Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
23
,
No.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
, p
p.
2
2
9
~
2
36
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
229
-
236
229
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
eecs.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Tempo
ral
analys
is of air
pollu
tants in the
most affected
monsoon
region
Omar
K
airan
,
Nu
r
Naseh
ah
Z
ainud
in, Nu
rul Ha
sya
M
ohd H
anaf
i
ah
,
Nu
r Em
ylia
A
ri
ssa
Mohd
Ja
fri,
Fukayh
ah
F
ati
ha
@
Su
ha
mi
,
M
uh
am
m
ad
F
ir
da
us
M
usta
pha
Facul
t
y
of
Com
pute
r and
Ma
them
at
ic
a
l
Sci
ences,
Univer
si
ti T
ekn
ologi
MA
RA Ca
wanga
n
Kel
anta
n,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 20
, 202
1
Re
vised Ju
n 9
,
2021
Accepte
d
J
un
1
7
, 202
1
A
i
r
p
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D
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i
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g
t
h
e
s
o
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w
e
s
t
e
r
n
m
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n
m
o
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i
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o
m
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r
o
l
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g
i
c
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Air p
olluti
on
Ca
rbon m
on
ox
ide
Cl
us
te
r
a
naly
sis
Nitro
ge
n dio
xid
e
Ozone
Partic
ulate
m
atter 10
Su
lp
hur
d
i
ox
i
de
Tem
po
ral v
a
riat
ion
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Om
ar K
ai
ran
Dep
a
rtm
ent Stat
ist
ic
s
Un
i
ver
sit
i Te
knol
og
i M
a
ra
K
ota Bha
ru Ci
ty
Ca
m
pu
s
Lem
bah
Sire
h,
15050
K
ota
B
ha
ru,
Kelantan
Em
a
il
: o
m
ark
r
@u
it
m
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Air
poll
utio
n
ha
s
turned
our
li
ves
into
a
ba
ne
.
No
t
on
ly
in
our
co
untry
,
it
involves
c
ount
ries
al
l
ov
er
the w
orl
d. This
is a p
roblem
.
Si
m
pler
sp
ea
kin
g, at
all
r
at
es
world
wide
ai
r po
ll
utio
n
is a
pro
blem
. F
or
exam
ple,
a
high
le
vel
of
ai
r
poll
utants
can
ca
us
e
healt
h
pro
blem
s
in
the
e
nv
ir
onm
e
nt,
incl
ud
i
ng
r
espirato
ry
c
onditi
on
s
,
conj
un
ct
ivit
is a
nd lu
ng fu
nctio
ns
.
In
ge
ner
al
,
the
re
are
m
any
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
be
en
done
relat
e
d
to
the
te
m
p
or
al
var
ia
ti
on
of
p
olluti
on.
Ther
e
a
re
fi
ve
m
ajo
r
po
ll
utan
ts
li
ste
d
by
the
Dep
a
rtm
ent
of
En
vir
on
m
ent
Ma
la
ysi
a
(D
O
E)
co
unte
d
in
,
wh
ic
h
are
s
ulph
ur
di
ox
i
de
(SO2
),
nitroge
n
dioxide
(NO
2)
,
car
bon
m
onox
i
de
(CO
),
an
d
pa
rtic
ulate
m
atte
r
with
a
diam
e
te
r
of
10
m
ic
ro
ns
(PM
10)
a
nd
gro
u
nd
-
le
vel
ozone
(
O
3)
[
1
]
-
[
4].
A
pa
rt
f
rom
ozo
ne,
ai
r
po
ll
uta
nt
con
ce
ntrati
ons
are
norm
ally
higher
in
urb
an
area
s
tha
n
in
r
ur
al
a
reas.
In
ci
ti
es,
ai
r
qu
al
it
y
(p
a
rtic
ularly
con
ce
r
ning
P
M10
an
d
N
O2
co
ncen
t
rati
ons)
te
nds
to
be
worse
nea
r
busy
ro
a
ds,
wh
e
r
e
poorer
c
omm
un
it
ie
s
of
te
n
li
ve [5].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
2
2
9
-
2
3
6
230
Air
poll
utio
n
base
d
on
te
m
poral
va
riat
ions
pr
e
viously
had
bee
n
stu
di
ed
by
m
any
researc
hers.
Pr
e
vious
resea
rch
prov
e
s
the
tem
po
ral
var
i
abili
ty
is
existe
d
in
the
ai
r
poll
utants
[
6
]
-
[
10
]
.
Tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
su
nli
gh
t
a
ff
ect
chem
ic
al
r
eact
i
on
s
in
t
he
at
m
os
phe
re
that
ca
us
e
th
e
c
on
ce
nt
rati
on
le
vels
of
ai
r
poll
utants
to
be
increase
d
[
7].
Du
ri
ng
ho
t
weathe
r,
the
a
ir
po
ll
uta
nts
con
ce
ntrati
on
is
hig
he
r
com
par
e
d
to
duri
ng
c
old
weathe
r
[6
]
.
I
n
t
he
c
old
e
r
m
on
ths
O
3
va
lues
at
t
he
m
on
it
or
i
ng
sit
e
a
re
lo
we
r
a
nd
i
n
t
he
war
m
er
m
on
ths
higher
[
8].
