TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.4, April 201
4, pp. 2465 ~ 2
4
7
3
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomni
ka.v12i4.4794
2465
Re
cei
v
ed Au
gust 22, 20
13
; Revi
sed O
c
t
ober 1
6
, 201
3; Acce
pted
No
vem
ber 8,
2013
Hardwa
re-in-the-loop Simulation Platform of
Photovoltaic Grid-Connected System
Zhong Qing
1
, Yu Nanhua
1
, Wang Ku
n
2
, Feng Lin
2
*, Li Guojie
2
, Chen Ka
n
2
1
Electric Po
w
e
r Researc
h
Institute of Guang
don
g Po
w
e
r Grid Cor
porati
on
Guangz
ho
u, Chin
a
2
Ke
y
L
abor
ator
y of Co
ntrol of Po
w
e
r T
r
ansmi
ssion a
nd
T
r
ansformation, Mi
nistr
y
of Ed
uca
t
ion Sha
n
g
hai
Jiao T
ong Univ
ersit
y
, Sh
ang
h
a
i, Chi
n
a
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: fengli
n
@sjtu.
edu.cn
A
b
st
r
a
ct
The mode
lin
g
and si
mulati
on
of photovo
l
tai
c
pow
er gen
er
ation syste
m
h
a
s beco
m
e an
importa
nt
issue
in th
e fiel
d of pow
er
gen
eratio
n. Res
e
a
r
ch on th
e
ch
ar
acteristics of p
hotovo
l
taic (PV
)
grid-co
n
n
e
cte
d
system
by
har
dware-in-the-l
oop simulation
c
ould prov
ide
convenie
nt ex
perim
ent condition and
accur
a
t
e
result. T
h
is arti
cle des
ig
ns a p
hotovo
l
taic gr
id
-conn
ect
ed si
mulati
on p
l
atfor
m
for di
gita
l/ph
ysical hy
brid r
e
al-
time si
mulati
o
n
, in w
h
ich R
T
DS uses a d
i
gital-t
o
-a
n
a
lo
g
interface to communi
cate with external DSP
devic
es. Maxi
mu
m
pow
er po
int tracking (M
PPT) and gr
i
d
-
c
onn
ected co
n
t
rol of a 52
0k
Wp PV system are
perfor
m
e
d
o
n
the p
l
atfor
m
. A
nd the
feasi
b
il
ity and
effe
ctive
ness of
hybri
d
PV system
are
vali
date
d
by t
h
e
ana
lysis of har
dw
are-in-th
e
-lo
op resu
lt in RT
DS.
Ke
y
w
ords
: sol
a
r ener
gy, PV grid-co
n
n
e
cted
system, hardw
are-in-t
he-l
oop
simulati
on, RT
DS
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
In
a numb
e
r of
re
ne
wable
energy,
solar ener
gy ha
s b
een
una
nimo
usly favo
red
becau
se
of its uniqu
e
advantag
es.
Photov
oltaic
power g
ene
ration ha
s be
come
a deve
l
oping
ren
e
wable
energy devel
opment
strat
egy in Chi
n
a
[1]. Howe
ve
r, its po
wer
gene
ration
chara
c
te
risti
c
s are
different from
the conventi
onal one
s in l
a
rge o
u
tput p
o
we
r fluctuati
ons. Thu
s
th
e modelin
g and
simulatio
n
of
photovoltai
c
power g
ene
ration sy
st
em has be
come an
impo
rtant issue
in
th
e
field
of powe
r
gen
eration [2
-4].
Electrom
echa
nical tra
n
si
e
n
t or ele
c
tro
m
agnet
i
c
tra
n
sie
n
t digital
simulation
can o
n
ly
con
d
u
c
t the
simulatio
n
a
n
a
lysis fo
r a
specifi
c
sco
p
e
and
phe
no
menon.
Face
d with th
e ra
pid
developm
ent
of mod
e
rn
po
wer
system, i
t
’s often
difficult to d
e
scri
b
e
an
d a
nalyze a
num
ber
of
new
phe
nom
ena a
nd p
r
o
b
lems; Ad
ditional p
h
ysi
c
al
experim
ents can
accu
rat
e
ly simulate
the
actual
situati
on, but the
r
e are some
inade
quat
e
factors
su
ch as hug
e i
n
vestment i
n
the
con
s
tru
c
tion,
difficulty in para
m
eter
ch
angin
g
an
d
size limitatio
n of sim
u
lation. To a
ce
rtain
extent, digital and phy
sical
hybrid
simul
a
tion technol
ogy ca
n ma
ke up for th
e l
a
ck of the
s
e
two
method
s, whi
c
h b
r
oad
en
s the scope of
the digi
tal si
mulation tech
nology of po
wer
system,
and
become
s
one
of the hot and cutting-edg
e issue
s
in the field [5].
