TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 20
15, pp. 352 ~ 359
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
13i2.703
6
352
Re
cei
v
ed O
c
t
ober 1
7
, 201
4; Revi
se
d Decem
b
e
r
7, 2014; Accepte
d
De
cem
ber
28, 2014
Internet Access Using Ethernet over PDH Technology
for Remote Area
Enceng Sula
eman*
1
, Sutrisno
2
Electrical D
e
p
a
rtment, Polite
k
nik Ne
geri Ba
ndu
ng, Ban
d
u
n
g
400
12
*Corres
p
o
ndi
n
g
author, e-ma
i
l
: encen
g.sul
a
e
m
an@p
o
l
ban.
a
c
.id
1
, sutrisno
@pol
ba
n.ac.id
2
A
b
st
r
a
ct
T
here w
a
s sti
l
l
is
gap
a
m
on
g
pe
opl
e
livi
n
g
i
n
city
an
d i
n
r
e
mote
are
a
to
get i
n
for
m
ati
o
n
access,
espec
ial
l
y w
h
o
live
d
in th
e E
a
stern
part of
Indon
esi
a
. Pe
opl
e l
i
vin
g
i
n
such r
e
mote
a
r
ea
usua
lly w
e
r
e
isolat
ed fro
m
t
o
w
n
by nat
ural
cond
ition
lik
e
rivers, va
ll
eys, hills an
d
so on
.
T
herefore, tel
e
co
mmu
n
icati
o
n
infrastructure f
o
r re
mote
are
a
usin
g co
op
er
w
a
s not effecti
v
e an
d effici
ent
w
a
y to bui
ld. T
he iss
ue w
a
s
h
o
w
infor
m
ati
on an
d commun
i
cati
on techn
o
l
ogy
coul
d pe
netra
t
e
such are
a
s. T
h
is researc
h
ai
me
d to prop
os
e
techno
lo
gy tha
t
could
be
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
ted to
ov
erco
me th
e d
i
fficulties. Eth
e
rnet over
Ples
i
o
chro
nous
Di
gi
ta
l
Hierarc
hy (Eo
P
DH) w
a
s one
of many tech
niq
ues t
hat pr
ovid
ed Ether
n
e
t connectiv
i
ty over non-Eth
e
rne
t
netw
o
rks. EoPDH w
a
s a stand
ardi
z
e
d
method
ol
ogy fo
r
transportin
g
native Eth
e
rne
t
frames over
the
existin
g
esta
bli
s
hed P
DH tra
n
sport tech
no
l
ogy. T
o
pr
ov
id
e
last mi
lefor the
loc
a
l peo
p
l
e,
use of
Me
sh
W
i
reless
Loc
al
Area
N
e
tw
ork w
a
s made
a
n
d
con
necte
d to
i
n
ternet
gatew
a
y
via
Ether
net
over P
DH
bas
e
d
micr
ow
ave r
adi
o l
i
nk. T
h
e test
show
ed
that
T
he Eth
e
rn
et fra
m
es
w
e
re s
u
cc
essfully
transp
o
rted to
re
mot
e
area w
i
th go
od
qual
ity of service such as
thro
ugh
put, respo
n
s
e time, a
nd transacti
on rate.
Ke
y
w
ords
:
MW
LAN, radio l
i
n
k, qual
ity of service
Copy
right
©
2015 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. INTRODUCT
I
ON
Penetratio
n
o
f
internet i
n
I
ndon
esi
a
is still low. Thi
s
i
s
d
ue to
som
e
con
s
traint
s
su
ch
as,
the devel
op
ment of
su
pporte
d tele
comm
uni
cati
on
inf
r
ast
r
u
c
ture th
at are not
suffici
ently
adeq
uate, e
s
peci
a
lly for th
e Easte
r
n
part of Indone
si
a
.
Recent repo
rt from A
k
am
ai sh
owed th
at
con
n
e
c
tion speed of inte
rnet in Indon
e
s
ia in the
thi
r
d qua
rter of
2013, is
1.5
Mbps at
average.
