Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of
El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
03
9
~
1
047
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1
03
9
-
1047
1039
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Develop
ment of
real tim
e
intern
et of thi
ng
s (
I
o
T
)
b
ased ai
r
qu
ality monito
rin
g syste
m
Huz
ei
n Fa
hmi
Ha
w
ari,
Aide
ed Ahma
d Z
aina
l,
M
ohamm
ad
R
ad
z
i Ah
mad
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Ele
ct
roni
c
Eng
ineer
ing,
Univ
ersit
i
T
eknol
ogi
PETR
ON
AS
,
Malay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
1,
2018
Re
vised Dec
1
0,
2018
Accepte
d Dec
25, 201
8
The
at
m
ospheric
ai
r
pol
lut
ion
is
a
m
aj
or
con
ce
rn
in
m
oder
n
ci
t
ie
s,
espe
ci
a
l
l
y
in
d
eve
lop
ing
c
ountri
es
li
k
e
M
al
a
y
si
a.
In
thi
s
pape
r,
we
h
ave
rep
orte
d
an
eff
ective
impl
e
m
ent
at
ion
for
In
te
rne
t
of
Th
ings
used
for
m
onit
or
ing
th
e
le
v
el
of
ai
r
pol
lut
ion
base
d
on
Malays
ia
Air
Pollut
ion
Inde
x
(AP
I).
T
he
low
-
cos
t
and
r
eal
ti
m
e
s
y
stem
would
b
e
a
ble
to
m
onit
or
r
egul
ar
ai
r
qua
li
t
y
pol
lut
an
ts
inc
ludi
ng
Pa
rtic
ula
t
e
Matter
(PM
)
of
PM
2.
5,
PM
10
and
Carbo
n
Monoxide
(CO)
gas
as
wel
l
as
the
t
empera
t
ure
s
and
hum
idit
y
of
the
surrou
ndings.
Th
e
s
y
stem
has
ca
pa
bil
ity
to
d
etec
t
Good,
Modera
t
e
,
Unhea
lt
h
y
,
Ver
y
Unh
ea
l
t
h
y
and Haz
ard
ous
AP
I s
ta
tus. Bas
e
d
on
5
w
ee
ks
of
expe
riment
al
AP
I m
onit
oring
result
on
spec
ifi
e
d
te
st
locat
ion,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
was
ab
l
e
to
demons
tra
t
e
prom
ising
result
s
in
prov
iding
a
r
el
i
abl
e
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
m
onit
oring
of
the
ai
r
qu
a
li
t
y
cond
it
io
n
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Air
poll
ution i
nd
e
x
Air q
ualit
y
m
on
it
or
i
ng
Gas
se
nsor
In
te
r
net
of thin
gs
Partic
ulate
m
atter
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Hu
zei
n
Fa
hm
i
Haw
a
ri
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nic
Eng
ineerin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i
PETR
O
NAS
31750 Tr
onoh,
Per
a
k, Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: hu
zei
nfahm
i.haw
ari@
utp
.e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ma
la
ysi
a
is
one
of
the
c
ountr
ie
s
that
ha
ve
be
en
se
ver
el
y
af
fected
by
haze
for
the
past
10
ye
ars
.
T
he
nu
m
ber
of
ac
ut
e
res
pirat
or
y
di
sease
cases
is
s
pik
in
g
ap
pro
xi
m
at
ely
60%
be
cause
of
haze
[
1]
.
S
ocial
a
wareness
towa
rd
s
the
sur
rou
nd
i
ng
ai
r
qual
it
y
has
inc
re
ased
t
he
dem
a
nd
f
or
real
ti
m
e
ai
r
qu
al
it
y
in
form
ation
.
Acc
ordin
g
to
T
he
Sta
r
on
Septem
ber
16
th
,
2015,
Ma
la
ysi
ans
com
plaint
on
ve
ry
s
hort
noti
ce
of
s
c
hool
cl
osi
ng
due
t
o
unhealt
hy
AP
I
le
vel
w
hich
m
ai
nly
caused
by
haze
[1]
.
Current
AP
I
s
yst
e
m
st
il
l
us
i
ng
t
he
sam
e
a
s
the
on
e
est
ablished
i
n
1993.
Ba
se
d
on
Ma
la
ysi
a
Dep
artm
ent
of
E
nvir
on
m
ent,
the
data
proces
se
d
bas
ed
on
ave
rag
i
ng
tim
e
of
24
ho
urs
[
2]
. H
ence
,
t
he
c
urren
t
m
eth
od
is no
t
acc
urat
e
to
re
prese
nts
the
act
ual
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
situ
at
ion.
A
r
eal
tim
e
m
on
it
or
i
ng
nece
ss
aril
y
require
d
i
n
order
car
ryi
ng
ou
t
im
m
ediate
act
ion
s
in
ca
s
e
of
unhealt
hy
AP
I
le
vel
reac
he
d.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
th
r
ough
t
his
rese
arch,
a
n
ai
r
qu
al
it
y
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
em
has
been
dev
el
ope
d
us
i
ng
Ardu
i
no
Y
un
Mi
ni
and
T
hingS
peak
as
t
he
In
te
r
net
of
T
hin
gs
(IoT
)
platf
or
m
in
order
t
o
create
a
m
edium
of
sh
ari
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
for
po
ll
ution
m
on
it
ori
ng;
w
her
e
the
data
m
anag
em
ent
and
c
on
t
ro
l
ca
n
be
done
conv
e
niently
thro
ugh
t
he
inte
rn
et
with sec
ur
ed
e
nv
i
ronm
ent.
