s
i
s
w
er
e
t
ak
en i
nt
o
ac
c
ount
[
13
].
A
ne
w
u
ni
di
r
ec
t
i
on
al
r
a
di
a
l
p
o
w
er
f
l
o
w
pr
o
pos
e
d i
n
t
he
t
i
m
e dom
ai
n.
B
es
i
d
es
,
u
nc
er
t
ai
nt
i
es
i
n
t
he p
o
w
er
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
s
ar
e c
ons
i
der
e
d t
o
ev
al
u
at
e
t
he
r
obus
t
nes
s
of
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
t
ec
hn
i
q
ue.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
a
c
or
r
ec
t
i
on
l
o
ad
f
ac
t
or
us
ed
t
o
at
t
e
nua
t
e
l
oa
d unc
er
t
ai
nt
i
es
i
s
a
l
s
o pr
opos
ed
.
M
or
eo
v
er
,
a
per
f
or
m
anc
e i
ndi
c
at
or
pr
op
os
ed t
o es
t
i
m
at
e t
he
f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
on
er
r
or
i
s
pr
es
e
nt
ed
i
n t
hi
s
pap
er
.
A
dd
i
t
i
on
al
l
y
,
a
l
l
t
he
i
nher
ent
c
har
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
of
r
ea
l
po
w
er
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
uc
h
as
unbal
anc
e
d
net
w
or
k
and
l
oads
,
t
h
e
pr
es
enc
e
of
m
ul
t
i
-
phas
e
l
at
er
a
l
s
,
c
a
pac
i
t
i
v
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
and
unc
er
t
a
i
nt
i
es
i
n
t
he
s
y
s
t
em
par
a
m
et
er
s
ar
e
c
ons
i
der
ed
[
1
4,
15
].
I
n t
hi
s
pap
er
,
ef
f
i
c
i
ent
and t
i
m
el
y
f
aul
t
l
oc
a
t
i
o
n t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
s
is
r
e
v
i
ew
ed
t
o i
m
pr
ov
e t
he
i
nf
or
m
at
i
on
upon
s
er
v
i
c
e c
ont
i
nu
i
t
y
i
nd
ex
es
on p
o
w
er
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on
ut
i
l
i
t
i
es
.
2
.
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
S
y
s
te
m
s
D
i
s
t
r
i
bu
t
i
on
s
ys
t
e
m
s
w
or
k
i
n
pl
ac
e
of
t
h
e
c
on
nec
t
i
on
s
t
ar
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
up
pl
y
b
as
e
s
t
at
i
on
t
o
t
he c
l
i
ent
.
T
he
m
et
hod d
el
i
v
er
s
no
nt
ox
i
c
and c
o
ns
i
s
t
ent
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on of
el
ec
t
r
i
c
ener
g
y
t
o
s
ev
er
a
l
c
ons
um
er
s
t
hr
ough
t
he
f
ac
i
l
i
t
y
r
e
gi
on.
U
s
ua
l
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
s
c
r
eat
e
a
s
t
he
nor
m
al
-
v
o
l
t
ag
e t
hr
ee
-
p
has
e c
i
r
c
ui
t
,
nor
m
al
l
y
abo
ut
30
–
60 k
V
[
16]
,
a
nd di
s
m
i
s
s
at
bel
o
w
s
ec
ondar
y
t
hr
ee
-
or
s
i
ngl
e
-
phas
e
v
ol
t
age
nor
m
al
l
y
l
o
w
er
1
k
V
at
t
he
c
ons
um
er
'
s
hous
e,
c
om
m
onl
y
at
t
h
e
m
et
er
.
S
uppl
y
f
eed
er
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
r
egul
ar
l
y
c
ont
a
i
n
abo
v
e
and
c
o
v
er
e
d
c
i
r
c
ui
t
s
i
n
a c
om
bi
nat
i
o
n
of
di
v
i
d
i
n
g
m
at
er
i
al
s
f
r
om
t
he
s
t
at
i
o
n
t
o
t
he
m
an
y
c
us
t
o
m
s
.
T
he
c
i
r
c
ui
t
i
s
i
nt
end
ed
r
ound s
e
v
er
al
s
uppl
i
es
s
uc
h
as
es
s
ent
i
a
l
hi
g
hes
t
l
oa
d,
v
o
l
t
ag
e,
s
p
ac
e t
o c
o
ns
um
er
s
,
and ot
her
l
oc
al
s
i
t
uat
i
o
ns
f
or
i
ns
t
anc
e
t
er
r
ai
n,
v
i
s
u
al
r
ul
es
,
or
c
ons
um
er
nec
es
s
i
t
i
es
.
T
hes
e
m
an
y
br
anc
he
s
of
f
m
at
er
i
al
s
c
an be
w
or
k
ed i
n
out
s
pr
e
a
d f
or
m
at
i
on
or
as
a c
i
r
c
l
ed
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e,
w
h
er
e
dou
bl
e
or
ex
t
r
a m
eas
ur
es
of
t
he f
eeder
ar
e
at
t
ac
h
ed
r
egu
l
ar
l
y
c
o
l
l
ec
t
ed
ov
er
a
us
ua
l
l
y
o
pen
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
c
h.
H
i
gh
-
dens
i
t
y
ur
ba
n ar
eas
ar
e
r
e
gul
ar
l
y
l
i
nk
ed
i
n
a c
om
pos
i
t
e s
up
pl
y
und
er
gr
oun
d
net
w
or
k
s
o l
ong
as
ex
t
r
em
el
y
l
a
i
d
of
f
and de
p
enda
bl
e
r
es
our
c
es
ar
e
a
t
t
a
c
hi
ng
t
o
c
ons
um
er
s
.
U
t
m
os
t
t
hr
ee
-
ph
as
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
ar
e
f
or
bi
gger
l
o
ad
s
,
f
or
i
ns
t
anc
e,
c
om
m
e
r
c
i
al
or
i
ndus
t
r
i
al
c
ons
um
er
s
.