This figu
re pl
ace
s
Indo
ne
sia in the se
co
nd ran
k
from
bottom amon
g Asia–Pa
c
ifi
c
co
untrie
s
, a
n
d
a little bit hig
her th
an Indi
a
whi
c
h i
s
1.4
Mbps at av
e
r
age. Othe
r
co
nstrai
nt is
th
a
t
cost
of internet
use
is still
expen
sive d
ue t
o
cost
of inte
rnational
intercon
ne
ction
u
p
to lo
cal
inte
rco
nne
ction
(l
ast
mile), a
nd l
o
w inte
rnet
ba
ndwi
d
th a
s
well. Result of
Wo
rld
Summ
it on the
Information So
ciet
y –
WSIS in 200
3 and 2
005,
agre
ed that a
ll count
ri
e
s
a
r
oun
d the
wo
rld a
r
e expe
cted to follow
up
the actio
n
pla
n
of wo
rld d
e
v
elopment to
wards i
n
fo
rm
ation soci
ety for the
welfare of the ma
n
k
ind
in maki
ng u
s
e of info
rm
ation an
d co
mmuni
cation
techn
o
logy
(ICT
). The i
s
sue lai
d
in
the
readi
ne
ss of telecommu
nication infra
s
tru
c
ture to a
c
ce
ss info
rmatio
n that is sup
p
o
rted by internet
techn
o
logy. P
eople
living i
n
town mi
ght
obtain
i
n
form
ation a
c
ce
ss
easi
e
r than
p
eople
who liv
ed
in remote a
r
e
a
. Tech
nolog
y is also an
other is
su
e that has al
so to b
e
taken into a
c
count.
Actually, sev
e
ral rural tele
comm
uni
cati
on infra
s
tru
c
t
u
re te
chnol
og
ies have al
re
ady been
impleme
n
ted
in som
e
co
untrie
s
like
United Stat
e
of America,
Zimbab
we,
Ghan
a an
d so on.
Here a
r
e
de
scriptio
n
reg
a
rding th
e te
ch
nologi
es
impl
emented
in
such
countri
es; Fiber To
Th
e
Home
(FT
T
H) is fibe
r o
p
tic based tele
co
mmuni
cation
infrast
r
u
c
ture
techn
o
logy t
hat is p
r
op
osed
to be imple
m
ented in
ru
ral
area
s in
US
A. FTTH i
s
consi
dered to
be go
od
solu
tion in orde
r
to
meet the de
mand of inte
rnet
servi
c
e
s
and ot
h
e
r
multimedia
a
pplication
s
. So FTTH i
s
good
solutio
n
to provide Tri
p
le
Play which consi
s
t of
data
(Intern
e
t or I
n
tranet
), Voice over IP (Vo
I
P),
and video (T
V and Multimedia
)
in on
e more p
r
a
c
tical infra
s
tru
c
ture [1,4]. Depl
oyment and
installatio
n
of
fiber o
p
tic i
s
the mo
st expen
sive
pa
rt
of its investm
ent. Some in
stallation m
e
thod
that have alre
ady bee
n introdu
ced, i
s
inf
l
uen
ced
by
several fa
ctors su
ch a
s
, bu
d
geting, net
wo
rk
topology, acce
ss te
chn
o
l
ogy, culture
of surrou
ndin
g
, and esth
e
t
ic. Gene
rally rural a
r
ea
s
in
Indone
sia
ha
ve conto
u
r li
ke mou
n
tain
s, hills
and
vall
eys be
sid
e
p
eople liv
e sp
arsely
therefore
cost of install
a
tion for FTT
H technology for re
m
o
te areas in Indonesia will be expensive.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Internet Acce
ss
Usi
ng Ethernet o
v
e
r
PDH Te
ch
nolo
g
y for
Rem
o
te Area (En
c
e
ng Sulaem
an
)
353
Wirel
e
ss Re
gional
A
c
ce
ss Network
(WRA
N)
tech
nology i
s
b
a
s
ed
on
co
gni
tive radio
techn
o
logy. This
radio i
s
intelligent to be
prog
ra
mmed an
d
config
ure
d
d
y
namically.
This
transceiver i
s
designed to
utilize the best wi
reless
communi
cation
channel i
n
i
t
s vicinity. And it
automatically can
cha
nge
its receptio
n or tr
a
n
smi
ssi
on pa
ram
e
ters
acco
rdi
ng with dete
c
te
d
cha
nnel
spe
c
trum freq
uen
cy. Zimbab
we is on
e of
African
cou
n
tries th
at is the first to m
a
ke
experim
ents t
o
use
WRA
N
techn
o
logy [
7
-8]. T
hei
r ex
perim
ents
su
cceed to
co
n
nect the
wh
ol
e
popul
ation in
Cap
e
Town where the u
s
e
of TV
frequen
cy spe
c
trum is very high [2
].
