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ect
r
i
cal
en
g
i
n
eer
s
an
d
r
es
ear
ch
er
s
b
ecau
s
e a l
o
t
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
t
o
w
ar
d
s
t
h
e
i
nv
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
or
t
o c
om
pr
e
h
e
nd
t
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
of
de
l
e
t
e
r
i
ou
s
c
ou
pl
i
ng
of
li
g
h
t
n
in
g
f
ie
ld
s
w
ith
v
a
r
io
u
s
o
b
j
ect
s
,
es
p
eci
al
l
y
f
o
r
a s
en
s
i
t
i
v
e el
ect
r
o
n
i
c d
ev
i
ce.
V
H
F
i
nt
e
r
f
e
r
o
m
e
t
r
y a
nd
L
F
T
O
A
a
nd
/
o
r
M
D
F
ha
d
b
e
e
n
w
i
d
e
l
y
us
e
d
f
o
r
L
i
ght
ni
n
g
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
.
A
cco
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e r
es
e
ar
ch
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
b
y
D
r
u
e e
t
al
.
(
2
0
0
7
)
h
e s
u
m
m
ar
i
zed
t
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
va
t
i
o
n b
y S
t
i
t
h e
t
a
l
.
(
1999
)
,
L
a
n
g e
t
a
l
.
,
(
2000)
,
a
n
d D
e
f
e
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
(
2001)
a
n
d
h
e
f
oun
d t
h
a
t
t
h
e
V
H
F
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
om
e
t
r
y
pe
r
f
or
m
e
d
t
w
o
t
o
f
i
ve
t
i
m
e
s
hi
g
he
r
f
l
a
s
h r
a
t
e
,
ho
w
e
ve
r
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
s
u
f
f
e
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
he
b
l
i
nd
s
p
o
t
i
f
l
e
s
s
t
ha
n
t
hr
e
e
r
ecei
v
er
s
w
er
e u
s
ed
[
1
7
]
.
B
o
t
h
o
f
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
V
H
F
in
te
r
f
e
r
o
m
e
tr
y
to
tr
a
c
k
s
i
n
g
le
f
la
s
h
e
s
.
A
s
w
e
ll a
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
e d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
en
t
i
r
e s
t
o
r
m
s
,
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
et
ect
i
o
n
w
a
s
q
u
i
t
e d
i
f
f
er
en
t
,
t
h
e s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
s
s
u
m
ed
t
o
m
as
s
a
c
e
r
ta
in
f
r
a
c
tio
n
o
f
a
ll
lig
h
t
n
in
g
a
c
ti
v
it
y
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
d
in
t
h
e
n
at
u
r
e
cau
s
ed
a
t
r
u
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
f
l
as
h
es
r
e
m
ai
n
ed
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
.
R
el
at
i
v
e p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce o
f
each
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
a
s
as
s
e
s
s
ed
b
y
m
u
t
u
al
l
y
as
s
u
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
eas
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
eac
h
o
t
h
er
a
s
t
r
u
t
h
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e cl
a
s
s
i
f
i
cat
i
o
n
n
a
t
u
r
al
l
y
h
ad
t
o
r
el
y
o
n
cr
i
t
er
i
a d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n t
he
w
o
r
ki
n
g p
r
i
nc
i
p
l
e
o
f
e
a
c
h s
ys
t
e
m
.
I
n
M
al
a
y
s
i
a,
i
t
w
as
b
el
i
e
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e M
al
a
y
s
i
a
n
M
e
t
eo
r
o
l
o
g
i
cal
S
er
v
i
ce
(
M
M
S
)
o
r
T
en
ag
a N
as
i
o
n
al
B
er
h
ad
(
T
N
B
)
u
s
ed
t
h
e
w
el
l
-
kno
w
n
t
y
p
e
o
f
l
i
gh
t
ni
n
g
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
f
o
r
L
i
gh
t
ni
n
g
L
o
c
a
t
i
ng
s
ys
t
e
m
s
(
L
L
S
)
s
uc
h a
s
m
a
g
ne
t
i
c
d
i
re
c
t
i
o
n
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
(M
D
F
),
t
i
m
e
o
f
a
rri
v
a
l
(T
O
A
) a
n
d
i
n
t
e
rf
e
ro
m
e
t
r
y
[1
8
].
