Ind
o
n
es
ian Jou
r
n
al
o
f
E
le
ctric
a
l E
n
g
in
ee
r
ing
and
C
o
mp
u
t
er
S
c
ienc
e
V
ol
. 8
,
No.
3
,
Dec
em
be
r
20
17
, p
p
. 6
74
~
6
78
DO
I: 1
0.
11
5
91
/
i
j
ee
c
s
.v
8
.
i
3
.
pp
67
4
-
67
8
6
74
Rec
ei
v
ed
A
ug
us
t
1
2
,
20
1
7
;
Rev
i
s
ed
O
c
to
be
r
2
9
,
2
01
7
;
A
c
c
ep
te
d
Nov
e
mb
er
1
8
,
2
01
7
Simula
tio
n
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s fo
r
Co
nsist
ent
Pa
th
I
den
tif
i
catio
n
to
Re
fin
e
th
e
Ne
t
w
o
rk Lifet
i
me
G
V
enn
ila
Dep
a
rtm
e
n
t
O
f
I
n
fo
r
m
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
AM
ET
Un
i
v
e
rs
i
ty
,
Che
n
n
a
i
Ab
strac
t
As
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
fo
r
M
o
b
i
l
e
Ad
h
o
c
Net
wor
k
(M
ANET)
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
g
ro
ws
,
s
o
d
o
e
s
th
e
i
r
u
s
e
o
f
m
a
n
y
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
e
rv
i
c
e
s
whe
re
n
o
d
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
ta
b
i
l
i
ty
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
p
a
t
h
s
a
re
o
f
g
re
a
t
i
m
p
o
rta
n
c
e
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
c
h
e
m
e
,
w
e
p
ro
p
o
s
e
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
f
o
r Co
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
Pa
th
I
d
e
n
ti
fi
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
Re
fi
n
e
t
h
e
Net
work
L
i
fe
ti
m
e
(CPIR).
T
h
i
s
te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
o
ff
e
r
s
m
o
re
s
t
a
b
l
e
p
a
t
h
a
n
d
tra
n
s
m
i
ts
t
h
e
d
a
ta
th
ro
u
g
h
th
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
n
o
d
e
s
.
Th
i
s
a
rt
i
c
l
e
i
s
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
p
ro
te
c
ti
n
g
th
e
ro
u
te
f
ro
m
th
e
i
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
te
n
t
n
o
d
e
i
n
m
o
b
i
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
to
i
m
p
ro
v
e
th
e
n
e
two
r
k
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
i
n
th
e
n
e
two
r
k
.
Th
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
ti
o
n
re
s
u
l
t
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tra
te
t
h
a
t
CPIR
p
ro
v
i
d
e
d
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
ro
v
e
d
b
o
t
h
th
e
l
o
n
g
e
r
l
i
f
e
ti
m
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
d
n
u
m
b
e
r o
f
p
a
c
k
e
ts
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
e
d
.
Key
w
ords
:
Con
s
i
s
te
n
t
Pa
th
,
E
n
e
rg
y
,
L
i
f
e
ti
m
e
,
M
ANETs
Copy
righ
t
©
2
0
1
7
In
s
titu
te
o
f
Adv
a
nc
e
d
Eng
in
e
e
ring
a
nd
Sc
ie
nc
e
.
All
righ
t
s
re
s
e
rve
d.
1.
Int
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
A
MA
NE
T
i
s
a
s
el
f
-
organi
z
ed
n
et
w
ork
w
i
t
h
arbi
tr
aril
y
di
s
tr
i
bu
t
ed
n
od
es
.
MA
N
E
T
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
on
s
are
n
ot
l
i
m
i
ted
to
areas
s
uc
h
as
em
erg
en
c
y
an
d
c
r
i
s
i
s
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
l
oc
al
-
l
ev
el
,
c
o
m
m
erc
i
al
an
d
m
i
l
i
tar
y
b
att
l
ef
i
el
d
ap
pl
i
c
ati
on
s
[1
].
Net
w
ork
us
ers
i
nte
nd
e
d
f
or
Cons
i
s
t
en
t
de
l
i
v
er
y
of
i
nf
orm
ati
on
. B
ut
a t
op
ol
og
i
c
a
l
c
h
an
g
e i
n M
A
NE
T
l
ea
ds
t
o P
ath
f
ai
l
ure
whi
c
h d
eg
r
a
de
s
the
n
et
wor
k
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e.
Rout
i
ng
i
n
M
A
NE
T
ha
s
be
en
a
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
i
ng
t
as
k
be
c
a
us
e
of
the
hi
g
h
de
gre
e
of
n
od
e
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
[2
].
Us
i
ng
al
t
ernat
i
v
e
pa
t
h
m
ay
r
es
o
l
v
e
t
hi
s
prob
l
em
.
Mu
l
ti
pl
e
pa
ths
be
t
w
e
en
s
ou
r
c
e
a
nd
d
es
ti
n
ati
o
n
are
d
ete
r
m
i
ne
d
b
y
r
o
ute
d
i
s
c
ov
er
y
[3]
.