T
h
e t
hr
ee
-
ph
as
e
s
y
s
t
em
s
ar
e f
r
equent
l
y
s
t
r
a
i
ned
as
one
l
i
ne
as
d
i
s
pl
a
y
e
d i
n
t
he
nex
t
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on c
i
r
c
ui
t
dr
a
w
i
n
g.
2
.
1
.
D
i
s
ta
n
c
e
P
r
o
te
c
ti
o
n
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
T
he pr
i
nc
i
p
l
e
of
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on l
i
n
e pr
o
t
ec
t
i
on
i
s
di
s
t
anc
e pr
ot
ec
t
i
o
n,
w
hi
c
h c
om
pr
i
s
es
t
he
s
epar
at
i
on of
t
he m
ea
s
ur
ed
v
ol
t
ag
e phas
e
at
t
he r
e
l
a
y
i
ng po
i
nt
f
or
t
he m
eas
ur
ed pr
es
ent
phas
e
.
T
he
i
m
pedanc
e
of
app
ar
ent
l
y
det
er
m
i
ned
i
s
r
el
at
e
d
t
o
t
he
t
ouc
h
poi
nt
i
m
p
edanc
e
.
I
f
t
h
e
m
eas
ur
ed
i
m
pedanc
e
i
s
b
e
l
o
w
t
he
t
o
uc
h
poi
nt
i
m
peda
nc
e,
a
n
er
r
or
c
ur
r
ent
l
y
oc
c
ur
s
on
t
he
l
i
ne
am
ong
t
he
r
eac
h
po
i
nt
an
d
t
he
r
el
a
y
i
s
pr
es
um
ed.
A
c
ar
ef
ul
ap
pl
i
c
at
i
on
of
t
he
r
eac
h
l
oc
at
i
ons
and s
k
i
p t
i
m
es
f
or
t
he
s
ev
er
al
z
ones
of
c
al
c
ul
at
i
on e
nab
l
es
pr
op
er
c
oor
di
n
at
i
on
am
ong s
pac
e
r
el
a
y
s
on
a
po
w
er
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
he
c
l
ear
di
s
t
a
nc
e
d
ef
enc
e
c
ont
a
i
ns
di
r
ec
t
di
r
ec
t
i
o
nal
Z
one
1
s
af
et
y
and f
ur
t
her
t
i
m
e s
t
uc
k
z
one
s
[
1
7
].
2
.
2
.
M
u
l
ti
p
l
e
S
o
u
r
c
e
s
P
r
o
t
e
c
ti
o
n
T
he
di
s
t
an
c
e r
el
ay
s
hav
e t
he
c
apa
c
i
t
y
t
o
di
s
t
i
ngui
s
h
a
m
ong
f
aul
t
s
a
r
i
s
i
ng
i
n v
ar
i
ou
s
por
t
i
on
s
o
f
t
he s
y
s
t
e
m
,
c
ont
r
ol
l
ed by
t
he c
al
c
ul
at
e
d of
t
he i
m
pedan
c
e.
F
un
da
m
e
n
ta
l
l
y
, th
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
E
EC
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
1
,
O
c
t
o
ber
20
17
:
1
92
–
198
194
c
ondi
t
i
on
as
s
o
c
i
at
ed
w
i
t
h m
ea
s
u
r
i
ng t
he
f
aul
t
c
u
r
r
ent
t
hat
ha
s
r
eal
i
z
ed b
y
t
he r
el
a
y
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
,
c
o
m
pa
r
ed t
o
t
he v
ol
t
age a
t
t
he r
el
ay
pos
i
t
i
on t
o
r
egul
at
e t
he i
m
pedan
c
e dep
r
e
s
s
e
d t
he l
i
ne e
r
r
o
r
.
A
di
s
t
an
c
e p
r
ot
ec
t
i
on
r
el
a
y
s
ar
e
us
ed
t
o
r
egul
at
e depen
d on t
he
i
m
pedan
c
e o
f
t
he l
i
ne i
n
p
o
s
it
iv
e
or
de
r
unde
r
s
e
c
ur
e
[
18
]
.
A
n
y
er
r
or
happened
dow
n
f
l
ow
t
he
r
el
ay
s
epar
at
es
t
h
e
l
i
ne
i
nt
o
du
al
par
t
s
.
T
he m
ai
n par
t
t
h
at
c
o
m
es
f
r
o
m
t
he r
el
a
y
p
os
i
t
i
on
t
o
t
he
er
r
or
h
as
a
n i
m
pedanc
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t
ha
t
c
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m
par
at
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v
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t
o
t
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d
i
s
t
anc
e
be
t
w
e
en
t
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r
el
a
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pos
i
t
i
o
n
an
d
t
he
f
aul
t
l
oc
a
t
i
o
n.
T
h
e
f
aul
t
l
oc
at
i
on
be
a
bl
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t
o
be
f
or
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as
t
b
y
app
l
y
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t
h
e
i
m
pedanc
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at
t
h
at
h
av
e
s
ee
n
i
n
t
h
e
r
el
a
y
pos
i
t
i
o
n
[
7
]
.
S
o t
hat
t
o f
i
x
ed t
he r
el
a
y
d
i
s
t
anc
e,
t
hr
ee d
i
f
f
er
ent
ar
eas
of
pr
ot
ec
t
i
v
e ar
e us
ual
l
y
us
ed.
F
i
gur
e
1 s
ho
w
s
t
h
e di
s
t
a
nc
e pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
z
o
ne.
T
he f
i
r
s
t
ar
ea (
Z
one
1)
i
s
c
ons
i
d
er
e
d
t
o pr
ot
ec
t
i
o
n
f
or
a
s
ec
t
or
of
t
he l
i
ne s
e
c
ur
ed w
her
eas
t
he s
ec
on
d ar
ea (
Z
one 2)
i
s
appl
i
e
d as
a bac
k
up
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on of
t
he f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng
l
i
ne
s
ec
t
or
.