GSM, UMTS
, HSPA are
technologies
that
have al
ready been
used
widely i
n
many
Europ
ean, Africa
n, and some Asia
n countrie
s
.
The
African cou
n
try used a
s
a test here
is
Ghan
a. Presently in cosm
opolitan a
r
ea
s of sub
-
Sah
a
ran Afri
ca, the Global Sy
stem for Mob
ile
Comm
uni
cati
ons (GSM), the Unive
r
sal
Mobile Tele
comm
uni
cati
ons Se
rvice
(UM
T
S) and
th
e
High Speed
Pac
k
et Acc
e
s
s
tec
h
nologies
(HSPA) f
a
mily of mobile network
t
e
c
h
nologies
are
ubiquito
us.
O
t
her n
e
two
r
k
techn
o
logie
s
like
Wi-MAX, Wi-Fi,
and
V
SAT etc. a
r
e
use
d
in
a
sm
all
scale
co
mpa
r
ed to
the
ubi
quitou
s
te
chn
o
logie
s
. It
is necessa
ry to find out which tech
nolo
g
y
if
deploye
d
will redu
ce the
co
st of
access b
y
the subscriber [3].
This
re
se
arch
is ai
med t
o
solve a p
r
o
b
le
m of digital
di
vide a
s
a
gap
amon
g in
dividual
s,
hou
seh
o
lds, busi
n
e
ss, (or a
group of
pe
ople), and ge
ogra
phi
cal a
r
ea in
ce
rtain l
e
vel of differe
nt
so
cial
econo
mic i
n
o
b
tain
ing info
rmati
on a
c
ce
ss
a
nd u
s
e
of i
n
ternet
for vari
ous a
c
tivities of
peopl
e living in remote a
r
e
a
s in Indo
ne
sia.
2. Rese
arch
Metho
d
As mention
e
d
above, the conto
u
rs
of m
any re
mote are
a
s
in Indone
sia
have the
followin
g
ch
ara
c
teri
stics
su
ch like m
ountain
s
, forest, hills, riv
e
rs
and
so
on. Therefore
telec
o
mmunic
a
tion inf
r
as
truc
tures
for remote area
u
s
ing co
ope
r or fiber optics
are n
o
t effective
and effici
ent
way to buil
d
. There exist
broa
dba
nd m
obile te
chn
o
logie
s
in Ind
o
nesi
a
like GS
M,
UMTS, HSDPA but there are still many blank s
pot areas which have not
been covered wi
th
these te
chn
o
l
ogie
s
. So it turn
s out with
a re
sea
r
ch q
uestio
n
ho
w internet a
c
ce
ss ca
n pen
etrate
su
ch re
mote
area
s wh
ere telecom
m
u
n
icatio
n in
fra
s
tru
c
tures d
o
not exist yet. Therefore,
resea
r
ch met
hod
pro
p
o
s
e
d
he
re i
s
to
d
e
sig
n
la
st mil
e
(lo
c
al
a
c
ce
ss) u
s
in
g M
e
sh
Wirele
ss L
o
cal
Area
Network (M
WLA
N
) t
e
ch
nolo
g
y. This M
W
LA
N i
s
ba
ckha
uled
with tra
n
smi
ssi
on lin
k to
get
c
o
nnec
tivity
to internet gateway that
is
usually
loc
a
ted at Central Office (CO) in town.
Tran
smi
ssi
on
link de
sig
n
prop
osed for
this pu
rp
o
s
e
is Plesi
o
chro
nou
s Digital
Hierarchy (P
DH)
based
digital
microwave ra
dio lin
k. Actu
ally this
te
ch
nology i
s
m
a
i
n
ly used i
n
di
gital net
work
for
voice and da
ta
com
m
uni
cation.
In
o
r
d
e
r
to be abl
e
to
d
e
liver Ethernet
fra
m
e
from
inte
rnet
gateway to a
remote a
r
ea
via micro
w
av
e radio lin
k,
an Ethernet to PDH convert
e
r is mad
e
. It is
a devi
c
e to
conve
r
t Ethe
rnet fram
e
si
gnal to
digita
l frame
on
e
and vi
se ve
rsa
and
is cal
l
ed
Ethernet ove
r
PDH. P
DH i
s
technol
ogy
use
d
in
tele
communi
catio
n
s n
e
two
r
ks t
o
tran
sp
ort la
rge
quantitie
s of
data over di
gital tran
spo
r
t equipme
n
t su
ch a
s
fibe
r optic a
nd m
i
cro
w
ave
ra
di
o
sy
st
em
s [
10]
.
