TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol.12, No.6, Jun
e
201
4, pp. 4854 ~ 4
8
6
0
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i6.584
5
4854
Re
cei
v
ed
Jan
uary 21, 201
4
;
Revi
sed Ma
rch 1
9
, 2014;
Acce
pted April 1, 2014
Finite Element Analysis for Bobbin Tool Friction Stir
Welding
X.M.Liu*
1
,
J.
S.Yao
2
,
Z.D.Zou
1
,
Y.Cai
1
, H.
Meng
1
1
Ke
y
L
abor
ator
y for Li
qui
d-Sol
i
d Structural Ev
oluti
on &
Proce
ssing of Materi
als,
Ministr
y
of
Educati
on,
Shan
do
ng Un
i
v
ersit
y
, Jin
an,
250
06
1, Chin
a
2
Shang
hai A
e
r
o
spac
e Equ
i
p
m
ents manufa
c
turer, Shang
h
a
i 20
00
45, Chi
n
a
*
Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: xu
emei
_bu
aa
@sdu.e
du.cn
A
b
st
r
a
ct
W
i
th DEF
O
RM-3D fin
i
te e
l
e
m
ent softw
are, b
y
ther
mo-
m
ec
h
anic
a
l co
up
lin
g
method, th
e p
h
ysica
l
mo
dl
e for
bob
b
i
n to
ol fricti
on s
t
ir w
e
ldin
g w
a
s
set up.
By
this
mode
l, the
te
mp
eratur
e fie
l
d
an
d flow
fie
l
d
of
AA 201
4 alu
m
iniu
m
all
o
y w
o
rk plate of 6
m
m w
a
s ana
ly
zed, w
h
ich pro
v
ides us
eful i
n
formati
on for th
e
investi
gatio
n of
this new
proc
ess. Simulati
o
n
results
show
that the temp
erature fie
l
d of
the cross section
prese
n
ts symmetry a
ppr
oxi
m
ate
l
y a
bout t
he
mi
d thickn
e
ss of the w
o
rk plate. T
he hi
g
h
temper
ature z
o
n
e
has lar
ge rad
i
u
s
at bottom an
d top su
rfaces
near the sh
ou
l
ders w
h
ile s
m
a
ll
radi
us at the mi
d thickn
ess, lik
e
a w
a
ist, w
h
ich
i
s
verifie
d
by th
e ex
peri
m
ents. T
he re
lativ
e
y hig
hest
ste
ady temp
eratur
e
ke
eps abo
ut
3
6
0
Ԩ
.
Groove defects
are easy to be
found in th
e si
mu
lati
on.
Ke
y
w
ords
: DE
F
O
RM-3D, bob
bin too
l
friction
stir w
e
lding, F
E
M
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Since fri
c
tion
stir weldi
ng (FSW) was in
v
ented by The Weldin
g Institute (TWI
) in 1990,
this techniqu
e has
bee
n
developin
g
fa
st. Re
c
ently, some
ne
w types of FS
W
have eme
r
ge
d,
su
ch a
s
fricti
on stir
spot
weldi
ng (FSS
W) [1, 2], friction plug
wel
d
ing (FP
W) [
3
-5], and b
o
b
b
in
tool friction sti
r
weldi
ng [6, 7]. In this paper,
bobbi
n too
l
friction stir
welding i
s
involved.
There is only one sh
ould
e
r
in conventio
n
a
l FS
W techn
i
que. To gen
erate a force
to react
again
s
t the weldi
ng tool pre
s
sure loa
d
, it is
necessary to have
a devic
e of high rigi
dity
and
steady ba
ck to achi
eve co
nventional
FS
W su
cce
ssfull
y
[6], which restri
cts its a
p
p
licatio
n to weld
thin metal plate and co
m
p
lex spa
c
e curve ,su
c
h a
s
circu
m
fere
ntial dire
ction
welding in t
ank.