In ad
diti
on, c
urren
t st
at
io
nar
y
AP
I
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
em
sit
uat
ed on
ly
at ce
rtai
n
area
g
i
ves
le
ss r
el
ia
bl
e
resu
lt
s
f
or
the
pe
op
le
w
ho
li
ve
distantl
y
[
3]
.
A
po
rtable
c
once
pt
of
AP
I
m
on
it
or
i
ng
will
surel
y
help
t
o
overc
om
e
this
pro
blem
.
Ma
la
ysi
a
AP
I
m
on
it
or
ing
sys
tem
is
incapab
l
e
of
m
easur
e
P
M2.5
a
nd
ex
pe
ct
ed
to
be
im
pl
e
m
ented
in
the
syst
em
on
2020
wh
il
e
ne
ighbor
c
ount
r
ie
s
li
ke
Sin
ga
pore
al
rea
dy
ca
pab
le
[
3]
,
[
4]
.
Th
us
,
PM2
.5
s
ens
or
integrate
d
in
th
is
syst
e
m
has
an
ad
va
ntage
on
giv
in
g
reli
able
functi
onal
it
y
on
com
m
on
poll
utants
detect
ion
.
A
low
-
cost
c
on
c
ept
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
this
syst
e
m
m
akes
it
a
fforda
ble
towa
rd
s
wide
ra
nge
of
pe
op
le
.
As
pe
r
Table
1,
us
uall
y,
the
sta
ti
on
a
r
y
ty
pe of
Air
Q
ualit
y
Mon
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
con
sist
ing
of
An
al
y
ti
cal
In
strum
en
ts
is
ver
y e
xpensi
ve
[
5]
,
[
6]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
03
9
–
10
47
1040
Table
1
.
C
om
par
iso
n betwee
n
analy
ti
cal
instru
m
ents and
poll
utants se
nso
rs
[
6]
,
[7]
Ch
arac
teristics
An
aly
tical
ins
tru
m
en
ts
Air
q
u
ality
sen
so
rs
Co
st
Ver
y
hig
h
Fair
Size
Bu
lk
y
Co
m
p
act
Res
o
lu
tio
n
Excellen
t
Reliab
le
Mob
ility
Dif
f
icu
lt
Easy
A
lo
w
-
c
os
t
ai
r
qu
al
it
y
m
on
it
or
in
g
syst
em
has
bee
n
dev
el
oped
wh
ic
h
only
fo
c
us
e
d
on
dus
t
po
ll
uta
nts
m
on
it
or
ing
by
us
in
g
S
harp
GP2Y1
010AU
0F
se
ns
or
[
8]
.
A
sim
il
ar
appro
ac
h
do
ne
wi
th
ad
diti
on
of
Global
Syst
e
m
fo
r
M
ob
il
e
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
(
G
S
M)
m
od
e
m
integrated
i
n
th
e
syst
e
m
[9]
.
Howe
ver,
the
syste
m
m
on
it
or
ing
wa
s
lim
i
te
d
to
P
M10
poll
utant
s
only
.
I
n
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
a
CO
Gas
Detec
tor
was
desig
ne
d
base
d
on
ATME
GA853
5
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller,
T
GS
2600
sen
sor
a
nd
Glob
al
Sys
te
m
for
Mo
bil
e
(
GS
M)
m
od
ule
[10]
.
Anothe
r
pro
j
ec
t
wh
ic
h f
oc
us
e
d
on
m
on
it
ori
ng
the
C
O c
onc
entrati
on
le
vel
with
m
ai
n aim
o
n
in
du
st
rial
pur
pose
dev
el
op
e
d
[11]
.
The
syst
e
m
us
e
d
PI
C
18F4550
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
er
a
nd
i
ntegr
at
e
d
with
M
Q
-
7
CO
se
nso
r.
T
he
syst
e
m
con
sist
s
of
3 pa
rts
of
ci
rcu
it
s
w
hich
are
powe
r s
upp
ly
un
it
, si
gn
al
conditi
on
i
ng
unit
, a
la
rm
, display
and
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r un
it
.
An
in
door
ai
r
qual
it
y
m
on
it
or
i
ng
syst
em
dev
el
op
e
d
with
diff
e
re
nt
ap
proac
h
wh
ic
h
cl
assifi
ed
th
e
po
ll
uta
nts
a
s
Vo
la
ti
le
Organi
c
Com
po
ne
nts
(
V
OC)
[
12
]
.
The
syst
em
us
ing
m
bed
L
PC
1768
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
er
base
d
on
32
-
bit
ARM
cor
te
x
M3
proces
sor
integ
rated
with
the
TGS
2602.
The
poll
uta
nts
m
on
it
or
ed
wh
i
ch
has
been
cl
assifi
e
d
as
VO
C
are
Hydro
ge
n,
Amm
on
ia
,
Etha
nol,
Hy
drog
e
n
S
ulfid
e
an
d
T
olu
ene
.
A
no
t
her
sens
or
cal
le
d
Sens
e
A
ir
S8
us
ed
i
n
th
e
syst
e
m
m
ai
nl
y
to
m
easur
es
Ca
rbon
Dioxid
e.
Furthe
r,
D
H
T2
2
us
e
d
to
m
on
it
or
the tem
per
at
ure an
d hu
m
idit
y
co
nd
it
io
ns
.
In
s
pire
d
by
the
I
nter
net
of
Th
ing
s
t
re
nd,
a
de
vice
cal
le
d
‘Poll
uino’
was
de
velo
ped
t
o
m
on
it
or
the
ai
r
qu
al
it
y
[
13
]
.
It
is
en
han
ce
d
w
it
h
cl
oud
-
base
m
anag
em
ent
fo
r
i
ncr
ea
se
the
eff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Ne
glect
ing
t
he
lo
w
-
c
ost
aspect,
it
is
e
qu
i
pp
e
d
with
12
diff
e
re
nt
ty
pes
of
gas
sens
ors
a
nd
5
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
sens
or
s
.