Curre
n
tly, digital and p
h
ysical mixe
d real
-time
simulatio
n
te
chn
o
logy is mainly
con
c
e
n
trated
on the hi
gh
-voltage tran
smissi
on,
ch
a
r
acteri
stics
of power el
ect
r
o
n
ic d
e
vice, a
nd
rene
wa
ble e
n
e
rgy g
ene
rati
on issu
es.
O
n
the a
s
p
e
ct
of AC an
d
DC hig
h
-voltag
e
tran
smi
ssi
o
n
,
Literatu
re [6]
ba
sed
on t
he p
o
we
r
co
nne
ction te
chnolo
g
y ha
s built an
an
alog-digital
mixed
simulatio
n
pl
atform, whi
c
h
is suitable f
o
r AC and
DC larg
e grid
simulatio
n
. It has achieve
d
a
digital an
d ph
ysical
hybrid
simulatio
n
be
tween
HV
DC
equipm
ent an
d digital la
rg
e
grid; Lite
ratu
re
[7] use
s
Hyp
e
rsi
m
, an
all-digital real-ti
m
e si
mula
tio
n
software, to
implem
ent th
e interco
nne
ction
of all-digital si
mulation p
r
og
ram with
DC
physi
ca
l sim
u
lation device
and control p
r
otection d
e
vice
via the sig
nal
interfa
c
e a
n
d
po
we
r interface, wh
ich i
s
ba
se
d on
SGI sup
e
rcom
puter to
achi
eve
large
-
scale
AC an
d
DC po
wer g
r
id
real
-time
hybrid
sim
u
lation. On
the
asp
e
ct
s of
p
o
we
r
electroni
c d
e
vice chara
c
teri
st
ics, Literatu
re [8] carrie
s out
a detailed
analysi
s
of the
cha
r
a
c
t
e
ri
st
ic
s of
t
h
e f
e
e
d
bac
k
cu
rrent filter
in powe
r
ele
c
tr
oni
c
systems thro
u
gh h
a
rd
wa
re
-in
-
the-loo
p
sim
u
lation. Con
s
id
ering
ren
e
wa
ble ene
rgy g
eneration, Literatu
re [9] de
sign
s a do
ubl
y-
fed win
d
turb
ine si
mulatio
n
syste
m
ba
sed
on
RT
DS and p
r
e
s
e
n
ts the
devel
opment
detai
ls of
digital/physi
cal si
mulation
syste
m
a
n
d
the
conve
r
t
e
r
co
ntrol
sy
stem. Lite
rat
u
re
[10] a
n
d
[11]
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046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2465 – 2
473
2466
build a sim
u
l
a
tion model o
f
photovoltaic simulato
r, an
d carry out m
odelin
g and e
x
perime
n
ting
o
f
hard
w
a
r
e
-
in-t
he-lo
op mo
d
e
l and spee
d cont
rol m
odel u
s
ing
RT-LAB real
-time simul
a
tion
platform; Lite
rature [12] b
u
ilds hyb
r
id
experim
ent
al
platform for t
he feature test of PV pan
els,
and cali
brate
s
the results
with com
b
ina
t
ion of
RT-L
AB and MATLAB/Simulink; Literature [13]
studie
s
th
e lo
w voltag
e ri
d
e
thro
ugh
of
PV system
b
a
se
d o
n
RTDS platform, b
u
t doe
s
not a
pply
the hard
w
a
r
e
-
in-th
e
-lo
op h
y
brid sim
u
lati
on method
s.
This arti
cle d
e
sig
n
s
a phot
ovoltaic grid
-con
ne
cted si
mulation platform
fo
r
di
gital
/
physical
hybrid
real
-ti
m
e sim
u
latio
n
, in which
RTDS
us
es
a digital
-
to-a
nalog i
n
terfa
c
e to
co
mmu
nicate
with extern
al
DSP device
s
. Maximum
power p
o
int tracking
and
grid-co
nne
ct
ed co
ntrol of
a
520
kWp PV system a
r
e
perfo
rmed o
n
the platfo
rm. And the feasi
b
ility and
effectiveness of
hybrid PV system are valid
ated by the analysi
s
of hardwa
r
e
-
in-th
e
-l
oop re
sult in
RTDS.
