Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
5
84
~
592
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
584
-
592
584
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Antenna
for humi
dity senso
r using split
rin
g reson
ator
Siti Amin
ah
Md Ak
hir
1
, S
i
ti Z
uraida
h
Ib
rahim
2
,
Nu
r
sh
amimi
Rosli
3
, Aini
S
yu
h
ada
Md
Z
ain
4
,
Nu
reh
an
s
afw
anah Kh
alid
5
1,2,3,5
Advanc
ed
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing
(AC
E)
Cen
tre,
Univ
e
rsiti
Ma
lay
sia
Pe
rli
s,
Ma
lay
si
a
4
School
of
Com
pute
r and
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Univer
si
ti
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
,
Malay
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
1
2
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
2
, 2018
Accepte
d
Nov
2
5
, 201
8
Thi
s
p
ape
r
pre
se
nts
an
an
te
nn
a
as
a
hum
idi
t
y
sens
or
app
li
c
at
ion
to
cont
rol
an
d
m
onit
or
the
qu
alit
y
of
hum
idit
y
.
A
passive
sensor
ta
g
wi
th
low
cost
soluti
on
i
s
suggested
wher
e
it
implement
ed
on
a
low
-
cost
su
bstrat
e
,
FR
4.
A
ca
p
aciti
v
e
sensor
tha
t
wor
ks
from
0
to
1.
5
GH
z
is
imple
m
ent
ed
in
th
e
d
esign.
Th
e
ca
pa
ci
t
ive
senso
r
is
designe
d
b
ase
d
on
a
sm
al
l
antenna
loa
d
ed
with
a
Spli
t
ring
resona
tor
(SRR
)
.
To
sense
the
h
um
idi
t
y
,
th
e
SR
R
resona
tor
is
c
oat
ed
wi
th
Kapton,
pl
aced
on
the
top
of
th
e
resona
tor
.
To
v
al
id
at
e
the
propo
sed
m
et
hod,
a
pro
toty
pe
was
fab
ricate
d
.
Th
e
c
om
par
ison
bet
w
ee
n
sim
ula
te
d
an
d
m
ea
sured
ref
lecti
on
co
eff
i
ci
en
t
is p
rese
nt
e
d.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Hu
m
idit
y Sens
or
Me
tam
at
erial
Sm
a
ll
loo
p ant
enn
a
Sp
li
t rin
g res
onat
or (SR
R)
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Sit
i Zur
ai
da
h I
br
a
him
,
Adva
nced Co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng (A
CE) Cent
re,
School
of Com
pu
te
r
a
nd Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Ma
la
ysi
a Perlis,
Pauh Mai
n C
am
pu
s,
02
600 A
rau, Pe
rlis, Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
: si
t
iz
ur
ai
dah@
un
im
ap.
edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
A
hum
idity
sensor
will
m
easur
e
the
relat
ive
hum
idit
y
(RH)
of
water
va
pour
t
hat
pr
e
sen
ce
in
the
ai
r
.
RH
is
m
os
t
co
m
m
on
ly
us
ed
un
it
for
hum
idi
ty
m
easur
em
ent
an
d
e
xpress
i
n
te
rm
of
per
c
entage
(%
).
H
um
idit
y
sens
or
s
a
re
wi
de
ly
us
ed
in
hom
e,
wo
r
kpla
ce
s,
auto
s
an
d
et
c
as
m
on
it
or
i
ng
and
pr
e
ve
ntive
m
easur
e
since
hu
m
id
env
i
ronm
ent
will
giv
e
an e
ff
e
ct
to
con
s
um
ers.
In
i
ndus
trie
s
,
m
easur
em
ent o
f
hu
m
idit
y
is crit
ic
al
since
it
m
igh
t
influ
e
nce
t
he
c
os
t
of
the
it
e
m
,
well
bein
g
a
nd
safety
of
w
ork
force.
For
hu
m
an
c
om
fo
rt
an
d
industrial
pr
oc
esses,
hu
m
idit
y
sensing
play
s
a
n
im
portant
r
ole
in
con
t
ro
l
syst
em
s.
C
on
tr
olli
ng
hu
m
idit
y
is
of
par
am
ount
im
po
rta
nce
in
num
ero
us
m
od
ern
a
nd
l
oc
al
ap
plica
ti
ons.
F
or
local
a
ppli
cat
ion
s,
hu
m
idit
y
con
trol
is
re
quire
d
f
or
li
ving
env
i
ronm
ent
in
buil
dings
an
d
c
ooki
ng
c
on
trol
for
m
ic
ro
wav
e
ov
e
ns.
I
n
e
ve
ry
si
ng
le
ap
plica
ti
on
a
nd
m
any
oth
e
rs,
hu
m
idit
y
senso
r
s
are
e
m
plo
ye
d
to
pro
vid
e
a
n
in
dicat
ion
of
the
m
oistur
e
le
vel
in
the
en
vir
onm
ent.