R
ou
t
i
ng
p
r
oto
c
ol
s
e
l
ec
ts
an
a
l
ter
na
t
i
v
e
p
ath
ba
s
ed
on
s
om
e
m
etri
c
s
s
uc
h
as
ho
p
c
ou
nt,
a
s
pe
ed
of
pa
t
h,
ti
m
e
to
de
l
i
v
er
c
on
ten
t
,
p
ath
r
el
i
ab
i
l
i
t
y
,
an
d
i
ts
ba
nd
wi
dth
[4
].
R
ou
t
i
ng
protoc
o
l
s
i
n
c
o
nv
en
t
i
on
al
wi
r
ed
ne
t
wor
k
s
us
e
e
i
th
er
d
i
s
tan
c
e
v
ec
tor
or
l
i
nk
s
tat
e
r
o
uti
ng
al
go
r
i
th
m
s
,
bo
th
of
w
hi
c
h
r
eq
ui
r
e
p
erio
d
i
c
r
ou
ti
n
g
ad
v
erti
s
em
en
ts
to
be
broa
dc
as
t
b
y
e
ac
h
r
o
ute
r
[
5].
T
he
T
r
ad
i
ti
on
al
s
ho
r
tes
t
p
ath
al
g
orit
hm
s
wor
k
c
orr
ec
tl
y
o
nl
y
w
he
n
a
l
l
no
de
s
m
ai
nta
i
n
r
ou
t
es
to
al
l
de
s
t
i
na
t
i
o
ns
.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
i
n
on
-
d
em
an
d
r
ou
ti
n
g p
r
o
toc
ol
s
,
a n
od
e
n
ee
d
no
t m
ai
nta
i
n ro
ute
s
t
o
al
l
de
s
t
i
na
t
i
o
ns
[6
]
.
In
M
A
N
E
T
s
i
ng
l
e
p
ath
r
o
uti
n
g
m
a
y
f
ai
l
i
n
m
os
t
of
the
c
as
es
du
e
to
f
r
eq
ue
nt
no
d
e
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
[7]
.
Co
ns
eq
u
en
t
l
y
,
Mu
l
ti
pa
t
h
r
ou
t
i
n
g
s
c
he
m
e
ha
s
be
e
n
em
pl
o
y
ed
.
Mu
l
t
i
p
l
e
pa
t
hs
be
t
w
e
en
the
s
ou
r
c
e
no
d
e
an
d
t
he
de
s
t
i
n
ati
on
no
d
es
c
ou
l
d
b
e
f
ou
n
d
us
i
ng
M
u
l
ti
pa
th
r
ou
t
i
n
g
protoc
ol
an
d
the
S
ec
ure
an
d
E
f
f
i
c
i
en
t
Di
s
ta
nc
e
E
f
f
ec
t
Rout
i
ng
A
l
go
r
i
t
h
m
f
or
Mo
bi
l
i
t
y
(
S
E
_D
RE
A
M)
i
n
MA
N
E
T
s
[8]
.
T
he
s
e
m
ul
ti
pl
e
p
ath
s
m
ak
e
the
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
m
ore
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t
an
d
m
ore
eff
i
c
i
en
t.
In
pre
v
en
t
i
o
n
of
Co
-
op
er
ati
v
e
B
l
ac
k
Hol
e
a
tta
c
k
i
n
Ma
ne
t
on
D
S
R
protoc
ol
us
i
ng
Cr
y
pto
grap
hi
c
A
l
g
orit
hm
i
s
pres
en
te
d
i
n
th
i
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h
pa
pe
r
[
9].
T
o
tr
an
s
m
i
t
da
ta
on
l
y
b
es
t
pa
th
i
s
s
el
ec
te
d
am
on
g
t
he
a
v
a
i
l
a
bl
e
p
ath
s
b
as
ed
on
s
o
m
e
m
etri
c
s
uc
h
as
de
l
a
y
,
ba
n
d
wi
dth
av
a
i
l
ab
i
l
i
t
y
,
d
el
i
v
er
y
r
ati
o,
r
ou
te
s
tab
i
l
i
t
y
,
etc
.
an
d
th
e
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
of
bl
ac
k
ho
l
e
at
tac
k
s
i
n g
eo
gr
ap
h
i
c
al
r
ou
t
i
ng
MA
NE
T
[1
0]
.
2.
Rel
ated
W
o
r
k
s
Cons
i
s
te
nc
y
E
v
a
l
ua
ti
o
n
of
Mo
bi
l
e
A
d
Hoc
Net
wor
k
[1]
c
on
s
i
de
r
s
di
f
f
erent
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
m
od
el
s
al
on
g
wi
th
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
of
di
ff
erent
s
c
en
ario
m
etri
c
s
an
d
di
f
f
erent
v
al
ue
s
of
tun
i
ng
pa
r
am
ete
r
.
