Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
1
,
Jan
uar
y
201
9
,
pp.
313
~
323
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
1
.p
p
313
-
323
313
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Solar P
V fed no
n
-
isolated
DC
-
DC c
onve
rter for
BLDC m
otor
drive wit
h speed
co
nt
rol
G.
G
. Ra
j
a
Se
kha
r
1
,
Bas
avar
aja
B
anak
ar
2
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
E
l
ec
tron
ic
s E
ng
ineeri
ng,
,
K L E
F, V
adde
sw
ara
m
,
Guntur,
A.P.
,
In
dia
.
2
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
&
Ele
ct
roni
cs
Engi
n
eering,
Univ
ersity
of
BDT
Eng
inee
ring
Coll
ege,
Da
vana
ger
e, Ka
rna
ta
ka
,
India
.
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
2
,
2018
Re
vised
N
ov
6
, 2018
Accepte
d
Nov
16
, 201
8
The
p
ape
r
pr
ese
nts
an
eff
icient
spee
d
cont
rol
of
brushless
DC
(BLDC)
m
otor
drive
for
solar
p
hoto
-
volt
a
ic
(PV
)
s
y
stem
fed
s
y
s
te
m
.
An
int
er
lea
ved
boost
conve
rt
er
is
emplo
y
ed
in
the
s
y
st
em
to
boost
th
e
solar
PV
s
y
stem
low
output
volt
ag
e
to
a
le
ve
l
req
uire
d
for
the dri
ve
s
y
stem.
In
te
rl
ea
ved
boost
c
onver
te
r
is
oper
ated
in
cl
o
sed
-
loop
m
ode
to
at
tain
accurate
and
stea
d
y
o
utput
.
Th
e
conve
rt
er
(VS
I)
for
BLDC
is
sw
i
tc
hed
at
funda
m
ent
a
l
fre
quency
and
red
uce
s
high
fre
quen
c
y
sw
it
chi
ng
los
ses.
Int
ern
a
l
c
urre
nt
con
trol
m
et
hod
is
deve
lop
ed
and
e
m
plo
y
ed
for
th
e
spee
d
cont
rol
o
f
PV
fed
BLDC
m
otor
b
y
sensing
the
actu
al
spe
ed
fe
edbac
k.
Th
e
appr
opriate
ness
of
the
int
e
rna
l
cur
ren
t
cont
roller
for
t
he
spee
d
con
tr
ol
of
PV
fed
BLDC
m
otor
is
ver
ified
for
inc
rem
ental
spe
e
d
with
fix
ed
to
rq
ue
and
dec
r
emen
ta
l
spe
ed
wi
th
fi
xed
torqu
e
oper
ating
cond
itions
.
Also
th
e
s
y
stem
with
sp
ee
d
cont
rol
is
ver
ified
for
var
ia
b
le
torqu
e
c
ondit
ion.
The
s
y
stem
is
deve
loped
and
result
s
are
deve
lop
e
d
using MATL
AB/S
IMU
LINK sof
twar
e.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
BLDC m
oto
r
In
te
rlea
ve
d
Bo
os
t C
on
ver
te
r
So
la
r
ph
oto
-
vo
lt
ai
c
Sp
ee
d
c
on
t
ro
l
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
G G Ra
j
a Se
kh
ar,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ro
nics
E
nginee
rin
g,
Kone
ru Lak
shm
ai
ah
Ed
ucati
on F
oundat
ion,
Gr
ee
n Fi
el
ds
,
V
add
e
swa
ram
,
Guntur
Distric
t, A.P.
, IN
DIA.
Pincode:
5225
02
Em
a
il
: rsg
g73@gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
De
velo
pme
nt
in
powe
r
e
le
ct
ro
nic
sect
ion
of
el
ect
rica
l
eng
inee
rin
g
has
le
d
to
devel
op
m
ents
in
sp
eci
al
m
achines
an
d
one
s
uc
h
ki
nd
is
bru
shl
ess
DC
(BL
D
C)
m
oto
r.
T
he
const
ru
ct
io
n
of
brus
hless
DC
m
oto
r
is
qu
ie
t
sim
il
a
r
to
t
hat
of
c
onve
ntio
nal
DC
m
oto
r
but
th
e
abse
nce
of
brus
h
-
c
omm
ut
at
or
assem
bly
m
akes
BLDC
m
oto
r
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
in
ope
rat
ion.
The
BL
DC
m
otor
is
el
ect
ric
al
ly
com
m
u
ta
t
ed
by
power
s
witc
hes
instea
d
of
brus
hes.
C
om
par
ed
with
a
bru
sh
e
d
DC
m
oto
r
or
an
in
du
ct
io
n
m
oto
r,
the
BL
DC
m
oto
r
has
m
any
adv
a
ntage
s:
High
e
r
ef
fici
ency
and
reli
abili
ty
,
Low
e
r
aco
us
ti
c
no
ise
,
Sm
al
ler
an
d
li
gh
te
r
c
o
ns
t
ru
ct
io
n,
Great
e
r
dynam
ic
resp
onse,
Be
tt
er
sp
e
ed
ver
s
us
t
orq
ue
chara
ct
erist
ic
s,
hi
gh
e
r
s
pee
d
range,
lo
ng
e
r
l
ife.
