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n
ess
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
el
s
u
r
f
ac
es
an
d
4
)
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
ite
[
8
]
.
T
o
p
r
o
tect
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
th
e
clea
n
est
an
d
p
er
h
ap
s
m
o
s
t
av
ailab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
.
Go
v
er
n
m
en
ts
ar
e
en
d
ea
v
o
u
r
in
g
to
e
n
ac
t
laws
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
to
r
eg
u
late
wo
r
k
an
d
m
a
k
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
ese
en
er
g
ies
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
th
e
L
o
ca
tio
n
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
wh
e
r
e
th
e
m
o
r
e
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
th
e
m
o
r
e
d
u
s
t
ac
cu
m
u
lates
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
a
r
r
iv
al
o
f
s
o
la
r
r
ad
iatio
n
is
r
e
d
u
ce
d
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
less
o
v
e
r
all
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
h
o
t
clim
ates
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Ar
ab
ian
Pen
in
s
u
la
an
d
I
r
aq
,
wh
e
r
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ar
e
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
h
ea
t,
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
n
ter
ested
in
an
d
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
s
ev
er
al
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
clea
n
in
g
a
n
d
co
o
lin
g
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
o
b
v
io
u
s
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
etu
r
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
ty
p
es
o
f
r
esear
ch
at
p
r
esen
t a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t f
o
r
tim
e
an
d
ef
f
o
r
t w
o
r
k
i
n
g
in
b
o
th
n
u
m
e
r
ical
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
way
s
to
o
b
tain
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
1
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
was
d
etec
ted
wh
ich
W
h
e
n
th
er
e
is
a
d
u
s
t
-
s
to
r
m
an
d
a
r
ain
-
f
all
at
o
n
ce
,
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
o
ilin
g
lev
el
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
wh
en
t
h
e
s
an
d
s
ar
e
g
ath
er
ed
W
h
ich
will m
ak
e
cle
an
in
g
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
later
[
1
3
]
.
Ou
tc
o
m
es o
f
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
s
an
d
s
in
Sau
d
i
-
Ar
ab
ia
d
is
clo
s
ed
th
at
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
d
u
s
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
ly
r
esp
ec
ts
with
clim
ate.
C
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
cr
u
s
tal
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
(
Si,
C
a,
Na,
Al,
Fe,
K,
an
d
Mg
)
s
h
o
wed
th
at
e
n
lar
g
ed
f
r
o
m
(
4
5
-
6
8
%)
Fo
llo
win
g
s
to
r
m
o
f
s
an
d
,
s
p
ec
if
y
in
g
th
at
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
s
to
r
m
-
s
et
d
u
s
t
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
n
o
n
-
an
th
r
o
p
o
g
en
ic
ca
u
s
es;
b
u
t
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ar
e
p
r
o
p
er
in
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
r
n
o
r
m
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
4
]
.
As
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
in
cr
ea
s
es
its
o
p
en
-
cir
c
u
it
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
a
ch
a
n
g
e
in
s
h
o
r
t
cir
c
u
it
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
lo
w
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
an
el
r
ed
u
ce
s
b
ec
au
s
e
its
s
u
r
f
ac
e
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
atter
s
at
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
c
o
o
lin
g
an
d
clea
n
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
T
h
is
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
m
o
d
u
les
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
u
s
in
g
clea
n
in
g
an
d
co
o
lin
g
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
f
r
o
n
t su
r
f
ac
e
f
o
r
Hea
t d
is
s
ip
atio
n
with
wate
r
.
So
lar
p
a
n
el
m
o
d
u
les ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
Po
wer
o
u
tlet
less
en
s
wh
en
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
m
o
d
u
les
r
is
es
d
u
e
to
h
o
t
n
ess
an
d
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
ilin
g
r
ate
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
an
d
tim
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
r
ay
wate
r
d
o
es
h
av
e
a
clea
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
en
er
al
is
am
o
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
a
r
ts
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
es
[
7
]
.
Ho
w
ca
n
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
m
o
d
u
les
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
p
ea
k
s
.