Acco
rdi
ngly the bob
bin to
ol is invented
by
TWI, BOEING and M
T
S. The bob
bin tool ha
s two
sho
u
lde
r
s
an
d one pi
n, as
illustrate
d in
Figure 1 an
d
Figure 2. By these tw
o
sho
u
lders, the la
rge
pre
s
sure in
welding
progre
s
s could
be
b
a
lan
c
ed
with its
internal se
lf–rea
cting m
e
ch
ani
sm,
an
d
thus th
e weld
ing loa
d
i
s
ta
ken
by the
b
obbin to
ol
eff
e
ctively. As
well,
the stea
dy
ba
ck co
ul
d
be
remove
d. So, the prog
re
ss gets
more flexible an
d
co
uld be
u
s
ed t
o
more a
ppli
c
ations,
su
ch
as
circumfe
renti
a
l dire
ction welding, which
is mention
ed
above.
Figure 1. Photograp
h of Bobbin Tool
Figure 2. Photograp
h of Bobbin Tool F
r
iction
Stir Welding [7]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Finite Elem
ent Analysi
s for
Bobbin To
ol Frictio
n
Stir Weldi
ng (X.M
.Liu)
4855
In this pape
r, with DEFO
RM-3
D finite elem
ent softwa
r
e, by thermo
-me
c
ha
nical cou
p
ling
method, the
physi
cal m
o
d
e
l of bo
bbin t
ool fri
c
ti
on
stir weldin
g wa
s
set up,
and
the tempe
r
at
ure
field and flow field of the
weld
i
ng process wa
s si
m
u
lated an
d a
nalyze
d
. The
results could
help
study the
me
cha
n
ism
of t
he p
r
o
c
e
s
s d
eeply, set u
p
the
ba
sis to
broad
en it
s
use
sco
p
e
a
nd
instru
ct its ap
plicatio
n to practice.
2. Thermo-m
echanic
al Process a
nd Analy
s
is
Similar to
co
nventional
F
S
W, the b
o
b
b
in tool
fricti
on
stir
weldi
ng p
r
o
c
e
s
s
coul
d b
e
divided into
two se
que
ntial pha
se
s: the preli
m
ina
r
y friction pre
heating p
h
a
s
e and the n
e
xt
steady adva
n
cin
g
pha
se.
The preh
ea
ting phase
is the essent
ial stage for enough h
e
a
t
to
pro
c
ee
d su
ccesfully of the
the next advancin
g peri
od.
At the beginn
ing of the p
r
o
c
e
ss, d
ue to
t
he violent fri
c
tion b
e
twe
e
n
the work pl
ate and
the tool, nea
rby metal’s te
mperature
in
cre
a
se fa
st, and p
a
rt
work plate
metal
become
s
pl
a
s
tic,
then dee
p pl
astic. Th
e pl
astic d
e
form
ation be
co
m
e
s the m
a
in
heat so
ur
ce. The
process is
a
typical pro
b
le
m of thermo-mech
ani
cal couplin
g,
so th
e cou
p
le calculation is n
e
cessary.
Acco
rdi
ng to the resea
r
chers’stu
d
y[8], t
he heat produ
ced by the action bet
wee
n
the
sho
u
lde
r
and
the work pl
a
t
e Q1 is mo
re than 80%
of the total heat pro
d
u
c
tio
n
, and the h
eat
prod
uced by
the action b
e
twee
n the p
i
n and the work
plate Q2
is only less than 20%. The
bobbi
n tool friction
stir wel
d
ing could
be
thought
a
s
a
modificatio
n
of adding
a should
e
r b
a
sed
on co
nventio
nal FSW. So
the friction b
e
t
ween the
sh
oulde
r and th
e wo
rk pl
ate has m
o
re
effect
on the proce
ss. Due to di
fferent
heat i
nput, the wel
d
ing cha
r
act
e
r in bo
bbin
tool friction
stir
weldi
ng is diff
erent fro
m
co
nventional p
r
oce
s
s.