A
r
otor
c
onsist
s
of
a
sh
a
ft
an
d
a
hub
with
perm
anen
t
m
agn
et
s
arr
a
ng
e
d
t
o
form
between
t
wo
t
o
ei
ght
pole
pairs
th
at
al
te
rn
at
e
betwee
n
nort
h
an
d
s
ou
t
h
pole
s
[1
-
2].
The
re
are
m
ult
iple
m
agn
et
m
at
erial
s
,
su
ch
as
fe
rro
us
m
ixtur
es
an
d
rar
e
-
earth
al
loys.
F
err
it
e
m
agn
et
s
are
tra
diti
on
al
and
relat
ively
inex
pensi
ve,
t
hough
ra
re
-
ea
r
th
al
loy
m
agn
et
s
are
beco
m
ing
i
ncrea
sing
ly
popula
r
because
of
their
high
m
a
gn
et
ic
de
ns
it
y.
The
highe
r
de
ns
it
y
help
s
to
sh
ri
nk
ro
t
or
s
whil
e m
ai
ntainin
g hig
h rela
ti
ve
to
r
qu
e
when com
par
e
d
to
sim
i
la
r
ferrit
e m
agn
et
s.
BLDC
m
oto
r
consi
sts
of
an
internal
s
ha
ft
posit
ion
se
nsor
w
hich
i
niti
at
es
the
co
ntr
ol
of
ph
as
e
excit
at
ion
a
nd
tim
e
of
e
nergizi
ng.
C
onve
ntion
al
DC
m
otor
em
plo
ys
m
echan
ic
al
co
m
m
utator
but
BLDC
m
oto
r
instea
d
us
es
el
ect
r
on
ic
com
m
uta
tor
f
or
it
s
com
m
uta
ti
on
m
aking
B
LDC
a
m
ai
nte
nan
ce
-
f
ree
m
oto
r
.
The
two
ty
pes
of
B
LDC
m
oto
r
ar
e
cl
assifi
ed
ba
sed
on
thei
r
sha
pe
of
ba
ck
-
E
MF
viz.,
tr
a
pe
zoidal
an
d
si
nuso
i
dal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
313
–
323
314
m
oto
rs
[3
-
4].
The
back
EMF
of
trapez
oi
da
l
BLDC
m
ot
or
is
tra
pez
oida
l
in
sh
a
pe
an
d
to
ob
ta
i
n
tra
pezo
i
dal
back
EMF
,
th
e
m
oto
r
sho
uld
be
s
upplied
with
a
quasi
-
s
qu
a
re
wa
ve
s
ha
ped
c
urre
nts
for
m
ini
m
u
m
tor
qu
e
rip
ple operati
on.
Figure
1
sh
ow
s
the
blo
ck
diagr
am
of
BLDC
m
oto
r
with
el
ect
ronic
com
mu
ta
tor
an
d
lo
gic
con
tr
oller
.
BLDC
is
supp
l
ie
d
from
DC
su
pply
an
d
el
ect
ronic
com
m
uta
tor
co
nverts
th
e
DC
supp
ly
gi
ven
t
o
BLDC
t
o
AC
as
com
m
utator
in
conve
ntio
na
l
m
achine.
Ha
ll
senso
r
s
sens
e
the
posit
ion
of
the r
ot
or
a
nd
sen
ds
p
osi
ti
on
sig
nal
to
c
on
tr
oller
i
n
wh
ic
h
c
ontr
ol
act
io
n
ta
ke
s
place
[
5
-
6].
The
c
ontr
oller
pro
duces
gate
pulse
s
t
o
s
olid
-
sta
te
switc
hes
i
n
c
onve
rter t
hro
ugh dr
i
ver
ci
rcu
it
.
Figure
1.
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
BL
DC m
oto
r
The
DC
s
ourc
e
to
b
e
fed
to
BLDC
m
oto
r
as
an
input
is
cho
s
en
to
be
ph
oto
-
volt
ai
c
(PV)
syst
em
[7
-
10
]
in
this
paper.
P
-
N
jun
ct
i
on
la
ye
r
arr
an
ge
d
in
a
sp
eci
fic
m
ann
er
f
or
m
s
a
PV
cel
l
and
wh
e
n
ph
otons
from
so
la
r
e
nergy
fa
ll
s
on
PV
cel
l,
el
ect
ro
ns
in
P
V
cel
l
trie
s
to
m
ov
e
cro
ssi
n
g
the
ba
rr
ie
r
j
unct
ion
gi
ving
r
ise
t
o
current
flo
w [11
-
14]
.
So
la
r
e
nergy
is
a
ty
pe
of
ren
e
wab
le
ene
r
gy
so
urce
f
reely
avail
able
fr
om
un
ive
rse
an
d
th
e
el
ect
rical
energy
ge
ner
at
ed
f
ro
m
this
t
ype
of
res
ourc
e
is
inexh
a
us
ti
ble.
P
V
syst
em
gen
erates
D
C
ty
pe
of
el
ect
rical
powe
r
an
d
is
of
low
volt
age.