Fo
r
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
,
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
cite
d
ca
lls
f
o
r
atten
tio
n
to
lim
it
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
h
ea
t
,
p
ar
tial
d
u
s
t
an
d
s
h
ad
e
o
n
o
u
tco
m
e
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
h
o
to
-
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
p
an
els in
a
s
u
n
n
y
co
u
n
tr
y
as I
r
aq
(
Mid
d
le
E
ast
er
n
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
)
w
h
er
e
th
is
jo
b
was a
p
p
lied
in
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
er
e
is
a
lo
t
o
f
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
u
n
d
er
way
o
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
v
e
r
h
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Hea
t
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
c
an
b
e
l
o
s
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
ec
tio
n
,
r
ad
iatio
n
,
an
d
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
two
m
ain
co
o
lin
g
m
an
n
er
s
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
,
w
h
ich
i
n
clu
d
e
p
ass
iv
e
c
o
o
lin
g
,
th
at
i
n
v
o
lv
es
n
o
r
m
al
m
eth
o
d
s
to
r
em
o
v
e
h
ea
t
with
o
u
t
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
as
well
as
ac
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
,
as
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
en
er
g
y
to
r
em
o
v
e
h
ea
t
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Fo
r
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
r
ea
s
o
n
s
id
ea
o
f
ac
tiv
e
co
o
lin
g
an
d
clea
n
in
g
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
p
r
in
k
lin
g
w
ater
o
n
th
e
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
wh
e
r
ea
s
th
e
b
r
u
s
h
is
o
n
f
o
r
clea
n
in
g
m
ad
e
o
f
R
u
b
b
er
i
s
jo
in
ed
with
s
p
r
a
y
in
g
s
y
s
tem
to
th
e
f
r
o
n
t o
f
th
e
p
a
n
el.
2.
M
AT
H
E
M
AT
I
CA
L
M
O
D
E
L
F
O
R
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANC
E
O
F
SO
L
AR
P
AN
E
L
2
.
1
.
E
f
f
iciency
o
f
s
o
la
r
pa
ne
l
Am
b
ien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
r
e
x
ter
n
al
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
p
lu
s
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el,
th
is
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el,
s
in
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
as
well
as
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ep
en
d
in
g
also
o
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
So
lar
p
an
el
s
y
s
te
m
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP
)
as e
x
p
lain
ed
h
e
r
e
in
[
2
0
]
is
,
=
×
=
×
×
(
1
)
w
h
er
e:
:
Den
o
tes f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
m
o
d
u
le
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t a
t lo
ad
.
Vm
p
:
Den
o
tes f
o
r
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
at
lo
ad
.
Imp
:
Den
o
tes in
to
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
t lo
ad
.
FF
: D
en
o
tes to
f
ill f
ac
to
r
(
FF
)
,
Vo
c
: I
n
d
icate
o
p
e
n
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
I
s
c
: D
en
o
tes s
h
o
r
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t c
ir
cu
it
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Hig
h
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
o
f so
la
r
p
a
n
el
b
a
s
ed
o
n
n
ew co
o
li
n
g
a
n
d
clea
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
A
h
med
K
.
A
b
b
a
s
)
805
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ef
f
icien
cy
as
in
[
2
1
]
th
at’
s
th
e
r
atio
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
d
iv
id
ed
f
ir
s
t
b
y
s
u
n
'
s
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
as r
ep
r
ese
n
ted
in
(
2
)
.
η
=
⁄
(
2
)
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
m
a
y
also
co
m
e
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
(
3
)
,
η
=
(
×
⁄
)
(
3
)
wh
er
ev
er
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
in
m
2
,
(
E
)
is
a
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
(
STC
)
(
W
/m
2
)
as
well
as
is
t
h
e
Ma
x
im
u
m
Po
wer
Po
in
t.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
co
u
ld
also
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
u
tili
ze
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
in
[
2
2
]
as,
η
pv
=
η
rT
[
1
−
(
pv
−
T
rT
)
]
(
4
)
wh
er
e
(
η
pv
s
)
s
y
m
b
o
lizes
t
h
e
So
la
r
ce
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
(
η
rT
)
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
o
n
ly
at
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
at
is
o
r
d
i
n
ar
ily
at
2
5
◦
C
,
(
pv
)
is
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
ce
ll'
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
(
β)
s
y
m
b
o
lizes
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
Ou
tlet f
ac
to
r
as we
ll a
s
(
T
r
T
)
i
s
th
e
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
r
ce
ll r
ef
er
en
ce
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
2
.
2
.