2. PV Grid-Connec
t
ed Sy
stem Mod
e
ling
The
stru
cture
of grid
-con
n
e
cted PV
system is
sho
w
n
in Figu
re
1.
The PV a
rray
conve
r
ts
light energy into electri
c
al
ener
gy and
the photovoltaic inverte
r
converts
DC i
n
to AC for line
con
n
e
c
tion. The techni
cal
difficulty of th
e entir
e syste
m
lies in the hi
gh dem
and
of output power
quality. The frequ
en
cy, harmoni
cs, stab
ility paramet
e
r
s all ne
ed to
meet the sta
ndards of g
r
i
d
-
con
n
e
c
ted di
stribute
d
po
wer gen
eration
[14].
Figure 1. PV
Grid
-conn
ect
ed Powe
r Ge
neratio
n System
2.1. PV Cell
Modeling
The equivale
nt
ci
rcuit
of photovoltai
c
cell
i
s
sh
own in
Figu
re
2, whi
c
h
con
s
ist
s
of
controllabl
e current so
urce
, diode, parall
e
l resi
sto
r
an
d seri
es
re
sistor [15].
Figure 2. Equivalent Circuit
of PV Battery
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Hardware-in
-
t
he-lo
op Sim
u
lation Platform
of
P
hotovol
taic Gri
d
-Con
necte
d Syste
m
(Zhong Qin
g
)
2467
The output
current of the photovoltai
c
cell c
an be d
e
scrib
ed a
s
a
function of the output
voltage:
()
{e
xp
[
]
1
}
s
s
ph
d
p
qV
R
I
V
R
I
II
I
Ak
T
R
(1)
Whe
r
e,
V
an
d
I
are the
solar
battery
o
u
tput voltage
and
current,
I
ph
is the sh
ort ci
rcuit
curre
n
t dete
r
mined by li
gh
t intensity,
I
d
is the
cu
rre
nt flowing th
ro
u
gh the di
ode,
R
s
a
nd
R
p
are
actual se
rie
s
and sh
unt
i
m
peda
nce,
q
is the
ele
c
tron cha
r
ge,
k
is Boltzman
n co
nsta
nt,
T
is
temperature,
A
is the diode
ideality factor.
In pra
c
tical a
pplication
s
, PV array is co
mposed
of se
ries an
d p
a
rallel PV mod
u
l
e
s,
while
PV module i
s
co
mpo
s
e
d
of seri
es a
n
d
parallel PV
cell
s. The ou
tput cha
r
a
c
te
ristics of a PV
array, which
con
s
i
s
ts of
N
sM
*N
pM
(where
N
sM
,
N
pM
, are
respe
c
tively PV module
s
numbe
r in
series
and pa
rallel
)
PV modules
are:
ps
c
ps
c
ex
p
[
ex
p
1
]
MM
MM
As
A
A
oc
M
ss
s
M
I
IN
I
qV
R
N
I
qV
Nk
T
A
k
T
N
N
(2)
Whe
r
e,
I
scM
a
nd
V
ocM
are resp
ectively o
pen-ci
rcuit vo
ltage a
nd
sho
r
t-ci
rcuit curre
n
t of PV
array
,
R
SA
is the equivale
n
t
impedan
ce
of the PV array.
2.2. DC-DC Modeling
In ord
e
r to i
m
prove
the
e
fficiency
of PV system, P
V
cell
s often
req
u
ire for
maximum
power p
o
int trackin
g
control. DC
-DC
co
nverter
adju
s
ts an
d co
ntrol
s
the PV cell
s to wo
rk at the
maximum po
wer p
o
int by cha
ngin
g
the duty cycle
of the powe
r
switch. The essence of MPPT is
a
dynamic se
lf-optimizatio
n
pro
c
e
ss, which cal
c
ul
ate
s
the present
output powe
r
via detectio
n
o
f
the PV array output voltage and curre
n
t. Then com
pare
s
the out
put powe
r
wi
th previou
s
one
and keep
s PV array
s
dynamically op
erati
ng at maximum po
wer p
o
int [16, 17].