Hu
m
idit
y
senso
r
is
div
i
ded
i
nt
o
two
cat
eg
or
i
es
w
hich
em
plo
y
capaci
ti
ve
a
nd
resist
ive
se
nsi
ng.
Ot
her
t
ha
n
that,
passive
sens
or
al
lows
a
ce
rtai
n
quantit
y
to
be
m
easur
ed
without
any
powe
r
s
upply
to
ope
r
at
e.
Pas
sive
an
d
wireless
se
nsor
rap
i
dly
increa
ses
since
t
hey
r
epr
ese
nt
a
l
ow
-
cost
im
ple
m
en
ta
ti
on
that
no
t
require
d
a
ny
ba
tt
ery
or powe
r
s
up
ply.
Ele
ct
ro
m
agn
et
ic
Me
tam
at
erials
(MTM
s)
a
re
arti
fici
al
ly
eng
ineere
d
str
uctu
res
ha
ving
pro
per
ti
es
not
read
il
y av
ai
l
ab
le
in natu
re. Th
ese MT
M a
re c
al
le
d
Left
Ha
nd Mat
erial
(LHM
)
[
1]. Ty
pica
ll
y, a sin
gle m
e
ta
ll
ic
m
et
a
m
a
te
rial
inclusi
on
ca
n
be
co
ns
ide
re
d
as
an
LC
res
on
a
nt
ci
rcu
it
with
it
s
in
duct
ance
an
d
capa
ci
ta
nce
influ
e
nce
d
by
it
s
sh
a
pe
a
nd
di
m
ension
s
.
The
se
re
sonat
ors
c
an
colle
ct
ively
ex
hi
bit
m
acro
sco
pical
ly
obs
erv
e
d
eff
ect
ive
valu
e
s of p
e
rm
itti
vit
y and pe
rm
eabil
ity t
hat are
no
t found i
n natu
ral m
at
erial
s.
A
S
plit
-
rin
g re
so
na
tor
(S
RR
)
is
one
of
the
MTM
.
O
n
th
e
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
m
et
a
m
a
te
rial
insp
i
red
ant
enn
a
s
hav
e
be
en
pro
ved
to
s
erv
e
as
chipless
sensi
ng tag
s [2] i
n w
hich
t
hey are
usefu
l
f
or
ca
us
i
ng r
es
onance
a
nd inc
reasin
g
s
ensiti
vity
[
3].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Anten
na for
hu
midity se
ns
or
usi
ng sp
li
t ri
ng
reso
na
t
or
(
Siti
Amin
ah M
d
Ak
hir
)
585
An
te
nn
a
se
nso
r
wor
ks
by
se
ns
in
g
hum
idit
y
us
i
ng
ca
pacit
ance
pri
nciple
a
nd
m
easur
e
t
he
re
flect
ion
coeffic
ie
nt,
Γ.
Wh
e
n
t
he
am
ou
nt
of
wate
r
va
pour
cha
nges
i
n
hu
m
idit
y
le
vel,
the
a
nten
na
will
fill
with
c
on
te
nt
of
water
vapo
ur in sur
rou
nd
i
ng envir
on
m
ent.
Late
r
on, a
ntenn
a se
nsor wil
l produce a
resonan
t f
re
qu
e
ncy
sh
ift
wh
e
n
t
he
se
nsors
m
easur
e
a
ny
cha
nges
in
capaci
ta
nce
.
Level
of
wate
r
va
por
will
i
nf
l
uen
ce
the
di
el
ect
ric
per
m
it
t
ivit
y
and
cha
nge
of
refl
ect
ion
coe
ff
ic
i
ent,
Γ
usual
ly
dep
e
nds
on
am
ount
of
water
va
por i
n ai
r.
Howev
e
r
on
ly
few
SRR
-
base
d
sen
sors
ha
ve
bee
n
re
porte
d:
I
n
[
4],
t
he
i
dea
of
a
ca
pacit
ive
se
nsor
has
been
pres
ented
base
d
on
a
r
ect
a
ngular
SRR
with
m
et
al
li
c
ring
that
act
s
as
an
in
duct
or.
It
ope
rates
betw
een
fr
e
quen
cy
ranges
of
8
to
12
G
H
z
on
R
ogers
R
O40
03
s
ubstrat
e.
The
diele
ct
ric
substrat
e
an
d
gap
be
hav
e
as
a
capaci
ta
nce.
This
pap
e
r
ex
plore
d
the
use
of
MT
M
to
sen
se
t
hin
film
and
thei
r
app
li
cat
io
n
i
n
s
ensin
g
pro
pe
rtie
s.
T
hree
a
ppr
oa
ches
are
pro
pose
d
wh
ic
h
is
us
i
ng
thin
film
sensing
us
i
ng
SRR
in
ga
p,
unde
r
r
ing
a
nd
as
an
ov
e
r
la
ye
r.
