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a
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ims
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li
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e
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d
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ti
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n
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s v
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ry
g
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d
–
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s
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trac
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ted
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se
s o
f
COV
ID 1
9
.
K
ey
w
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r
d
s
:
AM
AN
ap
p
C
OVI
D
-
19
a
pp
Mo
b
ile
u
s
ab
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ass
ess
m
en
t
UX
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es
s
m
en
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
e
CC B
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-
SA
li
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se
.
C
o
r
r
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p
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Facu
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
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I
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N
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D
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1
9
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2
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ly
2
0
2
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1
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At
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ce
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ch
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is
tan
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g
an
d
q
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tin
in
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[
3
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,
[
4
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o
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5
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ly
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8
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s
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lu
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ec
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GPS lo
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tech
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ev
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s
p
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C
O
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D
-
1
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.
I
n
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to
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AM
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to
h
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4
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2
User
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Ho
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ter
[
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lack
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p
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citizen
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[
1
1
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T
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T
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ess
f
u
l
ap
p
licat
io
n
an
d
ca
n
b
e
lev
er
ag
e
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
a
n
d
u
s
ag
e
o
v
er
tim
e
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
o
u
t
a
g
o
o
d
u
s
er
’
s
im
p
r
ess
io
n
will
d
is
co
u
r
a
g
e
o
th
er
s
f
r
o
m
u
s
in
g
o
r
ad
o
p
ti
n
g
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
t
h
e
u
s
er
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
1
9
tr
ac
k
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
(
AM
AN
as
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
)
am
o
n
g
s
t
th
e
g
en
er
al
p
u
b
lic
an
d
to
id
en
tif
y
an
y
p
o
ten
t
ial
is
s
u
es,
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t a
n
d
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
esi
g
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
UX
ca
n
b
e
ass
ess
ed
b
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es
[
1
1
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
r
elatin
g
to
p
u
r
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
asp
ec
ts
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
.
I
n
th
eir
r
esear
ch
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es c
o
v
er
in
g
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
asp
e
ct
o
f
UX
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t scale
s
in
ev
er
y
q
u
est
io
n
n
air
e
to
c
o
v
er
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
UX
asp
ec
ts
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
b
est
f
itted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
th
e
UX
asp
ec
ts
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
UX
f
ield
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
UX
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
as
a
f
i
r
s
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
th
at
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
UX
o
f
AM
AN
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
J
o
r
d
a
n
.
W
e
ad
o
p
ted
UE
Q
[
13
]
an
d
its
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
[
14
]
to
q
u
an
tif
y
UX
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
f
o
r
aler
tin
g
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
n
o
tify
in
g
u
s
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
b
e
en
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
an
y
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
p
atien
t w
it
h
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
(
AM
AN
a
p
p
licatio
n
)
as
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
AM
AN
m
o
bil
e
a
pp
lica
t
io
n
Af
ter
th
e
f
o
r
m
al
d
ec
lar
atio
n
t
h
at
SAR
S
-
C
o
V
-
2
is
a
g
lo
b
al
p
an
d
em
ic,
tr
em
e
n
d
o
u
s
ef
f
o
r
t
b
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
co
n
tr
o
l
its
f
ast
-
p
ac
ed
s
p
r
ea
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
c
o
n
tact
t
r
ac
in
g
p
r
o
jects,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
u
ch
as
T
r
ac
eT
o
g
eth
er
[
1
5
]
,
C
o
r
o
T
r
ac
[
1
6
]
,
Pan
d
o
a
[
1
7
]
,
AM
AN
[
1
8
]
an
d
m
a
n
y
m
o
r
e
th
at
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
r
ep
o
r
t
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
s
aler
t
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
ex
p
o
s
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
als
a
n
d
a
u
th
o
r
ities
au
to
m
atica
lly
af
ter
a
n
in
f
ec
ted
p
er
s
o
n
is
id
en
tifie
d
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
th
e
h
u
m
an
s
’
h
ea
lth
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
ass
ess
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
u
s
in
g
C
OVI
D
t
r
ac
k
e
r
ap
p
s
in
I
r
elan
d
,
[
2
1
]
h
av
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
m
ix
e
d
q
u
alitativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
r
elies
o
n
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
in
ter
v
iews,
an
d
f
o
cu
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
esid
es
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
.
So
m
e
is
s
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
aised
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
lo
g
o
n
ee
d
i
n
g
to
b
e
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
an
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
s
y
m
p
to
m
ch
ec
k
-
in
r
em
in
d
er
s
.
Yet,
th
e
m
ain
co
n
ce
r
n
was
th
e
B
lu
eto
o
th
co
n
tact
tr
ac
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
in
ter
r
elate
d
l
ev
els
in
wh
ich
AM
AN
wo
r
k
s
.
Firstl
y
,
it
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
b
y
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
lo
ca
tio
n
d
ata
s
av
ed
o
n
th
eir
d
ed
icate
d
d
ev
ice,
wh
ile
also
ex
am
in
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
m
o
v
em
en
ts
o
f
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
b
y
th
e
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Hea
lth
as
C
OVI
D
i
n
f
ec
ted
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als.
On
ce
th
e
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
a
n
y
u
s
e
r
o
v
er
lap
s
with
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
in
f
ec
ted
,
AM
AN
s
ig
n
als
its
u
s
er
s
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
em
o
f
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
as
well
a
s
d
is
p
lay
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
s
o
n
s
elf
-
is
o
latio
n
an
d
n
o
t
if
y
in
g
au
th
o
r
ities
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
o
n
ce
a
u
s
er
h
as
b
e
en
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
with
th
e
v
ir
u
s
,
AM
AN
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
t
o
r
etr
ac
e
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
m
o
v
em
en
ts
in
th
e
p
ast
two
wee
k
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
eir
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
.