The m
e
thod
of MPPT u
s
e
d
in thi
s
hyb
r
i
d
si
m
u
lation
system i
s
i
n
cremental
co
nd
uctan
c
e
method. The
cal
c
ulatio
n proce
s
s is sho
w
n in Figu
re
3.
()
(
)
0
?
Vt
Vt
t
()
,
(
)
R
EA
DV
t
I
t
()
(
)
()
(
)
I
tI
t
t
K
Vt
Vt
t
()
?
()
I
t
K
Vt
()
?
()
I
t
K
Vt
REF
R
E
F
VV
d
V
REF
R
E
F
VV
d
V
()
(
)
0
?
It
It
t
()
(
)
0
?
It
It
t
REF
R
E
F
VV
d
V
REF
R
E
F
VV
d
V
Figure 3. Flow Ch
art of the Incre
m
ental
Cond
ucta
nce Algorithm
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TELKOM
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KA
Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2465 – 2
473
2468
2.3. DC-AC Modeling
Literatu
re [18
]
propo
se
s a method of co
nne
cti
ng phot
ovoltaic sy
ste
m
with the gri
d
usin
g
PQ co
ntrol
m
e
thod. After t
he inve
rter i
s
con
n
e
c
t
ed t
o
the g
r
id, th
e output volt
age of i
n
vert
er i
s
equal to the
grid voltage
, thus decou
pling cont
rol
of the active and rea
c
tive power can
be
achi
eved by the inverte
r
ou
tput current.
The ci
rcuit structure of the three p
h
a
s
e in
verter is
sho
w
n in Figu
re
4.
dc
V
a
V
b
V
c
V
f
L
f
R
f
C
,
ii
UI
,
Li
C
i
UI
Figure 4. Circuit Structure of Three
-
ph
a
s
e Inverte
r
Curre
n
t state
equatio
ns
ca
n be liste
d as follows
whil
e
the indu
ctor
curre
n
ts a
r
e t
a
ke
n as
state variabl
e
s
:
i
fi
L
i
di
Lu
u
dt
(3)
Conve
r
t
the Equation (3) with
pa
rk
t
r
a
n
sf
ormation, and we can get
the
curre
n
t
state
equatio
ns in
dq
rotating
c
o
ordinate s
y
s
t
em:
d
fd
L
d
f
q
q
fq
L
q
f
d
dI
L=
U
-
U
+
ω
LI
dt
dI
L=
U
-
U
-
ω
LI
dt
(4)
Mean
while, i
n
the
dq
ro
tating co
ordi
nate sy
stem,
active a
n
d
rea
c
tive po
wer are
respec
tively as
follows
:
dd
q
q
dq
q
d
33
P=
U
I
+
U
I
22
33
Q=
-
U
I
+
U
I
22
(5)
As in the
synchrono
us
rotating coord
i
nate sy
stem
U
q
= 0, th
e formula
of powe
r
cal
c
ulation si
mplifies to:
dd
dq
3
P=
U
I
2
3
Q=
-
U
I
2
(6)
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TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Hardware-in
-
t
he-lo
op Sim
u
lation Platform
of
P
hotovol
taic Gri
d
-Con
necte
d Syste
m
(Zhong Qin
g
)
2469
If the grid voltage
U
d
is kept co
nsta
nt, the active power of grid si
de inv
e
rter i
s
prop
ortio
nal to the
d
-axi
s curre
n
t, and the re
active p
o
we
r is p
r
op
ortional to th
e
q
-ax
i
s cu
rr
ent
,
whi
c
h mea
n
s, active and reactive po
we
r ca
n be sep
a
rately contro
lled by adju
s
ting the
d
- a
n
d
q
-
axis cu
rrent [19].
This pa
per u
s
es dou
ble cl
o
s
ed loo
p
co
ntrol strate
gy. The outer loo
p
controls the
DC bu
s
voltage, an
d
the inn
e
r l
o
o
p
control
s
i
n
tegratio
n
cu
rrent. The
sch
e
matic
diag
ram is sho
w
n
in
Figure 5.