H
a
rt
o
n
o
[
1
9
]
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e av
ai
l
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
d
at
a r
eco
r
d
e
d
b
y
M
M
S
o
r
T
N
B
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
h
e s
t
at
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e d
at
a co
l
l
ect
ed
e
ith
e
r
b
y
M
M
S
o
r
T
N
B
c
o
n
s
is
te
d
s
ite
e
r
r
o
r
in
th
e
ir
m
a
p
p
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
H
e
pr
opos
e
d t
h
e
e
r
r
or
oc
c
u
r
r
e
d
du
e
t
o
unr
e
s
o
l
ve
d
s
i
t
e
e
r
r
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
he
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
L
i
g
ht
ni
ng
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n S
ys
t
e
m
(
L
D
S
)
.
B
e
s
i
d
e
s
t
ha
t
,
P
i
nt
o
a
nd
c
o
-
w
o
r
k
er
s
[
2
0
]
al
s
o
cl
ai
m
ed
t
h
e s
a
m
e i
s
s
u
e as
p
o
i
n
t
ed
o
u
t
b
y
H
ar
t
o
n
o
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
e av
ai
l
ab
i
l
i
t
y
d
at
a o
f
L
D
S
i
n
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
w
er
e
n
o
t r
e
lia
b
le
.
I
n
2
0
0
9
,
th
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
a
tio
n
o
f
lig
h
tn
in
g
a
c
ti
v
itie
s
(
[
2
1
-
2
3
]
)
i
n
M
al
a
y
s
i
a
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
s
u
cce
s
s
f
u
l
l
y
.
L
at
er
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
at
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
r
ep
o
r
t
ed
b
y
P
.
N
.
S
.
A
b
d
R
ah
m
a
n
e
t
al
.
[
1
8
]
,
t
h
e
d
at
a
b
et
w
ee
n
B
ah
ar
u
d
d
i
n
et
al
a
n
d
N
.
A
z
l
i
n
d
a et
a
l
[
2
1
-
23]
a
n
d t
h
e
da
t
a
r
e
c
or
de
d by
T
N
B
u
nm
a
t
c
h
e
d e
v
e
n
w
he
n
t
he
t
i
m
e
r
e
c
o
r
d
i
ng o
f
b
o
t
h t
he
d
a
t
a
w
a
s
s
ync
hr
o
ni
z
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
ng t
o
U
ni
ve
r
s
a
l
T
i
m
e
C
l
o
c
k
(
U
T
C
)
.
T
he
s
t
ud
y
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
[
1
8
]
s
t
at
ed
t
h
e n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
t
r
o
k
es
co
u
n
t
an
d
t
h
e t
y
p
e o
f
f
l
as
h
e
s
w
er
e n
o
t
i
d
en
t
i
cal
.
T
hr
o
ug
h o
ur
p
r
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
s
t
ud
i
e
s
,
m
a
n
y e
r
r
o
r
s
o
c
c
ur
r
e
d
t
o
m
e
a
s
ur
e
a
nd
i
d
e
nt
i
f
y t
he
l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
f
l
a
s
he
s
w
e
r
e
r
e
por
t
e
d.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
s
ugg
e
s
t
e
d t
h
a
t
a
l
i
gh
t
ni
ng
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
us
t
c
ons
i
de
r
t
h
e
i
m
por
t
a
n
t
pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
ni
n
g l
i
g
ht
ni
ng t
y
p
e
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
he
m
e
c
ha
n
i
s
m
s
.