H
oweve
r,
ha
s
sta
te
d
that
chem
ical
and
biop
hysic
al
feed
bac
k
are
at
hig
h
te
m
per
at
ur
es
re
spo
ns
ible
for
lo
wer
O3
con
ce
ntrati
ons
[9]
.
PM
10
c
oncent
rati
on
s
r
os
e
s
harply
in
the
autum
n
f
or
m
os
t
sta
ti
on
s
an
d
decr
ease
d
duri
ng the
winte
r
i
n northe
rn b
ac
kgr
ound a
nd s
uburba
n
sta
ti
ons
[10].
This
phe
no
m
enon
al
s
o
occ
urs
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
A
st
ud
y
ta
ken
placed
at
Ku
al
a
Te
re
ngga
nu
w
hich
analy
zed
ho
ur
l
y
data
from
th
e
Dep
a
rtm
ent
of
E
nviro
nm
ent
(Mal
ay
sia
)
for
the
crit
eria
poll
utants
(
P
M
10,
CO
,
O3,
N
O
2,
an
d
SO2)
a
nd
m
et
e
orolo
gical
fact
or
s
(tem
per
at
ur
e,
relat
ive
hum
idit
y,
wind
ve
locit
ie
s)
for
10
ye
ar
s
fou
nd
that
the
PM10,
NO2,
a
nd
S
O2
co
nce
ntrati
ons
durin
g
s
outh
west
m
on
s
oon
(
S
W
M
)
are
higher
[
11]
.
CO
al
so
f
ound
sig
nificantl
y
di
ff
e
ren
t
bas
e
d
on
the
te
m
po
ral
va
riable.
S
W
M
r
ecorde
d
the
hi
gh
e
st
ave
rag
e
l
evel
of
CO,
fo
ll
owe
d
by
inter
-
m
on
s
oons
an
d
nort
he
ast
m
on
so
on
(
NEM
).
This
r
esult
al
so
sim
i
la
r
to
[
12
]
.
H
oweve
r
,
accor
ding
t
o
[
13
]
,
N
o
m
ajor
seas
on
al
dis
ti
nctions
e
xisted
ov
e
r
the
ye
ars
betwee
n
S
O
2,
C
O
a
nd
NO2
con
ce
ntrati
ons
,
as
cal
culat
ed
in
T
ukey
'
s
m
ult
iple
com
par
iso
n
te
sts.
I
n
the
c
oastal
urba
n
ar
ea,
a
differe
nt
stud
y
fou
nd
that
S
O
2
an
d
N
O
2
ha
d
a
ne
gative
tem
per
at
ure
co
rr
el
at
ion
over
the
su
m
m
er
a
nd
m
on
s
oon
s
easo
ns
excep
t
post
-
m
on
s
oon
seas
on
s.
F
urt
her
m
or
e
,
durin
g
the
whole
seaso
n,
excep
t
post
-
m
on
so
on,
the
PM
10
sh
owe
d
a
posit
ive
co
rr
el
at
io
n
with
te
m
per
at
ures.
Othe
r
tha
n
that,
hu
m
idit
y
showe
d
a
posi
ti
ve
co
rr
el
at
io
n
with
SO2 a
nd a
negat
ive correlat
io
n wit
h
PM
10 [14
]
.
The
c
oncent
ra
ti
on
le
vel
of
PM10
ha
d
be
com
e
wo
rse
duri
ng
the
s
outhwest
m
on
soo
n.
A
st
udy
cond
ucted
at
t
hr
ee
te
sti
ng
sit
es
in
the
highl
y
popula
te
d
i
ndus
t
rial
zo
nes
base
d
on
fi
ve
ye
ars
of
obse
r
vations
betwee
n
20
08
and
2012
f
ound
that
PM1
0
ha
s
recorde
d
th
e
highest
ai
r
poll
ution
duri
ng
so
ut
hw
e
st
m
on
soo
n
especial
ly
in
industrial
a
reas
[
15
]
.
The
hi
ghest
c
on
ce
ntrat
ion
of
ai
r
poll
utants
durin
g
t
he
s
outh
west
m
on
so
on
is
PM10
an
d
it
s
lowe
r
durin
g
the
nort
heast
m
on
so
on
[
1].
A
stu
dy
on
P
M10
at
tw
o
m
on
it
ori
ng
sta
ti
on
La
rk
i
n
and
Pasi
r
Gud
ang
f
ound
that
t
he
a
ve
rag
e
c
on
ce
ntrati
on
of
PM1
0
duri
ng
so
ut
hwest
m
onso
on
is
the
hi
ghest
i
n
bo
t
h
La
rk
i
n
a
nd Pasi
r Guda
ng
[16].
In
a
st
ud
y
c
on
du
ct
e
d
by
[
1],
O3
distri
bu
ti
ons
we
re
obser
ve
d
a
ff
ect
e
d
by
m
on
so
onal
fac
tor.
D
ur
i
ng
the
winter
m
on
soo
n
from
the
northeast
of
the
Ma
la
ysi
an
Peninsula,
the
Ind
och
i
na
an
d
the
South
Chi
na
Sea
has
broug
ht
th
e
po
ll
uta
nt
O
3
into
a
fe
w
urban
a
reas
i
n
Ma
la
ysi
a
aff
ect
ing
the
highes
t
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
O
3
from
Jan
uar
y t
o
Ma
c.