E
f
f
ec
t
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
o
f
s
o
la
r
pa
nel
I
m
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
co
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
la
in
ed
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
a
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
s
o
lar
ar
r
ay
o
u
tlet p
o
wer
as in
[
1
7
]
a
s
,
P
pv
=
Y
pv
×
f
pv
(
G
T
G
T
,
S
T
C
⁄
)
[
1
+
p
(
T
c
−
T
C
,
S
T
C
)
]
(
5
)
w
h
er
e,
(
Y
pv
)
:
R
ated
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ar
r
ay
,
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
wh
ic
h
its
o
u
tlet
o
f
p
o
wer
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
(
STC)
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
(
K
W
)
(
f
pv
)
:
So
lar
p
an
el
d
e
r
atin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
(
%)
(
G
T
)
:
So
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
Den
o
tes o
n
t
h
e
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t tim
e
s
tep
(
KW
/m
2
)
(
G
T
,
S
T
C
)
:
I
n
cid
en
t I
r
r
ad
ian
ce
at
(
STC)
(
1
Km
/m
2
)
(
p
)
:
T
em
p
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
o
u
tlet e
n
er
g
y
(
%/◦
C
)
(
T
c
)
:
So
lar
tem
p
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t tim
e
s
tep
(
◦
C
)
(
T
C
,
S
T
C
)
: T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll tem
p
b
en
ea
th
(
STC),
(
2
5
◦
C
)
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
tem
p
,
t
h
e
o
u
tlet
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
is
b
asically
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
an
o
u
tlet
en
er
g
y
v
ar
ia
n
ce
cr
ea
te
d
f
r
o
m
its
(
STC)
p
an
el
f
r
o
m
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
es
u
lts
[
2
3
]
,
T
em
p
,
T
h
e
o
u
tlet
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
s
u
ch
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
was
−0
.
4
4
p
er
ce
n
t
/C
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
test
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
o
lar
p
an
e
l
d
er
iv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
th
at,
s
o
lar
p
an
els
I
n
s
tan
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ar
en
a
will
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
p
er
h
ap
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
is
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
n
a
m
ep
late
r
ea
d
in
g
.
Oth
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
lik
e
clo
u
d
,
h
e
av
y
d
u
s
t
an
d
s
h
a
d
o
w.
m
a
y
m
in
im
ize
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tin
g
with
th
e
PV
u
n
it
u
s
in
g
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
im
p
ed
an
ce
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
9
5
in
d
icate
s
th
e
test
d
eliv
er
ed
en
er
g
y
r
ea
d
in
g
in
th
e
STC
th
at
was
5
p
er
ce
n
t
less
th
en
n
am
e
p
late
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
.
E
q
u
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
o
u
t
-
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
a
r
r
ay
th
e
wh
o
le
e
lem
en
t
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ca
lcu
late
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
w
ir
e
lo
s
s
an
d
s
h
ad
in
g
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
u
tili
ze
d
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
0
.
7
5
t
o
s
h
o
w
ca
u
s
e
o
f
t
o
tal
lo
s
s
es
as
well
as
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
d
e
r
atin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
with
1
.
0
f
o
r
ju
s
t
a
n
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
f
ix
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
u
l
d
b
e
d
etail
lik
e
in
e
q
u
atio
n
.
η
mp
,
S
T
C
=
Y
pv
/
(
A
pv
×
G
T
,
S
T
C
)
(
6
)
W
h
er
e,
(
η
mp
,
S
T
C
)
is
th
e
ef
f
icien
cies o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
(
%)
(
Y
pv
)
Den
o
tes th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els r
ated
o
u
tlet p
o
wer
at
STC (
KW
)
(
A
pv
)
Su
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
PV
-
m
o
d
u
l
e
(
m
2
)
(
G
T
,
S
T
C
)
R
ep
r
esen
t th
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
at
STC (
1
KW
/m
2
)
B
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
,
in
(
5
)
,
T
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
e
f
f
icien
cy
r
ea
r
r
an
g
em
en
ts
to
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
8
0
3
-
814
806
η
mp
=
P
pv
/
(
(
A
pv
×
f
pv
×
G
T
)
[
1
+
p
(
T
c
−
T
C
,
S
T
C
)
]
)
(
7
)
2
.
3
.
T
he
s
o
la
r
pa
nel t
em
per
a
t
ure
co
ef
f
icient
o
f
po
wer
Fo
r
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el,
th
is
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
r
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
t
h
at
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
s
et
to
th
e
m
in
u
s
am
o
u
n
t
wh
ich
is
b
ec
au
s
e
as
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
I
n
cr
ea
s
es,
en
er
g
y
o
u
tlet
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
2
5
0
-
watt
s
o
lar
p
an
el
u
s
ed
in
th
is
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
is
−0
.
4
4
%/◦
th
at
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
u
n
it
ex
p
er
ien
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
o
r
ea
c
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
eg
r
ee
a
b
o
v
e
(
2
5
°C
)
.
(
−0
.