Ethernet ove
r
PDH (E
oPDH)
is a sta
ndardized m
e
thodol
ogy
for tran
sp
ortin
g
native
Ethernet fra
m
es ove
r
PDH links su
ch
as T1,
E1,
or DS3. The
technol
ogie
s
used in Eo
PDH
inclu
de
GFP
frame
en
ca
psul
ation, Ethern
e
t Ma
ppi
ng, Virtual
Concatenat
io
n, Lin
k
Capa
ci
ty
Adjustme
nt Schem
e, an
d Mana
gem
ent Messa
g
i
ng (OAM
). Comm
on p
r
actices in E
o
PDH
equipm
ent al
so in
clud
e th
e tagging
of traffic for
se
p
a
ration
This
is go
od chan
ce for i
n
cum
bent
Indone
sia
n
carri
er to
insert Ethernet
se
rvice
s
a
s
their
portfol
i
o of their b
u
sin
e
ss
with
out
cha
ngin
g
existing network into real Ethernet net
wo
rk becau
se Eth
e
rnet ha
s la
ke of suppo
rts for
link monito
rin
g
, fault isolation, and dia
g
n
o
stic te
sting.
Sites for de
ployment an
d testing of
MWLA
N an
d micro
w
ave
radio tran
smissi
on lin
k are
necessa
ry to
be
con
d
u
c
te
d. The
r
ef
ore site survey must
b
e
con
ducte
d
to
o
b
tain
site
s prio
r
to
radio lin
k de
sign. And th
e site sho
u
l
d
simulate
a
remote are
a
in which there i
s
not ye
t
telecom
m
uni
cation infrast
r
ucture at all.
2.1. Micro
w
a
v
e
Radio Link Design
De
sign is the
most import
ant step amo
ng
the other
whe
r
e re
qui
rement and te
chni
cal
spe
c
ification
has al
re
ady to be defin
ed. The de
sig
n
p
r
ocess involv
ed link
bud
ge
t calculation
and
radio li
nk
sim
u
lation. To d
e
sig
n
ra
dio li
nk, it
is ne
ce
ssary to hav
e sites. Ba
se
d on survey, two
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 13, No. 2, Februa
ry 2015 : 352 – 359
354
sites a
r
e p
r
o
posed for the
radio lin
k de
sign. Th
e co
o
r
dinate a
nd
site name
s
are
sho
w
n in Ta
ble
1 and
Tabl
e
2 wh
ere Site
Pakuh
a
ji in
o
ne si
de
and
Site Politekni
k
Nege
ri Ba
n
dung
(Polb
a
n
)
on
the other si
de
. Pakuhaji is situated in th
e
Eastern part of Bandung while Polb
an is about 10
km
a way from Paku
haji as
sh
own in Figu
re 1. These si
tes are cho
s
en becau
se they meet line of
sight conditio
n
.
Table 1.
Co
ordinate an
d altitude of Site
Polban
Table 2. Co
ordinate an
d altitude of Site
Pak
u
haji
Latitude
6° 52’ 12.7” S
Longitude
107° 34’ 13.4’’ E
Altitude
855 meter a
bove
see level (ASL)
Latitude
06º 50’ 11.20 ”
S
Longitude
107º 32’ 10.00”
E
Altitude
966.5 meter
ASL
Figure 1. Two
sites a
r
e sho
w
n on the g
o
ogl
e map fo
r radio tran
smi
ssi
on lin
k de
sign
Antenna h
e
ig
ht in site Pol
ban is
20 me
ter above
gro
und level
whi
l
e in site p
a
kuhaji is
about 10 m hi
gh. The ante
nna
s are m
o
u
n
ted on top of
tower a
s
sho
w
n in Figu
re
2 and 3.
Figure 2. Tower at site Polb
an
Figure 3. Tower at site Pakuhaji
2.1.1.