Duri
ng
FSW, tool
thread
s wea
r
qui
ckly
l
ead
to
a
“self –optimized
” smooth pin su
rface
[9
-
12], so the
pi
n was
simplifi
ed as
cylindri
c
al smooth here
to
avoi
d
possibl
e inst
abilities. Figure
3
is the geomet
ry model of the bobbi
n tool. Meanw
hil
e
, two wokpi
e
ce
s we
re
simplified to be one
singl
e plate. The wh
ole pl
ate is 400m
m
*
150mm
*
6m
m. The weldi
ng begin
n
ing
positio
n is 10
0mm
from the bou
ndary of the
wo
kpie
ce in
Y directio
n,which i
s
the sa
me as the ex
perim
ent.
Non
-
unifo
rm
mesh
i
s
a
d
o
p
ted, an
d the
large
s
t ratio
of me
sh
si
ze
is 5, a
s
ill
ust
r
ated
in
Figure 4. Adaptive remeshi
ng is
adopted, after remeshing, the z
one of samller element
s will
be
ajuste
d to pro
per si
ze.
Figure 3. Bobbin Tool Ge
o
m
etry Model
Figur
e 4. FEM Mesh G
e
n
e
ration L
a
you
t
Plan
for Wo
rk
plate
The bob
bin
tool is co
nsi
dere
d
to be
rigid. The
plate is con
s
ide
r
ed to b
e
rigid-
visco
pla
s
tic.
The yield
stre
ss of the
plat
e mate
rial
, whic
h is
a function of s
t
rain,
s
t
rain rate, and
temperature,
can
also b
e
treated a
s
flo
w
stre
ss
. In thi
s
coupl
ed th
e
r
mo-me
c
ha
ni
cal p
r
o
b
lem, t
h
e
temperature
filed an
alysi
s
is a m
a
tter of
unste
ady h
e
a
t excha
nge
with inn
e
r
he
at sou
r
ce. Th
e
fundame
n
tal
equation of
the heat condition wi
th
chang
eabl
e
thermal propertie
s
can
be
expre
s
sed a
s
the following
3-D, un
stea
d
y
equation:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4854 – 4
860
4856
22
22
1
TT
T
T
ck
q
tr
r
r
z
(1)
Whe
r
e
ρ
, c a
nd k a
r
e de
n
s
ity, specifi
c
heat, and the
r
mal cond
ucti
vity of
the wokpi
e
ce
material, res
p
ec
tively,
q
is
the internal energy rate.
The fri
c
tion i
n
terface bet
wee
n
the too
l
and the
wo
kpie
ce i
s
the
heat ge
nera
t
ing face.
The othe
r faces that co
nta
c
t su
rro
undi
n
g
s are for he
at dissi
pation.
3. Results a
nd Analy
s
is
The tempe
r
at
ure field an
d flow field of workplate a
r
e i
n
volved in the study.
3.1. The Temperature Fiel
d
Acco
rdi
ng to the tempe
r
atu
r
e sim
u
lation
result
s, on
co
ndition
s that the wel
d
ing p
r
essure
is 350
0N a
n
d
the rotating
spe
ed is 1
0
0
0
r/min,
the preheatin
g pha
se time is a
p
p
roximately 3
1
s.
Figure 5 i
s
t
he i
s
othe
rma
l
diag
ram
on
half X-Y
se
ction
(midthi
c
kne
s
s of th
e workplate
)
at
different time
. It could
be
con
c
lu
ded th
at along
with
moving
of the tool, the
tempe
r
ature fi
eld
arou
nd th
e to
ol is
qua
si-st
eady. The te
mperature
gr
adient at th
e
front of the
welding
dire
cti
on is
large
r
th
an
th
e ba
ck. Th
e
reason li
es th
at the
ba
ck
metal h
a
s lo
wer
cooli
ng
speed
an
d hi
g
her
temperature
due to wo
rse thermal
con
d
i
t
ions.
