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201
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[
1
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T
h
e
P
h
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to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
d
u
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to
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m
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g
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e
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cr
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m
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[
2
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,
[
3
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ev
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al
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tr
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[
4
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5
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[
6
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.
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[
7
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.
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t h
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[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Ma
n
y
in
d
u
s
tr
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ap
p
licatio
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s
r
eq
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ir
e
h
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g
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p
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as
w
ell
as
m
ed
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m
p
o
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o
r
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h
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n
.
Usi
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b
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m
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m
o
to
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eq
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m
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y
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m
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s
[
1
0
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T
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Mu
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1
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1
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Octo
b
er
201
8
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6
2
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m
ater
ial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
f
r
o
m
q
u
ar
tz
an
d
ex
ten
s
i
v
el
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
e
le
ctr
o
n
ics
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Am
o
n
g
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
t
w
o
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
ar
e
u
s
u
a
ll
y
u
s
ed
i
n
p
r
ac
tical
ca
s
es [
1
2
]
.
I
n
s
i
n
g
le
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
t
h
er
e
i
s
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
in
p
ar
allel
to
d
io
d
e
an
d
r
eg
is
ter
s
k
n
o
w
n
as
s
h
u
n
t
r
eg
is
ter
s
an
d
s
er
ies
r
eg
i
s
ter
s
.
I
n
s
in
g
le
d
io
d
e
s
y
s
te
m
id
en
tit
y
f
ac
to
r
is
1
an
d
in
2
d
io
d
e
s
y
s
te
m
id
e
n
tit
y
f
ac
to
r
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
2
.
P
V
p
an
el
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
eith
er
i
n
s
er
ies
o
r
p
ar
allel
o
r
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
s
er
ies
a
n
d
p
ar
allel,
w
h
ich
to
tall
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
lo
ad
o
r
d
ev
ice
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
o
u
r
ce
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
b)
MP
PT
A
lg
o
r
ith
m
A
t
y
p
ical
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
elec
tr
ical
e
n
er
g
y
b
y
3
5
to
4
5
p
er
ce
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
is
p
r
ep
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
o
f
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
d
ec
id
ed
w
h
en
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
s
a
n
d
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
w
ill
b
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t.
W
h
en
t
h
e
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
o
cc
u
r
in
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
MP
PT
m
et
h
o
d
h
as to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ze
ta
co
n
v
er
ter
s
u
p
p
le
m
en
tar
y
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
s
id
e
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
au
g
m
e
n
t
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
ed
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
P
V
ar
r
a
y
.
An
d
b
y
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
d
e
m
a
n
d
v
o
lta
g
e
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
,
th
at
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
m
atc
h
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
lo
ad
v
o
lta
g
e.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
is
s
i
tu
at
io
n
t
h
e
P
V
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t v
a
lu
e
d
elib
er
ated
.
T
h
e
P
&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
ch
o
o
s
e
s
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
ex
tr
ac
t
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
o
s
it
io
n
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t.
W
h
en
t
h
e
r
a
tio
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
v
o
ltag
e
to
ch
a
n
g
e
in
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
s
p
o
s
itiv
e,
t
h
en
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
m
a
ll
in
cr
e
m
en
t.
I
f
t
h
e
r
atio
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
in
v
o
lta
g
e
to
ch
an
g
e
i
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
s
les
s
t
h
an
ze
r
o
,
th
en
t
h
e
lar
g
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
w
il
l
o
cc
u
r
at
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
o
s
it
io
n
o
f
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
a
ls
o
ch
an
g
e.
B
y
o
b
s
er
v
a
n
ce
t
h
e
s
o
l
ar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
as c
o
n
s
ta
n
t to
ta
k
e
o
u
t th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ted
s
y
s
te
m
.
3.
NP
C
M
L
I
Ou
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
an
y
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
a
r
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
s
t
h
e
o
n
e
w
h
ich
is
w
id
el
y
ac
cla
i
m
ed
i
s
t
h
e
Ne
u
tr
al
-
P
o
in
t
-
C
la
m
p
ed
m
u
lti
lev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
h
er
e
th
e
m
u
lti
lev
el
NP
C
m
u
ltil
e
v
el
in
v
er
ter
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
to
c
o
m
b
in
e
th
e
s
m
al
l
s
tep
o
f
s
tair
ca
s
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
e
v
er
al
le
v
els
o
f
DC
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
.
I
n
an
n
-
le
v
el
NP
C
in
v
er
ter
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
th
er
e
wo
u
ld
b
e
(
k
-
1
)
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
o
n
th
e
D
C
b
u
s
,
2
(
k
-
1
)
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
s
p
er
p
h
ase
an
d
2
(
k
-
2
)
cla
m
p
i
n
g
d
io
d
es
p
er
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
d
c
v
o
lta
g
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
c
ell.
e
is
s
p
lit
i
n
to
3
lev
els
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
2
DC
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
C
1
an
d
C
2
.