T
he l
as
t
ar
ea
(
Z
one 3)
as
w
el
l
as
i
s
us
ed
as
bac
k
up
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on t
hat
i
s
l
o
ng
-
dr
a
w
n
-
out
t
o
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
t
h
e s
ec
t
i
on
of
t
h
e r
em
ot
e l
i
n
e s
ec
t
or
.
T
he n
ex
t
i
l
l
us
t
r
at
e
a
s
t
e
p
-
by
-
s
t
e
p
of
r
el
a
y
d
i
s
t
anc
e
l
oc
a
t
i
o
n
of
e
v
er
y
pr
ot
ec
t
i
o
n
z
on
e
[
8]
r
e
gar
di
ng
F
i
gur
e
1.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
t
he d
i
s
t
a
nc
e r
el
a
y
us
ua
l
l
y
h
as
w
or
k
ed t
he pr
i
nc
i
pal
of
t
i
m
er
s
et
t
i
ng
[
7
].
F
i
gur
e 1.
D
i
s
t
anc
e pr
ot
ec
t
i
o
n
1
:
(
80%
85%
)
12
ZZ
−
×
(
1
)
2
:
12
50%
23
ZZ
Z
+×
(
2
)
3
:
12
23
25%
34
ZZ
Z
Z
+
+
×
(
3
)
W
he
r
e
K
2
i
s
t
he
i
n f
ee
d c
ons
t
a
nt
o
f
t
he l
i
ne s
ec
t
i
on
2
K
3
i
s
t
he
i
n f
ee
d c
ons
t
a
nt
o
f
t
he l
i
ne s
ec
t
i
on
3
F
i
gur
e 5
.
E
x
am
pl
e f
or
i
n f
eed ef
f
ec
t
[
7]
2.
3.
B
acku
p
P
r
o
te
c
ti
o
n
S
y
s
te
m
B
ased
o
n
W
i
d
e
A
r
e
a
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
A
n
et
w
or
k
of
bac
k
up
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y
s
t
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m
pr
ot
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i
on
d
epe
nds
o
n
w
i
des
pr
e
ad
ar
ea
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nf
or
m
at
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on
,
s
uc
h
as
11
t
r
ad
i
t
i
ona
l
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
of
di
s
t
a
nc
e
[
19]
.
I
t
c
har
ac
t
er
i
z
es
o
ne
t
o
el
e
v
en.
T
he
r
ef
or
e,
bac
k
up
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
depen
ds
on
w
i
d
es
pr
ea
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i
nf
or
m
at
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on
ar
ea
i
s
t
o
de
v
e
l
o
p
t
h
e
n
et
w
or
k
t
o
m
a
k
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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EC
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IS
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:
2
502
-
4
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195
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r
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p
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out
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hr
ou
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W
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des
pr
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k
up pr
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r
ad
i
t
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on
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di
s
t
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nc
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pr
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t
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on [
20
].
O
ne t
o t
e
n
di
s
t
anc
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ot
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t
i
o
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s
adj
us
t
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s
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t
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t
i
on.
S
uc
h
as
t
r
ans
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or
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pr
ot
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t
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on
.
T
he
t
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m
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of
oper
at
i
on
of
I
I
,
I
I
I
s
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t
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n
pr
ot
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t
i
on
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s
bi
g
ger
t
h
an
t
i
m
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at
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o
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c
oor
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nat
ed
l
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v
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c
e
.
S
i
m
ul
t
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y
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a
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k
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on t
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k
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nf
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o
m
m
and t
hat
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el
at
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d
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r
c
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eak
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B
ec
aus
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w
i
des
pr
ea
d ar
ea
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k
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r
ot
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t
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t
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i
t
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ona
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d
i
s
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anc
e
pr
ot
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t
i
on
f
unc
t
i
on
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n
p
ar
al
l
e
l
,
w
h
er
eas
k
eepi
ng
t
he
t
r
a
di
t
i
o
na
l
d
i
s
t
anc
e
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
i
nde
pen
denc
e
,
t
h
i
s
r
es
ul
t
enh
anc
ed
s
ens
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
r
el
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
,
an
d
r
api
d
i
t
y
of
b
ac
k
up pr
ot
ec
t
i
on [
10
]
.
I
n
out
l
o
ok
of
t
he l
oc
al
h
as
a c
om
pl
et
e d
i
s
t
a
nc
e pr
ot
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t
i
on
s
ys
t
e
m
,
w
i
d
e
-
ar
ea b
ac
k
up pr
ot
ec
t
i
on s
y
s
t
em
s
houl
d
be pos
i
t
i
one
d i
n t
he
hi
gh
-
per
f
or
m
anc
e
bac
k
up pr
ot
ec
t
i
on.
W
i
des
pr
ead
bac
k
up pr
ot
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t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
c
o
m
pr
i
s
es
t
hr
ee p
ar
t
s
w
hi
c
h
ar
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di
s
t
anc
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pr
ot
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t
i
o
n c
om
ponent
,
os
c
i
l
l
at
i
o
n r
ec
og
ni
t
i
o
n,
t
r
eat
m
ent
a
n
d r
e
-
s
et
t
i
n
g of
oper
a
t
i
n
g
t
im
e
.
2.
4.
D
i
st
an
c
e
-
p
r
o
te
c
ti
o
n
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
D
u
r
i
n
g
L
a
r
g
e
T
r
a
n
si
en
t
D
i
s
t
anc
e
pr
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i
o
n r
e
l
a
y
s
c
al
c
ul
a
t
e t
he
i
m
pedanc
es
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
on t
he
bas
i
s
of
c
ur
r
ent
a
nd
v
ol
t
a
ge
m
eas
ur
e
m
ent
s
f
o
r
t
he pr
ot
ec
t
ed
l
i
ne
[
2
1,
22]
.