T
he
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
c
on
s
i
d
erati
on
s
ha
v
e
no
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
an
t
i
m
pa
c
ti
on
r
el
i
ab
i
l
i
t
y
as
the
s
am
e
r
es
ul
ts
are
ob
t
ai
ne
d
b
y
j
u
s
t
i
m
pl
i
c
i
tl
y
s
i
m
ul
at
i
ng
t
he
no
de
l
oc
at
i
on
s
.
Co
ns
i
d
eri
ng
no
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
m
od
el
s
r
ed
uc
es
c
om
pu
tat
i
on
a
l
b
urde
n,
s
om
e
r
an
do
m
v
aria
bl
es
i
nv
ol
v
e
d
m
a
k
i
ng
t
he
al
go
r
i
t
hm
m
ore
e
ff
i
c
i
en
t
al
s
o
r
ed
uc
ed
the
nu
m
be
r
of
r
an
do
m
v
aria
bl
es
.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
th
i
s
ap
pro
ac
h
c
on
s
i
de
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJE
E
CS
IS
S
N:
2
50
2
-
4
75
2
S
i
mu
l
ati
on
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
fo
r
C
on
s
i
s
ten
t
P
ath
Id
e
nti
fi
c
at
i
o
n t
o
Refi
ne
…
(
G
V
e
nn
i
l
a
)
675
on
l
y
un
i
f
or
m
di
s
tr
i
bu
ti
o
n.
B
a
y
e
s
i
an
m
od
el
[2
] i
s
us
ed
to
predi
c
t
an
d c
l
a
s
s
i
f
y
th
e m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
of
a
n
od
e
i
n
M
A
N
E
T
s
.
T
he
ou
tc
om
e
of
B
a
y
es
i
an
Cl
as
s
i
f
i
er
w
i
l
l
he
l
p
a
no
d
e
c
on
tr
o
l
i
ts
bro
ad
c
as
t
proc
es
s
b
y
whi
c
h
a
hi
gh
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
no
de
or
r
eg
i
on
i
s
av
oi
d
ed
to
r
e
-
broadc
as
t
a
r
e
qu
es
t.
E
s
t
ab
l
i
s
he
d
r
ou
t
es
us
i
ng
the
prop
os
ed
m
od
el
are m
ore s
ta
bl
e t
ha
n
r
ou
t
es
de
term
i
ne
d
b
y
ex
i
s
ti
ng
r
o
u
ti
ng
s
tr
ate
g
i
es
.
T
hi
s
m
od
el
i
s
a
di
s
tr
i
bu
t
e
d
al
g
orit
hm
an
d
i
nd
ep
e
nd
en
t
of
the
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
pa
tt
ern.
T
hi
s
m
od
el
i
m
prov
es
th
e ro
uti
ng
pe
r
f
orm
an
c
e a
nd
r
ed
uc
es
f
l
o
od
i
n
g p
r
ob
l
em
i
n M
A
N
E
T
s
.
E
ne
r
g
y
E
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
O
pt
i
m
i
z
at
i
on
s
c
he
m
e
[3]
us
i
n
g
the
m
i
x
ed
i
nte
g
er
no
n
l
i
n
ea
r
progr
am
m
i
ng
(
MINL
P
)
f
orm
ul
ati
on
b
y
j
oi
ntl
y
c
o
ns
i
d
e
r
i
ng
r
o
uti
ng
,
tr
af
f
i
c
s
c
he
du
l
i
ng
,
an
d
po
w
er
c
on
tr
ol
.
T
he
branc
h
an
d
bo
un
d
(
B
B
)
al
go
r
i
t
hm
to
eff
i
c
i
en
tl
y
s
ol
v
e
thi
s
g
l
ob
al
l
y
op
t
i
m
al
probl
em
.
T
he
B
B
a
l
go
r
i
thm
i
nc
l
ud
e
up
pe
r
a
nd
l
o
w
er
b
ou
nd
i
n
g
s
c
he
m
es
an
d
branc
hi
n
g
r
ul
e
th
at
are
de
s
i
g
ne
d
us
i
n
g
t
he
c
ha
r
ac
teri
s
ti
c
s
of
the
no
n
-
c
on
v
ex
MINL
P
probl
em
.
T
hi
s
s
c
h
em
e
prov
i
d
es
v
a
l
ua
bl
e
i
ns
i
gh
ts
i
nt
o
no
t
o
nl
y
the
i
m
pa
c
t
of
r
ou
ti
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
y
,
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
s
c
he
du
l
e,
a
nd
po
w
er
c
on
tr
ol
.
E
ne
r
g
y
-
a
war
e
arc
h
i
tec
ture
m
ul
ti
-
r
at
e
protoc
o
l
[
4]
i
n
v
es
t
i
ga
t
ed
t
he
p
os
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y
of
r
ed
uc
i
n
g
en
erg
y
c
o
ns
um
pti
on
i
n
80
2.
11
w
i
r
e
l
es
s
ne
t
w
ork
s
.T
hi
s
s
c
he
m
e
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
the
ne
t
w
ork
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e a
nd
de
c
r
ea
s
e
s
bo
th
t
he
po
w
er c
o
ns
um
pti
on
a
nd
c
on
tr
ol
ov
erhe
ad
.
