I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
22
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1476
~
1
4
8
4
I
SS
N:
2
5
02
-
4
7
5
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
ee
cs.v
2
2
.i
3
.
pp
1
4
7
6
-
1
4
8
4
1476
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A
m
eta
-
a
na
ly
sis
of channel
sw
itching a
ppro
a
ches fo
r re
duci
ng
z
a
pping
dela
y
in
i
nterne
t
pro
toco
l
t
elev
isio
n
T
i
m
o
t
hy
T
.
Adel
iy
i,
Ro
po
E
.
O
g
un
s
a
kin
,
M
a
rio
n O
.
Adebiy
i,
O
lud
a
y
o
O
.
O
lug
ba
ra
ICT
a
n
d
S
o
c
iety
Re
se
a
r
c
h
G
ro
u
p
&
L
u
b
a
n
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
,
Du
rb
a
n
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Du
rb
a
n
,
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
ric
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
2
8
,
2
0
2
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
Ma
r
2
1
,
2
0
2
1
A
cc
ep
ted
A
p
r
8
,
2
0
2
1
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
z
a
p
p
i
n
g
d
e
lay
s
a
re
in
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
c
e
s
th
a
t
a
re
o
f
ten
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
d
b
y
th
e
su
b
sc
rib
e
rs
o
f
In
tern
e
t
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
t
e
lev
isio
n
(I
P
T
V
).
It
is
a
m
a
jo
r
b
o
tt
len
e
c
k
in
th
e
I
P
T
V
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
sw
it
c
h
in
g
sy
ste
m
th
a
t
a
ff
e
c
t
th
e
q
u
a
li
ty
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
o
f
u
se
rs.
Co
n
se
q
u
e
n
tl
y
,
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
sw
it
c
h
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
to
m
in
im
iz
e
z
a
p
p
in
g
d
e
lay
in
I
P
T
V
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
su
g
g
e
ste
d
.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r,
th
e
re
is
li
tt
le
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
re
p
o
rted
i
n
th
e
l
it
e
ra
tu
re
o
n
th
e
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
tren
g
th
o
f
th
e
e
v
id
e
n
c
e
p
re
se
n
te
d
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
o
f
re
d
u
c
i
n
g
z
a
p
p
i
n
g
d
e
la
y
in
I
P
T
V
,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
p
rim
e
p
u
rp
o
se
o
f
th
is
stu
d
y
.
T
h
e
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
re
lev
a
n
t
a
rti
c
les
wa
s
d
e
sig
n
e
d
f
o
ll
o
w
in
g
t
h
e
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
o
f
p
re
f
e
rre
d
re
p
o
rti
n
g
it
e
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
ws
a
n
d
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
ly
se
s
(P
RIS
M
A
).
A
ll
th
e
i
n
c
lu
d
e
d
re
se
a
rc
h
a
rti
c
les
w
e
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
d
f
ro
m
th
e
w
id
e
l
y
u
se
d
d
a
tab
a
se
s
o
f
G
o
o
g
l
e
S
c
h
o
lar,
a
n
d
W
e
b
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
.
A
ll
sta
ti
stica
l
a
n
a
ly
se
s
w
e
re
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
a
id
o
f
th
e
ra
n
d
o
m
-
e
ff
e
c
ts
m
o
d
e
l
i
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
i
n
S
tata
v
e
rsio
n
1
5
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
p
o
o
led
e
stim
a
ted
d
e
lay
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
w
a
s
p
re
se
n
ted
in
f
o
re
st
p
l
o
t
s.
Ov
e
ra
ll
,
th
irt
e
e
n
st
u
d
ies
w
e
re
in
c
lu
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
p
o
o
led
e
sti
m
a
te
w
a
s
1
0
%
(9
5
%
CI:
7
%
,
3
0
%
)).
Ex
p
e
rim
e
n
tal
stu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
sh
o
w
n
th
a
t
v
irt
u
a
l
e
li
m
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
IP
T
V
z
a
p
p
in
g
d
e
lay
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
f
o
r
a
re
lev
a
n
t
c
h
u
n
k
o
f
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
sw
it
c
h
in
g
re
q
u
e
sts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
h
a
n
n
el
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
I
n
ter
n
et
p
r
o
to
co
l
Me
ta
-
a
n
al
y
s
is
T
elev
is
io
n
Z
ap
p
in
g
d
ela
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
im
o
th
y
T
.
A
d
eli
y
i,
I
C
T
an
d
So
ciety
R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
&
L
u
b
a
n
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
,
Du
r
b
an
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Du
r
b
an
4
0
0
0
,
So
u
th
A
f
r
ica.