T
he
resu
l
t
sh
ows
the
co
up
li
ng
ca
pacit
anc
e
bet
ween
the
r
ing
an
d
t
he
ga
p
capaci
ta
nce
both
c
hange
a
fter
ad
di
ng
a
diele
ct
ric
la
ye
r
on
the
rin
g.
T
hese
c
ha
nges
are
pro
portion
al
t
o
the
pe
r
m
itti
vity
of
the
diele
ct
ric
la
ye
r.
T
he
am
ou
nt
of
t
he
sh
ift
de
pe
nds
on
the
per
m
it
ti
vi
ty
of
the
diele
ct
ric
la
ye
r.
I
n
[
5]
,
the
a
uthors
propose
d
a
m
oistur
e
se
nsor
oper
at
ing
betwee
n
0.5
to
2
G
Hz
base
d
on
SRR
un
it
cel
l.
The
prot
otype
was
fabrica
te
d
on
Tac
on
ic
C
ER
-
10
s
ubstrat
e.
The
perform
ance
of
pro
po
se
d
se
nsor
is
determ
ined
f
or
so
il
m
oist
ur
e
var
yi
ng
fro
m
2
to
20%.
Th
e
resona
nt
f
requen
c
y
sh
ows
that
t
he
higher
so
il
m
oistur
e
c
auses
a
n
incre
a
se
of
so
i
l
diele
ct
ric
co
nst
ants
w
hich
le
ad
to
higher
ef
f
ect
ive
per
m
it
t
ivit
y
and
ca
us
e
a
decre
ase
of
res
ona
nt
fr
e
quency
of
the
se
nsor.
A
pa
rt
from
that,
th
e
dr
a
w
back
of
so
m
e
of
pr
opos
e
d
se
ns
or
is
relat
ively
sm
a
ll
insertion
los
s
at
the
r
eso
nan
t
f
reque
ncy
es
p
eci
al
ly
in
case
of
hi
gh
so
i
l
m
oistur
e con
te
nt.
In
this
pa
per
we
pr
e
sent
a
pa
ssive
se
nsor
with
ca
pacit
iv
e
sen
sin
g
ca
pa
bili
ty
based
on
m
iniat
ur
iz
ed
anten
na
with
MTM
loadi
ng
ap
proac
h.
Th
e
sen
sor
is
bui
ld
by
a
sm
al
l
loop
a
nten
na
loade
d
with
S
pl
it
ring
resonato
r
(S
R
R)
w
hic
h
re
du
ces
the
ta
g
di
m
ension.
T
he
sens
or
co
nceiv
ed
a
sin
gle
la
ye
r
desig
n
a
nd
it
fu
ll
y
com
patible
with
pr
i
ntin
g
fabrica
ti
on
proces
s.
Sim
ulati
on
an
d
m
easur
em
ent
res
ult
of
sen
sing
ta
g
prototype
on
FR4
s
ub
st
rate
is
pr
ese
nted.
T
he
sen
sin
g
cap
abili
ty
is
de
m
o
ns
trat
ed
by
co
at
ing
the
SRR
rin
g
with
Kap
t
on
i
n
order
t
o
m
ake
it
wo
r
k
as
hum
idit
y
sensor.
T
he
res
ult
sho
w
good
se
ns
it
ivit
y
fo
r
se
nsor
i
m
ple
m
ented.
Kap
t
on
Po
ly
i
m
ide ex
hi
bits excell
ent s
ensiti
vity
to
en
vir
on
m
ent RH as
rep
li
cat
ed
in
the exper
im
ental
r
e
su
lt
s p
res
ented
in
this
pap
e
r.
These
feat
ur
es
m
ake
this
a
nt
enn
a
se
nsor
a
po
te
ntial
de
vic
e
f
or
lo
w
c
os
t,
com
pact
a
nd
su
pe
rio
r
sensiti
ve
passi
ve
hum
idity
sensing.
T
hu
s
it
c
an
revoluti
on
iz
e
the
col
d
c
hai
n
m
anag
em
ent,
sto
rag
e
a
nd
tra
ns
po
rt
of p
e
risha
ble
goods,
pha
rm
ac
eutic
al
s and c
hem
ic
al
s.
2.
DESIG
N
TE
C
HNIQUE
The
ante
nna co
ncep
t i
s r
el
at
ed
to
the sm
all an
te
nn
a a
pproach
w
it
h
MTM
load
in
g
an
d
it
is cal
le
d
nea
r
fiel
d
pa
rasit
ic
el
e
m
ents
[
6].
Th
us
,
SRR
is
c
oupled
t
o
a
n
el
ect
rical
ly
s
m
all
loop
a
nten
na.
T
he
c
oupli
ng
a
m
ong
these
t
wo
str
uc
tures
is
t
he
m
echan
ism
that
i
ncr
ease
s
t
he
ra
diati
on
ef
fici
en
cy
by
en
ha
ncin
g
t
he
lo
op
m
agn
et
ic
near
fiel
d.