T
h
is
ad
d
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ili
ty
to
cr
u
cial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
lace
s
in
wh
ich
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
p
atien
t
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
v
i
s
ited
,
as
well
a
s
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
d
ates
an
d
tim
es
in
wh
i
ch
th
e
v
is
its
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
;
n
o
tify
in
g
all
o
th
er
u
s
er
s
th
at
o
v
er
lap
p
ed
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es a
u
t
h
o
r
ities
with
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
n
er
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
v
ir
u
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
UX
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
an
d
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
o
n
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
AM
AN
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
a
g
eo
-
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
etr
ac
e
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
all
u
s
er
s
’
(
co
n
ta
cts
o
f
in
f
ec
ted
ca
s
es)
in
th
e
p
ast
1
4
d
ay
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
eir
d
iag
n
o
s
is
,
allo
wi
n
g
ea
s
y
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
ch
as
tim
e
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
.
AM
AN
ap
p
is
an
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
d
etec
ti
o
n
ap
p
th
at
n
o
tifie
s
u
s
er
s
if
th
ey
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
in
c
o
n
tact
with
an
y
in
f
ec
tio
u
s
u
s
er
ca
r
r
y
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
d
i
s
ea
s
e
in
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
n
er
b
y
in
s
tan
tly
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
all
ex
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tacts o
f
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
b
ein
g
in
f
ec
t
ed
o
n
ce
t
h
eir
lo
ca
tio
n
o
v
er
la
p
s
with
an
y
in
f
ec
te
d
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al,
g
iv
in
g
u
s
er
s
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
tak
e
all
th
e
r
ig
h
t
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
s
in
a
tim
ely
m
a
n
n
er
.
A
lar
g
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
C
OVI
D
1
9
ca
s
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
u
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
r
o
p
lets
th
at
tr
av
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
air
in
a
p
r
o
x
im
ity
o
f
2
m
eter
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
“c
o
n
tacts”
ar
e
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
wh
o
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
C
OVI
D
1
9
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
h
y
s
ical
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
m
eter
s
.
AM
AN
ap
p
licatio
n
in
f
o
r
m
s
u
s
er
s
ab
o
u
t
th
ei
r
co
n
ta
ct
with
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
f
ec
ted
p
eo
p
le
.
T
h
u
s
,
it is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
J
o
r
d
an
with
m
o
r
e
th
an
2
m
illi
o
n
o
f
d
o
wn
lo
a
d
s
[
18
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
1
1
2
0
-
1
1
2
7
1122
2
.
1
.
User
ex
perience
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
it
is
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
c
h
an
d
at
t
h
e
s
am
e
tim
e
is
g
iv
en
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
R
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
f
ig
u
r
es,
g
r
ap
h
s
,
tab
les
an
d
o
th
er
s
t
h
at
m
ak
e
th
e
r
ea
d
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ea
s
ily
[
1
1
]
-
[
15]
.
T
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
i
n
s
ev
er
al
s
u
b
-
ch
a
p
ter
s
.
User
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
in
clu
d
es
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
er
in
ter
ac
tio
n
wit
h
a
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
s
er
v
ic
e
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
UX
h
as
a
s
u
b
ject
iv
e
n
atu
r
e
s
in
ce
it
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
an
d
t
h
o
u
g
h
ts
[
6
]
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
g
o
o
d
UX
is
cr
itical
to
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
an
ap
p
licatio
n
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
at
a
u
s
er
m
ay
b
e
in
ter
ested
in
r
eu
s
in
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
.
Gen
e
r
ally
,
u
s
er
s
m
ay
h
a
v
e
g
o
o
d
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
an
ap
p
licatio
n
’
s
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
m
ee
t
th
eir
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
a
f
ir
s
t
im
p
r
ess
io
n
[
2
4
]
,
b
u
t
UX
wi
ll
s
u
r
ely
ad
ju
s
t
an
y
cu
r
r
en
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
an
d
i
m
p
ac
t
th
e
af
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
ei
r
f
ir
s
t
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lt
to
war
d
s
th
e
UX
o
f
AM
AN
ap
p
licatio
n
will
d
ir
ec
tly
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
p
eo
p
le
to
ad
o
p
t
an
d
u
s
e
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
th
is
will c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
te
in
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
d
is
ea
s
e
q
u
ar
an
tin
e.
User
ex
p
er
ien
ce
ca
n
b
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
two
m
ain
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
:
th
e
p
r
ag
m
atic
q
u
ality
,
c
o
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
task
ex
ec
u
tio
n
an
d
th
e
h
ed
o
n
ic
q
u
ality
,
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
with
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
v
alu
es
o
f
ea
ch
u
s
er
a
n
d
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
[
2
7
]
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
es
e
q
u
alities
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
u
s
er
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
f
o
r
m
t
h
eir
im
p
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
q
u
alities
lead
s
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
eg
at
iv
e
im
p
r
ess
io
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
lea
d
s
to
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
a
n
ap
p
licatio
n
[
28
].
All
UX
a
s
p
ec
ts
ca
n
ac
t
as
m
ed
iato
r
s
to
ex
cite
u
s
er
's
s
en
s
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
s
o
f
twar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
User
co
n
ten
tm
en
t
is
s
u
b
jectiv
e
an
d
r
elies
o
n
u
s
er
'
s
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
(
UE
Q)
wh
ich
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
2
6
item
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ix
f
ac
to
r
s
:
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
,
clas
s
ical
u
s
ab
il
ity
asp
ec
ts
(
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
er
s
p
icu
ity
,
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
)
an
d
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
asp
ec
ts
(
n
o
v
elty
,
s
tim
u
latio
n
)
.
[
26
]
in
th
eir
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
a
tu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
UX
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
;
u
s
er
,
task
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
with
s
o
f
twar
e
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
u
s
e.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
f
ac
t
o
r
s
h
elp
t
o
em
p
o
wer
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
u
s
er
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
[
2
7
]
,
[
28]
.
T
h
ey
also
m
en
tio
n
e
d
s
o
m
e
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
eir
r
ev
iew:
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
em
o
tio
n
al
attitu
d
e,
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
s
er
v
i
ce
tim
e,
an
d
d
esig
n
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
G
Y
AND
M
A
T
E
R
I
A
L
S
UX
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
tes
t
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
th
e
u
s
e
of
a
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
(
UE
Q)
d
is
s
em
in
ated
o
n
lin
e
to
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
v
ia
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
io
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
is
av
ailab
le
in
b
o
th
A
r
ab
ic
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
ev
alu
ated
v
er
s
io
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
t
o
o
l
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
es
ar
e
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
u
s
er
-
d
r
iv
en
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
q
u
ality
.