T
he D
P
r
el
a
y
i
n
our
f
ol
l
o
w
i
n
g
c
ons
i
der
a
t
i
o
ns
i
s
c
a
l
l
ed
D
P
1.
U
n
der
no
-
f
aul
t
c
ond
i
t
i
ons
,
D
P
1
i
s
m
eas
ur
i
ng t
he
‘
‘
l
o
a
d"
i
m
pedanc
e
(
poi
nt
‘
‘
1
"
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
2)
.
U
n
d
er
f
aul
t
c
o
nd
i
t
i
ons
,
t
he
s
el
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
of
t
h
e
D
P
i
s
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
ed
b
y
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ar
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o
us
t
r
i
pp
i
ng
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o
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w
i
t
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f
f
er
ent
R
-
X
-
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m
pedanc
e
r
e
ac
hes
and
t
i
m
e
del
a
y
s
.
I
n
t
he
s
i
t
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at
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enc
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a
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s
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m
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s
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1,
t
he
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peda
nc
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m
i
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u
m
p
f
r
o
m
t
he ‘
‘
l
oad
"
t
o on
e of
t
he out
er
z
on
es
(
2 or
3)
and t
he f
aul
t
m
i
ght
be c
l
ear
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d w
i
t
h a
c
er
t
ai
n
t
i
m
e del
a
y
.
T
he l
o
n
ger
t
h
e d
el
a
y
t
i
m
e,
t
he
l
ar
g
er
t
he
ac
c
el
er
a
t
i
o
n of
t
h
e g
ener
at
or
r
ot
or
s
t
hat
ar
e
pr
es
e
nt
[
7]
.
F
or
f
aul
t
c
l
e
ar
i
n
g
w
e
c
an
d
i
s
t
i
n
gu
i
s
h
t
w
o
c
as
es
:
(
a)
t
he
f
aul
t
w
i
l
l
be
c
l
e
ar
ed
b
y
D
P
1;
(
b)
t
he
f
au
l
t
w
i
l
l
b
e
c
l
ear
e
d
b
y
s
om
e
ot
her
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
r
el
a
y
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n
t
h
e
gr
i
d
a
nd
D
P
1
s
hou
l
d
not
t
r
i
p.
I
n (
a)
no pos
t
-
f
aul
t
‘
‘
s
c
enar
i
o”
i
s
m
eas
ur
e
d b
y
D
P
1.
I
n s
c
enar
i
o (
b)
t
he m
eas
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ed
i
m
pedanc
e
of
D
P
1 j
um
ps
f
r
om
poi
nt
‘
‘
2”
t
o
po
i
nt
‘
‘
3
a”
(
i
.
e.
,
ou
t
s
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d
e
t
he
pr
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t
i
o
n
z
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nes
)
or
t
o
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‘
‘
3
b”
(
i
.
e.
,
i
ns
i
d
e t
h
e p
r
ot
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t
i
o
n
z
on
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)
.
P
o
i
nt
s
‘
‘
3
a”
and
‘
‘
3b”
F
i
gur
e
2
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t
h
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t
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pedanc
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aj
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t
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t
c
or
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l
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po
w
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l
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s
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e l
o
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t
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par
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o t
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pr
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.
e.
,
l
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v
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ues
.
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at
or
r
ot
or
s
,
l
ar
g
e
r
ot
or
-
ang
l
e ex
c
ur
s
i
o
ns
an
d l
ar
g
e po
w
er
s
w
i
ngs
oc
c
ur
.
D
ur
i
ng
t
hes
e t
r
ans
i
ent
phe
nom
ena t
h
e i
m
pedanc
e m
eas
ur
ed b
y
D
P
1 c
a
n a
l
s
o
m
ov
e i
ns
i
de t
he pr
ot
ec
t
i
o
n
z
o
nes
aga
i
n (
as
i
n c
as
e ‘
‘
3a”
bl
ue
-
d
as
hed
1 t
r
aj
e
c
t
or
y
)
or
ev
e
n
r
em
ai
n i
ns
i
de t
h
e pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
z
o
nes
(
i
n c
as
e ‘
‘
3b”
r
e
d
-
dot
t
e
d t
r
aj
ec
t
or
y
)
f
or
a
ded
i
c
at
ed t
i
m
e
dur
at
i
on.
I
f
t
hi
s
d
w
el
l
t
i
m
e i
s
l
onger
t
han t
he
z
on
e
-
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
t
r
i
p del
a
y
t
i
m
e,
t
hen a
n
un
w
an
t
ed
l
i
ne
t
r
i
pp
i
ng
af
t
er
t
he f
au
l
t
c
l
ear
i
ng m
i
ght
oc
c
ur
.
F
i
gur
e 2.
T
r
ans
i
t
i
ons
f
r
o
m
t
he l
oad
(
1)
t
o f
au
l
t
i
m
peda
n
c
e (
2)
and
t
o
p
os
t
-
f
aul
t
i
m
p
edanc
es
(
3
a,
3b)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
E
EC
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
1
,
O
c
t
o
ber
20
17
:
1
92
–
198
196
I
n or
der
t
o
pr
e
v
en
t
un
w
a
nt
ed t
r
i
pp
i
n
g dur
i
ng
po
w
er
s
w
i
ngs
,
a
n
add
i
t
i
on
al
f
unc
t
i
ona
l
i
t
y
,
i
.
e.
,
po
w
er
-
s
w
i
ng b
l
oc
k
i
ng (
P
S
B
)
,
i
s
pr
o
v
i
ded
i
n t
he f
or
m
of
an addi
t
i
on
al
out
er
z
o
ne,
def
i
ned
b
y
t
he s
o
-
c
al
l
ed ‘
‘
po
w
er
-
s
w
i
ng
c
har
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
"
,
i
n F
i
g
ur
e
2 r
epr
es
ent
ed b
y
a
das
he
d
-
l
i
n
e po
l
y
go
n.