The
lo
w
volt
ag
e
ou
t
pu
t
f
r
om
s
olar
P
V
syst
em
is
insu
f
fici
ent
to
dr
i
ve
any
sy
stem
and
t
hu
s
re
qu
ir
es
a
vo
lt
age
bo
os
te
r
gen
e
rall
y
a
DC
-
DC
c
on
ver
te
r
.
I
nterlea
ved
boos
t
c
onve
rter
is
em
plo
ye
d
in
this
pa
pe
r
for
boos
ti
ng
t
he
l
ow
vo
lt
a
ge
DC
ou
t
pu
t
f
ro
m
PV
syst
em
.
The
com
plete
sche
m
at
ic
arr
an
ge
m
ent
of
PV
cell
Fe
d
B
LD
C m
oto
r
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
i
gur
e 2
.
B
L
D
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
P
V
S
y
s
t
e
m
B
L
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
R
e
a
l
T
i
m
e
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
D
C
D
C
D
C
A
C
Figure
2. P
V
c
el
l Fed
BL
DC
m
oto
r
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
B
L
D
C
L
o
g
i
c
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
D
r
i
v
e
r
D
C
S
u
p
p
l
y
P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
B
L
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
C
o
m
m
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
So
l
ar
P
V fed
non
-
isol
ated DC
-
DC c
onvert
er
for BL
DC
mo
t
or
dr
iv
e wi
th s
peed co
ntr
ol
(
G.
G. Raj
a Sek
ha
r
)
315
The
pa
per
pres
ents
a
n
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
s
peed
co
ntr
ol
of
brus
hless
DC
(BL
DC)
m
oto
r
dr
i
ve
for
s
olar
phot
o
-
vo
lt
ai
c
(PV
)
s
yst
e
m
fed
syst
e
m
.
An
i
nterle
aved
bo
os
t
co
nverter
is
em
plo
ye
d
in
the
syst
e
m
to
boos
t
th
e
so
la
r
PV
syst
em
low
outp
ut
volt
age
to
a
le
vel r
eq
ui
red
f
o
r
the drive
syst
em
.
In
te
rleave
d
bo
os
t
c
onve
rter
is op
e
rate
d
in
cl
os
ed
-
lo
op
m
od
e
to
at
ta
in
accurate
an
d
ste
ady
ou
t
pu
t.
In
te
r
nal
cu
rr
e
nt
con
tr
ol
m
e
tho
d
is
de
vel
op
e
d
an
d
e
m
plo
ye
d
f
or
the
sp
ee
d
co
ntr
ol
of
P
V
f
ed
BLDC
m
oto
r
by
se
ns
in
g
the
act
ual
s
peed
feedbac
k.
The
appr
opriat
enes
s
of
t
he
inte
rn
a
l
curre
nt
co
ntr
oller
for
th
e
s
pe
ed
c
ontrol
of
PV
fe
d
BL
DC
m
oto
r
is
ve
rifi
ed
for
incream
ental
sp
eed
with
fixe
d
to
rque
a
nd
de
cream
ental
sp
eed
wit
h
fi
xed
tor
qu
e
operati
ng
c
onditi
ons.
Also
the
syst
em
wit
h
s
pee
d
c
on
t
rol
is
ve
r
ifie
d
f
or
var
ia
ble
to
rque
c
onditi
on.
The
syst
em
is
dev
el
op
e
d
an
d
res
ults
are
dev
el
op
e
d usin
g
M
ATL
A
B/
SI
MUL
INK
so
ft
war
e
.
2.
PV
FE
D CLO
SED
-
L
OOP
I
NTERLE
A
V
ED BOO
ST
C
ONVERTE
R
The
ci
rc
uit
co
nf
i
gurati
on
of
interl
eave
d
D
C
-
DC
boos
t
c
onve
rter
is
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
3.
T
he
low
vo
lt
age
D
C
sour
ce
is fe
d
t
o
i
nterleave
d b
oost DC
-
DC c
onver
te
r
to rise
-
up the
level
of volt
age.
Figure
3. Sc
he
m
at
ic
D
ia
gr
am
of Interlea
ved
DC
-
DC Bo
os
t
Converte
r
The
ba
sic
sche
m
at
ic
diagr
am
of
du
al
-
phase
interl
eave
d
D
C
-
DC
co
nvert
er
is
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fig
ur
e
3.
The
op
e
rati
ng
pr
i
nciple
of
pro
po
se
d
In
te
r
le
aved
DC
-
D
C
conve
rter
is
com
pr
ise
d
of
two
m
od
es
,
f
or
D
G
app
li
cat
io
n by
us
in
g p
ho
t
o
-
volt
ai
c (P
V) syst
e
m
.
Mo
de
I
:
At
po
s
it
ion
t=
0;
the
switc
h
S
1
of
fir
st
ph
ase
is
co
nducte
d
(
O
N
-
st
at
e)
by
gate
pu
lse
prov
i
de
d
by
gate pulse
ge
ner
at
or
.