Mo
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
E
ne
r
g
y
an
d
Co
ng
es
ti
on
A
w
are
Rout
i
n
g
(
ME
C
A
)
[5]
t
o
i
m
prov
e
r
ou
ti
ng
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
f
or
MA
NE
T
s
.
In
thi
s
m
od
el
,
a
no
d
e
m
on
i
tors
the
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
,
en
erg
y
c
o
ns
um
pti
on
an
d
tr
af
f
i
c
c
on
ge
s
ti
on
ba
s
ed
on
a m
ul
ti
-
m
etri
c
na
m
ed
A
E
C
(
c
on
s
tr
uc
ted
b
y
A
v
erage
E
nc
ou
nt
er Rat
e,
E
ne
r
g
y
Co
ns
um
pti
on
Rat
e,
an
d
Con
ge
s
ti
on
F
ac
tor)
to
c
ho
os
e
the
m
os
t
s
tab
l
e,
p
o
w
er
-
r
i
c
h
an
d
c
on
ge
s
ti
on
-
f
r
ee
pa
th
f
or
r
ou
ti
ng
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
l
t,
pa
c
k
et
de
l
i
v
er
y
r
at
i
o
of
the
pr
op
os
ed
m
od
el
i
m
prov
es
al
m
os
t
20
%
c
o
m
pa
r
ed
to
t
ha
t
of
orig
i
na
l
A
O
DV
protoc
o
l
w
h
i
l
e
t
he
n
u
m
be
r
o
f
de
ad
no
de
s
an
d r
ou
t
i
ng
ov
erhe
a
ds
de
c
r
ea
s
es
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
an
t
l
y
.
T
he
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t
r
ou
ti
n
g
s
c
he
m
e
propos
ed
c
om
pl
ete
r
ou
ti
ng
us
i
ng
of
f
l
i
ne
pre
di
c
ti
on
al
g
orit
hm
s
i
s
do
ne
.
A
n
au
gm
en
ted
grap
h
i
s
c
r
ea
t
ed
A
G
W
(
V
A
,
E
A
)
b
y
ad
di
n
g
l
an
dm
ar
k
s
i
nto
ev
er
y
r
oa
d
s
eg
m
en
t.
T
he
La
nd
m
ark
ID
c
an
un
i
q
ue
l
y
i
de
nti
f
y
a
v
ertex
o
n
gra
ph
A
G
W
,
an
d
th
e
l
i
nk
i
s
de
term
i
ne
d.
T
he
p
o
s
s
i
bi
l
i
t
y
of
l
i
nk
du
r
a
ti
o
n
i
s
de
term
i
ne
d,
an
d
t
he
du
r
at
i
on
pred
i
c
ti
o
n
tab
l
e
c
an
be
c
om
pu
ted
of
f
l
i
n
e
on
c
e
a
w
a
y
p
oi
nt
gra
p
h
i
s
gi
v
e
n.
T
he
w
a
y
p
oi
n
t
graph
an
d
t
he
an
a
l
og
ou
s
du
r
at
i
o
n
pred
i
c
ti
on
tab
l
e
c
an
b
e
s
tored
i
n
ev
er
y
m
ob
i
l
e
no
de
a
nd
us
ed
r
ep
e
ate
d
l
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er,
m
ore
are
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
f
or
the
pred
i
c
ti
o
n
ac
c
ura
c
y
,
an
d
th
i
s
l
ea
ds
to
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
the
ti
m
e
of
c
o
m
pu
tat
i
on
a
l
c
om
pl
ex
i
t
y
[
6
].
CH
A
M
P
us
es
c
oo
pe
r
at
i
v
e
pa
c
k
et
c
ac
hi
ng
an
d
s
h
o
r
tes
t
m
ul
ti
pa
th
r
ou
ti
n
g
to
r
e
du
c
e
p
ac
k
et
l
os
s
du
e
to
f
r
eq
ue
nt
r
ou
te
f
ai
l
ures
.
T
he
no
d
es
r
el
y
on
da
ta
p
ac
k
et
ac
k
no
w
l
e
dg
m
en
t
to
d
ete
r
m
i
ne
th
e
l
i
nk
s
tat
us
an
d
when
ev
er
t
he
l
i
nk
de
c
l
are
d
"
do
wn"
i
t
i
nd
i
c
a
tes
the
a
bs
en
c
e
of
ac
k
no
w
l
e
dg
m
en
t
an
d
the
pa
c
k
ets
c
an
no
t
be
r
ou
te
d
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
l
y
to
the
de
s
ti
n
ati
on
.
T
he
al
t
ernat
i
v
e
pa
t
h
i
s
s
el
ec
te
d
a
nd
f
o
r
w
ards
al
l
af
f
ec
ted
pa
c
k
ets
throug
h
th
i
s
al
tern
ati
v
e
r
ou
te.
If
the
r
e
i
s
no
a
l
terna
ti
v
e
r
ou
t
e
pres
e
nt,
t
he
n
R
E
RR
m
es
s
ag
e
i
s
g
en
er
ate
d
a
nd
s
en
t
to
the
b
as
e
s
tat
i
on
wi
th
he
ad
er
i
nf
or
m
ati
on
of
al
l
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
.