T
h
ey
allo
w
f
o
r
a
n
e
f
f
icien
t
as
s
ess
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
s
tics
in
q
u
an
titativ
e
ter
m
s
.
A
v
er
y
p
o
wer
f
u
l
way
t
o
g
et
u
s
ef
u
l
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
en
d
-
u
s
er
s
is
to
allo
w
th
em
to
e
v
alu
ate
wh
at
wo
r
r
ies
th
em
m
o
s
t
i
n
s
tan
tly
:
Ho
w
d
i
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
ee
l,
h
o
w
was
th
e
o
v
er
all
u
s
ag
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
th
e
u
s
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
UE
Q)
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
o
r
u
s
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
ev
alu
at
io
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
[
13
]
a
n
d
its
ex
t
en
s
io
n
s
[
14
]
.
T
h
e
UE
Q
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
is
av
ailab
le
in
E
n
g
lis
h
,
Ar
a
b
ic
an
d
o
th
er
lan
g
u
ag
es
[
29
]
;
th
e
UE
Q
co
n
t
ain
s
th
e
s
ca
les
attr
ac
tiv
en
es
s
(
s
ix
item
s
)
,
p
er
s
p
icu
ity
,
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
n
o
v
elty
an
d
s
tim
u
la
tio
n
(
f
o
u
r
item
s
ea
ch
)
n
ee
d
ed
to
f
ill
o
u
t
a
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
6
co
n
tr
ar
ian
a
d
jectiv
e
p
air
s
.
All
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
f
am
iliar
in
ac
tiv
atin
g
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
its
r
elate
d
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
lo
ca
tio
n
v
ia
g
l
o
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
GPS)
t
o
ef
f
icien
tly
tr
ac
k
th
e
u
s
er
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
th
at
u
s
er
s
v
is
ited
o
r
m
o
v
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
UE
Q
co
n
s
is
t
of
26
item
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
am
o
n
g
6
s
ca
les,
th
e
s
ca
les
ar
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
;
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
in
d
icatin
g
o
v
er
all
im
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
Do
u
s
er
s
lik
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
h
ate
it?
Per
s
p
icu
ity
:
I
s
it
ea
s
y
to
g
e
t
ac
q
u
ain
ted
with
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct?
Is
it
ea
s
y
to
lear
n
how
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
of
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct?
E
f
f
icien
cy
:
can
u
s
er
s
s
o
lv
e
th
eir
task
s
with
o
u
t
an
y
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
ef
f
o
r
t?
Dep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
:
d
o
es
th
e
u
s
er
f
ee
l
in
co
n
tr
o
l
of
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
?
Sti
m
u
latio
n
:
Is
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ex
citin
g
an
d
m
o
tiv
atin
g
to
u
s
e?
No
v
elty
:
Is
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e?
I
s
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
in
th
e
in
ter
est
o
f
u
s
er
s
?
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
e
p
icts
th
e
p
r
esu
m
ed
s
ca
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
UE
Q
an
d
s
h
o
ws
th
e
item
s
p
er
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
UE
Q’
s
item
s
h
a
v
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
s
em
an
tic
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ial;
ev
er
y
item
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
two
co
n
tr
ad
icto
r
y
ter
m
s
.
T
er
m
s
a
r
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
o
r
d
er
e
d
p
er
ite
m
,
h
alf
o
f
th
e
item
s
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
b
eg
in
with
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ter
m
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
lf
b
eg
in
with
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ter
m
.
UE
Q
u
s
es
a
s
ev
en
-
s
tag
e
s
ca
le
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
e
n
cy
b
ias
f
o
r
th
e
t
y
p
es
o
f
item
s
.
T
h
e
item
s
ar
e
s
ca
led
f
r
o
m
-
3
to
+3
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
-
3
d
en
o
tes
th
e
m
o
s
t
n
eg
ativ
e
an
s
wer
,
0
a
n
eu
tr
al
an
s
wer
,
an
d
+3
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
s
wer
as
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
Data
T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
UE
Q
[
29
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
User
ex
p
erien
ce
a
s
s
e
s
s
men
t o
f
a
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
tr
a
ck
in
g
mo
b
ile
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
(
A
MAN)
…
(
A
s
h
r
a
f Mo
u
s
a
S
a
leh
)
1123
Fig
u
r
e
1.
UE
Q
s
ca
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
2
9
]
3
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
pro
ce
s
s
A
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
s
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
h
ir
ed
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
ce
r
tain
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
ta
s
k
s
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
s
en
t
to
AM
AN
p
ag
e
u
s
er
s
o
n
F
ac
eb
o
o
k
to
b
e
f
illed
o
u
t
o
n
lin
e.
B
ef
o
r
e
f
illi
n
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ask
ed
to
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
d
o
wn
lo
ad
ed
th
e
ap
p
an
d
ac
tiv
ated
it.
All
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
m
u
s
t
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
e
y
ar
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
in
ter
n
et
an
d
t
o
walk
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
wh
ile
ev
alu
atin
g
it.
T
h
u
s
,
1
2
0
8
AM
AN
u
s
er
s
(
7
0
3
m
ales
an
d
5
0
5
f
em
ales)
wh
o
c
am
e
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
f
i
llin
g
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
w
o
r
k
in
g
i
n
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
,
h
o
u
s
ewiv
es
an
d
citizen
s
in
g
en
e
r
al.
All
u
s
er
s
h
ad
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
with
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
f
ac
i
li
t
a
t
e
d
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
J
o
r
d
a
n
i
a
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
e
n
f
o
r
c
e
s
all
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
s
ec
to
r
t
o
d
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
as
w
e
ll
a
s
ci
t
ize
n
s
w
h
o
v
i
s
it
s
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
n
s
t
it
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
ls
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
d
i
r
e
c
t
o
r
a
t
es
m
u
s
t
d
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
D
E
F
E
N
SE
L
AW
S
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
a
ls
o
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
i
n
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
i
es
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
e
g
es
.