T
he
c
urren
t
at
t
he
in
du
ct
or
L
1
li
nea
rly
rising,
the
s
witc
h
S
2
is
at
s
econd phase
as
non
-
cond
ucted
(
OFF
-
sta
te
)
a
nd
th
e
ene
rg
y st
or
e
d
in
i
nducto
r
L
2
is
m
ov
ed
to
lo
ad
via p
hase
L
1
goes
t
o
rise
li
near
ly
and
c
hargin
g,
oth
e
r
side
the
inducto
r
L
2
goes
to
discharg
e
the
ener
gy
to
load
via
f
ollow
e
d
di
od
e
D
2
.
The
m
od
e
of
op
e
ra
ti
on
durin
g
s
w
it
ch
S
1
of
first
ph
a
se
is
co
nduc
ti
ng
(
O
N
-
sta
t
e)
an
d
s
witc
h
S
2
of
sec
ond
phase
is
no
t c
onduct
e
d (O
F
F
-
sta
te
)
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 4
(a).
Mo
de
II
:
At
ti
m
e
t=t
1
;
the
switc
h
S
1
of
fir
st
ph
ase
is
no
n
-
c
onduct
in
g
po
sit
io
n
&
sec
ond
phase
of
switc
h
S
2
is
c
onduct
ed
by
pro
per
gate
pulse
gen
e
rati
on
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
4
(
b).
T
he
c
urr
ent
at
inducto
r
L
2
is
li
near
ly
raisi
ng,
the
in
duct
or
i
s
to
be
c
ha
rg
e
d
with
res
pect
to
duty
rati
o
of
the
s
witc
h.
A
t
sa
m
e
sit
uation,
th
e
switc
h
S
1
of
fi
rst
ph
a
se
is
un
-
co
nducte
d
an
d
the
in
du
ct
or
current
disc
ha
r
ged
li
nea
rly
to
load.
T
ran
s
f
orm
the
store
d
e
nergy
i
n
in
duct
or
t
1
,
t
he
s
witc
h
S
1
is
non
-
c
onduct
ed
or
switc
hed
OF
F
.
T
he
i
nduc
tor
of
oth
e
r
phase
L
2
go
e
s to
r
ise
li
ne
arly
and c
hargin
g,
oth
e
r
si
de
the ind
ucto
r L
1
unde
r disch
arg
i
n
g t
o
l
oad
via foll
owed
d
i
od
e
D
1
.
(a)
M
ode
-
1 Operat
ion
(b)
Mo
de
-
I
I O
per
at
io
n
Figure
4. Mo
de
s of
op
e
rati
on
of interlea
ve
d boost c
onve
rter
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S
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
313
–
323
316
The
co
nventio
nal
DC
-
DC
bo
os
t
co
nv
e
rter
ha
s
m
or
e
volt
ag
e
factor,
et
c.
Ba
sed
on
these
favo
ur
a
ble
disad
va
ntages,
the
form
al
DC
-
DC
boost
conve
rter
is
rep
la
ce
d
by
pro
posed
i
nterl
eaved
boost
DC
-
DC
conve
rter
an
d
us
e
d
in
D
G
a
ppli
cat
ion
.
T
he
pro
po
se
d
inte
rleaved
DC
-
DC
boos
t
co
nverte
r
has
bee
n
eval
uated
in
rece
nt
reli
ab
il
ity,
m
od
ular,
low
stress,
ri
pp
le
curre
nt
re
du
ct
ion
i
n
bo
t
h
outp
ut/i
nput
c
om
po
nen
ts.
Ac
hi
eving
the
high
e
ff
ic
i
ency
is
by
re
pl
aci
ng
t
he
dual
ci
rcu
it
s
into
‘
N’
c
om
po
ne
nt
le
vel,
subse
qu
ently
m
ini
m
iz
i
ng
t
he
inducto
r
&
I
2
R
losses.
T
he
ri
pp
le
c
om
po
ne
nt
of
t
he
in
pu
t
current
is
re
duced
by
em
plo
yi
ng
the
interl
eavin
g
inducto
rs;
m
akes
m
ini
m
iz
in
g
the
input
side
filt
er
siz
e
would
be
boost
DC
-
DC
co
nv
e
rter
is
ge
ne
rall
y
e
m
plo
ye
d
in
hig
h
rated
in
put
current
as
well
,
gr
eat
e
r
in
pu
t
-
ou
tc
om
e
vo
lt
age
tran
sf
or
m
at
i
on
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
.
Th
e
du
al
-
phase
seq
uen
ce
s
of
t
he
i
nterl
eave
d
c
on
ver
te
r
are
dri
ve
n
by
18
0
o
out
of
phase
seq
ue
nces,
f
or
this
reason
the phase
sh
i
fting i
s
prov
i
ded.
Th
e
phase
sh
if
ti
ng
a
ng
le
is
po
ssible as t
he num
ber
o
f p
hase
seq
uen
ces
.
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
de
vices
are
rug
ged
a
nd
sim
pl
e
in
design
re
qu
i
rin
g
ver
y
li
tt
le
m
a
intenance
and
thei
r
biggest
ad
va
ntage
bei
ng
the
ir
co
ns
tr
uction
as
sta
nd
-
al
on
e
syst
e
m
s
to
giv
e
ou
t
pu
ts
f
ro
m
m
ic
ro
watt
s
to
m
egaw
at
ts.