E
v
er
y
no
de
i
n
CH
A
M
P
m
ai
nta
i
ns
a
F
i
r
s
t
-
In
F
i
r
s
t
-
O
ut
(
F
IFO
)
da
ta
c
ac
he
f
or
s
tori
ng
f
orw
ard
ed
pa
c
k
ets
f
or
f
utu
r
e
us
e
(
6
)
.
Nei
g
hb
or
C
ov
erage
B
as
e
d
P
r
ob
ab
i
l
i
s
ti
c
Rebro
ad
c
a
s
t
(
NCP
R)
was
propos
e
d.
T
hi
s
protoc
ol
c
o
m
pl
ete
l
y
r
e
l
i
es
on
pres
et
v
aria
bl
es
,
whi
c
h
are
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
b
e
s
et
b
y
t
he
s
y
s
tem
ad
m
i
ni
s
tr
ato
r
ba
s
ed
on
th
e
ad
-
h
oc
s
c
en
ario
.
T
he
r
ou
ti
ng
o
v
erh
ea
d
c
r
i
s
i
s
c
au
s
ed
b
y
RR
E
Q
r
ed
u
nd
an
t
pa
c
k
ets
c
ou
l
d
be
o
v
erc
om
e
b
y
ap
pl
y
i
n
g
t
he
NCP
R
pro
toc
ol
.
B
as
e
d
o
n
t
he
s
el
f
-
pu
nn
i
n
g
s
c
he
m
e,
the
nu
m
be
r
of
r
ed
un
da
nt
RR
E
Q
m
es
s
ag
es
i
s
r
ed
uc
ed
r
el
y
i
n
g
on
al
l
th
e
no
de
s
i
n
th
e
ne
t
w
ork
.
B
as
i
c
a
l
l
y
,
du
e
t
o
m
ul
ti
p
l
e
v
ari
eti
es
i
n
no
d
e
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t,
th
i
s
nu
m
be
r
i
s
i
ns
uf
f
i
c
i
en
t
w
he
n
t
he
ne
t
w
ork
i
s
c
on
ge
s
t
ed
[
7].
3.
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
M
eth
o
d
A
MA
NE
T
s
c
on
s
i
s
t
of
s
o
m
e
m
ob
i
l
e
no
d
es
c
on
ne
c
te
d
b
y
a
s
et
of
l
i
nk
s
.
In
thi
s
s
c
he
m
e,
the
s
ou
r
c
e
c
om
m
un
i
c
ate
s
the
da
t
a
to
t
he
de
s
t
i
n
ati
on
t
hroug
h
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t
no
de
s
i
n
MA
N
E
T
s
. T
hi
s
r
ou
ti
n
g
pa
t
h
pro
v
i
de
s
be
tt
er
pa
c
k
et
de
l
i
v
er
y
i
n
th
e
ne
t
w
ork
s
.A
s
ou
r
c
e
w
a
nts
to
tr
an
s
m
i
t
the
da
ta
to
a
de
s
t
i
na
ti
o
n
i
t
f
i
r
s
t
c
he
c
k
s
the
r
ou
ti
n
g
ta
bl
e
.If
the
d
es
ti
na
ti
o
n
i
s
ob
tai
ne
d
i
n
t
h
e
r
ou
ti
ng
ta
bl
e,
the
s
o
urc
e
no
de
t
o
es
t
ab
l
i
s
h
the
da
t
a
tr
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
or
i
t
s
tarts
t
he
R
ou
t
e
Re
qu
es
t
(
RREQ)
t
o
di
s
c
ov
er
a
ne
w
r
ou
t
e
t
o
r
ea
c
h
t
he
de
s
ti
na
t
i
on
.
T
he
de
s
ti
n
ati
on
r
ec
ei
v
e
d
th
e
R
RE
Q
f
r
om
the
s
ou
r
c
e
v
i
a
i
nt
erm
ed
i
ate
ho
ps
the
n
th
e
d
es
ti
na
t
i
on
s
e
nd
s
th
e
Ro
ute
Re
pl
y
(
RR
E
P
)
thro
ug
h
th
e
s
ou
r
c
e.Ow
i
n
g
to
the
no
de
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
,
break
ag
e
of
the
l
i
n
k
m
a
y
aris
e,
a
l
s
o
the
no
de
tha
t
f
i
nd
s
s
uc
h
an
e
v
e
nt
i
s
s
ue
s
RE
R
R
m
e
s
s
ag
e
to
i
ts
ne
i
g
hb
ors
to
n
oti
c
e
th
i
s
break
ag
e.
In
C
P
IR,
t
he
i
nte
r
m
ed
i
at
e n
o
de
el
ec
ted
ba
s
ed
on
t
he
n
od
e
c
on
s
i
s
te
nc
y
a
nd
r
es
i
du
a
l
e
ne
r
g
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4
75
2
IJE
E
CS
V
ol
.