I
t
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
a cer
t
ai
n
t
y
p
e
o
f
L
D
S
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
co
n
s
i
d
er
o
n
l
y
t
h
e p
o
l
ar
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e f
o
r
d
et
ect
i
n
g
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
ev
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
er
e
w
er
e m
a
n
y
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
s
h
oul
d c
on
s
i
de
r
w
hi
l
e
de
v
e
l
opi
n
g
L
D
S
ot
h
e
r
t
h
a
n a
m
pl
i
t
u
de
a
n
d pol
a
r
i
t
y
s
u
c
h
a
s
z
e
r
o
-
c
r
os
s
i
ng
a
n
d t
h
e
r
i
s
i
ng
ti
m
e
d
u
r
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t r
e
tu
r
n
s
tr
o
k
e
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
m
a
in
p
r
o
b
le
m
is
th
e
d
e
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
to
d
e
v
e
lo
p
th
e
id
e
n
ti
f
ic
a
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
to
id
e
n
ti
f
y
th
e
ch
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
f
l
as
h
es
s
u
ch
a
s
t
h
e
p
eak
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e v
al
u
es
,
t
h
e
r
i
s
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
v
al
u
e
s
,
t
h
e
zer
o
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g va
l
ue
s
a
nd
t
he
f
a
s
t
t
r
a
ns
i
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
f
i
r
s
t
r
e
t
ur
n
s
t
r
o
ke
o
f
t
he
l
i
g
ht
ni
n
g e
ve
nt
s
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
he
o
b
j
e
c
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
i
s
to
m
o
d
e
l a
n
e
w
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
iz
a
tio
n
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
L
ig
h
t
n
in
g
D
e
te
c
tio
n
S
y
s
te
m
(
L
D
S
)
b
y
de
v
e
l
opi
n
g
a
pr
og
r
a
m
t
h
a
t
c
ou
l
d pr
ov
i
de
h
ig
h
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
f
o
r
d
e
te
c
tio
n
o
f
th
e
lig
h
tn
i
n
g
f
la
s
h
.
W
ith
th
e
a
id
s
o
f
t
he
t
e
c
h
no
l
o
g
y,
t
he
l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
i
l
l
c
o
nt
i
n
ue
t
o
de
ve
l
o
p
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
t
he
k
no
w
l
e
d
ge
a
b
o
ut
t
h
e
l
i
g
ht
n
i
n
g p
he
no
m
e
no
n i
n t
hi
s
w
o
r
l
d
.
Z
er
o
cr
o
s
s
i
n
g
i
s
t
h
e t
er
m
w
h
e
r
e t
h
e m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
he
p
o
i
nt
w
he
r
e
t
he
va
l
ue
o
f
t
he
r
i
s
i
n
g t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e r
et
u
r
n
s
t
r
o
k
e s
t
ar
t
s
a
t
zer
o
an
d
t
h
e
f
al
l
i
n
g
t
i
m
e o
f
t
h
e
r
et
u
r
n
s
t
r
o
k
e en
d
ed
at
zer
o
.
Z
er
o
cr
o
s
s
i
n
g
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
em
i
er
c
h
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c f
o
r
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
r
et
u
r
n
s
t
r
o
k
e b
ecau
s
e i
t
co
n
t
ai
n
s
o
t
h
er
ch
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
c
s
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e p
eak
va
l
ue
a
nd
r
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nd
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s
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SSN
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Sub M
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)
717
R
EF
ER
EN
C
ES
[
1]
J
.
E
r
i
k
s
s
on.
T
he
i
nc
i
de
nc
e
of
l
i
g
h
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ni
ng
s
t
r
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k
e
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s
.
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
ns
.
P
ow
e
r
D
e
l
i
v
.
1987
;
2(
3)
:
859
–
87
0.
[
2]
Fa
r
o
u
k
A
.
M.
R
i
z
k
.
T
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
ons
on P
ow
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r
.
M
ode
l
.
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r
a
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m
.
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i
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x
po.
T
o D
i
r
e
c
t
L
i
g
ht
ni
ng
S
t
r
ok
e
s
.
1991
;
5(
1)
:
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–
29
.
[
3]
A
.
N
u
cci
,
F
.
R
ach
i
d
i
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M
.
V
.
M
i
ch
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.
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an
s
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l
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om
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om
pa
t
:
19
93;
3
5(
1)
:
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5
–
8
6.
[
4]
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R
a
c
hi
d
i
,
C
.
A
.
N
uc
c
i
,
M
.
I
a
n
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z
,
a
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.
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z
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i
.
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nf
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y
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g
n.
C
om
pa
t
.
19
96
;
3
8(
3)
:
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0
–
26
4.
[
5]
D
.
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r
,
S
.
B
ur
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N
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.