O
t
herw
ise
, O3 bec
ome
low
e
r fr
om
Ju
la
i t
o Aug
us
t
[1
]
.
The
m
ai
n
ob
j
e
ct
ive
of
this
re
search
is
to
ide
ntify
the
tem
po
ral
va
riat
ion
of
ai
r
po
ll
uta
nts.
Kelanta
n
has
recorde
d
t
he
highest
rea
ding
of
t
he
ai
r
poll
ution
in
de
x
(
API
)
at
K
ot
a
Bhar
u
ci
ty
in
2019
[
17]
.
Kelantan
has
bee
n
ch
os
e
n
as a stud
y area in this stud
y si
nce th
e p
ast
stud
y o
f
ai
r
po
l
luti
on
in
Kela
nt
an
is no
t fo
c
use
d
on
the
te
m
po
ral
va
riat
ion
s.
H
ow
ever,
the
re
a
re
stud
ie
s
a
bout
t
e
m
p
or
al
var
ia
ti
on
s
in
ot
her
sta
te
s
su
c
h
as
th
e
stu
dy
ta
ken
i
n
K
uala
Tere
ngga
nu
wh
e
re
a
naly
zed
the
data
of
ai
r
poll
utants
and
m
et
eor
ologica
l
facto
rs
ba
sed
on
tem
po
ral
var
ia
ti
on
s
w
hich
a
re
south
west
m
on
so
on,
no
rtheast
m
on
s
oon
an
d
inter
-
m
on
s
oon
by
[18].
In
add
it
io
n,
m
et
e
orolo
gical
fact
or
s
i
n
Te
reng
ga
nu
are
sim
il
ar
in
Kela
ntan
si
nce
these
sta
te
s
are
sit
uate
d
on
t
he
east
coast
of
Ma
la
ysi
a.
Stat
ed
by
[
19]
,
Ke
la
ntan
a
nd
Te
r
engga
nu
iss
ue
d
ba
d
weathe
r
durin
g
m
id
-
N
ovem
ber
cause
d by hea
vy
r
ai
n.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
The
fi
rst
sect
ion
desc
ribes
t
he
fiel
d
of
st
udy
inclu
ded
i
n
the
stud
y.
Th
e
seco
nd
sect
i
on
detai
ls
the
data
use
d
f
or
e
xam
ple
the
dat
a
ty
pe,
a
nd
the
data
s
ou
rce
a
nd
the
data
cat
e
gories
.
I
n
ad
dit
ion
,
the
hiera
rc
hical
agg
l
om
erati
ve
analy
zes
us
e
d
i
s explai
ne
d
in
detai
l i
n
the
thi
rd sect
ion.
2.1
.
Stud
y
are
a
T
h
e
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
K
e
l
a
n
t
a
n
l
i
e
s
a
t
6
°
7
'
3
8
.
8
6
6
8
"
l
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
a
n
d
a
t
1
0
2
°
1
4
'
3
2
.
2
3
3
2
"
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
e
o
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
t
h
e
a
s
t
e
r
n
c
or
n
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
p
e
n
i
n
s
u
l
a
.
T
h
e
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
e
d
a
r
e
a
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
w
h
o
l
e
a
r
e
a
o
f
K
e
l
a
nt
a
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Durin
g
the
ye
ar
Kelantan
e
nc
ounters
ho
t
an
d
rainy
weathe
r
with
a
total
of
about
2500
m
m
of
rainf
al
l
pe
r
ye
ar
since
Ma
la
ysia
li
es
c
lose
to
the
equ
at
or.
The
ave
rag
e
t
e
m
per
at
ure
of
Kelantan
is
27°C.
The
re
gi
on
of
Kelantan
,
in
pa
rtic
ular,
is
en
countere
d
by
t
w
o
m
on
s
oon
winds:
The
s
outh
west
m
on
soon
betwee
n
th
e
end
of
Ma
y
and
Se
pte
m
ber
,
and
t
he
north
ea
st
m
on
so
on
betwee
n
Novem
ber
an
d
Ma
rch
[
20]
. I
n
com
par
iso
n
w
it
h
the
so
ut
hwest
m
on
soo
n
,
t
he
northeast
m
on
s
oon
cau
ses
m
or
e
rai
nf
al
l.
T
he
stu
dy
sel
ect
s
K
ota
Bha
ru
as
a
n
ob
s
er
vation
sit
e.
The
to
wn
of
Ko
ta
B
haru
act
s
as
the
ca
pital
of
Kela
ntan
a
nd
the
ec
onom
y
is
grow
i
ng
ra
pid
ly
.
The
m
ap
of
K
ota
Bha
ru,
Kel
antan
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1.
T
he
area
hi
gh
li
ghte
d
is
t
he
dist
rict
of
K
ota
Bhar
u.
W
it
h
a
n
est
im
a
te
d
31
9,600 p
opulati
ons,
the
overall
ar
ea
of
Ko
ta
B
haru is
about
115.6 k
m
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Tem
po
r
al
anal
ysi
s o
f
air
po
ll
utants in
the
m
os
t
affec
te
d
m
onsoo
n
re
gion (
Omar
K
airan)
231
Figure
1. Ma
p of K
ota Bha
r
u, Kelanta
n
2.2
.