8
,
N
o.
3
,
Dec
em
be
r
2017
:
67
4
–
6
78
676
In
C
P
IR
an
a
l
y
z
es
the
no
de
i
n
t
he
ne
t
wor
k
us
i
ng
N
od
e
c
on
s
i
s
ten
c
y
m
ea
s
ure.
T
he
pe
r
i
o
d
of
ev
er
y
no
d
e
wi
th
i
n
c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
r
an
g
e
i
s
s
tored
i
n
a
r
ou
ti
ng
tab
l
e.
It
en
s
ures
the
no
d
e
s
tab
i
l
i
t
y
of
no
de
.
M
ea
n
d
urati
o
n
v
a
l
u
e
prov
i
d
es
the
av
erage
am
ou
nt
of
ti
m
e
tha
t
no
de
s
pe
nd
s
i
n
ou
r
r
an
ge
.
T
he
c
on
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
c
a
l
c
ul
a
ti
on
de
pe
n
ds
on
Rati
o
am
on
g
Me
an
p
erio
d
of
da
ta
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
r
ate
.
T
he
Nod
e C
on
s
i
s
te
nc
y
c
a
l
c
ul
at
i
o
n i
s
g
i
v
en
be
l
o
w
.
()
()
N
C
t
N
o
d
e
C
o
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
N
C
T
(
1)
If
the
no
d
e
c
on
s
i
s
te
nc
y
i
s
greate
r
t
ha
n
the
t
hres
ho
l
d
tha
t
no
d
e
i
s
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t.
T
he
thres
ho
l
d
v
a
l
ue
i
s
0.
7
T
he
Rou
te
s
ta
bi
l
i
t
y
i
s
c
al
c
u
l
ate
d
gi
v
e
n
be
l
o
w.
()
()
R
S
t
R
o
u
te
S
ta
b
ility
R
S
n
(
2)
W
h
ere,
()
R
S
t
P
erio
d o
f
no
de
a
v
a
i
l
ab
i
l
i
t
y
i
n c
om
m
un
i
c
ati
on
r
an
g
e
T
T
i
m
e Re
qu
es
t to
tra
ns
m
i
t th
e
da
ta
n
Num
be
r
of
no
de
s
i
n d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
i
on
path
F
i
g
ure
1
.
C
on
s
i
s
te
nc
y
b
as
e
d n
o
de
s
e
l
ec
ti
on
i
n
ne
t
wor
k
T
he
f
i
gu
r
e
1
i
n
di
c
at
e
th
at
the
f
i
r
s
t
p
ath
f
r
o
m
the
s
ou
r
c
e
to
the
de
s
t
i
n
ati
on
i
s
no
t
r
ea
c
ha
b
l
e
s
i
nc
e
t
he
no
de
i
s
i
nc
on
s
i
s
ten
t
an
d
th
i
s
no
d
e
ha
s
dropp
ed
a
l
l
pa
c
k
ets
.
B
ut
the
C
P
IR
,
tr
an
s
m
i
t
the
da
ta
throu
gh
t
he
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t
pa
th
.
A
s
a
r
es
ul
t,
the
s
ou
r
c
e
da
ta
r
ea
c
h
the
de
s
t
i
na
t
i
o
n
v
i
a c
on
s
i
s
te
nt
n
od
es
i
n
a n
et
w
ork
.
T
hrough
pu
t:
I
t
i
s
the
a
v
er
a
ge
of
s
uc
c
es
s
f
ul
m
es
s
ag
es
de
l
i
v
ere
d
to
th
e
de
s
t
i
na
t
i
on
.T
he
av
era
ge
t
hrou
gh
p
ut
i
s
c
al
c
ul
at
ed
us
i
ng
E
qu
at
i
o
n (6
).
0
(
)
*
1000
n
P
a
c
k
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
n
P
a
c
k
S
ize
T
h
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
6)
Un
c
o
n
sist
e
n
t
n
o
d
e
s
h
b
g
a
f
a
c
i
e
d
Sh
o
r
test
P
ath
C
o
n
s
is
te
n
t
P
ath
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJE
E
CS
IS
S
N:
2
50
2
-
4
75
2
S
i
mu
l
ati
on
A
n
al
y
s
i
s
fo
r
C
on
s
i
s
ten
t
P
ath
Id
e
nti
fi
c
at
i
o
n t
o
Refi
ne
…
(
G
V
e
nn
i
l
a
)
677
Res
i
du
al
E
n
ergy
:
T
he
am
ou
nt
of
en
erg
y
r
em
ai
ni
ng
i
n
a
no
de
at
the
c
urr
en
t
i
ns
ta
nc
e
of
ti
m
e
i
s
c
al
l
e
d
as
r
es
i
du
al
e
ne
r
g
y
.
A
m
ea
s
ure
of
the
r
es
i
du
al
en
erg
y
gi
v
es
th
e
r
ate
at
wh
i
c
h
the
n
et
w
ork
op
erat
i
o
ns
c
on
s
um
e e
ne
r
g
y
.
4.