E
m
ail: ti
m
o
t
h
y
a2
@
d
u
t.a
c.
za
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
i
n
t
h
e
d
ig
ita
l
m
ed
ia
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
h
a
s
ca
u
s
ed
a
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
i
f
t
f
o
r
d
eli
v
er
in
g
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
s
er
v
ices to
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
T
h
is
e
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ized
er
a
in
m
ed
ia
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
f
ea
t
u
r
e
in
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
m
ed
ia
s
p
h
er
e
.
T
h
is
n
e
w
f
ea
t
u
r
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
a
t
r
e
m
en
d
o
u
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
to
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
b
an
d
w
id
th
i
n
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ag
e
co
u
p
led
w
i
t
h
th
e
r
o
ll
-
o
u
t
o
f
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
th
e
d
eli
v
er
y
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
d
e
f
i
n
itio
n
v
id
eo
m
o
d
es.
T
h
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
n
et
w
o
r
k
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
i
n
to
th
r
ee
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
p
h
er
es:
t
h
e
m
ed
i
a
s
p
h
er
e
(
v
id
eo
)
,
v
o
ice
an
d
d
ata
(
I
n
ter
n
et
)
w
h
ich
r
u
n
i
n
p
ar
allel
an
d
ar
e
a
m
al
g
a
m
a
ted
in
to
a
co
m
p
letel
y
n
e
w
b
u
n
d
le
s
er
v
ice
.
A
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
ter
ac
ti
v
e
f
e
atu
r
e
in
telev
is
io
n
s
(
T
V)
to
o
k
an
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
b
en
e
f
it
o
f
th
e
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
t
i
m
e
-
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
,
p
a
y
p
er
v
iew
,
v
id
eo
o
n
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
i
n
ter
ac
ti
v
it
y
to
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
e
n
co
u
n
ter
an
in
h
er
en
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
,
za
p
p
i
n
g
d
e
la
y
w
h
e
n
ch
a
n
g
in
g
ch
an
n
el
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
is
s
u
e,
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
ar
e
f
o
r
ce
d
t
o
w
ait
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
s
ec
o
n
d
s
b
ef
o
r
e
a
T
V
ch
an
n
el
b
ec
o
m
es
a
v
ailab
le
.
T
h
is
is
a
cr
u
cial
is
s
u
e
th
at
d
eter
s
ter
r
estrial
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
an
d
h
en
ce
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
n
g
th
e
w
id
esp
r
e
ad
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
n
et
p
r
o
t
o
co
l te
lev
is
io
n
(
I
PT
V)
s
er
v
ices
[1
]
-
[
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
meta
-
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f c
h
a
n
n
el
s
w
itch
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
e
s
fo
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
z
a
p
p
i
n
g
d
el
a
y
in
…
(
Timo
th
y
T
.
A
d
eliyi
)
1477
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
et
p
r
o
to
co
l
telev
i
s
i
o
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
n
et
wo
r
k
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
es
f
ir
s
tl
y
,
t
h
e
m
a
n
ag
ed
I
PT
V
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
er
v
ice
m
o
d
el
in
w
h
ich
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
co
m
m
it
a
q
u
alit
y
-
of
-
s
er
v
ice
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
f
o
r
ev
er
y
t
h
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
T
V
co
n
ten
t
to
s
t
o
r
ag
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t,
p
ac
k
et
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
an
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
r
eser
v
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
w
it
h
a
s
ea
m
les
s
q
u
a
l
ity
o
f
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
(
Q
o
E
)
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
th
r
es
t
r
ic
t
i
o
n
s
d
u
e
t
o
h
ig
h
d
em
an
d
t
h
a
t
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
p
a
ck
e
t
d
e
l
ay
s
an
d
ji
tt
e
r
s
c
o
n
f
r
o
n
t
e
d
b
y
p
e
e
r
t
o
p
ee
r
(
P2
P)
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
-
th
e
-
t
o
p
(
O
T
T
)
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
is
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
w
h
en
a
m
an
ag
e
d
s
e
r
v
ic
e
i
n
f
r
as
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
i
s
im
p
l
em
en
ted
[
4
]
-
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
I
PTV
m
an
ag
e
d
s
e
r
v
i
ce
o
f
f
e
r
s
v
i
d
e
o
c
o
n
t
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
a
s
e
r
v
ic
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
t
h
a
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
s
an
I
PTV
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
o
r
h
a
s
a
r
r
a
n
g
em
en
ts
w
ith
d
i
g
it
a
l
v
i
d
e
o
c
o
n
te
n
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
s
t
o
d
e
li
v
e
r
d
ig
i
t
al
c
o
n
t
en
t
v
ia
t
h
e
s
et
-
t
o
p
b
o
x
(
S
T
B
)
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
r
e
s
e
r
v
e
d
an
d
g
u
a
r
an
te
e
d
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
th
a
t
en
h
an
c
es
I
PTV
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
t
o
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
s
[
6
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
m
an
a
g
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
ad
o
p
ts
th
e
h
y
p
er
te
x
t
tr
an
s
f
er
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
HT
T
P
)
th
at
g
iv
e
s
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
to
o
n
lin
e
tele
v
i
s
io
n
ac
ce
s
s
.