Ardu
i
no
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
pr
e
ferred
to
be
use
d
with
it
s
ope
n
s
our
ce
flexi
bili
ty
and
inte
gr
at
e
d
with
W
i
-
Fi
m
od
ule,
ESP82
66, as
it
s n
et
work co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
m
e
diu
m
.
AirS
e
ns
e,
a
n
A
ir
Q
ualit
y
Moni
toring
De
vice
(AQMD
)
w
hic
h
f
oc
us
on
l
ow
powe
r
an
d
lo
w
-
cost
syst
em
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n
de
velo
pe
d
[1
4
]
.
T
he
syst
em
use
d
Bl
uet
oo
t
h
HC
-
05
m
odule
to
tra
ns
m
it
data
to
sm
art
phon
e
dev
ic
e
a
nd
s
ha
re
the
data
th
rough
t
he
cl
oud.
By
us
ing
the
MQ
-
135
gas
s
ens
or
,
t
he
ai
r
m
on
it
or
ed
a
nd
the
data
up
l
oad
e
d
to
th
e
cl
oud
t
hroug
h
Thi
ngSp
ea
k
web
se
rv
ic
e.
S
ti
ll
,
the
c
onnec
ti
vity
betwee
n
the
sm
art
ph
one
a
nd
the AQMD
w
il
l be lim
i
te
d
up
to a ce
rtai
n ran
ge
as
it
u
sin
g
t
he
Bl
uet
oo
t
h
c
omm
un
i
cat
ion
m
edium
.
In
this
pro
j
ect
,
com
bin
at
ion
of
MQ
-
7
C
O
s
ens
or
,
D
HT
22
tem
per
at
ure/
hum
idity
sensor
,
PM1
0
an
d
PM2
se
nsor
will
be
int
reg
at
e
d
in
orde
r
to
pro
vid
e
m
or
e
deta
il
env
ir
onm
ental
par
am
et
er
c
om
par
ed
t
o
pr
e
vious
researc
h.
A
G
SM
m
od
ule
is
al
so
i
ntergrate
d
i
n
t
he
syst
em
to
carry
out
the
real
tim
e
m
on
it
or
ing
f
un
ct
ion
of
distant
noti
ficat
ion
s
by
Sho
rt
Me
ssage
Ser
vi
ces
(
SMS)
.
Whenev
e
r
t
he
m
easur
e
d
val
ues
e
xc
eed
t
he
li
m
i
ts,
SMS
will
b
e se
nt to
the s
pecific
phon
e
num
ber
to
al
ert the
us
er
of the
possi
ble e
nv
i
ron
m
ental
h
eal
th ef
f
ect
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
syst
em
design
e
d
to
be
a
ble
to
m
easur
e
sever
al
c
omm
on
ai
r
qual
it
y
ind
e
x
a
nd
sta
ndar
dized
t
he
resu
lt
s
with
the
Ma
la
ysi
a
Air
Po
ll
utant
I
nde
x
t
o
in
dicat
e
th
e
se
ver
it
y of
th
e
ai
r
qual
it
y. H
ence,
the
sel
ect
ion
of
the
hard
war
e
t
o
be
us
ed
i
n
t
he
syst
em
has
be
en
do
ne
t
o
m
a
ke
sure
that
the
ha
r
dw
a
re
us
e
d
is
a
ble
to
gi
ve
resu
lt
s
wh
ic
h
can
be
sta
nd
a
r
dized
wit
h
t
he
A
PI
.
T
he
ai
r
qu
al
it
y
m
onit
or
in
g
syst
e
m
com
pacted
with
4
se
nsors
inte
gr
at
e
d
into it an
d ea
ch
h
as
their
own
functi
onal
it
y t
o
m
easur
e CO
poll
utant, tem
per
at
ur
e
, hum
idit
y, PM
10
an
d
P
M
2.5
.
To
e
nsure
t
he
reli
abili
ty
of
the
syst
em
,
each
of
t
he
se
ns
or
s
ens
ur
e
d
t
o
be
cal
ibrated
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
th
e
on
ly
se
nsor req
uire
d
to
be
cal
i
br
at
e
d
be
f
or
e
f
ully
integr
at
e
d i
nto
the
syst
em
is CO
se
nsor wh
il
e the
o
t
hers h
as
been
rea
dily
cal
ibrated
by
the
m
anu
fact
ur
e
r.
To
m
ake
the
ai
r
flo
w
nearby
the
se
ns
ors
regu
la
te
d,
a
DC
bru
sh
le
ss
fan
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
in
the
dev
ic
e.
T
hi
s
to
m
ake
su
r
e
that
the
res
ults
ob
ta
i
ned
t
o
be
m
or
e
vali
d.
Detai
ls
of
the
bloc
k
syst
e
m
d
ia
gr
a
m
o
f
API m
on
it
or
in
g
is i
ll
us
t
r
at
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
1.
A
str
uctu
re
of
process
flo
w
ha
s
bee
n
desig
ne
d
a
nd
f
ollow
e
d
durin
g
the
im
plem
entat
ion
of
the
syst
e
m
.
The pr
ocess
f
l
ow p
la
nn
e
d
t
hor
oughly
to
e
nsure
the
resea
r
ch
c
ov
e
rin
g
t
he
who
le
obj
ect
i
ve of
the
pro
j
e
ct
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
rea
l t
ime i
nternet
of thin
gs
(
I
o
T
)
based
air
qualit
y mon
it
ori
ng
…
(
Huzei
n
F
ahmi
H
awari
)
1041
Figure
1. Detai
le
d
syst
em
b
lock diag
ram
o
f
t
he API m
on
it
ori
ng
2.1.