Re
sult
s a
n
d
D
isc
u
s
sio
n
E
v
al
u
ati
on
of
th
e
pro
toc
o
l
s
NC
P
R
an
d
CP
IR
i
s
ac
hi
e
v
e
d
us
i
ng
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
s
i
n
the
ne
t
w
ork
s
i
m
ul
ato
r
.
S
uc
h
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
s
us
e
the
s
tan
da
r
d
pa
r
am
ete
r
s
i
nd
i
c
at
e
d
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1.
P
erf
or
m
an
c
e
ev
al
u
ati
on
of
the
NC
P
R,
C
P
IRpr
ot
oc
ol
s
are
prov
i
d
ed
b
y
es
ti
m
ati
ng
th
e
T
hrough
pu
t,
Res
i
du
a
l
E
ne
r
g
y
i
n t
he
ne
t
wor
k
.
T
ab
l
e 1
.
S
i
m
ul
at
i
on
P
ar
am
ete
r
s
of
CP
IR
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
lue
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
Ty
p
e
W
i
r
e
le
s
s
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
Ty
p
e
O
m
n
iA
n
t
e
n
n
a
M
A
C
t
y
p
e
8
0
2
.
1
1
S
i
m
u
la
t
ion
T
i
m
e
5
0
s
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
50
R
o
u
t
ing
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
N
C
P
R
,
C
P
I
R
Tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
ion
r
a
n
g
e
250m
Tr
a
f
f
i
c
mod
e
l
C
B
R
S
i
m
u
la
t
ion
A
r
e
a
7
0
0
x
7
0
0
M
o
b
il
it
y
M
o
d
e
l
R
a
n
d
o
m
w
a
y
p
o
int
F
i
g
ure
2
.
T
hrough
pu
t
F
i
gu
r
e
2
s
ho
w
s
th
e
pe
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
of
throug
hp
ut
of
CP
IR
a
nd
NC
P
R
protoc
o
l
s
.
T
he
throug
hp
u
t
of
NC
P
R
i
s
l
es
s
er
tha
n
th
e
C
P
IR.
It
r
ep
r
es
en
ts
th
e
i
nc
r
ea
s
e
i
n
ef
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
of
the
CP
IR
protoc
ol
i
n t
h
e n
e
t
w
ork
.
0
50
00
10
000
15
000
20
000
25
000
0
10
20
30
40
50
N
CPR
CPI
R
S
i
mula
ti
o
n
T
i
me
(
ms
)
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
b
p
s
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4
75
2
IJE
E
CS
V
ol
.
8
,
N
o.
3
,
Dec
em
be
r
2017
:
67
4
–
6
78
678
F
i
g
ure
3
.
R
es
i
du
al
E
n
erg
y
F
i
gu
r
e
3 s
ho
w
s
t
he
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
of
th
e res
i
d
ua
l
en
erg
y
of
th
e CP
IR a
nd
N
CP
R.
T
he
en
erg
y
c
on
s
um
pti
on
of
CP
IR
i
s
l
o
wer
th
an
NC
P
R, t
he
r
ef
ore, pr
op
os
ed
s
c
he
m
e i
nc
r
ea
s
e t
h
e n
et
wor
k
l
i
f
eti
m
e.
5.
Co
n
clus
ion
W
e
propos
e
a
ne
w
prot
oc
o
l
tha
t
al
l
o
w
s
f
or
the
es
tab
l
i
s
hm
en
t
of
a
s
tab
l
e
an
d
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t
pa
th
i
n
M
A
NE
T
s
.
In
CP
IR,
the
i
n
term
ed
i
ate
n
od
e
s
e
l
e
c
ted
ba
s
ed
o
n
the
no
d
e
c
on
s
i
s
ten
c
y
an
d
r
es
i
du
a
l
en
erg
y
to
i
m
prov
e
the
ne
t
wor
k
pe
r
f
or
m
an
c
e.
T
he
c
on
s
i
s
ten
t
p
at
h
s
el
ec
ti
on
en
h
an
c
es
the
ne
t
wor
k
l
i
f
eti
m
e
an
d
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
the
ne
t
w
ork
pe
r
form
an
c
e.
T
he
s
i
m
ul
ati
on
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
r
es
ul
ts
s
ho
w
th
at
C
P
IRr
ed
uc
e e
ne
r
g
y
c
on
s
um
pti
on
al
s
o
i
nc
r
ea
s
es
th
e t
hrou
gh
p
ut.
Ref
er
en
ce
s
[1]
Pa
d
m
a
v
a
t
h
y
N
&
Cha
tu
rv
e
d
i
SK.
Rel
i
a
b
i
l
i
ty
Ev
a
l
u
a
ti
o
n
o
f
M
o
b
i
l
e
Ad
Hoc
Net
w
o
rk
:
W
i
th
a
n
d
W
i
th
o
u
t
M
o
b
i
l
i
ty
Co
n
s
i
d
e
ra
t
i
o
n
s
.
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
Co
m
p
u
t
e
r Sc
i
e
n
c
e
.