D
ata
desc
ri
pt
ion
This
st
ud
y
use
d
sec
onda
ry
data
t
hat
ha
s
bee
n
c
ollec
te
d
by
the
Ma
la
ysi
an
De
par
tm
ent
of
En
vironm
ent
(
DO
E
)
t
hro
ugh
co
ntinuo
us
ai
r
m
on
it
or
i
ng
by
Alam
Sekitar
S
dn
Bh
d
(
A
SMA).
Mo
nt
hly
data
was
colle
ct
ed
at
the
ai
r
po
ll
ut
ion
m
on
it
or
in
g
sta
ti
on
locat
ed
in
Ta
njung
Chat
Seco
nd
a
r
y
School
K
ota
Bha
r
u
with
6.1
465°
la
ti
tud
e
an
d
10
2.247
9°
lo
ngit
ud
e
.
T
his
seco
nd
a
ry
data
is
quantit
at
ive.
T
he
dataset
inclu
des
ai
r
po
ll
uta
nts
co
nc
entrati
on
of
CO
(ppm
),
NO
2
(
ppm
),
SO
2
(
ppm
),
O3
(p
pm
)
and
P
M10
(µ
g/m
3)
are
the
var
ia
bles for
th
is s
tud
y.
It is
re
corde
d
m
on
thl
y from
the year 2013
t
o 201
7.
2.3
.
Me
thod
of
d
ata an
aly
sis
A
hie
rar
c
hical
cl
us
te
rin
g
m
eth
od
is
util
ise
d
to
cl
us
te
r
t
he
m
on
thly
po
ll
ut
ant
co
nce
ntrati
on.
Bo
xplot
com
par
ison
of
cl
us
te
rs
pro
vi
ded
by
hiera
rc
hical
cl
us
te
r
a
naly
sis
fo
r
each
poll
utant
t
o
in
dicat
es
how
the
cl
us
te
r
is
var
ie
d.
Hierarc
hical
cl
us
te
rin
g
a
naly
s
is
Hierarc
hical
cl
us
te
rin
g
a
naly
sis
is
us
ed
t
o
gro
up
the
obj
ec
ts
with
sim
i
la
r
char
act
e
risti
cs
into
a
f
e
w
gro
up
s
wh
e
re
each
la
rg
e
r
gr
oup
co
ntains
a
set
of
subgr
oups
w
hich
are
known
as
cl
ust
ers.
T
wo
m
et
ho
ds
a
re
com
m
on
ly
us
ed
in
hiera
rc
hical
cl
us
te
rin
g
but,
this
resear
ch
will
util
iz
e
ag
glo
m
erati
ve
cl
us
te
rin
g
w
it
h
the
aver
a
ge gr
oup
li
nk
age
m
et
ho
d [21]. T
he fo
r
m
ula to calculat
e this m
et
ho
d i
s:
The
e
quat
ion o
f
a
ver
a
ge
li
nk
a
ge
cl
ust
erin
g
a
s sho
wn in
(
1
)
:
12
=
1
∑
∑
(
,
)
=
1
=
1
(
1)
wh
e
re
:
1
,
2
,
…
,
:
Ob
s
er
vation f
ro
m
cluster
1
1
,
2
,
…
,
:
Ob
s
er
vation f
ro
m
cluster
2
(
,
)
:
Dista
nce
bet
ween a s
ubj
ect
with
obser
vation vect
or x an
d
a
sub
j
ect
w
it
h ob
s
er
vation
vecto
r
y
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
D
IS
C
USS
ION
This
stud
y
ana
ly
zes
the
ob
ser
vation
m
ean
to
get
the
cl
us
te
r
of
m
on
thly
m
ean
data
for
ea
ch
poll
utant.
Table
1
sho
ws
the
res
ult
f
or
descr
i
p
ti
ve
a
na
ly
sis.
Ba
sed
on
the
desc
riptive
an
al
ysi
s
of
52
obser
vatio
ns,
the
m
ini
m
u
m
values
f
or
va
riabl
es
SO2,
N
O
2
an
d
O3
are
the
sam
e
wh
i
ch
is
0.0
00
ppm
.
Me
anwhil
e,
the
m
axi
m
u
m
values
are
al
l
diff
eren
t
w
her
e
the
m
axi
m
u
m
value
fo
r
S
O2
is
0.004
6
ppm
,
NO
2
with
0
.01
46
pp
m
and
f
or
O3
is
0.030
9
pp
m
.
F
or
CO
an
d
PM
10
va
riables
,
t
he
m
ini
m
u
m
values
recorde
d
are
0.4
413
pp
m
and
30.09
68 µg
/m
3
res
pecti
vely
whil
e the m
axi
m
um
v
al
ues
are
1.251
3 pp
m
and
90.80
65 µg
/
m
3
resp
ect
ivel
y.
The
m
ean
value
fo
r
the
S
O
2
is
0.
00
09
pp
m
.