Microw
av
e Radio Link
Design Requir
e
ment
The design
shall fulfill the
following requi
rements:
a)
Satisfy Line Of Sight (LO
S
) con
d
ition
with free ob
st
ructio
n at lea
s
t 60% F1
b)
Fade Ma
rgin
> 40 dB
c)
Re
ceived Sig
nal Level (RS
L
) sh
oul be
within -44 dBm up to -54 dBm
d)
Link Q
uality :
Bit Error rate
(BER)
< 10
-9
at NORMAL atmosp
he
re condition
e)
Minimum availability = 99.995%
2.1.2. Microw
av
e
Radio
Equipment Specifica
tion
Radi
o eq
uip
m
ent u
s
ed
fo
r this de
sig
n
is
Radio
lin
k
Alcatel 9
413
UX that h
a
s tech
nical
specification as
follows:
a)
Data rate : 2 x 8 Mbits/s (2
40 ch
ann
els), standa
rd E1
(204
8 Kbp
s
), CCITT P
C
M3
0,
G.703
b)
System Gain
: 119 dB
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PDH Te
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Rem
o
te Area (En
c
e
ng Sulaem
an
)
355
c)
Re
ceiver Mi
ni
mum Thresh
old Level
= -
89 dBm @ B
E
R 1x10-3unt
uk data
rate
8x2Mbp
s
d)
Modulation type : QPSK
e)
Freq
uen
cy Band : 13 GHz
2.1.3. Ante
n
n
a Specifica
tion
Antenna u
s
e
d
for the radi
o link is
spe
c
i
f
ied as follo
ws;
a)
Freq
uen
cy ba
nd : 13 Ghz
b)
Diamete
r
of d
i
sh : 80 cm
c)
Gain : 34 dBi
d)
Return Loss
: 26.4 dB
2.1.4. Link Budget
Calcul
ation
Radi
o Lin
k
bu
dget ha
s bee
n cal
c
ulate
d
and the re
sult
is summ
ari
z
ed in Table 3.
Table 3. Lin
k
Budget Sum
m
ary
Free Space L
o
ss, FSL
129.2018 dB
Received Signal Level,
RSL
-43.958 dBm
Effective Isotropic
Radiated Po
w
e
r,
EIRP
85.25
dBm
Fade Ma
rgin, FM
45,042 dB
Worst Month Availability
99.9999983%
Annual Availabilit
y
99.9999994
7%
Worst Month Out
age Time
0.00044436
2
seconds
2.1.5. Simula
tion
To evaluate i
f
radio path
profile de
sig
n
has
satisfi
ed Line Of
Sight (LOS)
con
d
ition,
simulatio
n
of
radi
o p
a
th
profile i
s
also cond
ucte
d
by u
s
ing
Radio M
obile
Deluxe
software
appli
c
ation. T
he pro
g
ram u
s
e digital terrain
elevation
data as
sho
w
n in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Mapping of site
Pakuh
a
ji and
Site Polban
With the following
s
e
tup parameters
;
Tran
smit Power
:+24 dBm
Antenna Gai
n
: 32 dB
i
Dist
a
n
c
e
:
7 km
Simulation re
sult is sho
w
n
in Figure 5, and som
e
valu
es are gen
erated as follo
ws:
a)
Re
ceived Sig
nal Level (RS
L
) = -4
8 dBm
b)
Fade Ma
rgin
= 40,9 dB
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356
So the results above co
nfirmed that gen
erally,
radi
o link ha
s fulfille
d the desi
gn requireme
nt.
Figure 5. Display of simula
tion result usi
ng Ra
dio Mo
bile Del
u
xe
2.2. Mesh WLAN
Desig
n
Mesh
WLAN
is inten
ded to
provide
la
st mile or i
n
tern
et acce
ss for
peopl
e living
in su
ch
remote
area
with no
su
pp
ort of tele
co
mmuni
cation
infra
s
tru
c
ture. Ha
rd
ware
requi
re
d for t
he
network i
m
pl
ementation i
s
wirel
e
ss
router wi
th IEEE 802.11
g st
andard. In this case Linksys
W
R
T
5
4G
L
is c
h
os
en
as
sh
o
w
n
in
F
i
gur
e
7
.
T
h
is
ro
uter ha
s first
to be upg
ra
d
ed with
suita
b
le
firmwa
re
so
that it ca
n b
e
used fo
r me
sh
netwo
rk
a
pplication. Th
e firm
ware th
at is
cho
s
e
n
is
Freifun
k
ve
rsion 1.7.4
wit
h
emb
edd
ed
Optimiz
ed L
i
nk State
Ro
uting (OLSR) proto
c
ol. T
h
is
routing p
r
oto
c
ol falls u
nde
r the cla
s
s of proa
ct
ive ro
uting proto
c
ol
, hence the
routes a
r
e al
ways
available im
mediately wh
en nee
ded [1
0]. Implementation of Mesh
WLAN
whi
c
h
is con
n
e
c
ted
to
internet gate
w
ay by Ethernet over PDH base
d
radi
o microwave lin
k is sho
w
n in
Figure 6.