2
0
1
5
;
46
:
1
1
2
6
-
1
1
3
9
.
[2]
So
n
T
T
,
L
e
M
i
n
h
H,
Se
x
to
n
G
,
As
l
a
m
N
&
G
h
a
s
s
e
m
l
o
o
y
Z.
Ba
y
e
s
i
a
n
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
m
o
b
i
l
i
t
y
p
r
e
d
i
c
ti
o
n
to
s
u
p
p
o
rt
Rou
ti
n
g
i
n
M
o
b
i
l
e
Ad
-
Hoc
Net
w
o
rk
s
.
In
2
0
1
3
I
EEE
2
4
th
In
te
r
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Sy
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
Pe
rs
o
n
a
l
I
n
d
o
o
r
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
l
e
R
a
d
i
o
Co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
(PI
M
RC
),
IEEE
.
2
0
1
3
:
3
1
8
6
-
3
1
9
0
)
[3]
Ku
o
W
K
&
Ch
u
SH.
En
e
rg
y
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
p
ti
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
fo
r
m
o
b
i
l
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
.
IEEE
Ac
c
e
s
s
.
2
0
1
6
;
4
:
928
-
9
4
0
.
[4]
Y
a
h
y
a
A.
En
e
rg
y
-
a
w
a
re
a
rc
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
re
fo
r
m
u
l
t
i
-
ra
t
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
.
Eg
y
p
ti
a
n
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
J
o
u
rn
a
l
.
2010
;
11
(
1
)
:
33
-
38.
[5]
T
a
n
,
Hw
e
e
X
i
a
n
,
a
n
d
W
S
e
a
h
.
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
n
t
ro
l
to
re
d
u
c
e
i
n
t
e
rfe
re
n
c
e
i
n
M
ANETs
.
In
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
Se
c
o
n
d
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
b
i
l
e
Com
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Ubi
q
u
i
to
u
s
Net
w
o
rk
i
n
g
.
2
0
0
5
.
[6]
As
G
e
rg
e
l
y
,
L
e
v
e
n
te
Bu
tt
y
a
n
,
a
n
d
I
s
tv
a
n
Va
j
d
a
.
Pro
v
a
b
l
y
s
e
c
u
re
o
n
-
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
u
rc
e
ro
u
t
i
n
g
i
n
m
o
b
i
l
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
.
IEEE
Tra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
o
b
i
l
e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
2
0
0
6
;
5
(
11
)
:
1
5
3
3
-
1
5
4
6
.
[7]
Aj
m
a
l
,
Al
i
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
E,
Sh
a
m
a
l
a
Su
b
r
a
m
a
n
i
a
m
,
Zu
r
i
a
ti
Ah
m
a
d
Zu
k
a
rn
a
i
n
,
a
n
d
Za
r
i
n
a
M
o
h
d
Han
a
p
i
.
Nei
g
h
b
o
r
-
Ba
s
e
d
Dy
n
a
m
i
c
Co
n
n
e
c
ti
v
i
ty
Fa
c
to
r
Ro
u
ti
n
g
Pro
to
c
o
l
fo
r
M
o
b
i
l
e
Ad
Hoc
N
e
t
w
o
rk
.
IEEE
Ac
c
e
s
s
.
2
0
1
6
;
4
:
8
0
5
3
-
8
0
6
4
.
[8]
Sh
a
n
th
i
HJ
a
n
d
A
n
i
ta
E
M.
Se
c
u
re
a
n
d
Eff
i
c
i
e
n
t
Di
s
ta
n
c
e
Eff
e
c
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
Al
g
o
r
i
th
m
f
o
r
M
o
b
i
l
i
ty
(SE_
DR
EA
M
) i
n
M
ANETs
.
In
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
3
r
d
I
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Sy
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
B
i
g
Da
t
a
a
n
d
Cl
o
u
d
Com
p
u
t
i
n
g
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
(I
SBC
C
–
16’)
,
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Pu
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
.
2016
:
6
5
-
80
.
[9]
Ve
n
n
i
l
a
G
,
Ari
v
a
z
h
a
g
a
n
D
&
M
a
n
i
c
k
a
s
a
n
k
a
ri
N.
Pre
v
e
n
ti
o
n
o
f
Co
-
o
p
e
ra
t
i
v
e
Bl
a
c
k
Hol
e
a
tt
a
c
k
i
n
M
a
n
e
t
o
n
DSR
p
ro
to
c
o
l
u
s
i
n
g
Cry
p
to
g
ra
p
h
i
c
Al
g
o
ri
th
m
.
In
te
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
ET)
.
2
0
1
4
;
6
(
5
)
:
2401.
[10]
Sh
a
n
th
i
HJ
&
An
i
ta
EM
.
Pe
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
b
l
a
c
k
h
o
l
e
a
tt
a
c
k
s
i
n
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
ro
u
ti
n
g
M
ANE
T
.
2014.
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1
2
3
4
5
6
N
CPR
CPI
R
S
i
mula
ti
o
n
T
i
me
Resi
d
u
a
l
En
e
r
g
y
(
j
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.