Se
nsor S
el
ection
The
m
odules
use
d
in
the
syst
em
sel
ec
te
d
bas
ed
on
it
s
f
un
ct
i
on
al
it
y
to
ca
rr
y
out
the
ta
s
k
ne
eded
f
or
the
syst
e
m
.
Mi
cro
con
t
ro
ll
er
A
rduin
o
Uno
Re
v.
3
ATm
ega3
28
P
is
en
ough
t
o
con
t
ro
l
t
he
sys
tem
.
GS
M
Mo
dem
of
SI
M9
00 se
ries
us
e
d
a
nd
with t
he d
ual net
w
ork ba
nd, i
t ca
n
c
arr
y
out i
ts f
un
ct
ion
t
o
c
omm
un
ic
at
e
with
g
e
ner
al
m
ob
il
e p
hones
wh
il
e LC
D of
16x2
disp
la
y
use
d for
nearby
ou
t
pu
t
vis
ualiz
at
ion
.
As
in
Ta
ble
2,
the
se
nsors
in
te
gr
at
ed
in
t
he
syst
e
m
are
sel
ect
ed
ba
sed
on
it
s
m
easur
ing
capab
il
it
y
wh
ic
h
is
able
to
detect
the
po
ll
utants
c
oncent
rati
on
ba
sed
on
t
he
M
al
ay
sia
AP
I
s
cal
e.
The
higher
t
he
con
ce
ntrati
ons
range
of
detect
ion
,
t
he
m
or
e
e
xp
e
ns
i
ve
th
e
se
ns
or.
Th
us
,
wis
e
sel
ect
ion
of
s
ens
or
in
this
proj
ec
t
to
m
ake
sure
th
at
the
se
nsor
is
able
to
co
ver
th
e
API
scal
e
an
d
sti
ll
aff
or
dab
le
in
pr
ic
e.
Figa
r
o
T
GS
26
00
se
ns
or
us
e
d
to
detect
the
CO
co
nce
nt
rati
on
s
in
t
he
su
r
rou
nd
i
ngs
a
rea.
It
has
capa
bili
ty
of
d
et
ect
ing
se
ver
al
gas
eous
su
c
h
as
Me
tha
ne,
Iso
-
bu
ta
ne,
et
hanol,
hydro
gen
a
nd
CO
.
It
has
high
sen
sit
ivit
y
towar
ds
low
c
oncent
rati
on
of
CO
[
16
]
.
This
s
ens
or
is
m
etal
-
oxide
sem
ico
nd
ucto
r
ba
se
d
se
ns
or.
The
ci
rcu
it
buil
t
giv
es
a
si
gn
al
wh
i
c
h
corres
ponds to
wards t
he
c
hange
of poll
utant
s that c
hange t
he
c
onduct
ivit
y of sens
or.
Table
2
.
Senso
rs
detect
ion
ra
ng
e
an
d
API
poll
utants c
once
ntrati
on r
a
nge
[2]
[4]
[14]
Sen
so
rs
Ty
p
e of
Pollu
tan
ts
Detectio
n
Ran
g
e
API
Po
llu
tan
ts Co
n
cent
ration
Ran
g
e
Fig
aro TGS
26
0
0
Carb
o
n
M
o
n
o
x
id
e
1
–
1
0
0
Par
t Per
M
illio
n
(
p
p
m
)
0
–
5
7
.5 p
p
m
SHARP
D
N7
C3
CA0
0
6
PM2.5
25
–
500
µ
g
/
m
3
0
–
5
0
0
µg
/
m
3
SHARP
GP2
Y1
0
1
0
AU0
F
PM10
0
–
5
0
0
µg
/
m
3
0
–
6
0
0
µg
/
m
3
DHT22
Te
m
p
e
rature
&
Hu
m
id
ity
Hu
m
id
ity
: 0
-
100%
Te
m
p
e
rature:
-
40
-
8
0
̊
C
n
/a
The
sig
nal
re
cei
ves
by
the
sens
or
is
th
en
com
pu
te
d
by
us
in
g
f
unc
ti
on
s
obta
ine
d
from
the
char
act
e
risti
cs
curve
i
n
t
he
da
ta
sh
eet
.
T
he
ra
ti
o
bet
ween
Se
ns
or
Re
sist
anc
e
Ra
ti
o,
R
S
a
nd
Senso
r
Re
sis
ta
nce
in F
resh Ai
r,
R
O
com
pu
te
d
as
fo
ll
ows
;
α
= {[(V
CC
× R
L
)/V
OUTPUT
]
-
R
L
}/
R
O
(1)
wh
e
re
α
is the
rati
o
bet
ween
Sensor
Re
sist
a
nce,
R
S
a
nd
Se
ns
or Resi
sta
nc
e in F
re
sh
Air,
R
O
and
R
L
is t
he
Lo
a
d
Re
sist
ance
[
16]
.
DH
T
22
se
nsor
has
t
he
ca
pab
il
i
ti
es
to
detect
bo
th
te
m
per
at
ur
e
and
hum
idit
y
of
the
ai
r.
Th
e
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
of
the
se
nsor
done
i
n
the
se
nsor
’s
li
br
a
ry
pro
vid
e
d.
No
der
i
vation
of
e
quat
ion
need
e
d
to
obta
in
the
re
su
lt
s.
This
sens
or
us
e
s
the
colle
ct
ive
-
dig
i
ta
l
-
sign
a
l
ty
pe
m
et
ho
d
an
d
hu
m
idit
y
reco
gnit
ion
a
nd
is
cal
i
br
at
e
d
r
eadil
y
[17]
.