2
01
3;
11(
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:
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41
.
[
6]
H
.
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,
L
.
L
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Z
.
W
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ng
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t
a
l
.
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.
E
ng
.
2
01
4 ;
12(
4)
:
2
458
–
24
64
.
[
7]
N
a
g
a
nd V
.
A
.
R
a
k
ov
.
S
o
m
e
i
nf
e
r
e
nc
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s
on t
he
r
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ha
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di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
t
y
pe
s
of
l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
.
G
e
ophy
s
.
R
e
s
.
L
e
t
t
.
20
09a
;
36:
L
058
15:
d
oi
:
1
0.
10
29/
20
08G
L
03678
3.
[
8]
S
.
B
.
S
m
i
t
h.
A
C
om
pa
r
i
s
on of
S
a
t
e
llite
-
O
bs
e
r
v
e
d C
l
ou
d
-
T
op C
ool
i
ng
a
nd
t
he
O
ns
e
t
of
C
l
ou
d
-
to
-
G
r
oun
d L
i
g
ht
ni
ng
.
18t
h C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
on S
e
v
e
r
e
L
oc
a
l
S
t
or
m
s
.
199
6;
47
9
-
48
2.
[
9]
J
.
M
ont
a
ny
a
,
D
.
A
r
a
ng
ur
e
n,
N
.
P
i
ne
da
,
G
.
S
ol
a
,
D
.
R
om
e
r
o a
nd V
.
M
a
r
c
h.
T
ot
a
l
l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
os
t
a
t
i
c
f
i
e
l
d a
nd
m
et
eo
r
o
l
og
i
c
a
l
r
a
da
r
a
ppl
i
e
d t
o
l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
ha
z
a
r
d w
a
r
ni
ng
.
20t
h
I
nt
e
r
na
t
i
ona
l
L
i
g
ht
ni
ng
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
on C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
(
I
L
D
C
)
.
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ng
s
.
T
uc
s
on,
C
D
-
R
O
M
,
2
00
8.
[
1
0]
J
.
W
u,
Y
.
F
.
C
he
n a
nd
Z
.
C
.
Z
e
ng
“
M
e
t
hod
of
M
a
k
i
ng
a
C
ur
r
e
nt
P
r
e
-
t
hun
de
r
i
ng
R
e
p
or
t
w
a
s
t
o U
s
e
t
he
F
i
l
e
s
of
t
he
Gr
ound E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
F
i
e
l
d
I
ns
t
r
um
e
nt
a
n
d L
oc
a
t
i
ng
t
he
L
i
g
ht
ni
ng
,
”
M
e
t
e
or
ol
og
i
c
a
l
A
nd E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
S
c
i
e
nc
e
s
.
200
9;
32(
1)
:
47
–
50
.
[
1
1]
Z
.
A
.
B
ah
ar
u
d
i
n
,
M
.
F
er
n
an
d
o
,
N
.
A
.
A
h
m
ad
,
J
.
S
.
M
ak
el
a,
M
.
R
ah
m
an
,
V
.
C
o
o
r
ay
.
E
l
ect
r
i
c
f
i
el
d
ch
an
g
es
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
t
h
e p
r
el
i
m
i
n
ar
y
b
r
eak
d
o
w
n f
or
t
he
ne
g
a
t
i
v
e
c
1oud
-
to
-
g
r
ou
nd
l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
f
l
a
s
he
s
i
n M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
a
nd
S
w
e
de
n.
J
.
A
t
m
os
.
S
ol
a
r
-
T
e
r
r
.
P
hy
s
.
20
12a
;
84
-
85:
15
-
2
4.
[
1
2]
Z
.
A
.
B
a
ha
r
udi
n,
N
.
A
.
A
hm
a
d,
M
.
F
e
r
na
ndo
,
V
.
C
oor
a
y
,
J
.
S
.
M
a
k
e
l
a
.
C
om
pa
r
a
t
i
ve
s
t
ud
y
on pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
br
e
a
k
dow
n
pul
s
e
t
r
a
i
ns
o
bs
e
r
v
e
d i
n J
o
hor
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
a
nd F
l
or
i
da
,
U
S
A
.
A
t
m
os
.