The
pro
po
se
d
SRR
anten
na
is
de
sign
e
d
on
one
sided
FR
4
substr
at
e
m
a
te
rial
s
w
her
e
it
c
opper
on
th
e
top
la
ye
r
d
en
ot
ed
as
p
at
ch
a
nten
na.
T
he
r
el
at
ive
diele
ct
ric
c
onsta
nt,
ɛ
r
of
the
boar
d i
s
4.3 w
it
h
thic
kn
e
ss,
h
is
1.6
m
m
and
dissi
pation
fa
ct
or
,
t
an
δ
is
0.
02.
T
he
siz
e
of
su
bst
rate
is
35
m
m
x
35
m
m
.
Figure
1
sho
w
s
th
e
ph
ysi
cal
of
sm
al
l l
oo
p ante
nn
a load
e
d wit
h
SRR
m
e
tam
at
e
rial
.
Figure
1.
Sm
all loop
a
nten
na l
oad
e
d wit
h
S
RR
w
it
hout
Ka
pton
The
perform
a
nce
of
propos
ed
ante
nna
is
evaluate
d
with
and
with
ou
t
us
in
g
Kap
t
on
as
a
sens
i
ng
m
at
erial
.
In
or
der
t
o
gai
n
hi
gh
se
ns
it
ivit
y,
Kap
to
n
is
ap
plied
on
to
p
of
SRR
ring.
A
sim
ulati
on
wa
s
perf
or
m
ed
us
in
g
50
Ω
cha
racteri
sti
c
i
m
ped
ance
by
us
i
ng
Com
pu
te
r
Si
m
ula
ti
on
Tec
hnol
og
y
(CST
)
so
ft
war
e
. T
his
anten
na
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
:
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4752
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on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
84
–
590
586
is
desi
gn
e
d
bet
ween
0
G
Hz
t
o1.
5
G
Hz
of
f
re
qu
e
ncy
ra
ng
e
.
No
te
d
t
hat
a
ne
w
m
at
erial
with
Kap
t
on
properti
es
is require
d
t
o b
e create
d
in t
he
CS
T li
brary.
Wh
e
n
a
ti
m
e
var
yi
ng
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
is
ap
pli
ed
pe
r
pendicul
ar
to
th
e
SRR
s
urface,
a
c
urre
nt
de
ns
it
y
is
induced
in
a
w
ay
that
it
is
m
ini
m
u
m
at
the
ga
ps
a
nd
m
axim
u
m
on
the
oth
e
r
side,
accum
ulati
ng
opposit
e
c
harge
s
at
the
extrem
it
i
es
of
each r
in
g
and
he
nce p
r
od
ucin
g
a h
ig
h
di
stribu
te
d
ca
pac
it
ance.
The
ga
ps
w
ere
m
ade
sm
a
ll
to
pro
du
ce
high
qual
it
y
facto
r
t
hat
is
c
onve
nient
f
or
se
ns
i
ng
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
[
7].
Table
1
a
nd
Fi
gure
2
s
how
th
e
dim
ension
s
of
the pr
opos
e
d
la
yout.
Table
1.
T
he
D
i
m
ension
s
of
A
nten
na
Para
m
eters
Descripti
o
n
s
Size (
m
m
)
Ls
Leng
th
of
FR
-
4
su
b
strate
35
Ws
W
id
th
of
FR
-
4
su
b
strate
35
D1
Leng
th
of
ou
ter
ring
3
1
.2
D2
Leng
th
of
r
in
g
2
2
3
.9
D3
Leng
th
of
r
in
g
3
17
G1
Ho
rizon
tal gap
between
r
in
g
1 an
d
2
2
.7
G2
Ho
rizon
tal gap
between
r
in
g
2
an
d
3
1
.8
G3
Vertica
l
gap
betwe
en
r
in
g
1 an
d
2
2
.5
S1
Gap
of
op
en
-
en
d
ed
of
r
in
g
1
3
S2
Gap
of
op
en
-
en
d
e
d
r
in
g
2/3
1
W
W
id
th
of
cop
p
er
o
u
ter
ring
0
.7
W1
W
id
th
of
cop
p
er
ri
n
g
2
and
1
.75
Figure
2
.
Lay
out o
f
a
nten
na d
i
m
ension
Kap
t
on
is
a se
ns
in
g
m
at
erial
ty
pe
[8
]
w
il
l
use
as
super
strat
e
in
this
pr
oj
ect
.
Superst
rate
is
ref
e
rr
in
g
t
o
ano
t
her
la
ye
r
on
to
p
of
the
s
ubstrat
e
[
9].
Th
us
,
need
t
o
cre
at
e
new
m
at
eri
al
with
ka
pton
pro
per
ti
es
an
d
add
i
nto
li
br
ary.