T
he pr
i
nc
i
p
l
e
of
P
S
B
i
s
bas
ed o
n t
h
e f
ac
t
t
hat
dur
i
ng
a
po
w
er
s
w
i
ng
t
he
i
m
pedanc
e i
s
gr
a
dua
l
l
y
c
hang
i
ng,
w
hi
l
e
at
t
he
m
om
ent
of
a
f
aul
t
’
s
oc
c
ur
r
enc
e
t
he
i
m
peda
nc
e
‘
‘
j
um
ps
”
i
m
m
edi
at
el
y
t
o
a
f
aul
t
-
im
p
edanc
e
poi
nt
.
S
o,
w
he
n
t
he
t
i
m
e
ne
ede
d
f
or
an
i
m
pedanc
e
t
o
c
r
os
s
t
he
ar
ea
f
r
om
t
he
po
w
er
-
s
w
i
n
g c
h
ar
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
t
o
one
of
t
h
e t
r
i
pp
i
ng
z
o
nes
ex
c
ee
ds
a c
er
t
ai
n
v
al
ue,
t
he
P
S
B
i
s
ac
t
i
v
at
e
d a
nd
t
r
i
pp
i
n
g
i
s
bl
oc
k
ed [
17
]
.
S
om
e al
t
er
nat
i
v
e
m
et
hods
al
s
o
ex
i
s
t
[
1
7]
.
I
n c
as
e
‘
‘
3a
"
,
t
he c
r
os
s
i
ng
of
t
he ar
ea
bet
w
e
en t
he p
o
w
er
-
s
w
i
n
g
c
har
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
a
nd t
r
i
pp
i
ng
z
on
e 3
i
s
not
i
m
m
edi
at
e
an
d
t
he
P
S
B
i
s
ac
t
i
v
at
e
d.
I
n
c
as
e
‘
‘
3b
"
t
h
e
pos
t
-
f
aul
t
i
m
pedanc
e
t
r
aj
e
c
t
or
y
d
oes
n
ot
c
r
os
s
t
he
po
w
er
-
s
w
i
ng
c
h
a
r
ac
t
er
i
s
t
i
c
an
d
t
h
e
P
S
B
i
s
no
t
ac
t
i
v
at
e
d.
A
n
u
n
w
an
t
ed
t
r
i
pp
i
ng
of
t
he
l
i
n
e i
s
pos
s
i
b
l
e i
f
t
he d
w
el
l
t
i
m
e i
s
l
onger
t
han t
he
z
one
-
s
pec
i
f
i
c
t
r
i
p d
el
a
y
t
i
m
e.
I
t
s
houl
d be
not
e
d t
hat
s
om
e
m
oder
n D
P
r
e
l
a
y
s
h
av
e a
dv
anc
ed
P
S
B
al
gor
i
t
hm
s
t
hat
a
na
l
y
s
e
t
he
s
hap
e
and
t
he
s
pee
d
of
t
he
t
r
aj
ec
t
or
y
and
c
an
a
l
s
o
det
ec
t
po
w
er
-
s
w
i
ng
p
hen
om
ena
s
uc
h
as
i
n
c
as
e
"
3
b"
.
I
n
t
hi
s
c
as
e
t
he
un
w
ant
e
d
t
r
i
pp
i
ng
w
i
l
l
not
oc
c
ur
,
c
ons
equen
t
l
y
,
t
her
e
i
s
n
o
need
f
or
a
c
ons
i
der
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
hes
e
r
e
l
a
y
s
i
n
t
hi
s
m
et
hod.
N
or
m
al
l
y
,
a
n
as
s
es
s
m
ent
of
un
w
a
nt
ed
t
r
i
pp
i
n
g
i
s
per
f
or
m
ed
b
y
r
e
pe
at
i
ng t
he
num
er
i
c
al
s
i
m
ul
at
i
ons
f
or
v
ar
i
ous
f
au
l
t
-
c
l
e
ar
i
n
g
t
i
m
es
.
T
hi
s
m
i
ght
be
t
im
e
-
c
ons
u
m
i
ng and
has
l
i
m
i
t
ed pot
en
t
i
a
l
f
or
on
-
l
i
n
e
i
m
pl
em
ent
at
i
on.
T
i
m
e
-
dom
ai
n num
er
i
c
al
s
i
m
ul
at
i
ons
c
an
not
be av
oi
d
ed
w
hen
ac
c
ur
at
e
ana
l
y
s
es
ar
e r
e
qui
r
ed,
l
i
k
e i
n
t
h
e t
es
t
i
n
g of
po
w
er
-
s
w
i
n
g b
l
oc
k
i
ng f
unc
t
i
ons
[
20
].
2.
5.
P
o
w
er
S
yst
em
a
n
d
S
a
m
p
l
e
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
ti
o
n
I
n t
h
e f
ol
l
o
w
i
ng,
a s
i
n
gl
e
MV
f
eed
er
i
s
c
ons
i
der
e
d t
hat
i
s
s
uppos
e
d s
ub
di
v
i
de
d i
n
t
o a
num
ber
of
s
eg
m
ent
s
.
E
ac
h l
i
ne s
egm
ent
i
s
eq
ui
ppe
d w
i
t
h
t
w
o d
i
s
t
anc
e r
e
l
a
y
s
,
r
es
pec
t
i
v
el
y
pl
ac
e
d at
i
t
s
t
er
m
i
nat
i
o
n.
I
t
i
s
ex
pec
t
ed
t
hat
ev
er
y
r
el
a
y
i
s
at
t
ac
he
d t
o a c
i
r
c
ui
t
br
eak
er
t
hat
di
s
pl
a
y
s
r
ec
l
os
i
ng
ab
i
l
i
t
i
es
.
W
hen
m
i
s
t
a
k
e
t
ak
es
pl
ac
e,
t
h
e
s
af
egu
ar
d
s
y
s
t
em
m
us
t
s
ens
e
an
d
s
epar
at
e
onl
y
t
he
f
i
nd
f
au
l
t
w
i
t
h
l
i
ne
s
ec
t
i
o
n.