I
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
,
t
h
e
D
e
f
e
n
s
e
M
i
n
is
tr
y
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
d
d
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
th
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
t
o
a
ll
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
i
s
c
o
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
e
as
e
d
t
h
e
t
a
s
k
o
f
c
o
l
l
e
c
ti
n
g
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
c
i
t
iz
e
n
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
ass
es
s
m
en
t
is
a
s
f
o
llo
ws
:
De
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
,
wh
er
e
g
en
d
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
an
d
ag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
r
esu
lt
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
5
8
%,
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
7
0
3
o
u
t
o
f
1
2
0
8
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
m
ale
s
,
4
2
%
wer
e
f
em
ales.
Am
o
n
g
p
ar
ticip
an
t,
T
a
b
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
(
4
2
.
3
%)
h
a
d
an
a
g
e
r
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
2
0
-
3
0
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ajo
r
i
ty
s
in
ce
wo
r
k
er
s
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
all
with
in
th
is
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
it
is
m
an
d
ato
r
y
f
o
r
th
em
to
in
s
tall
A
MA
N
ap
p
b
y
th
eir
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
3
2
4
(
2
6
.
8
%)
h
ad
an
ag
e
r
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
3
1
-
4
0
,
2
8
4
(
2
5
.
5
%)
h
ad
a
n
ag
e
r
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
4
1
-
50
an
d
88
(
7
.
4
%)
h
ad
a
n
ag
e
r
a
n
g
e
>5
1
.
W
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
p
ar
ticip
an
t’
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
4
8
.
2
%
o
f
t
h
em
wo
r
k
e
d
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
,
wh
ile
3
1
.
8
%
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wo
r
k
ed
i
n
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
a
n
d
th
e
r
em
ain
d
er
wer
e
h
o
u
s
ewiv
es
(
1
1
.
7
%)
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
wer
e
u
n
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
(
8
.
3
%).
I
n
t
er
m
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
7
1
%
h
ad
a
c
o
lle
g
e
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
le
v
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
2
6
%
h
a
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
ce
r
tific
ates,
wh
ile
3
% h
ad
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ce
r
tific
ates.
T
ab
le
1.
Gen
d
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
G
e
n
d
e
r
N
=
1
2
0
5
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
M
a
l
e
7
0
3
5
8
%
F
e
mal
e
5
0
5
4
2
%
To
t
a
l
1
2
0
8
1
0
0
%
T
ab
le
2
.
Ag
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
A
g
e
20
-
30
31
-
40
41
-
50
>
5
1
S
u
b
t
o
t
a
l
5
1
2
3
2
4
2
8
4
88
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
4
2
.
3
%
2
6
.
8
%
2
3
.
5
%
7
.
4
%
4
.
1
.
AM
AN
UX
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
h
e
UX
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
AM
A
N
ap
p
licatio
n
in
clu
d
es
2
6
item
s
ca
teg
o
r
ized
u
n
d
e
r
s
ix
s
ca
l
es
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
T
ab
le
3
co
n
tain
s
th
e
s
ca
le
d
item
s
ag
ain
s
t
ea
ch
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
clar
if
y
in
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
,
v
ar
ian
ce
,
an
d
m
ea
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
it
em
.
It
is
ap
p
ar
en
t
t
h
at
no
item
h
as
a
n
eg
ativ
e
m
ea
n
an
d
th
at
a
ll
item
s
in
th
is
s
ca
l
e
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
p
o
s
itiv
e
m
ea
n
.
T
h
i
s
s
h
o
ws
th
at
in
th
is
s
en
s
e,
th
er
e
is
no
p
r
o
b
lem
with
th
is
item
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ea
n
f
o
r
th
e
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
of
UE
Q
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
1
1
2
0
-
1
1
2
7
1124
T
ab
le
3.
UE
Q
s
ca
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
I
t
e
m
S
c
a
l
e
R
i
g
h
t
Le
f
t
N
o
.
S
t
d
.
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
M
e
a
n
1
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
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e
ss
En
j
o
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A
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g
1
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6
2
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0
2
P
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sp
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u
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n
d
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r
st
a
n
d
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3
N
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1
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1
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6
2
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5
2
.
1
4
P
e
r
sp
i
c
u
i
t
y
D
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
to
l
e
a
r
n
Ea
sy
to
l
e
a
r
n
1
2
0
8
1
.
7
2
.
9
2
.
2
5
S
t
i
m
u
l
a
t
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I
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r
V
a
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u
a
b
l
e
1
2
0
8
1
.
5
2
.
1
2
.
4
6
S
t
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Ex
c
i
t
i
n
g
B
o
r
i
n
g
1
2
0
8
1
.
3
1
.
7
1
.
6
7
S
t
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
I
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e
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e
s
t
i
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g
1
2
0
8
1
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4
1
.
9
1
.
5
8
D
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
P
r
e
d
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c
t
a
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e
U
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
a
b
l
e
1
2
0
8
1
.
3
1
.
8
2
.
3
9
Ef
f
i
c
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e
n
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y
S
l
o
w
F
a
st
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
1
.
9
2
.
6
10
N
o
v
e
l
t
y
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
1
2
0
8
1
.
6
2
.
4
1
.
3
11
D
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
S
u
p
p
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O
b
st
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u
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v
e
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
1
.
9
2
.
1
12
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
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e
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e
ss
B
a
d
G
o
o
d
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
2
.
0
1
.
9
13
P
e
r
sp
i
c
u
i
t
y
Ea
sy
C
o
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
2
.
0
1
.
8
14
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
P
l
e
a
s
i
n
g
U
n
l
i
k
a
b
l
e
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
2
.
0
2
.
1
15
N
o
v
e
l
t
y
Le
a
d
i
n
g
e
d
g
e
U
su
a
l
1
2
0
8
1
.
5
2
.
1
1
.
5
16
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
P
l
e
a
s
a
n
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n
p
l
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a
sa
n
t
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
1
.
9
1
.
7
17
D
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
N
o
t
sec
u
r
e
S
e
c
u
r
e
1
2
0
8
2
.
0
3
.
9
2
.