Fo
r
PM
2.5
det
ect
ion
,
S
HA
R
P
D
N
7C3
C
A006
se
ns
or
will
be
sel
ect
ed.
SHARP
D
N7C3CA
006
is
the
t
hir
d
rev
isi
on
of
P
M
sens
or
pro
duct
by
the
S
H
ARP
C
om
pany
.
T
he
se
nsor
us
es
O
ptica
l
dust
se
ns
i
ng
m
e
chan
ism
[18]
.
It
has
bui
lt
-
in
fa
n
f
or
th
e
ai
r
flo
w
re
gu
la
ti
on
th
r
ough
the
se
ns
in
g
ch
a
m
ber
.
W
it
h
it
s
abili
ty
of
m
easur
i
ng
on
ly
dust
with
2.5
m
ic
ro
m
et
er
of
diam
e
te
r
an
d
bel
ow,
the
se
ver
it
y
in
the
ha
ze
env
i
ronm
ent
can
be
kn
own
m
or
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
03
9
–
10
47
1
042
detai
le
d
as
P
M2.5
has
gr
ea
te
r
eff
ect
to
wa
rd
s
hum
an
healt
h
[20]
.
T
he
r
esults
com
pu
te
d
us
i
ng
t
he
eq
uati
on
pro
vid
e
d by th
e m
anu
factu
rer i
n
the
d
at
as
he
et
.
SHARP
GP2Y101
0AU
0F
is
a
PM1
0 se
ns
or
and
the
first
ed
it
io
n o
f t
he
PM
sens
or
from
SH
ARP
. T
he
m
easur
em
ent
of
the
se
ns
or
is
base
d
on
the
P
M
w
hich
has
di
a
m
et
er
of
10
m
ic
ro
m
e
te
r
an
d
belo
w.
This
ver
si
on
of
se
nsor
al
s
o
us
in
g
the
op
ti
c
al
sensing
m
ec
han
ism
bu
t
do
esn’
t
hav
e
t
he
ai
r
flo
w
re
gu
la
tor.
Howe
ver,
the
ai
r
flo
w
wi
ll
be
r
egu
la
ti
ng
by
t
he
in
sta
ll
ed
D
C
brus
hless
ai
r
fl
ow
re
gula
tor
fa
n.
A
n
e
qu
at
ion
der
i
ved
f
ro
m
the
char
act
e
risti
c curve
of the
PM
10 se
ns
or t
o
c
om
pu
te
the r
es
ul
ts of
detect
io
n as;
PM10
=
(0.
17
× [VO
UT
×
VC
C/
10
24]
–
0.1)
(2)
By
hav
in
g
both
PM
2.5
a
nd
P
M10
,
we
can
r
el
at
ively
kn
ow
the
c
om
po
sit
ion
of
the
dust
base
d
on
it
s
diam
e
te
r.
H
e
nc
e, the se
ve
rity
o
f
the
dust co
nt
ai
ned
in
the
air ca
n be in
dicat
ed
cl
early
.
2.2.
Se
nsor C
alibra
tion
Of
al
l
the
sen
s
or
s
sel
ect
e
d,
th
e
CO
sens
or,
TGS
2600
is
the
only
sens
or
that
need
s
t
o
be
cal
ibrate
d
for
c
onsist
ent
a
nd
reli
able
res
ults. T
he
se
nso
r has
b
ee
n ca
li
br
at
e
d by
ref
e
r
rin
g
a
gu
i
ded e
xp
e
rim
ental
r
esearch
Er
ror!
Re
fere
nce
s
ou
rce
n
ot
f
ou
n
d.
.
R
O
is
t
he
c
onsta
nt wh
ic
h
need
to
b
e recog
nized
by cali
br
at
ion pro
cess.
Using a
close
d space
of 25 m
3
, 24
ci
gar
et
te
s
sm
ok
ed
a
nd R
S
m
easur
ed
a
fter
3 hour
s
as
f
ollow
s:
R
S
= [(V
CC
× R
L
)/V
OU
TPUT
]
-
R
L
(
3
)
Ba
sed
on
the
r
e
fer
e
nce
pa
per,
69.8
pp
m
of
C
O
resu
lt
e
d
wh
e
n
24
ci
ga
rett
es
sm
ok
ed
a
nd
c
onta
ined
f
or
3
hours
withou
t
losses.
By
kn
ow
i
ng
the
CO
con
ce
ntrati
on,
R
O
value
obta
ined
via
eq
uation
(
5)
an
d
(
1)
wh
ic
h
is 2
8336.
27
Ω
.
Table
3.
Perce
ntage
e
rro
r between
m
easur
ed results a
nd r
e
fer
e
nce
data
E
rror!
R
e
feren
ce so
urce n
ot foun
d.
No
.
Of
Cig
arettes
Ref
erence CO PP
M
Measu
red CO
PP
M
Percentag
e
Er
ror
(
%)
4
1
2
.21
1
3
.06
6
.96
8
2
5
.65
2
4
.90
2
.92
16
4
7
.63
4
6
.10
3
.21
24
6
9
.80
6
7
.73
2
.97
To
e
ns
ure
the
R
O
value
ob
ta
i
ned
is
acce
pta
ble,
a
num
ber
of
ci
gar
et
te
s
s
m
ok
ed
by
se
quence
fro
m
4,8,16
a
nd
24.
For
ea
ch
sess
ion
,
the
CO
c
on
ce
ntrati
on
m
easur
ed
afte
r
3
ho
ur
s
of
ci
gar
et
te
s
sm
ok
e
d.