By
pic
k
face
t
he
ri
ng
of
patch
a
n
d
perform
extru
de
functi
on
in
CST
an
d
the
n
the
rin
g
of
patch
will
cov
e
r
up
by
K
apto
n
on
to
p
of
the
patc
h
as
a
super
strat
e.
K
apto
n
has
li
ne
a
r
c
hange
with
hu
m
idit
y
per
m
it
ti
vit
y
and the c
ha
nge
s of rel
at
ive p
e
rm
i
tt
ivity with
hu
m
idit
y (RH) give
n by
ԑ
r
=
3.05 +
0.0
08 × R
H
(1)
Kap
t
on
is
a
pol
yim
ide
fil
m
and
this
film
is
st
able
eve
n
in
a
wide
ra
nge
of
tem
per
at
ure.
I
n
el
ect
ro
nic
m
anu
fact
ur
i
ng,
ka
pton
ta
pe
is
usual
ly
us
ed
as
protect
io
n
la
ye
r
on
fr
a
gil
e
com
ponen
t.
Kap
t
on
op
e
rat
e
as
capaci
ti
ve
se
nsor
f
or
hu
m
idity
beca
us
e
it
ha
s
li
nea
r
diele
ct
ric
res
pons
e
.
It
has
hi
gh
e
r
UL
-
94
flam
m
a
bili
ty
rati
ng
so
it
do
es
not
bu
rn
or
m
el
t.
These
pr
op
e
rtie
s
al
low
kap
t
on
to
be
use
d
at
high
a
nd
lo
w
te
m
per
a
ture
.
Kap
t
on
H
N
use
d
in
a
pp
li
cat
ion
at
te
m
per
at
ur
e
ra
ng
e
f
r
om
-
26
9°C
to
400°
C
[
8].
T
he
relat
ive
d
iel
ectri
c
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t,
ɛ
r
o
f
t
h
e
Ka
p
to
n
is
3
.4
w
i
t
h
t
h
ic
k
n
e
ss
,
h
is
0.035
mm.
Figu
re
3
s
hows
t
he
la
yout
of
the
a
nten
na
with
Kap
t
on on t
he t
op
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
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m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Anten
na for
hu
midity se
ns
or
usi
ng sp
li
t ri
ng
reso
na
t
or
(
Siti
Amin
ah M
d
Ak
hir
)
587
Figure
3
.
Sm
all loop
a
nten
na l
oad
e
d wit
h
S
RR
w
it
h Kap
t
on
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
To i
ncorpo
rate
hum
idit
y
sensing,
the
fa
bri
cat
ed a
nten
na i
s
m
od
ifie
d by
pu
tt
ing
Ka
pt
on
fi
l
m
on
t
op
of
the
SRR
res
onat
or
[
10
]
.
T
o
va
li
date
the
se
nsor
op
e
rati
on,
an
e
xperim
ent
is
pe
rfor
m
ed
usi
ng
Vect
or
N
et
wor
k
An
al
yz
er
(VN
A)
.
Fig
ure
4
s
hows
a
fabrica
te
d
a
nten
na
c
oat
ed wit
h Kap
t
on
fil
m
o
n
t
o
p o
f
s
ub
st
rate.
Figure
4
.
Fa
br
i
cat
ed
ante
nna
with
Kap
t
on
Si
m
ulati
on
res
ult
of
S
plit
Ri
ng
Re
s
onat
or
(SR
R)
as
hu
m
idit
y
sens
or
is
de
m
on
strat
ed
i
n
Figure
5
for
bo
t
h
sc
hem
e, w
it
h
a
nd w
it
ho
ut usi
ng
kap
t
on.
Figure
5
.
Sim
ulati
on
of
ref
le
c
ti
on
c
oeffici
ent
Fr
om
the
S
11
resu
lt
,
Fig
ure
5
i
nd
ic
at
es
the
res
onant
f
re
quency
of
a
nten
na
with
out
K
a
pto
n
is
0.
96
6
GH
z
at
-
36.19
7
wh
il
e
the
f
re
qu
e
ncy
of
a
nte
nn
a
with
K
a
pt
on
supe
rstrate
is
0.964
5
GH
z
at
-
37.
63.
The
res
ult
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
84
–
590
588
for
a
nten
na
inc
orp
or
at
ed
with
Kap
t
on
p
rese
nt
s
c
om
par
able
r
esults
in
te
rm
s
of
re
flect
ion
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
com
par
ed
to
the
one
with
ou
t
Kap
t
on.
T
his
ind
ic
at
es
th
at
Kap
to
n
is
sui
ta
ble
to
integr
at
e
with
the
S
RR
without
ch
ang
i
ng
the
or
igi
nal
perform
ances.
Fig
ur
e
6
dem
on
str
at
es
the
operati
ng
band
width
of
ante
nna
with
a
nd
with
ou
t
Kap
t
on
at
-
10
dB.