T
he
ex
pe
c
t
ed
MV
r
a
di
al
s
y
s
t
em
c
an
f
eed
an
y
t
y
p
e
of
l
oad (
l
i
ne
ar
an
d no
nl
i
ne
a
r
)
.
Mo
r
eov
er
,
t
he
r
ef
l
ec
t
e
d
pow
er
s
ys
t
e
m
m
ay
s
ho
w
b
es
i
de
t
he
l
in
e
a
num
ber
of
s
p
r
ead
gene
r
at
o
r
s
(
bes
i
de
s
t
he
m
ai
n
equi
v
al
ent
s
our
c
e
)
,
us
u
al
l
y
r
el
at
ed
to
nodes
o
c
c
ur
r
ed
by
MV
/
LV
t
r
ans
f
or
m
i
ng
pos
i
t
i
ons
.
It
is
a
ls
o
ex
p
ec
t
ed
t
hat
t
he
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
s
ys
t
e
m
c
an
be
ru
n
in
i
s
l
anded
t
yp
e
if
l
oc
a
l
DG
gener
at
i
on
i
s e
xt
r
a
t
han
l
oad
r
eques
t
[
23
].
2.
7.
T
h
e
D
ig
it
a
l Id
e
n
t
if
ic
a
t
io
n
A
lg
o
r
i
th
m
C
ons
i
d
er
bas
i
c
t
ak
en f
ac
t
or
m
odel
of
a f
i
nd f
aul
t
w
i
t
h p
ar
t
of
an MV
po
w
er
l
i
n
e at
t
ac
hi
n
g
bus
2 t
o bus
3 as
i
n F
i
gur
e
9.
T
he ex
pec
t
e
d er
r
or
i
s
a r
egu
l
ar
t
hr
e
e
-
ph
as
e s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
[
2
4,
2
5
].
F
i
gur
e
9.
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
s
c
hem
e f
or
a pai
r
of
s
y
nc
hr
on
i
z
ed r
el
a
y
s
t
h
e t
ot
al
r
es
i
s
t
anc
e/
i
n
duc
t
anc
e
of
t
he p
o
w
er
l
i
ne
R
2
3
a
nd
L
2
3
r
es
p
ec
t
i
v
e
l
y
,
s
o
t
h
at
R
35
,
L
3
5
c
an
b
e
ex
pr
es
s
ed
i
n
t
er
m
s
of
R
2
5
and
L
2
5
a
s
s
how
n
i
n
E
qu
at
i
on 6.
35
23
25
35
23
25
R
RR
L
LL
=
−
=
−
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
EC
S
IS
S
N
:
2
502
-
4
752
E
ner
gy
P
ow
er
P
l
an
t
i
n E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
P
ow
er
D
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
S
y
s
t
ems
E
qui
pp
i
ng W
i
t
h
…
(
Hu
i
Hwa
n
g
G
oh
)
197
4
.
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
T
hi
s
paper
has
bee
n r
e
v
i
e
w
ed
b
y
t
h
e r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e e
ner
g
y
pl
ant
f
or
t
he
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
em
w
hi
c
h i
s
t
es
t
ed a
n
d pr
opos
e
d s
om
e
k
i
nds
o
f
t
he pr
ot
ec
t
i
on s
y
s
t
em
.
t
he i
m
pl
em
ent
ed
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
w
as
ov
e
r
c
ur
r
ent
r
el
a
y
s
,
d
i
r
ec
t
i
o
na
l
r
el
a
y
s
and
di
s
t
anc
e
pr
o
t
e
c
t
i
on
r
e
l
a
y
s
,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
i
v
e
of
al
l
t
hes
e
k
i
nd
of
pr
ot
ec
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
at
e
gi
es
ha
v
e
be
en
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d,
di
f
f
er
ent
k
i
nd
of
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
has
t
h
ei
r
o
w
n
ad
v
ant
ag
e an
d
d
i
s
ad
v
a
nt
ag
e ,
f
or
i
ns
t
anc
e,
t
h
e c
om
pl
ex
i
t
y
,
i
m
pl
em
ent
at
i
on,
r
es
po
ns
e,
s
el
ec
t
i
v
i
t
y
an
d s
ens
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
c
os
t
,
al
l
t
hes
e
w
er
e t
he c
r
i
t
er
i
a t
hat
t
h
e
di
f
f
er
ent
s
c
hem
e of
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on s
y
s
t
em
been di
s
c
us
s
ed
.
A
c
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
m
e
n
t
T
he aut
hor
s
w
ou
l
d
l
i
k
e t
o
t
hank
t
he
Mi
n
i
s
t
r
y
of
H
i
g
he
r
E
duc
a
t
i
o
n,
Mal
a
y
s
i
a (
MO
H
E
)
,
and t
h
e O
f
f
i
c
e of
R
es
ear
c
h,
I
nno
v
at
i
on,
C
om
m
er
c
i
al
i
z
a
t
i
on
,
C
ons
u
l
t
a
nc
y
Ma
nag
e
m
ent
(
O
R
I
C
C
)
,
U
ni
v
er
s
i
t
i
T
un
H
us
s
ei
n
O
n
n
Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a
(
U
T
H
M)
f
or
f
i
nanc
i
al
l
y
s
up
por
t
i
ng
t
hi
s
r
es
e
ar
c
h
und
er
t
h
e
F
R
G
S
gr
an
t
N
o.
15
29
and
I
G
S
P
U
667
.
R
ef
er
en
ces
[1
]
S
en R
,
B
hat
t
a
c
har
y
y
a S
C
.
O
f
f
-
gr
i
d el
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
gener
at
i
on w
i
t
h r
enew
abl
e ener
gy
t
ec
hn
ol
o
g
i
es
i
n I
ndi
a
:
A
n app
l
i
c
at
i
on of
H
O
M
E
R
.
R
enew
abl
e E
ner
gy
.