4
4
%)
T
h
e
o
u
tle
t
p
o
wer
d
ec
r
ea
s
es a
n
d
th
e
u
n
it su
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es 2
5
°C
wh
en
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
ab
o
v
e
2
5
°C
,
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t is estima
ted
to
r
is
e
ab
o
v
e
th
e
esti
m
ated
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
4
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
hea
t
o
n pho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
du
le
T
h
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
ar
e
r
is
es
d
u
e
to
s
u
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
h
ea
t
g
en
e
r
atio
n
ac
tiv
a
tes
in
th
is
m
an
n
er
.
W
h
en
it
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
a
p
o
in
t
wh
er
e
th
e
o
u
tlet
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
d
r
o
p
s
,
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
is
ev
id
en
t
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
is
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
ch
a
llen
g
es
f
ac
in
g
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
d
u
e
to
o
v
e
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
n
ee
d
ed
a
s
well
as
r
is
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es.
Ov
er
h
ea
tin
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
a
ls
o
th
e
p
an
el
o
u
tlet
e
n
er
g
y
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
o
u
tlet
p
o
wer
,
g
r
ea
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
.
W
h
en
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
r
is
e,
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
atio
n
is
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
m
a
ter
ials
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
PV c
ells
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
as we
ll a
s
lo
s
in
g
o
f
v
alu
ab
le
p
o
wer
s
o
th
e
c
o
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll is
ess
en
tia
l.
3.
G
E
NE
R
AL
D
E
SCR
I
P
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
co
o
lin
g
a
n
d
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
j
ec
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t.
A
n
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
s
etu
p
was
estab
lis
h
ed
to
an
aly
s
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
o
l
in
g
an
d
clea
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
o
n
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
a
n
el
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
wat
er
,
W
ater
is
s
p
r
in
k
ler
o
n
it
s
f
r
o
n
t
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
r
ay
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
r
u
b
b
er
b
r
u
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W
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u
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s
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Hig
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m
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co
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tr
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alwa
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d
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in
g
Ultr
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th
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ata
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d
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in
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p
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f
u
r
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e.
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s
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d
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m
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d
d
ir
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T
o
t
h
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en
d
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th
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p
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el
as
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ter
p
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t
h
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d
o
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PV
p
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el
f
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g
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.
W
h
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th
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Ultr
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2
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ty
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r
n
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ay
m
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e
m
o
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th
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o
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e
tim
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h
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co
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li
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g
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will
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f
f
with
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s
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ap
p
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t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
d
itio
n
with
th
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tem
p
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e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
b
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less
th
an
2
5
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an
d
also
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en
th
e
Ultr
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1
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ea
c
h
to
(
d
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ce
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c
m
o
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en
will
b
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f
f
.
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h
e
s
y
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co
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ld
b
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o
n
p
ar
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g
ar
ea
to
av
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id
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
h
a
d
e
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s
o
la
r
s
y
s
tem
to
g
et
th
e
h
ig
h
est ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
o
p
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v
e
n
t
s
u
c
k
i
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d
u
s
t
,
t
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p
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p
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l
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w
a
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i
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t
o
a
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c
t
i
o
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t
u
b
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
t
a
n
k
.
T
h
e
s
u
c
ti
o
n
t
u
b
e
is
m
a
d
e
u
p
o
f
a
c
h
e
c
k
v
a
l
v
e
a
s
w
e
ll
as
a
c
o
l
a
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d
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o
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p
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v
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t
s
a
b
i
g
p
a
r
tic
l
e
f
r
o
m
t
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g
h
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
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l
d
h
a
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e
p
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p
.
W
a
t
e
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c
k
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d
f
l
o
w
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t
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h
e
w
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f
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a
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r
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th
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a
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p
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r
f
o
r
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
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m
.
W
at
e
r
a
r
e
s
p
r
i
n
k
l
e
d
b
y
u
t
i
l
i
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n
o
z
z
l
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p
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s
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d
o
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t
h
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t
o
p
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f
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
A
f
t
e
r
w
a
r
d
s
,
w
a
te
r
u
t
i
l
i
ze
d
f
o
r
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
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m
s
is
g
a
t
h
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e
d
a
t
t
h
e
b
o
t
t
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m
o
f
t
h
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s
o
l
a
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p
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s
b
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d
r
a
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p
i
p
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t
h
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a
f
te
r
,
r
e
t
u
r
n
e
d
i
t
b
a
c
k
t
o
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
t
a
n
k
.
T
h
i
s
c
o
n
c
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p
t
h
as
b
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n
u
s
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d
t
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d
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w
a
te
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
w
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i
m
p
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ta
n
t
i
n
d
es
e
r
t
r
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g
i
o
n
s
.