3. Ov
erall D
esign of
Dig
i
tal/Ph
y
s
i
cal H
y
brid
Simulation fo
r Photov
oltaic Grid-Conne
c
t
ed
Sy
stem base
d on RTDS
The a
r
chitect
u
re of di
gital
and p
h
ysical
hybr
id
simula
tion system
e
s
tabli
s
he
d on
RTDS
platform is
sh
own in Fi
gure 6. The pa
rameters of PV grid-co
nne
cted sy
stem
are
set ba
se
d on
the actual PV
inverter sy
stem.
ab
c
g
i
ab
c
s
u
dc
u
ag
u
bg
u
dg
u
qg
u
s
dq
A
BC
dg
i
qg
i
g
Q
*
g
Q
*
dc
u
s
gq
g
s
Li
u
s
gd
g
Li
*
dg
i
*
qg
i
cg
u
ABC
dq
g
L
s
Figure 5. Sch
e
matic Di
ag
ram of a Thre
e-ph
ase Inverter
Figure 6. Fra
m
ewo
r
k of Hard
wa
re-i
n-lo
op Simulation
System
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ISSN: 23
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046
TELKOM
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Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2465 – 2
473
2470
MPPT part
adopt
s in
cre
m
ental
con
d
u
ctan
ce
met
hod, an
d g
r
i
d
-conn
ecte
d
strate
g
y
adopt
s do
ubl
e clo
s
e
d
loo
p
dire
ct curren
t control me
t
hod.
System control strate
gies are
reali
z
ed
by DSP control pan
el whi
c
h is the ph
ysical
sy
stem
. The physical system re
quire
s two DSP
chip
s: DSP1,
part of the boo
st cho
p
p
e
r, achi
eve
s
MPPT algorit
hm, DSP2 a
c
hieve
s
do
ub
le
clo
s
ed lo
op control alg
o
rit
h
m of grid
-co
nne
ct
ion. Th
e comm
uni
ca
tion betwe
en
RTDS an
d two
DSPs, n
a
mel
y
, the sign
al
transmissio
n
betwe
en the
digital an
d p
h
ysical
syste
m
, is the
n
b
u
ilt.
The current
and voltag
e
of PV array,
the DC bu
s voltage, the
grid
-conn
ect
ed voltage
a
n
d
curre
n
t, and
the frequ
en
cy and pha
se
of grid in RT
DS digital sy
stem are tra
n
smitted to
DSP
panel
s fo
r th
e correlatio
n
cal
c
ulatio
n. Afterwa
r
d
s
, DSP1, whi
c
h
charg
e
s the
M
PPT algo
rith
m,
sen
d
s the co
ntrol sig
nal to boost ch
opp
er ci
rcuit in
th
e digital syst
em to drive the power swi
t
ch.
DSP2, which
is
re
spo
n
si
bl
e for th
e g
r
id
-co
nne
cted
d
ouble
cl
ose
d
loop
algo
rith
m, sen
d
s con
t
rol
sign
als to th
e
inverter
ci
rcu
i
t to drive the
power
swit
ch
es. Fin
a
lly, RTDS an
d the
two DSP p
a
n
e
ls
are li
nked to
gether an
d th
e digital/p
h
ysical
hybrid
re
al-time
simul
a
tion pl
atform for
photov
oltaic
sy
st
em i
s
co
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
ed.
4. Resou
r
ce
Allocation o
f
Photov
oltaic Grid-co
n
n
ecte
d
H
y
brid Sy
stem
The hybri
d
si
mulation of th
e built PV grid
-conn
ecte
d system n
eed
s RT
DS and t
w
o DSP
chip
s ru
nning
together. PV system simu
lated on
RT
DS platform
requi
re
s thre
e GPC ca
rd
s to
accompli
sh real time simu
lation. The re
sou
r
ce
allo
ca
tion is sho
w
n
in Figure 7. GPC1 cond
u
c
ts
netwo
rk
com
puting of the
small
step vo
ltage so
urce
device. GP
C2A
con
d
u
c
ts
the cal
c
ulatio
n of
the co
ntrol
section. GP
C2B cal
c
ulate
s
the ov
e
r
all
netwo
rk po
wer flo
w
. GP
C3
con
d
u
c
ts the
cal
c
ulatio
n of PV panels a
n
d
power supp
ly.
Figure 7. Pro
c
e
s
sor Assig
n
ment Map of
Hybrid PV System
In the hybrid
simulatio
n
sy
stem, co
mmu
ni
catio
n
between
RTDS di
gital system
and th
e
physi
cal sy
stem, con
s
i
s
ting of two DSPs, is a very
importa
nt part
,
which u
s
e
s
digital input card
(GT
D
I) an
d a
nalog o
u
tput card (G
TAO)
in RTDS
real
-time emulator.