.Figure 6. Me
sh WLAN
con
necte
d to internet
gate
w
ay via Ethernet over PDH ba
sed radio lin
k
Figure 7. Linksys WRT 5
4
G
L Ro
uter
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o
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c
e
ng Sulaem
an
)
357
There are
so
me prin
cipl
es that have to
be
co
nsi
dere
d
in Mesh
WL
AN desi
gn, n
a
mely;
a)
Each routers
have to be co
nfigure
d
in ad
-ho
c
mod
e
.
b)
ESSID and BSSID shall have the same
name
c
)
BSSID has
to us
e MAC addres
s
of one of any routers.
d)
The freq
uen
cy chann
el of all route
r
s h
a
v
e to be the same.
3. Result a
n
d Analy
s
is
Re
sult of th
e
resea
r
ch i
s
a
test an
d me
a
s
ureme
n
t dat
a of
the foll
o
w
ing
s
; Bit Error
Rate
(BER), Error
Perform
a
n
c
e
Re
c ITU, and
end point pe
rforman
c
e.
3.1. BER Tes
t
This te
st me
asu
r
e
s
bit e
r
rors of every
2 Mbp
s
trib
utarie
s o
r
line
rate of 2
048
kbp
s
o
f
digital radi
o link u
s
ing QP
SK modulatio
n type. In
this mea
s
u
r
em
ent only 4 out of 8
tributaries
are me
asure
d
. Test setu
p is sh
own in Figure 8.
And t
he test re
sult
is given in Ta
ble 4.
Figure 8. BER Te
st setup
Table 4 BER
Test re
sult
Bit Error
Rat
e
(BER) is
a
measure of
digi
tal tran
sm
issi
on q
uality. And ba
sed
on the
measurement
, error
rate,
г
is 7.2 X
10
-7
.
This
re
sult
ca
n be
analy
z
e
d
in the
presence of a
dditi
ve
noise, with the followin
g
expre
ssi
on:
To calculate t
he e
rro
r
rate
as a
fun
c
tion
of
the po
we
r l
e
vel C
of the
carrie
r mo
dul
ated at
the sig
n
ifica
n
t
instant, the
noise de
nsit
y N
o
and th
e
digital rate
D [11]. Base
d on d
e
si
gn
and
simulatio
n
re
sult the following ord
e
rs of value are o
b
tained:
a)
Re
ceived Sig
nal Level, C
= -44
dBm.
b)
D = 16 M
bps
= 72 dB
c)
No = 1
0
log K
T
+ 7dB = - 1
74dBm + 7
= - 167dBm
From the a
b
o
v
e expressio
n
, the signal t
o
noise ratio
can b
e
cal
c
ul
ated as follo
ws;
10
log
44
167
72
,041
50
.
Whe
n
10
log
15
,
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
r
a
te
be
come
s
pr
ac
tica
lly z
e
r
o
. In
or
de
r
to
d
e
t
er
min
e
the con
s
equ
e
n
ce
s
of the o
r
de
rs of valu
e, co
ns
i
der the effe
ct of i
m
posi
ng th
at error rate
г
must
never dro
p
b
e
low
10
-3
wh
en C re
ache
s a minim
u
m
as a
re
sult
of accide
ntal at
tenuation
due
to
fading of the
flat type (not sele
ctive). An
d the ra
dio li
nk i
s
said to
be outa
ge
when BER fall
s to
10
-3
[11]. So this an
alysi
s
h
a
s confirm
ed
the BER mea
s
ureme
n
t result.
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358
3.2. Error Performan
ce M
easur
e
ment
.
Usi
ng the sa
me measure
m
ent setup a
s
sho
w
n
in Fi
gure 8, erro
r perfo
rman
ce
of radio
link h
a
s
also
to be mea
s
ured. Erro
r p
e
rform
a
n
c
e p
a
ram
e
ters a
r
e derive
d
fro
m
the followi
ng
events:
Erro
red
se
co
nd (ES): It is
a one
-second
perio
d in
whi
c
h o
ne o
r
mo
re bit
s
are in
error
o
r
durin
g whi
c
h
Loss of Signa
l (LOS) o
r
Ala
r
m Indication
Signal (AIS) is dete
c
ted.