Th
e
m
easur
ed
res
ults
com
par
e
d
w
it
h
the
r
efe
ren
c
e
data
in
Fi
gur
e
2.
The
e
rror
cal
culat
ed
t
o
a
naly
ze
the
dev
i
at
io
n
of m
easur
es r
e
su
lt
s w
it
h re
fere
nce
data.
Figure
2. CO
c
on
ce
ntrati
on
vs. no.
of ci
gar
et
t
es
Ba
sed
on
th
e
c
om
par
ison
bet
ween
t
he
m
eas
ur
e
d
CO
c
once
ntrati
on
an
d
refe
ren
ce
value
s,
t
he
de
viati
on
per
ce
ntage
is
r
ang
e
d
betwee
n
2.92%
-
6.9
6%
.
It
is
exp
ect
e
d
com
es
fr
om
the
po
ssi
ble
gas
l
osse
s
occ
urred
duri
ng
the cal
ibrati
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
rea
l t
ime i
nternet
of thin
gs
(
I
o
T
)
based
air
qualit
y mon
it
ori
ng
…
(
Huzei
n
F
ahmi
H
awari
)
1043
2.
3
.
Net
w
ork C
ommu
nica
tion
GS
M
SI
M
900A
M
od
em
us
e
d
t
o
est
a
blish
a
co
nnect
ion
be
tween
A
r
du
i
no
U
no
a
nd
Mo
bile
P
hone
Dev
ic
e.
AT
C
omm
and
use
d
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e
with
the
m
od
em
in
or
de
r
to
gi
ves
or
der
t
o
pe
rfo
rm
inten
de
d
act
ion
s
i.e
.
se
nds
a
nd
receive
s
m
essages.
G
ener
al
dual
ba
nd
use
d
w
hich
ena
ble
the
m
od
em
to
co
nn
ec
t
with
m
ob
il
e
phone
dev
ic
es
of
900/
1800
M
Hz
f
re
qu
e
ncy
ba
nds.
The
A
PI
m
on
it
or
i
ng
dev
ic
e
w
il
l
then
se
nd
a
sh
ort
m
essaging
ser
vice
(S
MS
)
to
the
us
e
r’
s
m
ob
il
e
phone
de
vices
if
the
A
PI
reac
hes
ei
t
her
U
nh
eal
thy,
Ver
y
Unhealt
hy a
nd
Hazar
dous l
ev
el
.
2.
4
.
I
oT Im
plem
ent
at
i
on
on API
Moni
to
ri
ng
De
vice
W
it
h
the
rise
of
t
he
I
oT
tren
d,
the
po
s
sibil
it
i
es
f
or
t
he
API
m
on
it
or
ing
de
vice
t
o
be
I
oT
dev
ic
e
have
been
e
xp
l
or
e
d.
By
tran
sf
or
m
i
ng
the
A
PI
de
vi
ce
to
a
rem
ote
sen
sin
g
API
de
vice,
it
is
co
nnect
ed
to
the
W
i
-
F
i
via
Y
un
S
hield
W
i
-
Fi
a
nd
E
ther
net
Mo
du
l
e.
Thi
ngSp
ea
k
cl
oud
web
ser
ver
us
e
d
f
or
th
e
data
sto
rag
e
of
t
he
sens
o
rs
’
data.
ThingS
pea
k
w
ebsite
pro
j
ect
in
g
the
data
recei
ved
by
t
he
dev
i
ce
in
the
f
orm
of
pl
otted
gr
a
phs
for
each
ty
pe
o
f
th
e
poll
utants
. Hence,
pe
ople
wi
ll
able
to
acce
ss
the
m
on
it
or
i
ng r
esults
an
d analy
ze
the
tre
nd
s
o
f
the m
easur
ed p
ollutants
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
A
N
ALYSIS
The
integ
rated
de
vice
te
ste
d
to
m
easur
e
t
he
surr
oundin
gs
ai
r
qual
it
y
with
real
tim
e
m
on
it
or
i
ng
.
The device l
oc
at
ed
at
Unive
rs
it
i Teknolo
gi P
ETRO
NA
S
, S
e
ri I
s
kanda
r,
T
r
onoh, Pera
k,
Ma
la
ysi
a. Please ref
e
r
to Figu
re
3.
Figure
3. A
PI
m
on
it
or
ing
de
vi
ce locat
ion
3.1.
CO C
once
nt
r
at
io
n
Monitorin
g
Figure
4
s
hows
an
e
xam
ple
of
1
day
of
CO
c
oncent
rati
on
m
on
it
or
i
ng
t
hro
ugh
the
Thi
ngSp
e
ak
web
sit
e
.
The
overall
re
s
ults
sho
w
decrem
ent
from
0100
ho
ur
unti
l
0600
hour
a
nd
s
ta
rt
to
inc
rease
unti
l
the
peak
hou
r.
This
tre
nd
s
usp
ect
ed
due
to
th
e
peak
w
orkin
g
hours.
T
he
pe
a
k
ho
ur
s
for
CO
con
ce
ntrati
on
m
easur
ed
high
est
at
1000
hour.
T
he
res
ult
from
1100
to
15
00
hour
s
hows
sig
ni
ficant
dec
rem
e
nt.
O
ne
of
t
he
po
s
sible
reas
on
is
the
CO
c
on
ta
i
n
i
n
the
ai
r
re
duced
as
t
he
hum
an
work
i
ng
act
ivi
ti
es
decr
ea
sin
g.
T
her
e
was
a
sign
ific
a
nt
in
cr
ease
from
15
00
unti
l
18
00
a
nd
f
luctuat
io
ns
observ
e
d
from
18
00
unti
l
0000
hour.