E
ac
h
ca
p
ac
ito
r
attain
s
Vd
c/2
v
o
lt
s
an
d
ea
ch
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
w
il
l
b
e
lim
ited
to
o
n
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
lev
el
th
r
o
u
g
h
cla
m
p
i
n
g
d
io
d
es.
3
-
L
e
v
el
Ne
u
tr
al
P
o
in
t
C
la
m
p
e
d
ML
I
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
3
-
L
e
v
el
Ne
u
tr
al
P
o
in
t Cl
a
m
p
ed
ML
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
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N:
2502
-
4752
S
imu
la
tio
n
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f zeta
c
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ve
r
ter b
a
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l NPC
in
ve
r
ter w
i
t
h
P
V
s
ystem
(
D.
S
elva
b
h
a
r
a
th
i
)
3
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
ac
h
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e
h
i
g
h
er
AC
v
o
lta
g
e,
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ev
ice
s
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
w
itc
h
in
g
d
ev
ices
d
eter
m
in
e
s
th
e
lev
el
o
f
in
v
er
ter
,
h
ig
h
er
th
e
lev
el
m
o
r
e
w
ill
b
e
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
tep
s
th
at
w
ill
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
ti
o
n
.
3
l
ev
el
NP
C
in
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
h
er
e
to
o
b
tain
e
f
f
icien
t
ac
v
o
lta
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
3
-
lev
el
NP
C
in
v
er
ter
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
1
,
cla
m
p
i
n
g
d
io
d
e
cla
m
p
s
th
e
D
C
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
to
th
r
ee
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
e
l,
+V
d
c/2
,
0
an
d
-
Vd
c/2
.
Her
e
ar
e
f
e
w
m
o
d
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
3
-
lev
e
l N
P
C
in
v
er
ter
T
ab
le
1
.
Mo
d
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
3
-
le
v
el
NP
C
i
n
v
er
ter
M
o
d
e
s
L
e
g
1
L
e
g
2
L
e
g
3
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
O
u
t
p
u
t
M
o
d
e
1
S
2
a
,
S
3
a
S
2
b
,
S
3
b
S
2
c
,
S
3
c
0
M
o
d
e
2
S
3
a
,
S
4
a
S
3
b
,
S
4
b
S
3
c
,
S
4
c
-
3
V
d
c
/
2
M
o
d
e
3
S
1
a
,
S
2
a
S
3
b
,
S
4
b
S
1
c
,
S
2
c
V
d
c
/
2
T
h
e
m
o
d
es o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
:
I
n
m
o
d
e
1
,
th
e
s
w
itc
h
es
S2
a,
S3
a
o
f
leg
1
;
S2
b
,
S3
b
o
f
leg
2
;
S2
c,
S3
c
o
f
leg
3
ar
e
s
w
it
ch
ed
ON
an
d
o
th
er
s
w
itc
h
es a
r
e
tu
r
n
ed
OFF.
T
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
h
er
e
i
s
ze
r
o
.
I
n
m
o
d
e
2
,
th
e
s
w
itch
e
s
S3
a,
S4
a
o
f
leg
1
;
S3
b
,
S4
b
o
f
leg
2
;
S3
c,
S4
c
o
f
leg
3
ar
e
in
ON
s
tate
an
d
o
th
er
s
w
itc
h
es a
r
e
tu
r
n
ed
OFF.
T
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
is
-
3
Vd
c/2
ze
r
o
,
w
h
ich
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
f
ig
.
2
.
I
n
m
o
d
e
3
,
th
e
s
w
itch
e
s
S1
a,
S2
a
o
f
leg
1
;
S3
b
,
S4
b
o
f
leg
2
;
S1
c,
S2
c
o
f
leg
3
ar
e
in
ON
s
tate
an
d
o
th
er
s
w
itc
h
es a
r
e
tu
r
n
ed
OFF
.
T
h
e
b
r
id
g
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
is
+V
d
c/
2
.
Si
m
i
lar
l
y
t
h
er
e
ca
n
b
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
y
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
h
as
e
b
y
1
2
0
d
eg
r
ee
an
d
2
4
0
d
eg
r
ee
w
e
ca
n
g
e
t
a
3
p
h
a
s
e
s
tep
p
ed
o
u
tp
u
t.
S
i
m
ilar
l
y
2
7
s
w
itc
h
in
g
m
o
d
es
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
in
3
-
le
v
el
NP
C
in
v
er
t
er
s
y
s
te
m
.