He
nce
they
ar
e
use
d
f
or
po
wer
so
urce,
water
pu
m
pin
g,
rem
ote
buil
dings,
so
la
r
ho
m
e
syst
e
m
s,
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s,
sat
el
li
te
s
and
s
p
ace
ve
hicle
s,
rev
e
rse
osm
os
is
plants,
and
f
or
e
ven
m
egaw
at
t
scal
e
powe
r
plants.
P
V
fe
d i
nterleave
d DC
-
DC
boo
st
con
ver
te
r
is s
how
n i
n
Fi
gure
5.
D
1
C
1
C
2
D
2
D
3
N
2
N
1
C
3
S
V
PI
V
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
V
d
c
_
ref
V
d
c
_
a
c
t
D
u
t
y
C
y
c
l
e
Is
I
D
I
sh
R
sh
R
s
PV
E
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
C
l
o
s
e
d
-
l
o
o
p
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
B
o
o
s
t
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
Figure
5. P
V
f
ed
cl
ose
d
-
lo
op
interl
eave
d boost c
onver
te
r
PV
syst
em
generall
y
produce
s
the
ou
t
pu
t
volt
age
at
low
vo
lt
age
le
vel.
T
he
low
volt
age
ou
t
pu
t
of
P
V
syst
e
m
is
fed
to
interl
eave
d
DC
-
DC
boos
t
conve
rter
to
boos
t
the
vo
lt
a
ge
at
req
uire
d
le
vel.
The
i
nter
le
aved
boos
t
c
onve
rter
is
operate
d
w
it
h
cl
os
ed
-
lo
op
m
od
e
of
oper
at
ion
to
obta
in
pr
eci
se
outp
ut
from
the
conv
erter.
The
ou
t
pu
t
act
ual
volt
age
f
r
om
interl
eaved
boos
t
c
onver
te
r
is
com
par
ed
t
o
the
ref
e
ren
ce
vo
lt
age
sig
nal
to
get
the
error
volt
age
sig
nal
or
t
he
sh
ort
off
vo
lt
age
at
the
outp
ut
of
t
he
co
nve
rter.
T
he
er
ror
in
DC
outp
ut
vol
ta
ge
of
t
he
co
nverte
r
is
fe
d
to
PI
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
t
o
pr
oduce
re
fer
e
nce
sign
al
.
The
re
fer
e
nce
sig
nal
is
log
ic
al
ly
operated
with
resp
ect
t
o ca
rr
ie
r
sig
nal t
o pro
du
ce
puls
es to t
wo po
we
r
s
witc
hes of i
nt
erleaved
bo
os
t
conv
e
rter.
3.
SPEE
D CO
N
TROL O
F P
V
FED BL
DC
DR
I
VE TH
R
OUGH I
NTE
RLEA
VED
B
OOST
CONVE
RTER
Figure
6
s
hows
the s
peed
c
ontrol strate
gy of
BLDC m
oto
r wit
h
inter
nal c
urren
t c
ontroll
er.
P
rim
arily,
the
act
ual
sp
ee
d
of
BLDC
m
otor
is
sense
d
from
hall
senso
rs
a
nd
is
c
ompare
d
to
re
fer
e
nce
sp
ee
d
sig
na
l.
The
error
gen
e
rated
fr
om
act
ual
and
ref
e
re
nce
sp
e
ed
is
fed
to
a
sim
ple
PI
con
tr
ol
le
r
wh
ic
h
yi
el
ds
refe
re
nce
to
rque
sign
al
.
T
he
obta
ined
re
fer
e
nc
e
torque
signa
l
is
co
m
par
ed
with
act
ual
tor
qu
e
of
BLDC
m
oto
r
and
the
error
is
fed
thr
ough
a
gain
t
o
ob
ta
i
n
ref
e
ren
ce
cu
rr
e
nt
m
agn
it
ud
e
,
as
the
c
urre
nt
is
pro
portio
nal
to
to
rque
si
gn
a
l.
Th
e
ob
ta
ine
d
c
urre
nt
m
agn
it
ud
e
and
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
sh
ape
are
m
ulti
plied
to
ob
ta
in
ref
ere
nce
current
sig
nal.
The
ref
e
ren
ce
c
urre
nt
sign
al
is
aga
in
com
par
ed
to
act
ual
cur
re
nt
s
in
sta
tor
of
B
LDC
m
oto
r
an
d
the
erro
r
is
fed
to
hyste
resis
c
urr
ent
co
ntr
oller
t
o
produce
gate
pulse
s
to
s
witc
hes
of
volt
ag
e
source
c
onve
rter
(
VSI)
.
T
hus
by
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
curre
nt
of
BL
DC
m
oto
r
the
sp
ee
d
co
ntr
ol
i
s
achiev
ed
a
nd
m
oto
r
is
m
ad
e
to
r
un
at
de
s
ired
sp
ee
d.
The
overall
syst
e
m
with
internal
cu
rr
e
nt
con
t
ro
ll
e
d
BLDC
m
oto
r
dr
i
ve
supp
li
e
d
with
P
V
fed
hig
h
vo
lt
age
g
ai
n D
C
-
DC c
onve
rter is s
how
n
i
n
F
igure
7.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
So
l
ar
P
V fed
non
-
isol
ated DC
-
DC c
onvert
er
for BL
DC
mo
t
or
dr
iv
e wi
th s
peed co
ntr
ol
(
G.