GTDI
ca
rd i
s
digital inp
u
t card i
n
RTDS,
whi
c
h
req
u
ires 2
4
V po
we
r supply a
nd
provide
s
64 i
s
olated
d
i
gital input
ch
annel
s. It’s a
b
le to
re
cog
n
i
ze P
W
M
sig
nal with
maxi
mum
swit
chi
ng
freque
ncy
of
15
kHz. T
w
o
DSP b
oards in the
hybr
i
d
system
u
s
e
s
GT
DI ca
rd
to send
ba
ck
7
cha
nnel
s of P
W
M
sign
als, i
n
clu
d
ing
a d
r
i
v
e sig
nal fo
r I
G
BT in
boo
st
circuit
and
si
x drive
sign
al
s
for grid
-conn
ected inve
rter circuit.
GTAO card i
s
an
alog o
u
tp
ut card in RT
DS, whi
c
h re
quire
s 2
4
V p
o
we
r supply,
provide
s
16-bit accu
ra
cy
D/A conve
r
ter
a
nd
i
s
ca
pable of
outp
u
t 12
cha
nne
ls of
+/-10V
analo
g
si
gnal
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Hardware-in
-
t
he-lo
op Sim
u
lation Platform
of
P
hotovol
taic Gri
d
-Con
necte
d Syste
m
(Zhong Qin
g
)
2471
Output
chan
nels
use an
oversampli
ng meth
od
with the
period of 1µ
s
to ensure th
e
synchro
n
ization. The G
T
AO ca
rd
s send
analog
outpu
t to the AD sampling
port
of the DSP card
,
and then the
AD module
conve
r
ts the
analo
g
to di
gital for sub
s
e
quent calcul
a
t
ions of DSP.
GTAO card
s’
analo
g
output
rang
e is 0
-
1
0
V, while the
DSP cont
rol
board’s A
D
sampling
ran
g
e
is
0-3V. So, the GTAO cards’ output rang
e need
s
to be adjuste
d, which
shoul
d u
s
e AD sampli
ng
as
mu
ch
as
possibl
e
with
out exceedi
n
g
the
sco
pe.
GTAO
card’s
setting
pa
rts in
RSCA
D
are
sho
w
n
in Fi
g
u
re
8. Th
e
si
gnal
s p
r
o
c
e
s
sed
by the
G
T
AO card
co
mpri
se th
e g
r
id si
de
and
solar
side,
whe
r
ein
the grid
sid
e
need
s outp
u
t
signal
s of th
ree p
h
a
s
e vo
ltages,
curre
n
t
s and
DC bu
s
voltage with
a total numb
e
r of seven chann
els in
G
T
AO ca
rd. Solar p
anel
sid
e
need
s o
u
tp
ut of
DC voltage
a
nd
current
wit
h
a total
num
ber
of two
ch
annel
s o
c
cup
ancy in
GTA
O
card. In
total,
the physi
cal system req
u
ire
s
nine G
T
AO cha
nnel
s an
d
seven GT
DI cha
nnel
s.
Figure 8. Setup of GTAO Card in RT
DS
Provide a
sta
t
ement that what
i
s
expe
cted, a
s
stat
ed in t
he
"Int
rodu
ction" ch
apter can
ultimately result in "Results and
Discu
s
sion"
chapt
e
r
, so there i
s
comp
atibility.
More
over, it ca
n
also
be
ad
de
d the
prospe
ct of
the
devel
opment
of re
sea
r
ch
re
sult
s a
nd
appli
c
a
t
ion p
r
o
s
pe
cts of
further
studie
s
into the nex
t (base
d
on result an
d discussion
)
.
5. Simulation Resul
t
s
Eventually, a digital/physi
cal ha
rd
ware
-in-th
e-lo
op simulation plat
form for phot
ovoltaic
grid
-conn
ecte
d sy
stem i
s
built to
veri
fy the
contro
l strategy a
n
d
real-time
simulation. T
h
e
cap
a
city
of m
odel
i
s
520
kWp and
the swit
chin
g
fre
quen
cy i
s
2.5
k
Hz. T
he
sp
e
c
ific
pa
ramet
e
rs
and the main
results a
r
e sh
own in Ta
ble
1.
Tra
cki
ng
effect of MPPT
can b
e
see
n
from Fi
g
u
r
e
9.