On
lin
e
tele
v
i
s
io
n
is
also
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
I
n
ter
n
e
t
T
V
u
s
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
T
C
P)
as
r
eliab
le
m
ea
n
s
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it
OT
T
co
n
ten
ts
an
d
to
cr
ea
te
a
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
er
v
er
s
.
T
h
e
u
n
m
a
n
a
g
ed
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
f
er
s
b
est
-
e
f
f
o
r
t
o
p
en
I
n
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
th
a
t
g
i
v
es
n
o
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
er
r
atic
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
o
f
b
an
d
w
id
th
at
a
g
i
v
en
p
er
io
d
.
Var
io
u
s
u
n
m
a
n
ag
ed
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
OT
T
v
id
eo
s
tr
ea
m
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
allo
w
s
t
h
e
OT
T
co
n
ten
t
to
b
e
ea
s
il
y
v
ie
w
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
w
eb
b
r
o
w
s
er
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
an
o
m
alies
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
in
an
u
n
m
a
n
ag
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
w
it
h
o
u
t
an
y
p
r
ef
er
en
tial
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
u
ar
an
tee
in
g
b
an
d
w
id
th
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
h
am
p
er
s
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics s
u
c
h
as p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
,
d
ela
y
a
n
d
j
itter
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
Ov
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
s
e
v
er
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
an
a
g
ed
an
d
u
n
m
a
n
ag
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
s
in
I
P
T
V.
T
a
b
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ch
an
n
el
s
w
itc
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
i
n
t
h
e
lit
er
atu
r
e
w
h
ich
in
cl
u
d
es
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
s
u
b
s
tit
u
te
m
u
lticast
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
v
id
eo
p
ac
k
ets
w
it
h
a
u
n
ica
s
t
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
v
id
eo
p
ac
k
et
[
8
]
-
[
9
]
.
Desp
ite
b
en
ef
its
m
u
lticas
t
-
b
ased
I
PT
V
p
r
o
f
f
er
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
av
i
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
b
an
d
w
id
th
,
lo
w
er
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
g
es
tio
n
an
d
s
av
i
n
g
o
n
s
er
v
er
l
o
ad
,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
Šk
r
b
ić
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
a
m
aj
o
r
lim
i
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
u
lticas
t
-
b
ased
s
er
v
ice
is
th
at
all
d
ep
lo
y
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ev
ice
s
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
I
n
ter
n
et
g
r
o
u
p
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
I
GM
P
)
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
h
a
s
I
GM
P
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
i
n
g
m
u
lticast
d
ata.
T
h
is
li
m
itat
io
n
i
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
h
ei
g
h
te
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
h
ig
h
co
s
t
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
c
o
m
p
atib
il
it
y
is
s
u
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ev
i
ce
v
en
d
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
tr
o
u
b
les
h
o
o
tin
g
m
u
ltica
s
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
er
v
ices
h
en
ce
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice.
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
to
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
m
u
lticast
-
b
as
ed
s
er
v
ice
s
y
s
te
m
A
la
s
aa
d
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
“
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
m
ed
ia
s
tr
ea
m
i
n
g
in
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
n
et
wo
r
k
s
”
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
m
ed
ia
co
n
t
en
t
d
e
m
a
n
d
t
h
at
ai
m
s
to
le
v
er
ag
e
t
h
e
r
esil
ie
n
ce
a
n
d
e
x
ce
s
s
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
icr
o
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
a
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
cr
ea
te
a
v
ir
tu
al
ag
g
r
eg
ate
m
ac
r
o
-
r
eso
u
r
c
e
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
o
es n
o
t e
lu
cid
ate
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
s
f
ac
ed
w
h
e
n
s
tr
ea
m
i
n
g
li
v
e
m
ed
ia
co
n
te
n
t.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
ee
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
,
th
eir
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
lev
el.
T
h
ey
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
id
en
ti
f
y
i
n
g
h
o
t
c
h
an
n
el
s
,
o
r
ch
an
n
el
s
th
a
t
ar
e
li
k
el
y
to
b
e
v
ie
w
ed
in
t
h
e
n
ea
r
f
u
tu
r
e
b
y
a
n
I
P
T
V
v
ie
w
er
.