G. Raj
a Sek
ha
r
)
317
w
r
e
f
w
a
c
t
P
I
T
r
e
f
T
a
c
t
G
a
i
n
I
r
e
f
_
m
a
g
I
s
h
a
p
e
I
r
e
f
H
y
s
t
e
r
e
s
i
s
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
I
a
c
t
G
a
t
e
P
u
l
s
e
s
t
o
G
1
-
G
6
o
f
V
S
I
Figure
6. S
pee
d
c
on
t
ro
l st
rategy o
f
BL
DC m
otor
with inte
r
nal curre
nt c
on
trolle
r
B
L
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
R
e
a
l
T
i
m
e
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
D
1
C
1
C
2
D
2
D
3
N
2
N
1
C
3
S
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
B
o
o
s
t
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
r
e
f
w
a
c
t
P
I
T
r
e
f
T
a
c
t
G
a
i
n
I
r
e
f
_
m
a
g
I
s
h
a
p
e
I
r
e
f
H
y
s
t
e
r
e
s
i
s
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
I
a
c
t
G
a
t
e
P
u
l
s
e
s
t
o
G
1
-
G
6
G
4
G
1
G
3
G
5
G
2
G
6
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
B
L
D
C
M
o
t
o
r
P
I
V
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
V
d
c
_
r
e
f
V
d
c
_
a
c
t
D
u
t
y
C
y
c
l
e
V
r
e
f
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
f
o
r
D
C
-
D
C
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
S
p
e
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
B
L
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
Figure
7. O
veral
l sy
stem
co
nfi
gurati
on w
it
h
internal c
urre
nt contr
olled BL
DC m
oto
r dr
i
ve
sup
plied
with
PV
fed inte
rlea
ved boo
st
D
C
-
DC
conve
rter
4.
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
ALYSIS
4.1
.
BL
D
C o
pera
ting a
t var
iable i
ncre
am
ent
al sp
ee
ds
wi
th
f
i
xed t
or
que c
on
di
tion
The
ou
t
pu
t
vo
l
ta
ge
from
photo
-
volt
ai
c
syst
e
m
is
sh
own
i
n
Figure
8.
P
V
y
ie
lds
the
outp
ut
of
200V
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e
9
.
Figure
8. O
utput v
oltage
fro
m
PV
The
outp
ut v
ol
ta
ge
from
h
igh
g
ai
n
DC
-
DC co
nve
rter is sh
own
in Figu
re 9
.
DC
-
DC interl
eaved
boost
conve
rter
i
ncr
e
ases
the
le
vel
of
P
V
vo
lt
age
from
20
0
V
a
nd
giv
es
out
t
he
outp
ut
of
40
0V
as
sho
wn
in
fig
ur
e.
Eve
n wit
h
s
pee
d
c
hange c
omm
and
, t
he ou
t
put o
f DC
-
DC c
onve
rter is m
ain
ta
ined
consta
nt
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
313
–
323
318
Figure
9. O
utput v
oltage
fro
m
D
C
-
DC
co
nverter
Stat
or
c
urre
nt
of
one
ph
a
se
of
BLDC
m
oto
r
an
d
back
EM
F
are
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
10.
Since
var
ia
ble
sp
ee
d
com
m
and
is
gi
ven
at
0.2
sec
a
nd
0.4
s
ec,
bac
k
EMF
increase
resp
e
c
ti
vely
with
inc
rease
in
s
pee
d.
But
the stat
or cu
rre
nt dra
wn b
y t
he
BLDC m
oto
r
rem
ai
ns
sam
e
with c
onsta
nt
m
agn
it
ud
e
.
Figure
10. St
at
or cu
rr
e
nt a
nd
back EM
F
of
BLDC m
oto
r
Sp
ee
d
of
BL
D
C
m
oto
r
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
11.
Since
the
va
riable
s
pee
d
c
onditi
on
is
app
li
ed
,
t
he
sp
ee
d
cha
nges
at
0.2
sec
a
nd
0.4
sec.
I
ncr
e
m
ental
sp
eed
com
m
and
is
gi
ven
at
0.2
sec
and
at
0.4
sec
to
be
init
ia
ll
y
at
15
00r
pm
with
c
ha
ng
e
to
20
00
r
pm
at
0.
2
sec
a
nd
25
00
r
pm
at
0.4
se
c
resp
e
ct
ively
and
the
act
ual
sp
ee
d
f
ollo
ws
t
he
set
s
pee
d
c
om
m
and
.
Figure
11. Spe
ed of
BLDC m
otor
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
So
l
ar
P
V fed
non
-
isol
ated DC
-
DC c
onvert
er
for BL
DC
mo
t
or
dr
iv
e wi
th s
peed co
ntr
ol
(
G.
G. Raj
a Sek
ha
r
)
319
To
r
que
of
BL
DC
m
oto
r
is
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ure
12.