0
18
S
t
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
D
e
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
n
g
M
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
n
g
1
2
0
8
1
.
3
1
.
7
1
.
8
19
D
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
D
o
e
s
n
o
t
mee
t
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
M
e
e
t
s
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
1
2
0
8
1
.
3
1
.
7
1
.
9
20
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
I
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
1
.
9
2
.
2
21
P
e
r
sp
i
c
u
i
t
y
C
o
n
f
u
s
i
n
g
C
l
e
a
r
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
2
.
0
2
.
3
22
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
I
mp
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
1
2
0
8
1
.
2
1
.
4
2
.
4
23
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
C
l
u
t
t
e
r
e
d
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
1
2
0
8
1
.
6
2
.
5
2
.
3
24
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
U
n
a
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
1
.
9
1
.
8
25
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
U
n
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
F
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
1
2
0
8
1
.
3
1
.
7
1
.
9
26
N
o
v
e
l
t
y
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
C
o
n
ser
v
a
t
i
v
e
1
2
0
8
1
.
4
2
.
1
1
.
6
T
ab
le
4
.
AM
AN
UE
Q
q
u
ality
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
U
EQ
sca
l
e
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
M
e
a
n
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
1
.
9
P
r
a
g
ma
t
i
c
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
2
.
1
H
e
d
o
n
i
c
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
1
.
7
Seen
f
r
o
m
th
e
ta
b
le,
ea
ch
ca
t
eg
o
r
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
h
as
a
m
ea
n
,
wh
ich
is
th
en
m
a
k
es
k
n
o
w
n
th
e
s
ca
le
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
th
e
a
n
s
wer
r
esu
lt
f
o
r
ea
c
h
item
.
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
c
e
in
ter
v
als
f
o
r
th
e
s
ca
le
m
ea
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
m
ea
n
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
r
ele
v
an
t
s
ca
les
o
f
UX.
T
h
e
s
m
aller
th
e
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
is
,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
an
d
th
is
,
i
n
tu
r
n
,
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
.
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
at
8
0
%
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
s
o
m
e
ex
ten
t
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
th
e
A
MA
N
ap
p
licatio
n
was
ef
f
icien
t
to
u
s
e
wh
er
ea
s
5
3
.
3
%
o
f
t
h
em
to
s
o
m
e
e
x
ten
t
ag
r
ee
d
with
th
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
ag
r
ee
d
with
th
e
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
(
7
0
%),
p
er
s
p
icu
ity
(
6
6
.
6
%)
an
d
s
tim
u
latio
n
(
6
0
%).
UE
Q
s
ca
le
was
g
r
o
u
p
ed
i
n
to
p
r
ag
m
atic
q
u
ality
d
im
en
s
io
n
t
o
i
n
v
o
lv
e
p
er
s
p
icu
ity
,
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
h
ed
o
n
ic
q
u
ality
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
was
g
r
o
u
p
ed
t
o
in
clu
d
e
s
tim
u
latio
n
an
d
n
o
v
elty
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
attr
ac
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
is
id
en
tifie
d
as in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
ar
ity
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
ter
v
als f
o
r
UX
s
ca
les m
ea
n
s
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
s
(
p
=
0
.
0
5
)
p
e
r
s
c
a
l
e
S
c
a
l
e
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
.
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
A
t
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
1
.
9
1
.
1
4
3
6
3
.
3
%
0
.
0
6
4
1
.
8
3
6
1
.
9
6
4
P
e
r
sp
i
c
u
i
t
y
2
1
.
1
3
8
6
6
.
6
%
0
.
0
6
4
1
.
9
3
6
2
.
0
6
4
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
2
.
4
1
.
0
4
8
8
0
.
0
%
0
.
0
5
9
2
.
3
4
1
2
.
4
5
9
D
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
2
.
1
0
.
9
0
8
7
0
.
0
%
0
.
0
5
1
2
.
0
4
9
2
.
1
5
1
S
t
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
.
8
1
.
0
6
1
6
0
.
0
%
0
.
0
6
0
1
.
7
4
0
1
.
8
6
0
N
o
v
e
l
t
y
1
.
6
1
.
0
7
9
5
3
.
3
%
0
.
0
6
1
1
.
5
3
9
1
.
6
6
1
4
.
2
.
AM
AN
UX
co
m
pa
riso
n t
o
benchm
a
rk
Sch
r
ep
p
[
2
9
]
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
U
E
Q
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
d
ata
s
ets
to
in
clu
d
es
d
ata
o
n
4
5
2
s
o
f
twa
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
u
s
in
g
UE
Q
to
ca
l
cu
late
th
e
s
co
r
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
AM
AN
ap
p
licatio
n
ag
ain
s
t
s
o
f
twar
e
av
ailab
le
in
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
.
Nex
t,
t
o
ca
lcu
lat
e
th
e
s
co
r
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ea
ch
s
ca
le,
th
e
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
was
in
s
er
ted
o
n
UE
Q.
A
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
th
at
alr
ea
d
y
ex
is
ted
f
o
r
UE
Q
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
p
r
a
ctica
l sco
r
e
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
UE
Q
f
r
o
m
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lt o
f
UX
o
f
A
MA
N,
th
u
s
it c
o
u
ld
b
e
b
etter
e
s
tim
ated
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ch
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
f
o
r
UX
s
ca
les.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
r
esu
lt
o
f
UE
Q,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
s
ca
les
th
at
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
i
ze
d
as
ex
ce
llen
t;
t
h
e
s
ca
les
o
f
Attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
User
ex
p
erien
ce
a
s
s
e
s
s
men
t o
f
a
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
tr
a
ck
in
g
mo
b
ile
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
(
A
MAN)
…
(
A
s
h
r
a
f Mo
u
s
a
S
a
leh
)
1125
(
Me
an
=1
.
9
)
,
E
f
f
icien
cy
(
Me
a
n
=2
.
4
)
,
Dep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
(
Me
a
n
=2
.
1
)
,
Sti
m
u
latio
n
(
Me
a
n
=1
.
8
)
,
wh
ile
two
s
ca
les
o
n
th
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
o
f
g
o
o
d
ar
e
Per
s
p
icu
ity
(
Me
an
=2
.