The
oth
e
r
f
our
poll
utants
w
hich
are
NO2
,
O3
,
CO
a
nd
PM10
recor
de
d
m
ean
values
of
0.0
106
ppm
,
0.
0309
pp
m
,
0.
7354
pp
m
and
53.
8748
µg/m
3
resp
ect
ively
.
Last
ly
,
the
sta
nd
a
r
d
de
viati
on
f
or
S
O
2
is
0.000
9
ppm
wh
il
e
NO2
wit
h
0.003
3
ppm
value
of
the
st
and
a
r
d
dev
ia
ti
on.
A
s
f
or
t
he
poll
uta
nt
O3
,
the
sta
ndard
de
viati
on
r
ead
is
0.0
104
pp
m
.
The
n,
for
CO
an
d
PM
10
,
these
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
2
2
9
-
2
3
6
232
two
poll
utants
reco
r
de
d
the
sta
nd
a
rd
dev
ia
ti
on
of
0.1
385
pp
m
and
14.6630
µg/m
3
resp
ect
ively
.
Ge
ne
rall
y,
the
re
su
lt
on
[
11
]
has
a
bit
lowe
r
a
ve
rag
e
values
on
al
m
os
t
al
l
po
ll
uta
nts
c
om
par
ed
to
the
cu
rr
e
nt
study
al
tho
ug
h
both
stud
ie
s
sit
uate
d
in
the
reg
i
on
that
exp
e
rie
nce
the
sam
e
m
on
so
on
seas
on.
Acc
ordin
g
to
[2
2],
op
e
n
c
oastal
lo
cat
ion
s ar
e
oft
en
sub
j
ect
ed
t
o st
rong, ev
e
n
se
ver
e
wind stre
ng
t
hs
. Mea
nwhile
, [23
]
stat
ed
that a
higher
sp
ee
d
of
wi
nd
c
ou
l
d
ha
ve
ca
us
e
d
dec
rease
in
poll
ut
ant
co
nce
ntrati
on
in
a
certai
n
area.
The
re
for
e,
the
resu
lt
[
11
]
m
i
gh
t
ha
ppe
n
be
cause
the
stu
dy
area
locat
ed
exactl
y
on
th
e
coast
wh
ic
h
has
a
lowe
r
poll
ution
con
ce
ntrati
on
s
tro
ng
ly
af
fecte
d
by the
wind
s
peed com
par
e
d t
o
the
locati
on
of the
curre
nt
stud
y.
Table
1.
Desc
riptive
sta
ti
sti
c
Variables
N
Mini
m
u
m
Valu
e
(pp
m
o
r
µ
g
/
m
3
)
Maxi
m
u
m
Value
(pp
m
o
r
µ
g
/
m
3
)
Mean
(pp
m
o
r
µ
g
/
m
3
)
Stan
d
ard Deviatio
n
Su
lp
h
u
r
Dio
x
id
e
52
0
.00
0
0
0
.00
4
6
0
.00
0
9
0
.00
0
9
Nitrog
en
Diox
id
e
52
0
.00
0
0
0
.01
4
6
0
.01
0
6
0
.00
3
3
Ozo
n
e
52
0
.00
0
0
0
.04
4
6
0
.03
0
9
0
.01
0
4
Carb
o
n
M
o
n
o
x
id
e
52
0
.44
1
3
1
.25
1
3
0
.73
5
4
0
.13
8
5
Particulate
Matte
r
1
0
52
3
0
.09
6
8
9
0
.80
6
5
5
3
.87
4
8
1
4
.66
3
0
Figure
s
2
(a)
-
(
e)
is
the
cl
us
te
r
analy
sis
usi
ng
a
de
ndog
ram
base
d
on
m
on
thly
m
ean
con
c
entrati
on
for
each
poll
utant
.
Fu
rt
her
a
naly
sis
on
t
he
dis
tribu
ti
on
of
poll
utant
acc
ordin
g
to
the
cl
us
te
r
is
de
pict
ed
in
Figure
s
3
(a)
-
(
e).
Fi
gure
2
s
hows
the
m
on
th
ly
cl
us
te
rs
of
s
ulphur
dioxide
(S
O
2).
Ba
se
d
on
ve
rtic
al
li
ne
on
t
he
dend
rogr
am
,
three
m
on
t
hly
cl
us
te
rs
a
re
a
ppropr
ia
te
for
thi
s
ai
r
poll
uta
nt.
Cl
us
te
r
on
e
is
cl
us
te
re
d
in
Ja
nu
a
ry,
Februa
ry,
A
ugus
t,
A
ugus
t,
O
ct
ob
e
r,
N
ovem
ber
a
nd
Dece
m
ber
.
Me
anw
hi
le
,
Cl
us
te
r
two
com
pr
ise
s
June
an
d
Ju
ly
and
the
la
st
cl
us
te
r
con
si
sts
of
A
pr
il
an
d
Ma
y.
Ba
sed
on
Fi
gure
3
(a
),
the
increa
se
in
the
m
ean
of
SO2
con
ce
ntrati
on
f
ro
m
the
first
cl
us
te
r
unti
l
the
third
cl
us
te
r
is
obser
ve
d.
Lo
west
c
on
ce
ntra
ti
on
s
a
re
recor
ded
in
cl
us
te
r
one
f
ollow
e
d
by
cl
us
te
r
two
a
nd
the
highest
m
ean
reco
r
de
d
in
cl
ust
er
three
.