4
.
SI
NUSO
I
DA
L
P
UL
S
E
WI
D
T
H
M
O
DULAT
I
O
N
(
S
P
WM
)
T
E
CH
NI
Q
U
E
SP
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
(
P
W
M)
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l p
o
w
er
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
w
itc
h
es,
w
h
ich
g
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RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[1
]
S
a
m
irKo
u
ro
,
P
a
b
lo
L
e
z
a
n
a
,
M
a
u
ricio
A
n
g
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lo
a
n
d
Jo
sé
Ro
d
ríg
u
e
z
,
“
M
u
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w
it
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le
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M
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In
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”
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IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
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s
o
n
P
o
w
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r
El
e
c
tro
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ics
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Vo
l.
2
3
,
No
.
1
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
0
.
[2
]
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Yo
u
su
f
,
P
.
V
i
jay
a
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.
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a
th
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h
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ra
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THD
A
n
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e
u
tral
Clam
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M
u
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l
.
2
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e
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a
y
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n
e
2
0
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2
p
p
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1
0
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6
-
1
0
9
1
.
[3
]
Hu
a
f
e
n
g
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iao
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S
h
a
o
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n
X
ie,
Ch
e
n
Ya
n
g
,
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ra
n
s
f
o
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S
p
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in
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tral
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le
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l
P
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rid
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Co
n
n
e
c
ted
I
n
v
e
rter”
IEE
E
E
n
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rsio
n
c
o
n
g
re
ss
a
n
d
E
x
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o
siti
o
n
(ECCE
)
,
2
0
1
0
p
p
.
2
9
2
9
-
2
9
3
6
[4
]
Bh
a
ra
ti
ra
ja,
C.
,
Ra
g
h
u
,
S
.
,
Ra
o
,
P
.
,
P
a
li
n
iam
y
,
K.R.
S
.
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m
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a
ra
ti
v
e
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ly
si
s
o
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d
if
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re
n
t
P
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M
tec
h
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iq
u
e
s
to
re
d
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th
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o
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m
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m
o
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e
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tral
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e
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o
r
v
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riab
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sp
e
e
d
in
d
u
c
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s”
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Jo
u
rn
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l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
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e
c
tro
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ics
a
n
d
Driv
e
S
y
ste
m
s,
v
o
l.
3
,
Iss
u
e
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
3
,
P
a
g
e
s 1
0
5
-
1
1
6
.
[5
]
R.
P
a
lan
isa
m
y
,
K.
V
ij
a
y
a
k
u
m
a
r,
Ko
m
a
ri
Nik
h
il
,
M
a
d
h
u
m
a
th
i
Iy
e
r,
Ra
m
a
c
h
a
n
d
a
r
Ra
o
,
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A
P
ro
p
o
se
d
S
V
M
f
o
r
3
-
lev
e
l
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ra
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1
6
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o
v
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9
(
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2
).
[6
]
Y.
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i,
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a
n
g
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F
.
Zh
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o
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1
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1
–
6.
[7
]
D.
Y.
Kim
,
J.
K.
Ki
m
,
a
n
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.
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o
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6
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,
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1
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.
[8
]
R.
P
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lan
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V
ij
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1
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.
[9
]
P
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,
Vijay
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k
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r,
K.,
S
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lv
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ra
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tern
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Jo
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S
.
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ra
Re
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Da
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a
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izin
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lar
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In
terc
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rid
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m
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d
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(1
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5
.
[1
1
]
V
.
S
e
n
th
i
l
Na
y
a
g
a
m
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P
o
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Re
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it
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m
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ro
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v
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m
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ian
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(6
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1
6
1
2
.
[1
2
]
P
.
A
ru
l
Ku
m
a
r,
N.
P
.
S
u
b
ra
m
a
n
iam
.
Ch
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o
ti
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T
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rrier
Ba
se
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No
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De
term
in
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P
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S
trate
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In
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Driv
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Jo
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M
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(9
),
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/6
0
0
7
5
.
[1
3
]
A
.
Ra
jab
i
-
G
h
a
h
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v
ieh
,
M
.
F
o
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d
,
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.
S
h
a
h
id
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p
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d
R.
F
e
u
il
let.
U
P
F
C
f
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h
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c
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li
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.
IEE
E
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s P
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De
l
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,
Oc
t.
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2
5
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.
4
,
p
p
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2
8
8
1
–
2
8
9
0
.
[1
4
]
M
.
No
ro
o
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ian
,
L
.
A
¨
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q
u
ist,
M
.
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h
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.
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.
Us
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C
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1
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,
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4
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
9
–
1
6
3
4
.
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