T
he
di
screp
a
ncies
of
CO
con
ce
ntrati
on
le
vels
obser
ve
d
infl
ue
nced
by
the
weathe
r
c
onditi
ons,
hu
m
an
act
ivit
ie
s,
wi
nd
directi
ons
a
nd
it
s
so
urces
.
This
1
-
day
m
on
it
or
i
ng
res
ult
ob
ta
ine
d
f
ro
m
ThingS
pea
k
w
ebsite
ha
ve
not
m
uch
dif
fere
nc
e
of
tre
nd
to
the
5
we
eks
m
on
it
or
i
ng
res
ults
.
It
is
sho
wn
th
at
for
al
l
of
fig
ur
es
,
the
re
a
re
si
m
il
arities
of
t
rends
w
hich
i
ndic
at
es
the
sta
b
il
it
ie
s
and
co
ns
ist
e
ncy
of
sen
sor
perf
orm
ance.
Ba
sed
on
the
Fig
ur
e
5,
the
data
t
rend
sh
ow
n
quit
e
sim
il
ar
to the 5
-
wee
k m
on
it
or
ing.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
03
9
–
10
47
1044
Figure
4. Exa
m
ple o
f
co
m
on
it
or
i
ng d
at
a
from
thingspea
k we
bs
it
e
Figure
5. Five
weeks CO
m
on
it
or
i
ng
3.2.
Te
mper
ature
M
on
it
oring
Figure
6
s
ho
ws
the
sin
gle
day
m
on
it
or
ing
res
ult
ob
ta
ined
f
r
om
Thin
gSpea
k
f
or
tem
per
at
ur
e
m
on
it
or
ing.
G
ener
al
ly
,
from
0100
ho
ur
,
a
dec
rem
ent
observ
e
d
unti
l
0800
hour.
T
he
te
m
per
at
ur
e
s
ta
rts
to
increase
from
0900
ho
ur
unti
l
it
s
peak
ho
ur
wh
e
re
the
hi
ghest
tem
per
at
ur
e
recor
ded
e
ve
r
yday
wh
ic
h
is
at
1600
hour.
T
his
highest
te
m
per
at
ure
re
co
rd
e
d
at
1600
hour
bec
ause
direct
s
unli
gh
t
to
wards
the
API
m
on
i
toring
dev
ic
e
ha
ppens
at that
ho
ur. Sub
s
eq
ue
ntly
, decrem
ent o
bs
e
r
ved f
ro
m
1
70
0 un
ti
l 0
000 h
ou
r.
Figure
6. Exa
m
ple o
f
te
m
per
at
ur
e
res
ult fro
m
thing
s
pea
k web
sit
e
In
Fig
ur
e
7,
5
weeks
of
te
m
per
at
ur
e
m
on
it
ori
ng
hav
e
bee
n
m
on
it
or
ed.
Ba
s
ed
on
the
res
ult,
the
highest
peak
hours
of
tem
per
at
ur
e
m
on
it
ore
d
ar
ound
16
00
-
ho
ur.
The
res
ults
pl
ot
te
d
has
sam
e
t
rend
as
the
1
da
ys
of
tem
per
at
ur
e
m
on
it
ori
ng.
Figure
7. Five
weeks t
em
per
at
ur
e m
on
it
ori
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
rea
l t
ime i
nternet
of thin
gs
(
I
o
T
)
based
air
qualit
y mon
it
ori
ng
…
(
Huzei
n
F
ahmi
H
awari
)
1045
3.
3
.
H
umidi
t
y Moni
t
oring
Figure
8
s
hows
the
1
of
hu
m
idit
y
m
on
it
or
in
g
from
ThingS
pe
ak
We
bs
it
e.
7
Fr
om
01
00
hour
unti
l
0800
hour,
inc
rem
ent
on
hu
m
idit
y
ob
ser
ve
d
an
d
th
e
peak
hour
r
ec
orde
d
at
0800.
Ther
e
is
si
gn
i
ficant
dec
rem
ent
from
0900
hour
to
1600
ho
ur
a
nd
t
he
l
ow
e
st
hu
m
idit
y
recor
ded
is
at
1600
e
ve
r
y
day.
S
ubseq
uen
tl
y,
t
he
hu
m
idity
chan
ges
w
it
h i
ncr
em
ent f
r
om 1
700 u
ntil
0
00
0 hou
r.
Figure
8. Exa
m
ple
of
hum
idit
y
m
on
it
or
in
g data f
ro
m
thin
gs
pe
ak
w
e
bs
it
e
Ba
sed
on
the
F
igure
9,
the
l
owest
peak
hours
of
hum
idit
y
m
on
it
or
ed
a
r
ound
1600
-
ho
ur.
T
he
res
ults
plo
tt
ed has
sa
m
e trend as t
he
1
days
of hum
idit
y
m
on
it
or
in
g from
Th
ingS
peak
W
e
bs
it
e.
Figure
9. Five
weeks
hu
m
idity
m
on
it
or
i
ng
Gen
e
rall
y,
the
hu
m
idit
y
re
su
lt
s
are
s
om
eho
w
c
orrelat
ed
w
it
h
the
te
m
per
at
ur
e
resu
lt
s
obta
ined
.
T
he
hu
m
idit
y
and
t
e
m
per
at
ure
ha
ve
i
nv
e
rse
rela
ti
on
s
hip
with
e
ach
oth
e
r.
T
his
cl
early
ca
n
be
see
n
w
her
e
th
e
pea
k
hour
of
hum
idi
ty
cor
res
ponds
to
the
lo
west
te
m
per
at
ur
e
rec
orde
d
w
hich
is
a
t
0800
hour.
O
n
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
the
lowest
hum
idity
reco
r
de
d
co
r
respo
nd
s
t
o
th
e
peak
hour
of
tem
per
at
ur
e
wh
ic
h
at
1600
hour.