Acc
ordin
g
to
[24],
lowe
r
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
hum
idit
y
du
rin
g
rai
ny
sea
so
n
(Cluste
r
1)
le
adin
g
t
o
lo
w
-
rate
S
O2
from
the
atm
os
ph
e
re.
Howe
ver,
the
box
plo
t
anal
ysi
s
cou
ld
no
t
confirm
wh
et
her
is
the
re
a
ny
def
i
nite
sign
i
ficant
dif
fe
ren
ces
betwee
n
the
cl
us
te
r
.
It
m
igh
t
be
or
not
ho
l
ding
the
res
ult
as
found
by
[13],
nee
d
f
or
fu
rt
her
a
naly
sis
t
o
confirm
the d
if
fer
e
nces.
The
res
ults
in
Fig
ur
e
2
(
b)
sh
ow
that
NO2
is
possible
to
div
i
de
int
o
f
our
cl
us
te
rs
but
only
t
w
o
cl
us
te
rs
ar
e
ex
plained
.
Cl
us
te
r
one
c
on
sist
s
of
Ja
nuary,
Fe
bruar
y,
Ma
rch,
April
an
d
N
ovem
ber
.
F
or
cl
us
te
r
two
co
ns
ist
s
of
Ma
y,
Ju
ly
,
Aug
us
t,
Se
ptem
ber
and
Oct
ob
e
r.
Me
an
w
hi
le
,
on
ly
Ju
ne
in
cl
us
te
r
thr
ee
an
d
Decem
ber
in
c
luster
f
our.
Furtherm
or
e,
Fig
ur
e
3(b)
sho
ws
the
distrib
utio
n
of
N
O
2
co
nc
entrati
ons
ac
co
rd
i
ng
to
f
our
cl
us
te
r
s.
It
can
be
observ
e
d
that
the
NO2
c
on
ce
nt
rati
on
s
f
or
the
three
cl
us
te
rs
are
increa
sin
g
from
cl
us
te
r
on
e
to
cl
us
te
r
th
ree.
Howe
ver,
in
th
e
f
ourth
cl
us
te
r
,
the
m
ean
co
nc
entrati
on
of
N
O2
is
de
cl
ined
as
the
lowest
m
ean
c
om
par
ed
to
th
e
o
ther
th
ree
cl
us
te
rs.
T
her
e
fore,
the
hi
ghest
m
ean
con
c
entrati
on
of
N
O2
is
recorde
d
in
cl
ust
er
three
w
here
it
occu
rs
i
n
J
un
e
w
hile
the
lowest
m
ean
co
ncen
t
rati
on
of
NO2
is
rec
ord
ed
in
cl
us
te
r
four
w
he
re
it
occ
urre
d
in
Decem
ber
.
The
i
ncr
ease
of
N
O
2
c
on
ce
nt
rati
on
in
t
he
ea
rlie
r
to
t
he
m
id
-
ye
ar
is
due
t
o
the
s
m
al
le
r
nu
m
ber
o
f
rai
ny
days
duri
ng
the
south
west
m
on
s
oon
com
par
ed
t
o
t
he
nort
heast
m
on
s
oo
n
per
i
od.
As
sta
te
d
by
[25]
th
e
a
m
ou
nt
of
the
ai
r
poll
uta
nt
reducti
on
by
rainf
al
l
scav
eng
i
ng
e
ff
ect
can
be
aff
ect
ed
by
the
a
m
ou
nt,
durat
ion
an
d
intensi
ty
of
rainf
al
l.
The
highe
r
the
a
m
ou
nt,
durat
ion
an
d
intensi
ty
the
rainf
al
l
sca
ve
ngin
g
e
ff
ect
will
al
so
high.
Th
is
pro
ven
in
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
stu
dy
w
hen
N
O
2
c
oncent
rati
on
is
high
durin
g
t
he dry
seaso
n (south
w
est
m
on
so
on
)
a
nd lo
we
r
dur
i
ng the
r
ai
ny sea
so
n (
nort
heast
m
on
so
on)
.
Ba
sed
on
Fig
ure
2
(c
)
a
bove
,
show
s
that
O
3
cl
ust
erin
g
is
po
s
sible
to
be
div
ide
d
i
nto
f
our
cl
us
te
rs
.
The
first
cl
us
t
er
is
c
om
pr
ise
d
of
Oct
ob
e
r
and
N
ovem
ber
.
T
he
sec
ond
cl
us
te
r
i
nclu
de
s
Jan
ua
ry,
Fe
brua
ry,
Ma
rch
,
A
pr
il
,
Ju
ly
and
A
ugust
.
Con
ce
rn
i
ng
the
third
cl
us
te
r,
Ma
y
and
J
un
e
a
re
the
m
on
ths
.
The
la
st
cl
us
te
r
consi
sts
of
one
m
on
th
w
hich
i
s
Decem
ber
.
D
ur
i
ng
Ma
y
an
d
Ju
ne
,
the
high
est
m
on
thly
aver
age
c
on
ce
ntr
at
ion
s
of
O
3
are
ob
s
erv
e
d
as
i
nd
ic
at
ed
in
Fi
gure
3
(c
).