Si
nce
th
e
var
ia
ble
sp
e
ed
co
ndit
ion
is
app
li
e
d,
th
e
change
of
t
orq
ue
is
at
0.2
se
c
an
d
0.4
sec
with
respec
ti
ve
sp
ee
d
cha
ng
e
com
m
and
bu
t
set
tl
es
soon
to
final
value. E
ven th
ough, t
he
s
pee
d
c
hanges
torq
ue rem
ai
ns
co
nst
ant ap
a
rt fro
m
f
luctuat
ion
s.
Figure
12. T
or
qu
e
of BL
DC
m
oto
r
4.2
.
BL
D
C o
pera
ting a
t var
iable decre
am
ent
al sp
ee
ds
wi
th
f
i
xed t
or
que c
on
di
tion
The
outp
ut
vol
ta
ge
from
ph
ot
o
-
volt
ai
c
syst
e
m
is
sh
own
in
Figure
13.
PV
yi
el
ds
the
ou
t
put
of
200V
as sho
wn in Fi
gure
13
.
Figure
13.
O
utp
ut
volt
age
fro
m
PV
The
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
from
hig
h
gain
DC
-
D
C
conver
te
r
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
14.
DC
-
D
C
conver
te
r
increases
t
he
le
vel
of
P
V
volt
a
ge
f
ro
m
200
V
and
gi
ves
ou
t
the
outp
ut
of
400V
as
s
how
n
in
fig
ure.
E
ve
n
with
sp
ee
d
c
hange c
omm
and
, t
he o
utput o
f DC
-
D
C co
nv
e
rter is
m
ai
ntained
c
onsta
nt.
Figure
14. O
utp
ut
volt
age
fro
m
D
C
-
DC con
ver
te
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
313
–
323
320
Stat
or
c
urre
nt
of
one
ph
a
se
of
BLDC
m
oto
r
an
d
back
EM
F
are
sho
wn
in
F
ig
ur
e
15.
Since
var
ia
ble
sp
ee
d
com
m
and
is
gi
ven
at
0.2
sec
a
nd
0.4
s
ec,
bac
k
EMF
decr
ease
res
pe
ct
ively
with
de
crease
in
s
pee
d.
But
the stat
or cu
rre
nt dra
wn b
y t
he
BLDC m
oto
r
r
em
ai
ns
sam
e
with c
onsta
nt
m
agn
it
ud
e
.
Sp
ee
d
of
BL
D
C
m
oto
r
is
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
16.
Since
the
va
riable
s
pee
d
c
onditi
on
is
app
li
ed
,
t
he
sp
ee
d
cha
ng
es
at
0.
2
sec
an
d
0.
4
sec
.
Dec
r
e
m
ental
sp
eed
com
m
and
is
giv
en
at
0.2
sec
and
at
0.4
sec
to
be
init
ia
ll
y
at
25
00r
pm
with
c
ha
ng
e
to
20
00
r
pm
at
0.
2
sec
a
nd
15
00
r
pm
at
0.4
se
c
resp
e
ct
ively
and
the
act
ual
sp
ee
d
f
ollo
ws
t
he
set
s
pee
d
c
om
m
and
.
Torq
ue
of
BL
DC
m
oto
r
is
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ure
17.
Si
nce
th
e
var
ia
ble
sp
e
ed
co
ndit
ion
is
app
li
e
d,
th
e
change
of
t
orq
ue
is
at
0.2
se
c
an
d
0.4
sec
with
respec
ti
ve
sp
ee
d
cha
ng
e
com
m
and
bu
t
set
tl
es
soon
to
final
value. E
ven th
ough, t
he
s
pee
d
c
hanges
torq
ue rem
ai
ns
co
nst
ant ap
a
rt fro
m
f
luctuat
ion
s
at
sp
ee
d
c
hang
e.
Figure
15. St
at
or cu
rr
e
nt a
nd
back EM
F
of
BLDC m
oto
r
Figure
16. Spe
ed of
BLDC m
otor
Figure
17. T
or
qu
e
of BL
DC
m
oto
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
So
l
ar
P
V fed
non
-
isol
ated DC
-
DC c
onvert
er
for BL
DC
mo
t
or
dr
iv
e wi
th s
peed co
ntr
ol
(
G.
G. Raj
a Sek
ha
r
)
321
4.3
.
BL
D
C o
pera
ting a
t fix
ed speed
wi
th
va
ri
ab
le
to
r
qu
e condi
tio
n
The
outp
ut
vol
ta
ge
from
ph
ot
o
-
volt
ai
c
syst
e
m
is
sh
own
in
F
igure
18.
PV
yi
el
ds
the
ou
t
put
of
200V
as
sh
ow
n
in
F
igure
18
.
T
he
outp
ut
vo
lt
age
f
ro
m
hig
h
gain
DC
-
DC
conve
r
te
r
is
sh
own
in
F
igu
re
19.
D
C
-
DC
conve
rter
i
ncr
e
ases
the
le
vel
of
P
V
vo
lt
age
from
20
0
V
a
nd
giv
es
out
t
he
outp
ut
of
40
0V
as
sho
wn
in
fig
ur
e.
Eve
n wit
h
s
pee
d
c
hange c
omm
and
, t
he ou
t
put o
f DC
-
DC c
onve
rter is m
ain
ta
ined
consta
nt
.