201
4
;
6
2:
3
88
-
98.
[2
]
B
ul
l
i
v
ant
T
J
,
L
ew
S
A
,
T
i
er
ne
y
K
J
,
i
nv
ent
or
s
;
M
i
l
s
pr
ay
,
LL
C
,
as
s
i
gne
e.
R
enew
a
bl
e
ene
r
gy
s
y
s
t
em
.
U
ni
t
ed S
t
at
e
s
pa
t
ent
U
S
8,
53
9
,
724.
2013
.
[3
]
B
aghda
di
F
,
M
oham
m
edi
K
,
D
i
af
S
,
B
ehar
O
.
F
ea
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
s
t
udy
and
e
ner
gy
c
o
nv
er
s
i
o
n
anal
y
s
i
s
of
s
t
a
nd
-
al
o
ne hy
br
i
d r
e
new
abl
e
ener
gy
s
y
s
t
em
.
E
ner
g
y
C
o
nv
e
r
s
i
on
and
M
anagem
ent
.
2
015
;
105:
4
71
-
9.
[4
]
K
har
e V
,
N
em
a S
,
B
ar
ed
ar
P
.
S
ol
ar
–
w
i
nd
hy
br
i
d
r
enew
abl
e
ener
gy
s
y
s
t
em
:
A
r
ev
i
ew
.
R
ene
w
a
b
l
e a
nd
S
us
t
a
i
nab
l
e E
n
er
g
y
R
ev
i
ew
s
.
2016
;
58:
23
-
33
.
[5
]
A
per
gi
s
N
,
P
ay
ne
J
E
.
R
e
new
abl
e
ener
gy
,
out
p
ut
,
C
O
2
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
ns
,
and
f
os
s
i
l
f
ue
l
pr
i
c
e
s
i
n
C
e
nt
r
a
l
A
m
er
i
c
a:
ev
i
d
enc
e
f
r
o
m
a
no
nl
i
n
ear
pa
nel
s
m
o
ot
h
t
r
ans
i
t
i
o
n
v
ec
t
or
er
r
o
r
c
or
r
ec
t
i
on
m
od
el
.
E
ner
g
y
E
c
onom
i
c
s
.
201
4
;
42
:
2
26
-
32.
[6
]
P
f
enni
nger
S
,
K
ei
r
s
t
e
ad
J
.
R
e
new
abl
es
,
n
uc
l
ear
,
or
f
o
s
s
i
l
f
u
el
s
?
S
c
ena
r
i
o
s
f
or
G
r
eat
B
r
i
t
a
i
n’
s
p
ow
er
s
y
s
t
em
c
o
ns
i
der
i
ng
c
os
t
s
,
em
i
s
s
i
ons
and
ener
gy
s
e
c
ur
it
y.
A
p
pl
i
e
d E
ner
gy
.
2015
;
15
2:
83
-
93
.
[7
]
D
. U
th
i
ts
u
n
th
o
m
,
T
.
K
ul
w
or
a w
ani
c
hpo
ng.
D
i
s
t
an
c
e P
r
ot
ec
t
i
o
n of
a R
enew
a
bl
e E
n
er
gy
P
l
an
t
i
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
P
ow
er
D
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
S
y
s
t
em
s
.
I
n
t
er
nat
i
ona
l
C
onf
er
en
c
e
on P
o
w
er
S
y
s
t
em
T
ec
hno
l
ogy
.
2
010
.
[8
]
M
c
G
l
ade
C
,
E
k
i
ns
P
.
T
he
g
eo
gr
aphi
c
a
l
di
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
on
of
f
os
s
i
l
f
uel
s
unu
s
ed
w
hen
l
i
m
i
t
i
ng
gl
o
bal
w
ar
m
i
n
g
t
o 2 [
d
eg]
C
.
N
at
ur
e
.
20
15
;
5
1
7(
7533)
:
1
87
-
90.
[9
]
Lee S
,
S
pei
g
ht
J
G
,
Loy
al
k
a S
K
,
edi
t
or
s
.
H
andb
oo
k
of
al
t
er
n
at
i
v
e f
ue
l
t
e
c
hn
ol
o
gi
e
s
.
c
r
c
P
r
e
s
s
;
2014
.
[
10]
P.
M
.
An
d
e
rs
o
n
,
Po
w
e
r Sy
s
t
e
m
Pro
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
I
EEE Pre
s
s
.
,
M
c
G
ra
w
-
H
i
l
l
,
1999
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[
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D
as
ht
i
R
,
S
a
deh
J
.
A
c
c
ur
ac
y
i
m
pr
ov
e
m
ent
of
i
m
peda
nc
e
‐
bas
e
d f
aul
t
l
o
c
at
i
on
m
et
hod
f
or
p
ow
er
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
net
w
or
k
u
s
i
n
g
di
s
t
r
i
but
e
d
‐
par
am
e
t
er
l
i
ne m
o
del
.
I
nt
er
n
at
i
o
nal
T
r
an
s
a
c
t
i
o
ns
o
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
ic
al
E
ner
gy
S
y
s
t
em
s
.
2014
;
24(
3)
:
318
-
3
4.
[
12]
H
e
rre
ra
-
O
ro
z
c
o
A,
M
o
ra
-
F
l
ó
re
z
J
,
Pé
re
z
-
Lond
oño S
.
A
n i
m
p
edan
c
e r
e
l
at
i
on i
ndex
t
o pr
edi
c
t
t
he
f
aul
t
l
oc
a
t
or
per
f
or
m
a
nc
e c
on
s
i
d
er
i
ng di
f
f
er
ent
l
oad m
ode
l
s
.
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
P
ow
er
S
y
s
t
em
s
R
es
ear
c
h.
2014
;
1
07:
199
-
20
5.
[
13]
J
H
o
r
ak
,
W
B
ab
ic
.
D
i
r
ec
t
i
on
al
O
v
er
c
ur
r
ent
R
el
a
y
i
n
g (
6
7)
C
onc
ept
s
.