Severely errored
s
e
c
o
nd ratio (SESR): The ra
tio of
SES to total s
e
c
o
nds
in available
time during
a fixed measureme
n
t interval. The test
result of error pe
rform
ance is give
n in
Table 5.
Table 5. Error performan
ce
test result.
Nomor
Tributar
y
Errore
d Fr
ee
Seconds
Error Sec
o
n
d
s
Sev
e
re Erro
r
Seconds
1
600 100%
PASS 0 0%
PASS
2 598
99.6667
%
PASS 2
0.333% PASS
3
600 100
%
PASS 0 0 %
PASS
4 592
98.6667
%
PASS 8
1.333% PASS
Acco
rdi
ng to
ITU-T
Re
com
m
endatio
n G.
821 revise
d
by ITU-T Stu
d
y Gro
up 13
(200
1-
2004
) a
nd
a
pprove
d
u
n
d
e
r th
e
WTS
A
Re
solutio
n
1 p
r
o
c
ed
ure
on
14
De
ce
mber 20
02,
The
perfo
rman
ce
obje
c
tives
fo
r
an
int
e
rn
ational
ISDN a
r
e sho
w
n
in Table 6.
It
is
intend
ed
th
at
internatio
nal I
S
DN
co
nne
cti
ons sh
ould
m
eet all of
th
e requireme
nts
of Tabl
e 6.
The
con
n
e
c
tion
fails to
satisfy
the obj
ective
if any of the
requi
re
m
ents
is n
o
t met [12
]. Based
on t
he te
st re
sult,
it
sho
w
e
d
that error pe
rform
ance mea
s
urement ha
s met G.821 – Error pe
rforman
c
e obje
c
tives
for
internatio
nal ISDN conn
ecti
ons.
Table 6. G.82
1 Erro
r perfo
rmance obje
c
t
i
ves for intern
ational ISDN
con
n
e
c
tion
s
Performance cla
ssification
Objective
Severel
y
Err
o
r S
e
cond Ratio
<0.002
Errore
d Second
Ratio
<0.08
NOTE
– The
rati
os are calculated over the avail
able time. The obse
r
vation ti
me has not been specified
since the period ma
y
dep
end upo
n the application. A per
iod of the o
r
der of
an
y
one
month is suggested
as a reference.
3.3. End Point Perfo
r
ma
nce Mea
s
ure
m
ent
This m
e
a
s
u
r
ement i
s
Qu
ality of Service
(QoS
) of
Ethernet frame
sign
al
whi
c
h i
s
conve
r
si
on
re
sult from P
D
H di
gital
sign
al. Basi
ca
lly t
here
a
r
e th
re
e pa
ram
e
ters to be
mea
s
u
r
ed,
namely th
rou
ghput,
respo
n
se
time, a
n
d
tra
n
sa
ction
rate. En
d p
o
i
nt mea
s
u
r
e
m
ent i
s
cond
ucted
usin
g software tool calle
d
NetI
Q Cha
rriot
whi
c
h
sh
al
l be installe
d
in PC termin
als at both e
nd
points. Th
e e
nd point mea
s
ureme
n
t result is sh
o
w
n i
n
Table 7. Th
e mea
s
urem
ent is co
ndu
cted
with 2 Mbp
s
Tributa
r
ie
s a
nd use TCP dan UDP pro
t
ocol for vari
ous
servi
c
e
quality such as
G.711. G.7
2
3
.
1 for voi
c
e
a
pplication a
n
d
, H2
61CIF
,
H26
1
Q
C
IF fo
r video
ap
plication. Acco
rdi
n
g
to FCC
bro
a
dban
d sp
eed
guide, it implies that fo
r activities su
ch a
s
ph
one
calls
(VoIP),
the
minimum
do
wnlo
ad
spe
e
d
sh
ould
be l
e
ss than
0.
5
Mbps an
d for Standard st
reaming
video
s is
less than
0.7
Mbps. So
ba
sed
on the te
st re
sult
in T
a
ble 7, it ha
s complied th
e F
CC
bro
adb
an
d
spe
ed gui
de.
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Table 7. End
point to End point perfo
rm
ance test re
sult
P
r
otocol
S
e
r
v
ice
Quality
Thr
ou
gh
pu
t
Average (M
bps
)
Transacti
o
n
Rate Average
(
s
)
Response
Time Av
erage (
s
)
TCP G723.1
0.7
0
.0
34
0.2
9
G711 0.8
0
.1
01
0.9
3
G729 0.5
0
.0
39
0.2
5
H261CIF 1.8
8
5
2
.3
58
0.4
2
H261QCIF 1
.