(a) 3
1
s
(b) 4
7
.9s
(c
) 71.2
s
(d) 9
5
s
Figure 5. The
isothermal Di
agra
m
on Hal
f
X-Y Section at Different Ti
me
(℃
)
We
l
d
i
n
g
Di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
W
e
ld
in
g
Di
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Finite Elem
ent Analysi
s for
Bobbin To
ol Frictio
n
Stir Weldi
ng (X.M
.Liu)
4857
Figure 6 is th
e isoth
e
rmal
diagram on
cross
se
ction
vertical to the
weldin
g dire
ction at
31s
(p
reh
eati
ng time) of the work pl
ate. It sho
w
s t
hat the temp
eratu
r
e n
e
a
r
the tool i
s
hi
gher,
that is about
450
Ԩ
. And th
e zon
e
of hig
her temp
erat
ure i
s
wid
e
r o
n
the wo
rk pl
ate su
rfaces t
han
the mid thi
ckness. So, th
e high
er te
m
peratu
r
e
zo
n
e
shows th
e
distri
but
ion
of narro
w at
mid
thickne
ss
an
d wid
e
at t
op an
d b
o
ttom surfa
c
e
s
. Different from conventi
onal FS
W, the
temperature f
i
eld on X-Z
cross
se
ction
in bobbi
n
too
l
friction sti
r
weld
i
ng presents symm
etry
approximatel
y about the mid thickne
s
s of the wo
rk
plate, like
a wai
s
t. The
rea
s
on is th
at a
t
preh
eating
p
e
riod, th
e he
at gene
rate
d
by friction
bet
wee
n
the
sh
o
u
lder an
d the
wo
kpie
ce
ta
ke
s
great pa
rt, co
mpared to the heat by
the pin and the work plate. In
this study, the two sho
u
ld
ers’
diamete
r
a
r
e
sam
e
, as illustrate
d in
F
i
gure
3. At the same
rot
a
tion velo
city and th
e sa
me
pre
s
sure, the
heat
ge
nerated by
the
wo
rk plate
an
d
each
sho
u
lde
r
i
s
the
same
app
roximatel
y
too.
Figure 6
.
Th
e isothe
rmal
Diag
ram o
n
X-Z
Cro
s
s Sectio
n at 31s
Figure 7. Macro Photo of the Weld Spe
c
i
m
en
Cro
s
s Sectio
n (X-Z
) after Etching
This can be verified indi
re
ctely by
the macr
o photo of
the weld sp
e
c
imen
cro
s
s se
ction
(X-Z
) after etchin
g, as illu
strated in Figu
re 7. In
the photo, two gra
y
line are add
ed to indicate
the
sketch
of a waist in a pl
an
e. Its sketch i
s
simi
l
a
r to hi
gher
zo
ne di
stributio
n in
Figure 6. Du
e to
different heat
generation, temperat
ure
cycle a
nd force, differne
n
t zone ha
s g
r
ain of differe
nt
s
i
ze,
as
well s
o
me
other propertits
.
Yet for
thos
e
zon
e
s th
at un
de
rgo
simila
r te
mperature
cy
cle
and fo
rce, th
ey co
uld h
a
ve simil
a
r
microst
r
u
c
tu
re
a
nd
similar ap
pearan
ce
after et
chin
g. T
h
is
balan
ce
d h
e
a
t
input a
nd te
mperature
di
stribution i
n
b
o
bbin to
ol fri
c
ti
on
stir
weldi
n
g can
aviod t
h
e
root def
cts effectively.
At the mid thickne
ss of th
e wo
kpie
ce,
15
point
s’ te
mperature
ch
ange
with time we
re
tracking. Th
e 15 point
s we
re distri
buted
as Fig
u
re 8.
Point A, B, C, D, E are on the wel
d
ing lin
e,
with the
internal of 2
0
mm.
Point A is th
e
begi
nni
ng
welding
point.