In
[
26]
sta
te
d
that,
O
3
is
a
product
of
ve
hicle
em
issi
on
s,
energy
pla
nts,
boil
er
fact
or
i
es,
re
fine
ries,
m
anu
factur
i
ng
instal
la
ti
on
s
,
an
d
oth
er
ch
e
m
ic
al
l
y
-
respo
nd
i
ng
so
urces
. O3
is t
he
m
os
t likely
to b
e h
a
rm
fu
l i
n
urba
n
areas
durin
g
hot, s
unny d
ay
s, bu
t i
n
colder
m
on
th
s
it
can
reach
higher
c
on
ce
ntrati
ons
as
O3
ca
n
be
t
ran
s
porte
d
long
distance
s
by
wind.
As
t
he
m
on
it
or
ing
sta
ti
on
in
Ko
ta
B
haru,
a
n
urba
n
a
rea
of
Kelantan
,
it
i
s
possi
ble
to
c
on
cl
ud
e
that
e
ven
du
rin
g
the
nort
heast
m
on
soo
n
con
ce
ntrati
ons
for O3
ar
e
sli
ghtl
y hig
her.
Dend
rogr
am
a
s
in
Figure
2
(
d)
is
f
or
PM
10
con
ce
ntrati
on.
It
is
dep
ic
ti
ng
that
three
m
on
thly
cl
us
te
rs
cou
l
d
be
form
ed.
F
or
t
he
fir
s
t
cl
us
te
r,
it
cl
us
te
red
the
m
onths
of
Jan
ua
ry,
Februa
ry,
Ma
rch,
A
pr
il
,
Ma
y
and
Septem
ber
. Me
anwhil
e, the
m
o
nt
hs
J
une, J
ul
y and Oct
ob
e
r gro
up
e
d
i
n
cl
ust
er tw
o.
T
he
l
ast
cluster c
ons
ist
s o
f
the
m
on
ths
Augu
st
,
N
ovem
ber
an
d
Decem
ber
.
T
he
c
oncentr
at
ion
of
PM1
0
of
cl
us
te
r
one
and
tw
o
wa
s
ne
arly
identic
al
base
d
on
Fi
gure
3
(
d).
PM
10
co
nc
entrati
on
highest
on
cl
us
te
r
tw
o
durin
g
J
un
e
,
J
uly
&
O
ct
obe
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
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esi
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n
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c Eng &
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Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Tem
po
r
al
anal
ysi
s o
f
air
po
ll
utants in
the
m
os
t
affec
te
d
m
onsoo
n
re
gion (
Omar
K
airan)
233
wh
ic
h
coi
ncide
d
with
t
he
s
ou
t
hw
est
m
on
s
oon.
T
his
eve
nt
hi
gh
ly
associat
e
d
with
high
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
lowe
r
hu
m
idit
y
du
ri
ng
t
his
dr
y
sea
s
on
[
14]
.
Othe
r
wise,
c
oncent
r
at
ion
is
rec
ord
ed
at
cl
us
te
r
three
w
hich
m
ay
be
represe
nted
as
n
ort
heast m
on
s
oon.
Fo
r
C
O,
th
ree
cl
us
te
rs
can
be
ob
se
r
ved
fro
m
the
dendrogram
as
in
Figure
2
(e
).
T
he
m
on
ths
in
the
first
cl
us
te
r
ar
e
A
pr
il
,
Ma
y,
Ju
ne
,
J
uly,
Se
ptem
ber
an
d
O
ct
ob
e
r.
T
his
m
on
t
hly
cl
us
te
r
cou
l
d
be
repre
sentin
g
the
south
west
m
on
so
on
peri
od
.
Wh
e
rea
s,
the
no
rtheast
m
on
so
on
gro
up
re
pr
ese
nted
by
the
t
hird
cl
us
te
r
(F
e
bruar
y,
De
ce
m
ber
&
Jan
uar
y)
.
Me
anwhil
e
the
second
cl
us
te
r
(Ma
rch,
Novem
ber
&
Aug
us
t)
is
an
inter
-
m
on
s
oon
gr
ou
p
of
cl
ust
ers.
Boxplot
as
sh
own
in
F
igure
3
(e),
a
decr
easi
ng
patte
rn
is
fr
o
m
the
first
cl
us
te
r
to
the
t
hir
d
cl
us
te
r
is
detect
ed.
The
r
efore,
t
he
m
onso
onal
e
ff
ect
on
the
co
nce
ntr
at
ion
of
C
O
is
po
s
sible
since
there
is
a
diff
e
ren
t
co
ncen
t
rati
on
be
tween
sout
hwest
m
on
soon
and
northeast
m
on
so
on.
Acc
ordin
g
to
[
27
]
,
[
28]
,
i
nco
m
plete
co
m
bu
sti
on
of
f
ossi
l
fu
el
s
a
nd
t
he
com
bu
sti
on
of
bio
m
ass
is
the
m
ai
n
so
urces
of
CO.
H
oweve
r,
d
ue
t
o
the
co
nsi
der
a
ble
de
po
si
ti
ng
phe
no
m
ena
durin
g
the n
ort
heast
m
on
soo
n,
h
ydr
oxyl
group
s
functi
on as
sin
ks
for rem
ov
in
g
CO
fro
m
the
atm
os
ph
e
re
[28
]
,
[
29]
.