8
8
5
2
.
3
5
8
0
.
4
2
UDP G723.1
0.4
0
.0
31
0.3
2
G711 0.7
0
.0
99
0.1
0
G729 0.7
0
.0
33
0.2
9
H261CIF 1.8
2
7
2
.2
87
0.4
3
H261QCIF 1
.
8
2
7
2
.
2
8
7
0
.
4
3
4. Conclusio
n
Telecommu
ni
cation inf
r
ast
r
ucture u
s
ing
bac
kh
aul ra
di
o link Ethern
e
t over PDH
based
techn
o
logy h
a
s
alre
ady b
een
su
cce
ssf
ully
de
signe
d
and
implem
ented
and
sa
tisfied BER a
n
d
error pe
rform
ance obje
c
tive.
Ethernet e
n
d
to end me
asu
r
em
ent result d
epe
nd
on the tra
n
s
missio
n qu
a
lity and
perfo
rman
ce
and availabilit
y of radio link.
Thro
uhp
ut of
Ethern
e
t si
g
nal resulting
from
conve
r
sion p
r
o
c
e
s
s is less th
an
bit rate
of
transmissio
n
rate of PDH sig
nal. Thi
s
is b
e
cause
some byte
s are u
s
ed a
s
over h
ead
for
Ethernet fram
ing pro
c
e
s
s.
Referen
ces
[1]
___
__
_. Com
m
Scope, Inc.; USDA Rura
l
Devel
opme
n
t
T
e
lecommu
ni
cations Pro
g
r
a
m Accepts
CommSco
pe'
s BrightPath(
R
) F
i
ber-to-the-
Ho
me Soluti
on. F
ood Bus
i
n
e
ss W
eek.
ProQue
st Agricultur
e
Journ
a
ls
. ISSN 1944-
17
11. 20
09; 13.
[2]
Marde
n
i R, Ch
imhe
no RL. W
i
reless R
egi
on
a
l
Access Net
w
orks. Modern
Appl
ied Sci
enc
e.
Cana
di
an
Center of Scie
nce an
d Educ
a
a
tion
. 20
13; 7(
7). ISSN 1913
-184
4
[3]
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__
_. Journ
a
l of T
e
chnolo
g
y
Ma
na
geme
n
t & Innovatio
n
. J.
T
e
chnol. M
ana
g Innov.
20
11; 6(3).
[4]
Keiser, Ger
a
rd
. Optical F
i
b
e
r
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i
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o
n
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ed., Mc
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w
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l. Sin
g
apor
e. ISBN 0-
07-1
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0
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ne D
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l Vil
l
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ob
al
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e
le
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a
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n
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lop
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ent in th
e
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g
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o
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e
st Agricultur
e Journ
a
ls; ProQuest Socio
l
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g
y.
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01
12,
[6]
____. IEEE
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M
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ss
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orks,
IEEE 802.
22
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[7]
_____. IEEE
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s and 100G
b/s Ethernet T
a
sk
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e
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e
.
http://ieee802.
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19, 2010
[8]
Mahmo
od K.
Multip
urpos
e C
o
mmunit
y
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e
le
centers fo
r
Rur
a
l D
e
ve
lopm
en
t in P
a
kistan. T
he E
l
ectron
i
c
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ar
y
.
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0
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; 23(2): 20
4- 22
0.
[9]
Stenber
g P. Moreh
a
rt M, Cromarti
e J. Bro
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an
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n
et hel
pin
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cre
a
te a rura
l di
g
i
tal eco
nom
y.
Amber W
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ves.
2009; 7(3): 2
2
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26.
[10]
P Suga
nthi, et
al. Performa
nc
e Of OLSR Ro
uting
Pr
otocol
Und
e
r Differe
n
t
Route Refres
h Intervals In
Ad Hoc Net
w
o
r
ks
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a
l Jour
nal o
n
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o
mputer Sci
e
n
c
e and En
gi
ne
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g (IJCSE).
200
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[11]
Ph Magn
e. Dig
ital Ra
dio L
i
nk
’
T
e
chnica
l Ma
nag
er of T
he
micro
w
av
e Li
n
k
Divisio
n of T
homso
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