Whe
n
simul
a
t
i
on st
art
s
,
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m
works at the pre
s
et duty cycle situatio
n
,
whic
h o
u
tpu
t
s voltage of 240V. MPPT starts
wo
rki
n
g
arou
nd
3.38
s, and
after ab
out 0.30
s, th
e op
er
ating v
o
ltage
of PV
panel
go
es st
eady. At 3.68
s,
the PV pan
e
l
ope
rating v
o
ltage
stabili
ze
s at
m
a
ximum p
o
we
r
point voltage
of 750V. T
h
e
fluctuation of
output voltag
e is 5V,
which is 0.67% of the MPP voltage.
Figure 1
0
an
d Figu
re
11
sho
w
th
e g
r
i
d
-conn
ecte
d
voltage a
nd
curre
n
t. PV system
s
eventually merge into
690
V three-pha
se AC po
wer
grid. The
cu
rrent wavefo
rm
in Figure
11
is
clo
s
e to sin
u
soidal waveform and the THD value is 2.0
7
%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 4, April 2014: 2465 – 2
4
73
2472
Figure 12 sh
ows the cu
rve of t
he active and re
activ
e
power, and
the ordinate
units are
2MW and 2M
Var.
The
average real po
wer
i
s
stabiliz
e
d
at ab
out 0.
25 * 2
M
W =
0.5MW,
while
the
averag
e re
active powe
r
is st
ablized at
about 0.04
5
* 2MVar
=
0.
09MVar. T
h
e
whole
syste
m
efficien
cy is 5
00kW/52
0kWp = 96.15%.
Table 1. Simulation Results of Hybrid P
V
System
PV Panels Secti
o
n
Solar Panel Cap
a
city
520kWp
MPPT Voltage
750V
DC/DC Boo
s
t
S
ectio
n
Sw
itch F
r
equenc
y
2.5kHz
Inductance para
m
eter
10mH
MPPT Tracking
Time
0.30s
MPPT
T
r
acking
Results
At the MPP the voltage fluctuation is
around 5V,
which is 0.67% of
the MPPT voltag
e
DC/
A
C
Con
v
e
r
ter Grid
-Co
nnec
t
ed Secti
o
n
DC Bus Capacito
r
22000uF
DC Bus Voltage
1200V
Sw
itching Frequ
enc
y
3kHz
Grid-Connected Control
Strat
e
g
y
T
w
o-level PQ d
e
c
oupled control w
i
th do
uble loop,
SVPWM Modulation
Grid Co
nnected
Parameter
Grid connection
current is cl
ose to sinusoidal w
a
veform.
THD value is 2.0
%.
Overall Efficiency
Grid transmissio
n
po
w
e
r is 500k
W;
PV panels capacity
is 520kWp;
PV sy
stem ove
r
a
ll efficiency
is 96.
15%.
Figure 9. Voltage of PV Array when MP
PT
Starts
Figure 10. Gri
d
-conn
ect Vol
t
age of Hybri
d
PV
Sys
t
em
Figure 11. Gri
d
-conn
ect Cu
rre
nt of Hybri
d
PV
Sys
t
em
Figure 12. Active Power and Reac
tive Power
of Hybrid System
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Hardware-in
-
t
he-lo
op Sim
u
lation Platform
of
P
hotovol
taic Gri
d
-Con
necte
d Syste
m
(Zhong Qin
g
)
2473
6. Conclusio
n
A digital/physical hyb
r
id si
mulation pl
atform i
s
de
sign
ed in this
pa
per, which is
cap
able
of pe
rformin
g
the h
a
rdwa
re-in
-
the-l
oop
simulatio
n
fo
r PV gri
d
-con
necte
d
syste
m
with
maxi
mum
power tra
cki
n
g
an
d
grid
int
egratio
n
co
ntrol. Th
e
hy
bri
d
si
mulatio
n
platform i
n
teg
r
ates di
gital a
nd
physi
cal a
d
vantage
s, whi
c
h
can
provi
de a
c
curate
simulatio
n
re
sults fo
r the
study of PV grid
-
con
n
e
c
ted sy
stem. Also, it provide
s
a new and e
ffe
ctive test and analysi
s
met
hod for issue
s
in
PV grid-co
n
n
e
cted
sy
ste
m
as multi-station agg
re
g
a
tion, pe
rformance u
nde
r partial
shad
ed
con
d
ition
s
an
d low voltage
ride throug
h, etc.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
This work wa
s su
ppo
rted b
y
the National
High Te
chn
o
l
ogy Re
sea
r
ch and Develo
pment
Program of China (G
ra
nt No. 2012AA05
0212
).