(a
)
(b
)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Figure
2. Mo
nth
ly
clusteri
ng
;
(a)
SO
2
,
(
b)
NO
2
,
(c)
O
3
,
(
d)
P
M10
,
a
nd
(e
)
C
O
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
, N
o.
1
,
Ju
ly
2021
:
2
2
9
-
2
3
6
234
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Figure
3.
Bo
xplot base
d o
n
cl
us
te
r
;
(a)
SO
2
,
(b) NO
2
,
(c
) O
3
,
(
d) PM1
0
,
a
nd
(e)
C
O
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
re
su
lt
f
rom
this
stud
y
s
hows
t
hat
ther
e
is
the
existe
nc
e
of
te
m
po
ral
var
ia
ti
ons
of
ai
r
poll
utants
.
Gen
e
rall
y,
m
os
t
of
the
cl
ust
er
form
ed
fo
r
eac
h
poll
utant
has
a
strong
relat
ion
s
hi
p
to
th
ree
seaso
nal
m
on
so
ons
wh
ic
h
are
s
ou
t
hw
est
m
on
soo
n,
no
rtheast
m
on
s
oon
a
nd
inter
-
m
on
s
oon.
F
ro
m
the
m
on
th
ly
var
ia
ti
on
,
it
sh
ow
s
that
the
m
ean
for
SO2
co
nce
ntrati
on
rec
ord
ed
the
hi
gh
est
read
i
ng
in
m
on
ths
April
and
Ma
y
wh
ic
h
is
durin
g
inter
-
m
on
s
oon
as
pr
evi
ously
pr
ove
n
tha
t
there
is
a
po
sit
ive
r
el
at
ion
s
hi
p
betwe
en
te
m
per
at
ur
e
and
con
ce
ntrati
on
in
SO2.
T
he
highest
m
ean
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
NO2
was
r
ecorde
d
duri
ng
a
high
-
te
m
per
at
ur
e
per
i
od
w
hich
durin
g
S
WM
si
m
il
ar
to
what
had
bee
n
obser
ve
d
in
pre
vious
st
ud
y.
T
he
highest
m
on
thly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
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esi
a
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J
E
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c Eng &
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m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Tem
po
r
al
anal
ysi
s o
f
air
po
ll
utants in
the
m
os
t
affec
te
d
m
onsoo
n
re
gion (
Omar
K
airan)
235
aver
a
ge
of
O3
con
ce
ntrati
on
recorde
d
during
Ma
y
an
d
J
u
ne
w
hich
is
durin
g
the
S
WM.
T
his
pa
per
al
s
o
su
pp
or
ts
the
pr
evio
us
stu
dy
wh
e
re
the
per
i
od
of
S
W
M
is
the
per
io
d
of
the
e
m
issi
on
s
from
veh
ic
le
s,
po
w
er
sta
ti
on
s,
facto
r
y
boil
ers,
ref
i
ne
ries,
m
anu
fa
c
turing
facil
it
ies
an
d
ot
her
sources
that
e
asi
ly
react
c
hem
ical
ly
to
the
su
n.
The
hi
gh
est
co
nce
ntrati
on
s
of
PM
10
ca
n
be
seen
du
ri
ng
J
une
to
Octo
ber
wh
i
ch
coinci
des
w
it
h
the
so
ut
hwest
m
on
soo
n
w
her
e
i
t
exp
erie
nces
a
dr
y
seaso
n
al
l
ov
er
the
r
egio
n
in
pe
nin
su
la
r
Ma
la
ysi
a.
The
con
ce
ntrati
on
l
evel
of
C
O
is
the
highest
duri
n
g
the
south
we
st
m
on
so
on.
T
he
a
bove
in
ves
ti
gation
of
var
i
at
ion
s
in
CO,
NO2,
S
O2,
O
3
a
nd
P
M10
c
on
c
entra
ti
on
s
in
dif
fer
e
nt
m
on
thly
cl
us
te
r
in
K
ota
Bhar
u,
Kelanta
n
sh
ow
s
that
the
m
ean
of
ai
r
poll
utio
n
c
on
ce
ntrati
on
in
t
his
la
r
ge
urba
nized
ci
ty
dep
e
nds
on
m
et
eo
r
ologica
l
f
act
or
s
.
On
e
of t
he
m
ain
factors t
hat c
ause
d
the
h
i
gh
con
ce
ntrati
on i
s m
ai
nly rela
ted
to
the
seaso
na
l
m
on
s
oon.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
pa
pe
r
an
d
the
resea
rch
be
hind
it
w
ou
l
d
no
t
have
bee
n
possible
wit
hout
the
exce
ption
al
s
upport
of
U
niv
e
rsiti
T
e
knologi
Ma
ra
K
ota
Bha
ru
C
a
m
pu
s
for
t
he
facil
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ie
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pr
ovi
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f
or
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co
m
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ti
on
of
t
he
stu
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A
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a
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t
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De
pa
rtm
ent
of
En
vir
on
m
ental
Ma
la
ysi
a
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f
or
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vid
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