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h
a
t
w
a
t
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t
a
n
k
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a
n
b
e
b
u
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d
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d
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p
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d
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t
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f
r
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t
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f
r
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w
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p
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w
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as
t
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t
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w
at
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n
t
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t
a
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k
t
h
r
o
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g
h
s
u
r
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d
i
n
g
s
o
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l
.
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h
e
w
a
r
m
w
a
t
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r
a
r
r
i
v
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n
g
f
r
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o
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a
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p
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l
w
i
l
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b
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c
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d
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b
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g
i
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s
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d
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t
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a
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k
w
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a
s
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c
a
n
t
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
c
o
l
d
w
a
t
e
r
.
T
h
e
p
an
el
s
u
r
f
ac
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
(
t
h
er
m
o
co
u
p
le
p
lace
d
at
b
ac
k
-
s
u
r
f
ac
e)
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
e
l.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
e
n
er
g
y
,
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
as
well
as
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
h
av
e
wh
o
le
b
ee
n
tr
ac
k
ed
an
d
u
tili
ze
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
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an
ac
q
u
is
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n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
ca
lc
u
latio
n
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
,
all
m
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s
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r
em
en
ts
ar
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s
av
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.
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t
h
as
b
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th
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f
wate
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m
o
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th
d
u
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to
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to
b
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ately
4
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th
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al
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m
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o
f
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u
s
th
is
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y
s
tem
co
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ld
b
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
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s
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f
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icien
t f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
tatio
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b
u
ilt in
t
h
e
d
eser
t.
5
.
1
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
o
f
s
o
la
r
pa
nel t
em
pera
t
ure
I
n
th
is
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tem
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m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
o
f
tem
p
er
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r
e
wer
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b
o
o
k
e
d
,
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
es
at
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
t
h
e
two
s
o
lar
p
an
els
w
as
b
o
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k
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
er
m
o
g
r
ap
h
y
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m
er
a
to
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elp
u
s
h
o
w
t
o
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is
tr
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u
te
th
e
b
est
p
lace
s
o
f
n
o
z
zles.
Me
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r
in
g
th
e
tem
p
er
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r
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b
y
p
r
o
b
e
at
p
o
in
ts
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th
e
b
u
c
k
s
o
lar
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an
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s
u
r
f
ac
e,
f
r
o
m
o
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t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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T
h
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ally
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cc
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r
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ed
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ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
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0
P.M
.
;
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t
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o
r
e
,
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tlet
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tain
ed
f
r
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m
p
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d
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n
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y
s
tem
g
r
ad
u
ally
r
is
es
ab
o
v
e
th
at
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
el
with
o
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t
a
co
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d
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in
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s
y
s
tem
.
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h
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im
p
lies
a
s
lim
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cr
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s
e
in
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
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o
d
u
ctio
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.
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h
e
wate
r
f
lo
w
o
n
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
m
ay
a
ct
lik
e
a
m
ir
r
o
r
it r
ef
lects
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
f
r
o
m
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
th
r
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g
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th
e
wa
ter
Sp
r
ay
o
n
f
r
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t
p
an
el
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r
f
a
ce
,
with
a
v
iew
to
m
in
im
izin
g
th
is
,
th
e
wate
r
was
n
o
t
s
p
r
ay
ed
o
n
to
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e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
alwa
y
s
,
in
its
p
lace
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
co
m
p
leted
ir
r
eg
u
la
r
ly
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
wh
ile
wate
r
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f
lo
win
g
o
n
Su
r
f
ac
e
o
f
m
o
d
u
le,
s
em
i
-
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
t
PV
u
n
it
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t.
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h
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
ca
r
r
y
a
r
is
k
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
leak
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e
c
u
r
r
en
t t
h
at
will lea
d
to
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
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c
au
s
ed
b
y
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
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f
r
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t
s
i
d
e
p
r
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d
u
c
e
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
o
v
e
r
b
a
c
k
s
i
d
e
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
.
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h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
f
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l
e
c
t
r
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c
o
u
t
le
ts
o
b
t
a
in
e
d
f
r
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m
c
o
o
l
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n
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y
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t
e
m
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
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l
s
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e
x
t
r
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m
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w
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a
t
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v
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d
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t
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o
w
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d
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c
t
r
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ca
l
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f
f
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cy
i
n
c
r
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a
s
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d
.
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h
e
s
o
l
a
r
p
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n
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te
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p
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r
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t
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d
b
y
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t
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li
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o
f
w
a
t
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r
s
p
r
a
y.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
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d
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p
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r
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s
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l
as
d
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s
t
.
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h
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n
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h
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c
e
l
l
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p
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r
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t
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l
.
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n
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m
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t
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r
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s
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t
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.
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ti
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