A1, B1, C1,
D1, E1
are
o
n
the
retre
a
ting
sid
e
with the
int
e
rnal
of 20m
m. A2, B2, C2, D2, E2 a
r
e
on the
advan
cing
sid
e
with
the
internal of 20
mm too. A1,
A and A2 have the same
Y coordinate,
Z coordinate
,
but different X
coo
r
din
a
te, and ea
ch internal is 8mm. T
he sam
e
situ
ation is true f
o
r B1
、,
B and
B2
and so o
n
.
Figure 8. Tra
cki
ng Points
Distri
bution
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4854 – 4
860
4858
Figure 9 i
s
th
e sim
u
lation
result
s of the
tempe
r
at
ure p
r
ofile
with tim
e
of poi
nt A, B, C, D,
E. The fig
u
re sho
w
s tha
t
the temp
erature
changi
ng trend
s fo
r e
a
ch p
o
int
are the
sa
me
approximatel
y. And point A is a little
spe
c
ial,
b
e
cause it locates at the
welding
begin
n
ing
positio
n. Whi
l
e in the unsteady
prehe
ating peri
od,
the tempera
t
ure he
re experie
nces m
o
re
instability and fluctuation.
The temp
era
t
ure in
crea
se
s by the
cu
rve wi
th
seve
ral inflexion
s
,
but not in
creases
contin
uou
sly, whi
c
h is simil
a
r to popula
r
friction we
ldin
g. The existence of
inflexio
n is asso
ciate
d
with the
cha
nge of the fri
c
tion torque
virus time
an
d the flow of
vico-pl
a
sti
c
material
on t
he
fric
tion interfac
e [13].
Figure 9. The
Simulation Result of Temp
eratu
r
e Hi
story of Mid Weld
Point
Figure 1
0
i
s
the
simul
a
tion
re
sults of
the tem
p
e
r
a
t
ure
profile
o
f
retre
a
ting
side a
nd
advan
cing
si
de re
sp
ective
ly. The max tempe
r
ature
for the p
o
int a
t
retreatin
g si
de is a
bout 4
0
Ԩ
highe
r than a
d
vanci
ng si
de
. This is be
ca
use the
pl
asti
c materi
al mo
ves from the
advan
cing
sid
e
to the retrea
ting side by
the tool, ta
king
some
h
eat with it.
The rel
a
tivey highe
st ste
ady
temperature kee
p
s
a
bout 360
Ԩ
.
(a)The retreat
ing sid
e
(b)The adva
n
c
ing
side
Figure 10. Th
e Simulation
Re
sult of Te
m
perature
Hi
story of Different Side Poin
t
3.2. The Flow
F
i
eld
Duri
ng th
e p
r
oce
s
s of b
o
b
b
in tool f
r
ictio
n
stir welding
,
the flow
pattern i
s
m
o
re complex
than co
nventi
onal FSW, d
ue to the existen
c
e of
the
se
cond
sh
o
u
lder. Th
e m
e
tal flow patt
e
rn
can affe
ct the weld figuration
strai
ghtly and effectivel
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Finite Elem
ent Analysi
s for
Bobbin To
ol Frictio
n
Stir Weldi
ng (X.M
.Liu)
4859
Figure 11 is the flow distributio
n on
t
op and bo
ttom surfa
c
e
for workpl
a
t
e. The
simulatio
n
re
sults sh
owed
that the ma
x veloci
ty
of the
flowin
g material co
ul
d
be 47mm/
s
on
con
d
ition
s
of
the study. T
w
o sh
ould
e
rs
help m
o
ve
of
the workplat
e materi
al. Surface figu
rati
on
of both side i
s
goo
d.
(a) T
op s
u
rfa
c
e
(b) Bottom s
u
rface
Figure 11. Flow Di
strib
u
tio
n
(velocity)
o
n
Top and Bo
ttom Surface
for Wo
rkplate
In the
simul
a
tion, if the
te
mperature
of
the wo
rk
plat
e metal
is hi
ger, th
e flo
w
stre
ss i
s
lowe
r, the
n
t
he
weld
woul
d have
b
e
tter figuration
du
e to
ea
sy flo
w
ing.