Figure
6
.
Sim
ulate
d
operati
on
al
b
an
dwidth
a
t 10dB
retu
rn loss
By
us
ing
(
with
)
ka
pton
the o
pe
rati
ng
f
re
quen
cy
ran
gi
ng
fro
m
lower
f
reque
ncy
(f
L
)
is
0.9
546
GH
z t
o
higher
f
reque
nc
y
(fH)
is 0.97384 GHz.
The
n,
f
or
sim
ulatio
n
a
nten
na
without ka
pton
s
hows
that at
-
10
dB,
the
op
e
rati
ng
f
requen
cy
ra
ngin
g
from
lower
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(
fL)
is
0.956
28
G
Hz
to
hi
gh
e
r
f
requ
ency
(fH)
is
0.976
18
GH
z
.
T
he
ba
ndwi
dth
f
or
a
ntenn
a
with
ka
pton
is
1.9
95%
w
hich
is
from
an
exte
nd
e
d
of
f
r
equ
e
ncy
0.9
546
G
Hz
un
ti
l
0.9
7384
GH
z
w
hile
the
desig
ne
d
a
ntenn
a
with
out
ka
pton
wh
ic
h
is
the
ra
nge
of
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
c
ov
e
re
d
f
r
om
0.956
28
G
Hz
unti
l
0.976
18
G
Hz
has
2.06%
of
ba
ndwidt
h.
Ba
ndwidt
h
is
use
d
to
de
scrib
e
the
ra
nge
of
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
wh
ic
h
the
a
ntenn
a
ca
n
rece
iv
e
energy,
prop
e
rly
rad
ia
te
and
op
e
rate
correct
ly
.
Fig
ur
e
7
re
pr
ese
nts
the
com
par
ison
bet
ween
sim
ulati
o
n
a
nd m
easur
em
ent
.
Figure
7
.
Com
par
is
on b
et
wee
n
sim
ulate
d
an
d
m
easur
ed
r
e
f
le
ct
ion
c
oeffici
ent
As
de
picte
d
in
Figure
7,
t
he
m
ini
m
u
m
m
ea
su
re
d
res
onant
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
occ
urred
at
0.9
55
GH
z
for
bot
h
with
an
d
with
ou
t
Kap
t
on.
F
r
om
the
m
easur
e
m
ent
resu
lt
th
e
ref
le
ct
io
n
co
eff
ic
ie
nt
is
dec
rease
d
c
om
pared
to
si
m
ulati
on
res
ult
w
hich
is
-
33.
02dB
a
nd
-
37.
69dB.
H
ow
e
ver
ref
le
ct
io
n
c
oeffici
ent
pe
rfor
m
ance
f
or
m
eas
ure
d
anten
na
is
sat
is
fied
beca
us
e
it
sti
ll
below
t
han
10
dB.
T
he
dec
rem
ent
of
ref
le
ct
ion
coe
ff
ic
ie
nt
a
nd
fr
e
quen
cy
f
or
m
easur
em
ent
m
ay
be
du
e
to
f
abr
ic
at
io
n
proc
ess
beca
us
e
it
will
aff
ect
th
e
perform
ance
of
i
m
ple
m
ented
anten
na.
Figure
8
in
dicat
e
the
m
easurem
ent
res
ult
f
or
a
nten
na
as
hum
idity
sens
or.
K
apt
on
film
i
s
ap
plied
on
top
of r
i
ng 2 a
nd r
i
ng 3 of S
RR
as sensi
ng
app
li
cat
io
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Anten
na for
hu
midity se
ns
or
usi
ng sp
li
t ri
ng
reso
na
t
or
(
Siti
Amin
ah M
d
Ak
hir
)
589
Figure
8
.
Re
fle
ct
ion
c
oeffici
ent v
a
riat
ion i
n respo
ns
e t
o
rel
at
ive hum
idit
y
The
gr
a
ph
s
hows
the
m
easur
e
m
ent
resu
lt
of
a
nte
nn
a
sen
so
r
with
no
w
at
er
an
d
with
water.
T
he
m
easur
em
ent
was
ta
ken
at
room
tem
per
at
ure
w
hich
is
22.
6
ºC
wit
h
relat
ive
hu
m
idit
y
(RH)
at
48.
5
%.
The
var
ia
ti
ons
of
frequ
e
ncy
occ
ur
w
he
n
t
her
e
is
a
c
ha
ng
e
in
t
e
m
per
at
ure
a
nd
hum
idity.
T
his
ha
pp
e
ne
d
wh
e
n
0.05
m
l
of
wate
r
is
a
ppli
ed
on
top
of
Ka
pton.
Th
us
t
his
will
aff
ect
t
he
c
ha
nges
i
n
ca
pacit
ance
value
of
S
RR
and
a
fter
that
frequ
e
ncy
will
st
art
s
hiftin
g
t
o
the
l
ow
e
r
f
requ
ency.