Stat
or
c
urre
nt
of
one
ph
a
se
of
BLDC
m
oto
r
an
d
back
EM
F
are
sho
wn
in
F
ig
ur
e
20.
Since
var
ia
ble
tor
qu
e
c
omm
a
nd
is
giv
e
n
at
0.2
sec
an
d
0.4
sec,
bac
k
E
MF
rem
ai
ns
c
on
sta
nt
but
wi
th
var
ia
ti
on
in
sta
tor
current.
Fig
ure
18. O
utp
ut
volt
age
fro
m
PV
Figure
19. O
utp
ut
volt
age
fro
m
D
C
-
DC con
ver
te
r
Figure
20. St
at
or cu
rr
e
nt a
nd
back EM
F
of
BLDC m
oto
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
1
,
Ja
nu
a
ry 20
19
:
313
–
323
322
Torq
ue
of
BL
DC
m
oto
r
is
show
n
in
Fi
gure
21.
To
r
qu
e
vari
able
com
m
and
is
giv
e
n
at
0.
2
sec
an
d
0.4
sec an
d he
nce t
he
to
r
qu
e
v
a
rie
s r
es
pecti
vely
at
that pa
rtic
ular
ti
m
e p
eriod
s
.
Figure
21. T
or
qu
e
r
es
ponse
of BL
DC m
oto
r
Sp
ee
d
of
BLD
C
m
oto
r
is
sh
own
in
Fig
ur
e
2
2
.
T
he
tor
que
is
var
ie
d
with
f
ixed
s
peed
c
on
diti
on
;
the
act
ual
sp
ee
d
is
unva
ried
with
the
cha
nge
in
tor
qu
e
c
omm
and
at
res
pecti
ve
ti
m
e
per
iods.
This
il
lustra
te
s
the
sp
ee
d
is
con
tr
ol
le
d
with
load
var
ia
ti
on
us
i
ng
the
propose
d
sp
ee
d
co
ntr
ol.
As
BLDC
is
r
unning
wit
h
v
a
riable
tor
qu
e
an
d
fix
ed
s
pee
d
c
ondi
ti
on
a
nd
w
he
n
the
to
rque
is
va
ried
t
he
re
su
lt
show
s
it
is
po
ssible
to
kee
p
sp
ee
d
fixe
d or
c
onsta
nt.
Figure
22. Spe
ed resp
onse
of
BLDC m
oto
r
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
pap
e
r
pr
es
ents
an
ef
fici
en
t
sp
eed
co
ntr
ol
of
brus
hless
D
C
(BLDC)
m
ot
or
dr
i
ve
for
ph
oto
-
volt
ai
c
(P
V
)
syst
e
m
fed
syst
em
.
An
interl
eave
d
boost
DC
-
DC
c
on
ver
te
r
is
em
ploy
ed
in
the
syst
e
m
to
bo
os
t
th
e
P
V
syst
e
m
low
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
20
0V
t
o
a
le
vel
r
equ
i
red
for
the
dr
ive
syst
e
m
.
In
te
rlea
ve
d
bo
os
t
DC
-
DC
c
onve
rter
is
op
e
rated
i
n
cl
os
ed
-
lo
op
m
od
e
to
at
ta
in
a
ccur
at
e
a
nd
ste
ady
outp
ut.
T
he
200
V
ou
t
put
from
PV
syst
e
m
is
ste
pp
e
d
up
to
400
V
us
in
g
int
erleave
d
boos
t conve
rter
as
show
n
in
the
res
ult
analy
sis.
Int
ern
al
cu
r
re
nt
con
t
ro
l
m
et
ho
d
is
de
ve
lop
e
d
an
d
em
plo
ye
d
f
or
t
he
s
peed
c
ontr
ol
of
PV
fe
d
BL
DC
m
oto
r.
T
he
a
ppr
opriat
eness
of
the
internal
c
urre
nt
con
tr
oller
for
the
spe
ed
c
on
trol
of
P
V
fed
BLDC
m
oto
r
is
ver
i
fied
for
incream
ental
sp
ee
d
with
fixe
d
to
r
qu
e
a
nd
decr
e
a
m
ent
al
sp
eed
with
fixe
d
tor
qu
e
op
e
rati
ng
conditi
ons
an
d
resu
lt
s
for
res
pecti
ve
cases
we
re
de
picte
d.
With
i
ncr
eam
ental
and
dec
rem
ental
sp
eed
cha
ng
e
com
m
and
issue
d
to
BL
DC
m
oto
r
yi
el
ds
resp
ect
i
ve
s
peed
cha
nges
with
fi
xed
tor
qu
e
with
t
he
pr
e
sence
of
in
te
rn
al
c
urr
ent
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
kee
pin
g
the
DC
outp
ut
vo
l
ta
ge
of
DC
-
D
C
conver
te
r
c
onsta
nt
at
400V
.
Sp
ee
d
co
ntr
ol
m
et
ho
d
is
found
to
be
su
it
a
ble
for
var
ia
ble
sp
ee
d
conditi
ons
m
ain
ta
inin
g
fi
xed
tor
qu
e
.
T
he
ap
pro
pr
ia
te
ness
of
the
inte
rn
al
c
urren
t
c
ontroll
er
f
or
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.