Othe
rwise, d
e
fect
s li
ke
cra
c
k, lack of penetration a
nd gro
o
ve mi
ght occur.
However,in the sim
u
lation,
to av
oid
possible instabiliti
e
s, there
is no obli
quity of
the tool,
and sim
p
lifie
d cylindri
c
al
pin is ad
opte
d
. So there
are mo
re ten
den
cie
s
to form the defe
c
t o
f
groove i
n
the
weld, a
s
sho
w
n in Fi
gure
12. For
persp
icuo
us
unde
rstandi
ng, onl
y the wo
k pla
t
e is
involved in Figure 1
2
.
Figure 12. Groove in the Simulation
4. Conclusio
n
Bobbin tool friction stir
wel
d
ing is a n
e
w type
of FSW. As a new
kin
d
of FSW techniqu
e,
the bobbi
n friction sti
r
weld
ing ha
s differences
a
nd si
milaritie
s
with
conventio
nal
FSW.
The heat in
put in the bobbin tool fri
c
tion st
ir
wel
d
ing is different, beca
u
se
of the
addition
al sh
oulde
r. Th
e
temperature
field on
X-
Z
cross se
ctio
n
in bob
bin tool
frictio
n
stir
weldi
ng p
r
e
s
ents
symmet
r
y app
roxima
tely about th
e
mid thi
c
kn
ess of the
work plate, li
ke a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 6, June 20
14: 4854 – 4
860
4860
wai
s
t, whi
c
h i
s
verified i
ndi
rectly by the
macro p
hoto
of the wel
d
cross sectio
n. In bob
bin fri
c
tion
stir welding
si
mulation, the
max tempera
t
ure for the p
o
int at retreat
ing sid
e
is ab
out 40
℃
h
i
ghe
r
than adva
n
ci
ng si
de, wh
ich i
s
simil
a
r to co
nvent
ional fri
c
tion
stir weldin
g. Due to t
he
simplification
for the tool, the
defect of groove is mo
re
easy to be fo
und in the si
mulation.
Ackn
o
w
l
e
dg
ements
The a
u
tho
r
s
appreci
a
te th
e finan
cial
su
pport f
r
om P
r
omotive rese
arch fun
d
for
excelle
nt
young an
d middle-age
d sci
entisits of Sh
ando
ng Provi
n
ce (Grant NO. BS2011ZZ
007).
Referen
ces
[1]
Sakano R, Murakami K,
Yamashita K, H
y
oe
T
,
Fujim
oto M, Inuzuka M, et al.
Develo
pment of spo
t
FSW robot system for
auto
m
obil
e
b
ody
me
mb
ers.
Proce
e
d
in
gs of the
3r
d inter
nati
ona
l
s
y
mp
osi
u
m of
friction stir
w
e
l
d
in
g.
Kobe. 20
01. (CD-ROM).
[2]
Mazda D
e
vel
o
ps W
o
rld’s F
i
r
s
t Aluminum
Joini
ng T
e
chn
o
lo
g
y
Usin
g F
r
iction H
eat. Mazda N
e
w
s
Rele
ase. 2
003:
27.
[3]
Paul
a J
Hartl
e
y. F
r
ictio
n
plu
g
w
e
l
d
r
e
p
a
ir
of
space
shuttl
e e
x
tern
al
tank.
W
e
ldi
n
g
& M
e
tal
F
abricati
on.
200
0; 96-7.
[4]
Z
haoYa
n
-Hu
a
,
Liu
Jin
g
-Du
o
,
Z
hang
Li-
N
a,
Sun Z
h
ong-S
h
ao, W
a
n
g
Guo
-
Qing. Stud
y
o
n
friction
pl
ug
w
e
ld
in
g of 20
14 al
umin
um
Allo
y F
S
W
joi
n
t.