Whe
n
R
H
value
i
ncr
ea
se,
value
of
r
el
at
ive
per
m
it
t
ivit
y
al
so
i
ncr
ease
s
a
nd
f
reque
ncy
will
dec
rease.
No
te
that
Ka
pton
ha
s
a
li
nea
r
cha
nge
with
hum
idi
ty
per
m
it
t
ivit
y.
The
cha
nges
of
relat
ive
per
m
itti
vity
with
hu
m
idit
y
at
this
RH
a
re
14
8.313.
T
his
value
ca
n
befo
und
by
us
i
ng
ex
pr
e
ssio
n
giv
e
n
in
(
1)
.
O
ve
rall
,
these
resu
lt
s
how
n
t
hat
it
can
be
a
ccepte
d
as
ant
enn
a
sens
or
f
or
sens
ing
a
ppli
cat
ion.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Hu
m
idit
y
senso
r
is
ver
y
us
e
f
ul
f
or
c
ontrol
and
m
on
it
ori
ng
ap
plica
ti
on
s
in
in
du
st
rial
env
i
ronm
ents.
Howe
ver,
in
or
der
to
c
onstr
uc
t
an
i
ntell
igent
sens
or
net
work,
the
sens
or
m
us
t
be
at
l
ow
co
st.
I
n
this
pa
pe
r
we
pro
po
se
d
a
SR
R
anten
na
a
nd
the
a
nten
na
c
on
ce
pt
r
el
at
ed
to
the
sm
al
l
a
nten
na
a
ppr
oa
ch
with
m
et
a
m
at
erial
loading
a
nd
co
up
le
d
to
sm
al
l
loop
ante
nna.
Wh
e
n
SRR
is
coated
with
Ka
pton,
the
super
strat
e
w
il
l
react
with
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
hum
idity
and
w
hen
pe
rcen
ta
ge
of
R
H
is
inc
r
ease,
val
ue
of
diele
ct
ric
Ka
pto
n
will
increas
e
too.
Si
m
ulati
on
res
ult
in
CST
s
hows
a
sli
ght
cha
ng
e
of
f
reque
nc
y
and
S11
re
s
ult
betwee
n
S
RR
with
ka
pton
a
nd
without
Ka
pton.
The
se
nsor
pro
ve
d
to
be
s
uitable
for
pas
sive
se
ns
in
g
an
d
al
s
o
pro
vid
e
low
cost
s
olu
ti
on
f
ully
com
patible
w
it
h pr
i
nting fa
br
i
cat
ion
process
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
S.
S.
Islam
,
et
al.
,
"
The
design
and
ana
l
y
sis
of
a
nov
el
spl
it
H
-
shape
d
Met
ama
te
ri
al
for
Multi
-
band
m
ic
rowav
e
appl
i
ca
t
ion
,
"
Ma
te
rials
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vol
.
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,
pp.
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994
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,
Feb
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[2]
C.
Mande
l
,
et
a
l
.
,
"
Meta
m
ateri
a
l
-
inspire
d
p
assiv
e
ch
ipl
ess
rad
io
fre
quen
c
y
id
en
ti
ficat
ion
and
wire
l
ess
sensing
,
"
Annal
s of
tele
co
mm
unic
ati
ons
,
v
ol.
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-
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,
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201
3
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[3]
M.
Schuble
r
,
et
al.
, "
Me
ta
m
ateri
al
Inspire
d
Mi
cr
owave
Sensors
,
"
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rowav
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[4]
M.
L
abi
di
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Me
ta
-
m
etari
a
l
s
applications
in
th
in
f
il
m
sensin
g
and
sensing
l
i
quids
prope
r
ti
es
,
"
Optic
s
E
xpre
ss
,
vol.
19(S4)
,
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.
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-
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[5]
G.
Kiti
c
,
e
t
al
.
,
"
Soil
m
oisture
se
nsor
base
d
on
m
et
amat
eri
a
l
,
"
So
ngkl
anakarin
J
o
urnal
Sci
en
ce
o
f
Technol
ogy
,
vol
.
34(6)
,
pp
.
689
-
6
93
,
De
c
201
2
.
[6]
Y.
Dong
and
T
.
Itoh,
"M
etam
at
e
ria
l
-
B
ase
d
Ante
nnas,
"
in
Proce
e
dings
of
th
e
IE
E
E
,
vol
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no
.
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pp.
2271
-
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J
ul
y
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[7]
H.
Nornikm
an,
e
t
al
.
,
"
S
pli
t
ring
Resonat
or
stru
cture
on
m
ic
rostri
p
patch
ant
enn
a
and
oth
er
m
ic
ro
wave
app
licatio
n
design
:
A
R
evi
e
w,
"
Journal
of
Telecomm
unic
ation,
E
le
c
tronic
a
nd
Computer
En
gine
ering
,
vol
.