Sim
i
la
r
to
the
tem
per
at
ur
e
r
e
su
lt
s, hu
m
idit
y
res
ults are a
ff
e
ct
ed
by t
he
c
ha
ng
e
s
of
weathe
r.
3.
4
.
P
M
2.5
and
P
M
10 Mo
nito
ri
n
g
Ba
sed
o
n
Fi
gur
e
10,
the PM1
0
res
ult
sho
ws
t
hat
the
re
is n
o
PM
val
ue
bein
g
m
easur
e
d
be
cause o
f
the
locat
ion
facto
r
wh
e
re
the
m
on
it
or
in
g
locat
io
n
does
no
t
ha
ve
m
any
industria
l
act
ivit
ie
s.
Fu
r
therm
or
e,
the
s
ens
or
al
so
has l
ess se
ns
it
ivit
y and re
qu
i
red a sig
nifi
cant
cha
nge
of
env
i
ronm
ent to en
s
ur
e
it
s d
et
e
ct
ion
. As a
r
es
ult,
a
PM2.
5 was i
ntr
oduce
d
as
p
a
rt
of sen
s
ors t
he a
ir m
on
it
or
in
g qu
al
it
y sy
ste
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h
201
9
:
1
03
9
–
10
47
1046
Figure
10. E
xa
m
ple o
f
PM1
0
m
on
it
or
ing dat
a from
thing
s
pe
ak web
sit
e
In
Fig
ur
e
11,
t
he
tre
nd
of
t
he
PM
val
ue
was
now
able
t
o
be
m
on
it
or
ed
.
It
was
obser
ve
d
that
the
peak
hours fo
r
PM
2.5 m
easur
ed
h
i
ghest
fr
om
1
000 h
our
t
o 13h
our.
Figure
11. E
xa
m
ple o
f
PM2
.5
m
on
it
or
in
g da
ta
f
r
om
thing
s
pe
ak web
sit
e
The
tr
en
ds
of
t
he
5
d
ay
s
PM
2.5
ha
ve
bee
n
e
xport
ed
i
nto
e
xc
el
an
d
a
naly
zed
by
the
m
ean
value
s
as
in
Figure
12.
T
he
sensiti
vity
of
PM2.
5
ca
n
det
ect
the
pa
rtic
le
cha
ng
es
with
bette
r
se
ns
it
ivit
y
com
par
ed
to
PM1
0.
This
sho
ws
t
ha
t
PM2
.5
is
i
m
po
rtant
c
ompone
nt
a
nd
ne
ed
t
o
be
ad
de
d
a
s
par
t
of
th
e
ai
r
qual
it
y
m
on
it
or
ing
syst
e
m
.
Figure
12. Fi
ve
days
of PM2
.5
m
on
it
or
in
g da
ta
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Develo
pm
e
nt
of
rea
l t
ime i
nternet
of thin
gs
(
I
o
T
)
based
air
qualit
y mon
it
ori
ng
…
(
Huzei
n
F
ahmi
H
awari
)
1047
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
bri
ef,
t
he
f
oc
us
of
his
pro
je
ct
is
to
de
vel
op
an
af
ford
a
bl
e
and
de
pe
nd
a
ble
I
OT
protot
ype
f
or
real
tim
e
ai
r
qual
it
y
m
on
it
or
in
g.
T
he
necessit
y
of
knowin
g
t
he
le
vel
or
c
onditi
on
of
t
he
qual
it
y
of
t
he
ai
r
we
breat
he
in
our
s
urrou
ndin
gs
is
ver
y
c
ru
ci
al
in
or
de
r
to
kee
p
our
go
od
healt
h
co
nd
it
ion
.
T
he
pro
pose
d
syst
em
will
be
able
to
s
olve
Ma
la
ysi
ans
co
ncern
on
the
de
la
y
announce
m
ent
and
m
ea
su
ri
ng
the
PM2.
5
haze
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
consi
der
i
ng
t
he
Ma
la
ysi
a
new
API
syst
em
will
be
only
avail
able
in
20
20.
T
he
PM2
.5
m
easur
e
m
ents
is
ver
y
essenti
al
to
give
cl
earer
dust
poll
utants
c
ondi
ti
on
to
ens
ure
healt
hy
li
fe
e
nvir
on
m
ent.
Th
e
prototy
pe de
velo
pe
d
was
a
ble to
su
c
cessf
ully
m
on
it
or the
Air
Pollut
ion
Inde
x
at
UT
P for 5
w
ee
ks.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
would
li
ke
to
ack
nowle
dge
U
niv
e
rsiti
Te
knologi
PETR
ONAS
(UTP)
,
Ma
la
ysi
a
for
sp
ons
or
i
ng this
r
esea
rch w
ork.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Maba
hwi
N.
A
.
,
Le
h
O.
L
.
H.
an
d
Om
ar
D.
,
"
Urb
an
Air
Qua
li
t
y
a
nd
Hum
an
Hea
lth
Eff
e
ct
s
in
Sel
a
ngor,
"
Mal
a
y
si
a.
Proce
dia
–
So
ci
al
and
Be
ha
vi
or
al
Sc
ie
nc
e
,
vol
.
170(1),
pp
.
282
-
291
,
2015
.
[2]
La
st
Minu
te
Notic
e
to
Clo
se
Schools
Ir
ks
Malay
sians
.
Ret
r
ie
v
ed
on
Septe
m
ber
3
0
th
,
2016
,
fro
m
htt
p://ww
w.t
hest
ar.
com.m
y
/ne
ws
/na
ti
on
/2015/
09/
16/l
astminute
-
no
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