Hangk
ong
Caili
ao X
ueb
ao/Jour
nal
of Aeron
autic
a
l
Materials
. 2
0
1
0
; 30(1): 41-4
6
.
[5]
Che
n
H
ao,
Liu
Jing-D
uo, Z
h
a
ng
Li-N
a, Z
h
a
n
g
Yi-K
un, D
u
Y
an-F
e
n
g
.
Stud
y on
friction
pl
ug w
e
l
d
in
g
of
a
l
um
in
um
a
l
l
o
y.
Internatio
nal
Astrona
utical
F
ederati
on -
5
8
th Intern
atio
n
a
l Astron
autic
al C
o
n
g
ress.
India. 20
07; 8:
537
4-53
83.
[6]
T
o
mohiko Goto, Hiroaki S
a
to
, Daisuke T
anaka,
Hid
eaki S
a
kag
u
chi, T
a
keshi Yam
ada,
Hide
nor
i Hara.
High
l
y R
e
li
ab
l
e
T
ank Structu
r
e of H-IIB L
a
unch
Ve
h
i
cle.
Mitsubis
h
i H
e
a
v
y
In
dustri
e
s, Ltd. T
e
chnica
l
Revie
w
.
200
5; 42(5): 1-4.
[7]
Guan Qia
o
, L
uan Gu
oh
on
g.
T
he curre
nt s
t
atus an
d d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
ent
of F
S
W
.
T
he Elev
enth W
e
l
d
i
n
g
Confer
ence
of Chin
a. Sha
ngh
ai. 200
5; 1: 15-
29.
[8]
W
ang
Xiji
ng,
Bao K
o
n
g
, Jin
Lo
ng, H
a
n
Xiao
hui, Gu
o
R
u
iji
e. An
al
ysis
an
d com
par
i
s
ion
of F
S
W
temperatur
e field sim
u
lation
of
plates 3mm
-
LY12
and 10mm- LF2.
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
a
n
z
hou U
n
i
v
e
r
si
ty of
T
e
chno
logy
. 2
005; 31(
3): 1-4
.
[9]
PA Colegrove,
HR Sher
cliff. T
w
o-dimensional
CFD
modelling of flo
w
round
profiled F
S
W tooling.
Scienc
e an
d T
e
chn
o
lo
gy of W
e
ldin
g & Join
ing
. 20
04; 9(6):
483–
49
2.
[10]
Liva
n Fratini, Gianl
uca Buffa
. CDRX mo
del
l
i
ng i
n
fric
tion stir
w
e
ld
in
g of al
umini
u
m all
o
ys
. Internation
a
l
Journ
a
l of Mac
h
in
e T
ools & Manufactur
e
. 20
05; 45: 11
88–
1
194.
[11]
RA Prad
o, LE
Murr, KF
Soto, JC
McCl
ure.
Self-optim
izati
on i
n
to
ol
w
e
ar
for friction-stir
w
e
l
d
in
g
of A
l
606
1+
20% A
l
2
O
3 MMC.
Materials Scie
nce a
nd Eng
i
n
eeri
n
g
A. 2003; 349:
156-
165.
[12]
G Buffa, J Hu
a, R Shiv
pur
i, L
Fratini. A c
o
ntinu
u
m b
a
sed
fem mode
l for
friction stir
w
e
ldin
g-mo
de
l
deve
l
opm
ent.
Materials Sc
ie
nce an
d Eng
i
n
eeri
ng: A.
2006
; 419: 389-
396.
[13]
SG Du, L F
u
, XW
Liu. F
EA coupl
ed
w
i
th
thermo- mech
anic
a
l effect on friction
w
e
l
d
i
ng.
Chi
nes
e
Journ
a
l of Mec
han
ical En
gi
ne
erin
g
. 200
2; 38
(6): 77-82.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.