0
)
an
d
No
v
elty
(
Me
an
=1
.
6
)
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
ess
io
n
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
b
etwe
en
-
0
.
8
an
d
0
.
8
is
co
n
s
id
er
as
n
o
r
m
al
ev
alu
ati
o
n
s
c
o
r
e,
s
co
r
e
>
0
.
8
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
th
e
s
co
r
es
<
-
0
.
8
ar
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
n
it
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
AM
AN
ap
p
licatio
n
is
lik
ely
to
h
a
v
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
r
ess
io
n
(
th
e
s
co
r
e
is
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
1
an
d
ab
o
v
e
)
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
ly
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
,
p
e
r
s
p
icu
ity
,
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
,
s
tim
u
latio
n
an
d
n
o
v
elty
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
AM
AN
UX
q
u
ality
(
3
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
)
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
AM
AN
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
it
s
h
o
ws
ex
ce
llen
t
s
co
r
e
v
alu
e
in
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
an
d
h
i
g
h
est
m
e
an
s
co
r
e
(
M=
2
.
4
)
,
as
well.
W
h
ile
th
er
e
ar
e
e
x
ce
llen
t
s
co
r
e
v
alu
es
f
o
r
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
p
er
s
p
icu
ity
an
d
a
ttra
ctiv
en
ess
,
th
o
s
e
h
av
e
a
l
o
wer
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
th
an
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
AM
AN
ap
p
licatio
n
h
as
a
h
i
g
h
er
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
r
ess
io
n
to
war
d
th
o
s
e
s
ca
les
th
an
s
tim
u
latio
n
an
d
n
o
v
elty
.
Gen
er
ally
,
all
th
e
UX
s
ca
les
h
av
e
en
c
o
u
r
ag
i
n
g
v
alu
es
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
u
s
er
im
p
r
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
UE
Q
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
a
m
ain
in
d
ic
ato
r
o
f
wh
eth
e
r
AM
AN
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
le
v
el
o
f
UX
to
p
er
ce
iv
ed
im
p
r
ess
io
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
AM
A
N
ap
p
licatio
n
to
s
u
ch
a
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
d
ata
s
et
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
d
eq
u
ate
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
UX
b
y
a
wid
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ca
le
r
esu
lts
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
m
ak
e
it p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
r
aw
g
en
e
r
al
im
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
ated
ap
p
licatio
n
[
26
]
,
[
30
]
,
[
31
].
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ass
ess
ed
th
e
UX
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
AM
AN
ap
p
licatio
n
in
J
o
r
d
an
with
1
2
0
8
s
tu
d
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
d
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ied
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a
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d
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o
f
th
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AN
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ile
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h
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d
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th
e
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o
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g
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t
h
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r
th
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th
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u
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er
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ated
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e
AM
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ap
p
lic
atio
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as
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m
ed
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g
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e
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s
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ic
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e
f
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cy
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o
n
all
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h
r
ee
item
s
,
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d
r
a
ted
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e
ap
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licatio
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p
o
o
r
ly
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n
s
t
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d
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tim
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latio
n
,
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d
n
o
v
elty
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.
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h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
co
n
s
id
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ed
r
esp
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lly
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y
th
e
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AN
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
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team
.
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h
e
ar
ea
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
m
ig
h
t
b
e
ta
k
en
o
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m
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th
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o
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e
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tio
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u
c
h
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item
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2
6
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atin
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en
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ix
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s
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r
s
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g
r
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u
p
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g
(
attr
ac
tiv
en
e
s
s
,
h
ed
o
n
ic
an
d
p
r
ag
m
atics).
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
UE
Q
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
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ea
s
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r
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
er
s
io
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o
f
AM
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a
p
p
licatio
n
,
b
u
t
also
to
estab
lis
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
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m
ea
s
u
r
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en
t
f
o
r
h
ed
o
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ic
a
n
d
p
r
ag
m
atic
q
u
alities
.
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h
e
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
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escr
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p
r
o
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id
es
a
n
ad
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itio
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p
p
o
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tu
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ity
to
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k
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th
e
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r
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en
t
s
tate
o
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th
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u
s
er
e
x
p
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en
ce
o
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an
a
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licatio
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s
u
f
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i
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t
b
y
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m
p
ar
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g
it
to
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lar
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g
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
av
ailab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Def
in
itely
,
th
e
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
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a
h
ig
h
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im
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io
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o
n
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
an
ad
o
p
ted
ap
p
licatio
n
b
y
h
ea
lth
au
th
o
r
ities
an
d
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g
an
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s
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
s
h
o
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ld
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e
r
a
b
ly
b
e
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ten
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y
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p
ar
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n
with
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p
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tito
r
s
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o
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tain
a
clea
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p
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r
e.
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ased
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ass
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en
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UX
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ca
l
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th
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y
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ld
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e
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UX
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etter
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ter
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th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
we
will
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is
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a
ler
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ac
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v
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ts
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s
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ir
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[1
]
H
.
A.
R
o
t
h
a
n
a
n
d
S
.
N.
By
ra
re
d
d
y
,
“
T
h
e
e
p
id
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m
io
l
o
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y
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n
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p
a
th
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g
e
n
e
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s
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se
(COV
ID
-
1
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)
o
u
t
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re
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k
,
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.
[2
]
Y.
Ya
o
,
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a
l.
,
“
S
p
a
ti
a
l
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o
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latio
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late
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ti
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a
n
d
d
e
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th
ra
te
o
f
COV
ID
-
19
,
”
M
e
d
Rxiv
,
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o
l.
1
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[3
]
R.
M
.
An
d
e
rso
n
,
H.
He
e
ste
rb
e
e
k
,
D.
Klin
k
e
n
b
e
rg
,
a
n
d
T
.
D.
Ho
ll
in
g
sw
o
rt
h
,
“
Ho
w
will
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try
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a
se
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m
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o
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rse
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COV
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e
p
i
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ic?
,
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la
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.
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6
7
3
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0
)
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.
[4
]
J.