I
EEE
R
u
ra
l
El
e
c
t
ri
c
P
o
w
e
r
C
onf
er
en
c
e
.
200
6.
[
14]
H
H
Z
ei
nel
d
i
n,
E
.
F
.
E
l
-
S
a
ad
any
,
M
.
M
.A
. S
a
l
a
m
a
.
P
r
ot
e
c
t
i
v
e R
el
a
y
C
oor
di
nat
i
on f
or
M
i
c
r
o
-
G
r
i
d
O
per
at
i
o
n
U
s
i
ng
P
a
r
t
ic
l
e
S
w
a
rm
O
pt
i
m
i
z
at
i
on
.
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
ona
l
C
onf
er
en
c
e
on
P
ow
er
E
ngi
ne
er
i
ng.
20
06;
152
-
15
7.
[
15]
I. C
h
i
l
v
e
r
s
, N
. J
e
n
k
i
n
s
,
P
.
C
r
os
s
le
y
.
D
i
s
t
an
c
e r
el
ay
i
ng of
I
l
k
V
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
t
o
i
nc
r
e
as
e t
h
e i
ns
t
a
l
l
ed c
apa
c
i
t
y
of
di
s
t
r
i
bu
t
ed ge
ner
at
i
on
.
l
EE Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
-
G
ener
at
i
on
,
T
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
o
n and D
i
s
t
r
i
b
ut
i
o
n.
20
05;
152(
1)
:
40
-
46.
[
16]
M
c
D
onal
d J
D
,
W
o
j
s
z
c
z
y
k
B
,
F
l
y
nn B
,
V
ol
oh I
.
D
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
s
ub
s
t
at
i
on
s
,
and i
n
t
egr
at
i
on of
di
s
t
r
i
but
ed g
ene
r
at
i
on
.
In
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
al
T
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n S
y
s
t
em
s
an
d S
m
ar
t
G
r
i
ds
.
S
pr
i
n
ger
N
ew
Y
or
k
.
2013
:
7
-
68
.
[
17]
L.
B
l
a
c
k
b
ur
n.
P
r
ot
e
c
t
i
v
e R
e
l
ay
i
ng:
P
r
i
nc
i
pl
e
s
an
d A
pp
l
i
c
at
i
ons
,
M
ar
c
el
D
ek
k
er
,
1
987.
[
18]
S.
G
.
Sri
v
a
n
i
, V
K
.
P
and
ur
ang
a
,
c
.R
. A
t
l
a
.
D
e
v
el
opm
ent
of
t
h
r
ee
z
one quadr
i
l
a
t
er
al
ada
pt
i
v
e di
s
t
an
c
e
r
el
ay
f
or
t
he
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on
of
p
ar
al
l
el
t
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on
l
i
ne
.
I
E
E
E
I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
C
onf
er
en
c
e
o
n I
nd
us
t
r
i
al
T
ec
hnol
o
gy
.
200
9.
[
19]
Z
i
egl
er
G
.
N
u
m
er
i
c
al
di
s
t
an
c
e
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
o
n:
pr
i
nc
i
pl
es
and
appl
i
c
at
i
ons
.
J
o
hn
W
i
l
ey
&
S
o
ns
;
2
011 F
e
b 8.
[
20]
G
.
B
o
yl
e
.
R
enew
abl
e
E
ner
gy
:
P
ow
er
f
or
S
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
F
ut
ur
e,
O
x
f
or
d U
ni
v
er
s
i
t
y
P
r
e
s
s
,
200
0.
[
21]
T
z
i
ouv
ar
as
D
A
,
H
ou
D
.
O
u
t
-
of
-
s
t
ep
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
und
am
ent
a
l
s
and
ad
v
an
c
em
ent
s
.
I
nP
r
ot
e
c
t
i
v
e
R
el
ay
E
ngi
ne
er
s
,
I
EEE.
2
004
57t
h A
nnual
C
onf
e
r
en
c
e f
or
20
04
;
282
-
307
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SSN
:
25
02
-
4
752
I
J
E
EC
S
V
o
l.
8
,
N
o.
1
,
O
c
t
o
ber
20
17
:
1
92
–
198
198
[
22]
Bru
n
e
l
l
o
G
,
KASZ
T
EN
N
Y
B.
D
i
s
t
a
nc
e
P
r
ot
e
c
t
i
on o
f
S
er
i
es
C
om
pen
s
at
ed L
i
ne
s
P
r
o
bl
em
s
a
n
d
S
ol
ut
i
ons
.
I
n2
8 T
H
A
nnua
l
W
e
s
t
er
n P
r
ot
e
c
t
i
v
e R
e
l
ay
C
onf
er
e
nc
e,
S
pok
ane
.
200
1
.
[
23]
G
er
s
,
J
uan M
,
E
dw
ar
d J
.
H
ol
m
es
.
P
r
o
t
ec
t
i
on
of
E
l
ec
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
D
i
s
t
r
i
but
i
on N
e
t
w
or
k
s
,
l
E
E
P
r
es
s
.
2004.
[
24]
Z
hi
z
he Z
,
D
es
h
u C
.
A
n adapt
i
v
e appr
oac
h i
n di
g
i
t
al
d
i
s
t
anc
e
pr
ot
ec
t
i
on.
I
EEE T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
on P
ow
er
D
el
i
v
er
y
.
199
1
;
6(
1)
:
1
35
-
42.
[
25]
Li
ang
F
,
J
ey
as
u
r
y
a B
.
T
r
ans
m
i
s
s
i
on l
i
ne
di
s
t
an
c
e
pr
ot
e
c
t
i
on
us
i
n
g w
av
el
et
t
r
an
s
f
or
m
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
.
I
EEE
T
r
ans
ac
t
i
on
s
on
P
ow
er
D
e
l
i
v
er
y
.
20
04
;
19(
2)
:
545
-
53.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.