R
e
s
.
20
12
b;
11
7:
11
1
-
1
21.
[
1
3]
W
u,
Y
.
T
a
ka
y
a
na
g
i
,
I
.
F
una
k
i
,
S
.
Y
os
hi
da
,
T
o.
U
s
hi
o
,
Z
-
l.
K
a
w
a
s
a
k
i,
I
.
M
o
r
im
o
to
,
M
.
S
h
im
iz
u
.
P
r
e
lim
in
a
r
y
br
e
a
k
dow
n pul
s
e
s
of
c
l
oud
-
to
-
g
r
oun
d l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
i
n w
i
nt
e
r
t
hu
nde
r
s
t
or
m
s
i
n J
a
pa
n
,"
J
.
A
t
m
o
s
. S
o
l
a
r
T
e
r
r
. P
h
y
s
.
201
3;
10
2:
91
-
98.
[
1
4]
M
ar
s
h
al
l
,
W
.
S
ch
u
l
z,
N
.
K
ar
u
n
ar
at
h
n
a,
S
.
K
ar
u
n
ar
at
h
n
e,
M
.
S
t
o
l
zen
b
u
r
g
,
C
.
V
er
g
ei
n
er
,
I
.
W
ar
n
er
.
O
n
t
h
e
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
g
e
o
f
l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
f
l
a
s
he
s
t
ha
t
be
g
i
n w
i
t
h i
ni
t
i
a
l
br
e
a
k
dow
n pul
s
e
s
.
J
.
G
e
ophy
s
.
R
e
s
.
,
20
14;
11
9:
d
oi
:
10
.
1
00
2/
2
01
3J
D
02
08
54
.
[
1
5]
C
.
H
.
W
o
o
i,
Z.
A
.
M
a
le
k
,
N
.
A
.
A
h
m
a
d
,
M
.
M
o
k
h
ta
r
i,
B
.
S
a
lim
i.
S
ta
tis
tic
a
l A
n
a
l
y
s
w
a
s
o
n
P
r
e
lim
in
a
r
y
B
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
P
ul
s
e
s
of
P
os
i
t
i
v
e
C
l
oud
-
to
-
G
r
ound L
i
g
ht
n
i
ng
i
n M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
I
nt
e
r
na
t
i
ona
l
J
o
ur
na
l
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
nd C
om
put
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(IJ
E
C
E
)
.
20
16;
6(
2)
:
844
-
8
50.
[
1
6]
Z
.
A
.
B
a
ha
r
udi
n,
C
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
a
t
i
on of
g
r
ound f
l
a
s
he
s
f
r
o
m
t
r
opi
c
t
o nor
t
he
r
n r
e
g
i
on
.
P
hD
T
he
s
i
s
.
U
pps
a
l
a
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
:
S
w
e
de
n:
201
4.
[
1
7]
D
r
ue
,
T
.
H
a
uf
,
U
.
F
i
nk
e
,
S
.
K
e
y
n
,
a
nd O
.
K
r
e
y
e
r
.
C
o
m
pa
r
i
s
on of
a
S
A
F
I
R
l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
de
t
e
c
t
i
on
ne
t
w
or
k
i
n
nor
t
he
r
n
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
t
o t
he
o
pe
r
a
t
i
ona
l
B
L
I
D
S
ne
t
w
or
k
.
J
.
G
e
ophy
s
.
R
e
s
.
A
t
m
os
.
2
00
7;
11
2(
1
8)
:
1
-
10
.
[
1
8]
P
.
N
.
S
.
A
b R
a
hm
a
n,
Z
.
A
ba
di
B
a
ha
r
udi
n,
a
n
d N
.
H
.
A
bdul
R
a
hi
m
.
M
i
s
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on of
T
y
pe
o
f
L
i
g
ht
ni
ng
F
l
a
s
he
s
i
n M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
T
E
L
K
O
M
N
I
K
A
I
ndone
s
.
J
.
E
l
e
c
t
r
.
E
ng
.
20
14;
1
2(
8)
:
5
938
-
59
75
.
[
1
9]
A
bi
di
n H
Z
,
I
br
a
hi
m
R
.