Referen
ces
[1]
GUO
T
i
an
yon
g
,
Z
H
AO Gengshen, Z
H
AO Ya
o. Mode
lin
g a
n
d
simul
a
tio
n
of
microgri
d
s
y
ste
m
base
d
on
w
i
nd-s
o
l
a
r h
y
br
id.
Pow
e
r System Prot
ection
and C
ontrol
. 2
010; 38(
21): 10
4-10
8.
[2]
Doa
a
M Atia. Modeli
ng a
n
d
Contro
l PV-W
i
nd H
y
bri
d
S
y
stem Bas
e
d
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u
zzy
L
ogic Co
ntro
l
T
e
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E
LKOMNIKA Indon
esia
n Jour
nal of
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al
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eeri
n
g
o
l
.
2012; 1
0
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31-4
41.
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T
A
O Qiong,
W
U
Z
a
iju
n, C
H
ENG Junz
ha
o. M
ode
li
ng
and
Simu
latio
n
of Micr
ogri
d
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ntai
nin
g
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l
taic Ar
ra
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u
e
l
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e
ll.
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LI Jin, XU Ho
ngh
ua, Z
H
AO Hai
x
i
a
n
g
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y
n
a
mi
c Mode
lin
g
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a
tio
n
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ected PV
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w
e
r Station.
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a
tion of Electric Power System
s
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08
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.
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ng-j
un,
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LIA
N
G Xu. Overvi
e
w
o
n
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o
w
e
r
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y
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Dig
ital
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y
bri
d
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u
la
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. 200
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43.
[6]
Z
hou Ju
n, Guo Ji
anb
o, H
u
T
ao, etc.
Dig
ita
l
/Ana
lo
g
D
y
namic S
i
mulati
on for
±50
0
kV HVD
C
T
r
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y
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r
ans
actions of Ch
in
a Electrotech
n
i
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al Soci
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21-
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Z
H
OU Jun, GUO Jianb
o, Z
HU Yi
yi
ng. Dig
ital-a
nal
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y
b
r
id rea
l
-time si
mulati
on s
y
ste
m
of UHVDC
and U
H
VAC p
o
w
e
r gri
d
.
Elec
tric Pow
e
r Automati
on Eq
ui
pment
. 201
1; 31(9
)
: 18-22.
[8]
Georg La
uss,
F
e
lix
Lehf
ul,
Ale
x
an
der Vi
eh
w
e
id
er.
Po
w
e
r hardw
are
in the lo
op
simulati
on w
i
th
feedb
ack curre
nt filtering for
electric syste
m
s
.
37
th Annual
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ence
on
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n
ic
s
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y, Molb
o
u
rne, Austral
i
a.
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725-
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30.
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i, LI
W
anjie. A
n
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l
ys
is an
d D
e
sig
n
of
Dig
ital/Ph
y
s
i
cal H
y
b
r
id
Sim
u
lati
on Sc
hem
e for D
oub
l
y
-
fed Inductio
n
Generator W
i
n
d
T
u
rb
ine and
Its Converter Control.
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a
tion of Electric Power
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s
. 20
11
; 35(1): 83-86.
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Z
H
ENG Hel
i
n
g
. RT
-LAB Ba
sed R
e
a
l
-time
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a
tio
n
of
Photov
oltaic
Po
w
e
r G
ener
a
t
ion S
y
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hesis. Beiji
ng: Beij
in
g Jiao T
ong Un
iversit
y
. 2
0
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.
[11]
Octavian
Craci
un,
Adr
i
an
F
l
o
r
escu, Se
ddik
Bacha,
etc.
Ha
rd
wa
re
i
n
the l
o
op
te
stin
g of PV co
n
t
rol
system
s
using RT-LAB
sim
u
lator
.
14
th
Internati
o
n
a
l
Po
w
e
r El
ectronics
an
d
motion
contro
l
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ence(P
E
MC), IEEE,
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0: 1121-1126.
[12]
Jee-H
oon
Ju
n
g
, M
y
on
g-H
y
o
R
y
u, J
o
n
g
-H
yun K
i
m, etc.
Pow
e
r har
dw
a
r
e i
n
th
e l
o
o
p
si
mul
a
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