He
ll
e
we
ll
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
F
e
a
sib
il
it
y
o
f
c
o
n
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o
ll
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n
g
COV
ID
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1
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o
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re
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k
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b
y
iso
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d
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o
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tac
ts,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
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Glo
b
a
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He
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lt
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,
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.
[5
]
H
.
Ch
o
,
D
.
Ip
p
o
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it
o
,
a
n
d
Y
.
W
.
Y
u
,
“
C
o
n
tac
t
trac
in
g
m
o
b
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a
p
p
s
f
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r
COV
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:
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sid
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ra
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re
late
d
trad
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v
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l
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p
p
.
1
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0
.
[6
]
C.
J
.
Wan
g
,
Ch
u
n
Y.
Ng
,
a
n
d
R
.
H.
Bro
o
k
,
“
Re
sp
o
n
se
to
COV
ID
-
1
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in
Taiwa
n
:
b
i
g
d
a
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c
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a
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d
p
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,
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J
a
ma
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3
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o
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1
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p
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1
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/
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2
0
2
0
.
3
1
5
1
.
[7
]
O
.
En
a
iza
n
,
B.
En
e
iza
n
,
M
.
Alm
a
a
it
a
h
,
A
.
T
.
Al
-
Ra
d
a
id
e
h
,
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
S
a
leh
.
“
Eff
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c
ts o
f
p
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a
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d
se
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a
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EM
R:
t
h
e
m
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d
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g
ro
le
o
f
tru
st
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b
a
sis
o
f
m
u
lt
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p
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c
ti
v
e
s,
”
In
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
in
M
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d
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e
U
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lo
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k
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d
,
v
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.
2
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o
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j.
imu
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.
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.
[8
]
E.
A.
Ad
e
n
i
y
i,
J.
B.
Aw
o
t
u
n
d
e
,
R.
O.
Og
u
n
d
o
k
u
n
,
P
.
O.
Ko
law
o
le,
M
.
K.
Ab
i
o
d
u
n
,
a
n
d
A.
A.
A
d
e
n
iy
i,
“
M
o
b
il
e
h
e
a
lt
h
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
COV
ID
-
1
9
:
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Criti
c
a
l
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
pp.
3
4
8
1
-
3
4
8
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
M
.
Ka
y
e
d
,
Ef
fec
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
Ama
n
a
p
p
q
u
e
sti
o
n
e
d
,
Th
e
Jo
rd
a
n
Ti
m
e
s,
2
0
2
0
[O
n
l
in
e
]
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
jo
r
d
a
n
ti
m
e
s.c
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m
/n
e
ws
/l
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a
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e
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.
Ac
c
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ss
e
d
:
Ja
n
.
1
4
,
2
0
2
1.
[1
0
]
A
.
S
a
leh
,
R
.
Isa
m
il
,
a
n
d
N
.
F
a
b
il
,
“
E
x
ten
sio
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f
P
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M
o
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r
Us
a
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Ev
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M
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tr
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Us
in
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o
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Qu
e
stio
n
M
e
tri
c
s (G
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)
Ap
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
J
.
o
f
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
&
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p
p
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e
d
I
n
f
.
T
e
c
h
.
,
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1
0
0
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
M.
M
o
sh
a
g
e
n
a
n
d
M
.
T
.
T
h
ielsc
h
,
“
F
a
c
e
ts
o
f
v
isu
a
l
a
e
sth
e
ti
c
s,”
In
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
h
u
ma
n
-
c
o
mp
u
ter
stu
d
ies
,
vol
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
6
8
9
-
7
0
9
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
ij
h
c
s.2
0
1
0
.
0
5
.
0
0
6
[1
2
]
B.
Lau
g
wi
tz,
T.
He
ld
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
c
h
re
p
p
,
“
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
u
se
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
q
u
e
sti
o
n
n
a
ire,”
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
A
u
stria
n
HCI
a
n
d
u
sa
b
il
it
y
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
g
ro
u
p
,
S
p
r
in
g
e
r,
Be
rli
n
,
He
i
d
e
lb
e
rg
,
v
o
l
2
8
,
p
p
.
6
3
-
7
6
,
No
v
.
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
%
2
F
9
7
8
-
3
-
5
4
0
-
8
9
3
5
0
-
9
_
6
.
[1
3
]
B
.
Lau
g
wi
tz,
M
.
S
c
h
re
p
p
,
a
n
d
T
.
He
ld
,
“
Co
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
a
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ire
to
m
e
a
su
re
th
e
u
se
r
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
o
f
so
ftwa
re
p
ro
d
u
c
ts
(in
G
e
rm
a
n
y
)
,
”
M
e
n
sc
h
u
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
2
0
0
6
:
M
e
n
sc
h
u
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
im
S
tru
k
tu
rwa
n
d
e
l
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
-
1
3
4
,
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
5
2
4
/
9
7
8
3
4
8
6
8
4
1
7
4
9
.
1
2
5
.
[1
4
]
A.
Hin
d
e
rk
s,
M
.
S
c
h
re
p
p
,
F
.
J.
D
.
M
a
y
o
,
M
.
J.
Esc
a
lo
n
a
,
a
n
d
J.
T
h
o
m
a
sc
h
e
ws
k
i
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
a
UX
KPI
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
u
se
r
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
q
u
e
sti
o
n
n
a
ire,”
Co
mp
u
ter
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
&
In
ter
fa
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
6
5
,
p
p
.
3
8
-
4
4
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
c
si.
2
0
1
9
.
0
1
.
0
0
7
.
[1
5
]
H.
S
tev
e
n
s
a
n
d
M
.
B.
Ha
in
e
s,
“
Trac
e
to
g
e
th
e
r:
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic
re
sp
o
n
se
,
d
e
m
o
c
ra
c
y
,
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
”
E
a
st
Asi
a
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
o
c
iety
:
An
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
5
2
3
-
5
3
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
2
1
5
/1
8
7
5
2
1
6
0
-
8
6
9
8
3
0
1
.
[1
6
]
A.
D
.
Ca
rli
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
WeTrac
e
--
a
p
riv
a
c
y
-
p
re
se
rv
in
g
m
o
b
il
e
COV
ID
-
1
9
trac
in
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
a
rXiv
p
re
p
rin
t
a
rXiv,
vol
.