T
hunde
r
s
t
or
m
da
y
a
nd g
r
ound f
l
a
s
he
de
ns
i
t
y
i
n M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
T
he
c
onf
e
r
e
n
c
e
of
N
a
t
i
ona
l
P
ow
e
r
a
nd E
ne
r
g
y
.
2003
.
[
2
0]
P
i
nt
o O
J
r
,
P
i
nt
o I
R
C
A
,
N
a
c
c
a
r
a
t
o K
P
.
M
a
x
i
m
um
c
l
oud
-
to
-
g
r
o
un
d l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
f
l
a
s
h de
ns
i
t
i
e
s
obs
e
r
v
e
d by
l
i
g
ht
n
i
n
g
l
oc
a
t
i
on
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n t
he
t
r
opi
c
a
l
r
e
g
i
on:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
.
J
our
na
l
of
A
t
m
os
phe
r
i
c
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
20
06
;
8
4:
18
9
-
2
00.
[
2
1]
B
ah
ar
u
d
i
n
Z
A
,
N
A
zl
i
n
d
a,
F
er
n
an
d
o
M
,
C
o
o
r
ay
V
,
M
äk
el
ä
J
S
,
M
R
ah
m
an
.
E
l
ect
r
i
c
f
i
el
d
ch
an
g
es
g
en
er
at
ed
b
y
t
h
e
pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
br
e
a
k
dow
n f
or
t
he
ne
g
a
t
i
v
e
c
l
oud
-
to
-
g
r
ou
nd l
i
g
ht
ni
ng
f
l
a
s
he
s
i
n M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
a
nd S
w
e
de
n.
J
our
na
l
of
A
t
m
o
s
p
h
er
i
c S
o
l
ar
T
er
r
es
t
r
i
al
P
h
y
s
i
cs
.
2
0
1
2
;
8
4
-
8
5:
16
-
2
4.
[
2
2]
B
a
ha
r
udi
n Z
A
,
N
A
z
l
i
nda
,
F
e
r
n
a
ndo
M
,
C
oor
a
y
V
,
M
ä
k
e
l
ä
J
S
.
C
om
pa
r
a
t
a
t
i
ve
s
t
udy
on pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
br
e
a
k
dow
n
pul
s
e
t
r
a
i
ns
o
bs
e
r
v
e
d i
n J
o
hor
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
a
nd F
l
or
i
da
,
U
S
A
.
J
our
na
l
of
A
t
m
os
phe
r
i
c
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
20
12
;
117
:
1
11
-
12
1.
[
2
3]
N
A
zl
i
n
d
a,
M
F
er
n
an
d
o
,
B
a
h
ar
u
d
i
n
Z
A
,
V
C
o
o
r
ay
,
A
h
m
ad
H
,
A
b
d
u
l
M
al
ek
Z
.
T
h
e ch
ar
act
er
i
s
t
i
cs
o
f
N
ar
r
o
w
B
i
p
o
l
ar
P
u
l
s
es
i
n
M
al
ay
s
i
a.
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
f
A
t
m
o
s
p
h
er
i
c an
d
S
o
l
ar
T
er
r
es
t
r
i
a
l
P
hy
s
i
c
s
.
2010;
7
2:
53
4
-
54
0.
[
2
4]
M
.
H
a
m
z
a
h,
M
.
A
b K
a
di
r
,
C
.
G
om
e
s
e
t
a
l
.
U
nus
ua
l
l
y
l
ong
dur
a
t
i
on l
i
g
h
t
ni
ng
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
f
i
e
l
d r
e
t
ur
n s
t
r
ok
e
s
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
.
I
nt
e
r
na
t
i
ona
l
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
on L
i
g
ht
ni
ng
P
r
ot
e
c
t
i
on.
20
14
;
169
1
-
16
94.
[
2
5]
F
.
H
ei
d
l
er
,
J
.
M
.
C
v
et
i
c,
B
.
V
.
S
t
a
n
i
c.
C
al
cu
l
at
i
on of
L
i
g
ht
ni
ng
C
ur
r
e
nt
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
.
I
E
E
E
T
r
a
ns
a
c
t
i
on o
n
P
ow
e
r
D
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
,
1999;
14(
2)
.
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