7
(2),
pp
.
83
-
88,
D
ec
2015
[8]
C.
L
i,
et
al.
,
"
R
evi
ew
of
rese
arch
stat
us
and
dev
el
opm
ent
tre
nds
of
wire
l
ess
passive
LC
resona
nt
sensor
for
har
sh
envi
ronm
ent
,
"
J
ournal
of
S
ensors
(
Basel
)
,
vol.
15
(6),
pp
.
13097
-
1
3109,
June
2015
.
[9]
R.
A.
Rom
ero
,
e
t
al
.
,
"
A
low
cos
t
passive
wire
l
ess
ca
pa
ci
t
ive
sensing
ta
g
base
d
on
split
-
ring
resona
tor,
"
2015
IEEE
Inte
rnational
Ins
trumentat
ion
an
d
Me
asur
eme
nt
Technol
ogy
Con
fe
renc
e
(
I2MTC) P
roce
edi
ngs
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.
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-
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2015
[10]
E.
Rufus
,
"M
ic
r
ostrip an
te
nn
a o
n
kapt
on
subs
tra
t
e for
strai
n
sensi
ng
applic
at
ions,"
16th
Inte
rnat
ion
al Con
f
ere
nc
e o
n
Adv
anc
ed
Comm
unic
ati
on
Techn
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,
P
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ang,
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,
pp
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53
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
84
–
590
590
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Siti
Am
ina
h
Md
Akhir
recei
v
ed
h
is Ba
ch
el
or
of E
ngine
er
ing
(Com
m
unic
at
ion
Enginee
ring)
from
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
(
UniMA
P),
Malay
sia
,
in
2017
.
H
e
r
rese
arc
h
intere
sts
inc
lud
e
m
ic
rowa
ve
in
te
gra
te
d
cir
cui
ts.
Nurs
hamim
i
Ros
li
r
ec
e
ive
d
his B
ac
he
lor
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
(Com
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
er
ing)
from
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
(
UniMA
P),
Malay
sia
,
in
2017
.
He
r
rese
arc
h
intere
sts
inc
lud
e
m
ic
rowa
ve
in
te
gra
te
d
cir
cui
ts.
Ts.
Dr.
S. Z.
Ibr
ahi
m
was born i
n
Li
m
bang
,
Sara
wak,
Mal
a
y
sia
i
n
1981.
She
has
a
Ba
che
lo
r
of
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
i
n
Telec
om
m
unicati
on
from
the Unive
rsit
y
of
Ma
l
a
y
a, Ma
l
a
y
s
ia i
n
2004
and
Master
of E
ngine
er
ing
from
Univer
sit
y
Tech
nolog
y
of
Ma
lays
ia
in
2008.
She
rec
e
ive
d
her
PhD
degr
ee
s
from
Univer
sit
y
of
Qu
e
ensla
nd
Aus
tra
li
a
in
201
2.
She
is c
ur
ren
t
l
y
working
as
a
sen
ior
l
ec
tur
er in th
e
School
of
Com
pute
r and
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
eri
ng
at
Univer
siti
Malays
ia
Perl
is,
Ma
lays
ia
.
Mos
t
o
f
he
r resea
rch
in
te
rest
is r
elate
d
to
m
ic
r
owave
components
and
it
s a
pp
li
c
at
ion
.
Aini
S
y
uh
ada Md
Zainis
a
L
ectur
er
a
t the
Scho
ol of Computer and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Un
ive
rsiti Mal
a
y
s
ia Perl
is (
UniMA
P),
Mal
a
y
s
ia.
She
rec
e
ive
d
h
er
B.
E
ng.
(Com
pute
r
and
I
nform
at
ion)
(Ho
ns.)
from
Inte
rn
a
ti
onal Isla
m
ic U
nive
rsit
y
(IIUM
)
,
Mala
y
s
ia i
n
20
0
5.
She
recei
v
ed her
M.E
ng
.
(Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
an
d
Com
pute
r),
fro
m
Univer
sit
Keb
an
gsaa
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia (
UKM
)
in
2007
.
Her
rese
arc
h
intere
sts in
cl
ude
an
te
nna
and
propa
gation,
wir
el
ess a
nd
m
obil
e
comm
unic
at
ion
s
.
Nureha
nsafwanah
Khali
d
was bo
rn
on
De
ce
m
ber
6,
1993
in
Johor
Bahru,
Ma
lay
si
a
.
She
rec
e
ive
d
her
B.
Eng
degr
ee i
n
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing
from
Univer
sit
y
Ma
lay
sia
Perli
s in
Octob
er
2016.
She
obt
ained
M.Sc
.
with
t
he
sam
e course a
nd
sam
e
insti
tut
i
on
in
2018.
Her
rese
ar
ch
in
te
rest
s
in
R
adi
o
Frequ
ency
and
Microwa
v
e Engi
ne
eri
ng
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.