0
8
8
1
2
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
7
]
K.
Nib
u
rs
k
i
a
n
d
O
.
Ni
b
u
rsk
i,
“
A
c
o
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
trac
k
e
r
fo
r
c
li
n
icia
n
s
a
n
d
st
u
d
e
n
ts:
As
se
ss
in
g
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
d
u
ri
n
g
a
n
e
v
o
lv
in
g
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
”
M
e
d
E
d
P
u
b
li
s
h
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
6
9
4
/me
p
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
0
0
1
1
1
.
1
.
[1
8
]
S.
Al
-
M
a
h
a
d
i
n
,
“
Lau
g
h
in
g
it
o
ff:
Co
ro
n
a
v
iru
s
su
p
e
rsp
re
a
d
e
rs,
a
n
x
iety
,
a
n
d
fe
a
r
in
Jo
rd
a
n
a
n
d
Au
stra
li
a
,
”
Psy
c
h
o
lo
g
ica
l
T
r
a
u
ma
:
T
h
e
o
ry
,
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
Pra
c
ti
c
e
,
a
n
d
Po
li
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
S
1
,
p
p
.
S
4
5
-
S
4
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
3
7
/
tra0
0
0
0
6
3
0
.
[1
9
]
M.
F
a
ra
o
n
,
“
M
o
b
il
e
trac
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
riv
a
c
y
i
n
th
e
c
o
ro
n
a
v
ir
u
s
p
a
n
d
e
m
ic,”
In
ter
a
c
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
0
-
5
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
0
]
S
.
G
ib
n
e
y
,
L
.
Bru
t
o
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
Do
h
e
rty
,
“
COV
ID Co
n
tac
t
Trac
in
g
A
p
p
:
Us
e
r
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
s a
n
d
Ex
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
Re
se
a
r
c
h
,
”
Res
e
a
rc
h
S
e
rv
ice
s
a
n
d
P
o
li
c
y
Un
it
,
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
He
a
lt
h
An
a
lytics
Div
isio
n
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
He
a
lt
h
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
0
.
[2
1
]
I.
Alo
d
a
t
,
“
An
a
ly
si
n
g
a
n
d
p
re
d
ict
in
g
COV
ID
-
1
9
AI
tr
a
c
k
in
g
u
si
n
g
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
S
imu
l
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
0
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
4
2
/
S
1
7
9
3
9
6
2
3
2
1
4
1
0
0
5
1
.
[2
2
]
M.
S
a
leh
u
d
i
n
,
E
.
Nu
rb
a
y
a
n
i,
a
n
d
R
.
To
b
a
,
“
Us
e
r
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
(Ux
)
Of
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia;
P
ro
g
ra
m
Of
Au
to
P
lay
M
e
d
ia
S
tu
d
io
F
o
r
Tea
c
h
e
r
P
ro
fe
ss
i
o
n
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(
P
P
G
)
,
”
Ab
j
a
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
-
1
2
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
8
6
0
/a
b
j.
v
5
i
2
.
8
7
2
2
.
[2
3
]
A
.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
H
.
A
.
Ra
z
a
k
,
a
n
d
E
.
O
.
C
.
M
k
p
o
ji
o
g
u
,
“
Th
e
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
u
sa
b
il
it
y
o
f
a
u
to
m
a
ted
tes
ti
n
g
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
JES
TE
C),
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
S
p
e
c
ial
Iss
u
e
o
n
IS
S
C’
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
8
9
-
9
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
4
]
A
.
M
.
S
a
leh
,
A
.
B
.
Al
-
Ba
d
a
re
e
n
,
a
n
d
O
.
E
n
a
iza
n
,
“
Au
t
o
m
a
ted
Us
e
r
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
To
o
l
De
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
fo
r
M
o
b
il
e
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
9
2
9
-
4
9
4
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
5
]
H
.
Ko
n
d
y
lak
is,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
COV
ID
-
1
9
M
o
b
il
e
A
p
p
s:
A
S
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
Re
v
iew
o
f
th
e
L
it
e
ra
tu
re
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
me
d
ica
l
In
ter
n
e
t
re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
e
2
3
1
7
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/
2
3
1
7
0
.
[2
6
]
M
.
S
c
h
re
p
p
,
J
.
Th
o
m
a
sc
h
e
ws
k
i,
a
n
d
A
.
Hin
d
e
rk
s
,
“
Co
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
o
f
a
Be
n
c
h
m
a
rk
f
o
r
t
h
e
Us
e
r
Ex
p
e
rien
c
e
Qu
e
stio
n
n
a
ire (UEQ)”
,
IJ
IM
AI
,
v
o
l.
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
0
-
4
4
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
9
7
8
1
/
ij
i
m
a
i.
2
0
1
7
.
4
4
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
User
ex
p
erien
ce
a
s
s
e
s
s
men
t o
f
a
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
tr
a
ck
in
g
mo
b
ile
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
(
A
MAN)
…
(
A
s
h
r
a
f Mo
u
s
a
S
a
leh
)
1127
[2
7
]
J
.
Kje
ld
sk
o
v
,
M
.
B.
S
k
o
v
,
a
n
d
J
.
S
tag
e
,
“
A
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
a
l
st
u
d
y
o
f
u
sa
b
il
it
y
i
n
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
:
Do
e
s
ti
m
e
h
e
a
l?
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
d
ica
l
In
fo
rm
a
t
ics
,
v
o
l.
7
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
e
1
3
5
-
e
1
4
3
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
ij
m
e
d
i
n
f.
2
0
0
8
.
0
7
.
0
0
8
.
[2
8
]
A.
M
.
S
a
leh
,
R.
Ism
a
il
,
N.
F
a
b
il
,
N.
M
d
No
rwa
wi,
a
n
d
F
.
Ab
d
u
l
Wah
id
,
“
M
e
a
su
ri
n
g
Us
a
b
il
it
y
:
Im
p
o
rta
n
c
e
Attri
b
u
tes
fo
r
M
o
b
il
e
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
2
3
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
7
3
8
-
4
7
4
1
,
2
0
1
7
,
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