T
h
eir
s
tr
ateg
y
d
y
n
a
m
i
ca
ll
y
p
r
eser
v
es
a
li
s
t
o
f
h
o
t
T
V
ch
an
n
el
s
an
d
a
lis
t
o
f
co
ld
T
V
ch
an
n
els
at
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
lev
el,
t
h
e
latter
o
f
w
h
ic
h
is
u
n
l
ik
el
y
to
b
e
w
a
tch
e
d
an
y
ti
m
e
s
o
o
n
b
y
th
e
I
P
T
V
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
d
i
v
i
s
io
n
o
f
I
P
T
V
ch
an
n
el
s
in
to
h
o
t
an
d
co
ld
lis
ts
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ch
an
n
el
p
o
p
u
lar
it
y
a
m
o
n
g
I
P
T
V
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
as
w
ell
as
th
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
'
v
ie
w
in
g
h
is
to
r
y
.
D
u
r
in
g
ch
a
n
n
el
s
w
i
tc
h
in
g
,
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
'
s
h
o
t
lis
t
is
ch
ec
k
ed
f
ir
s
t,
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
ab
le
a
p
r
ev
ie
w
m
o
d
e
h
e
n
ce
,
h
o
t
ch
an
n
els
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
p
r
io
r
in
lo
w
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
;
t
h
ese
f
ea
t
u
r
es
ar
e
i
n
p
lace
to
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
tl
y
m
i
n
i
m
ize
za
p
p
in
g
late
n
c
y
,
ev
e
n
if
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
Me
r
an
i
e
t
a
l.
[
1
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
lev
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
a
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
(
P
2
P
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
at
lear
n
s
b
ef
o
r
eh
an
d
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
ch
an
n
el
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
w
h
i
le
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
t
h
eir
b
eh
av
io
r
.
T
h
e
v
id
eo
ch
u
n
k
s
c
h
ed
u
li
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
la
y
is
ch
a
n
g
e
d
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
r
eg
u
lar
s
u
b
s
cr
i
b
er
s
p
r
ef
er
en
tiall
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
m
w
it
h
a
b
ette
r
v
ie
w
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
q
u
ick
er
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
s
elec
te
d
ch
an
n
el
w
it
h
o
u
t
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
il
y
p
en
alizi
n
g
les
s
h
ab
itu
al
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
clu
s
ter
t
h
e
m
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
at
d
is
p
la
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
h
ab
its
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
t
h
at
d
o
n
o
t
w
atch
T
V
ch
a
n
n
e
l
s
r
eg
u
lar
l
y
ar
e
n
o
t
ca
ter
ed
f
o
r
w
it
h
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Gh
ad
er
za
d
eh
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
claim
ed
th
at
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Me
r
an
i
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
ca
u
s
es
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
v
er
lo
ad
.
As
a
r
esu
l
t,
th
e
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
eDe
p
o
ly
,
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
te
lli
g
en
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
a
P
2
P
n
etw
o
r
k
t
h
at
r
ep
lace
s
ag
en
t
s
o
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
it
h
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
p
ee
r
s
to
m
o
d
el
u
s
er
b
eh
av
io
r
s
an
d
s
h
ar
e
ag
g
r
eg
ated
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ag
e
n
t
s
to
d
is
s
e
m
in
ate
th
e
lear
n
ed
m
o
d
els.
T
h
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
ed
r
ed
u
ce
za
p
p
in
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
esen
ted
r
esu
lt
s
,
h
e
n
ce
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice
.
Ma
lk
o
ş
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
ch
an
n
e
l
-
b
ased
p
ee
r
s
elec
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
er
e
an
I
PT
V
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
in
a
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
a
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
an
d
u
s
es
a
u
n
ica
s
t
s
tr
e
a
m
to
j
o
in
a
n
e
w
l
y
r
eq
u
ested
ch
a
n
n
e
l
f
r
o
m
a
p
ee
r
ed
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
d
u
r
in
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
h
e
n
c
e,
av
o
id
i
n
g
a
b
la
ck
s
cr
ee
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
22
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
4
7
6
-
1
4
8
4
1478
ch
an
n
el
r
eq
u
e
s
t.
G
h
ah
f
ar
o
k
h
i
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
at
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
le
v
el,
t
h
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ex
p
lo
its
th
e
in
-
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
c
h
in
g
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
ce
n
tr
ic
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
to
r
etr
iev
e
p
ac
k
et
f
r
a
m
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
He
n
ce
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
an
d
b
u
f
f
er
i
n
g
d
ela
y
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
h
a
m
p
er
in
g
o
n
v
id
eo
q
u
alit
y
r
ec
eiv
e
d
an
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
u
ti
lizatio
n
.
A
d
eli
y
i
a
n
d
Olu
g
b
r
a
[
1
7
]
p
r
e
s
en
ted
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
a
t
h
elp
s
r
ed
u
ce
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
at
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
lev
el.
T
h
e
y
d
ev
i
s
ed
a
tech
n
i
q
u
e
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
t
w
o
-
li
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
g
r
am
-
d
r
iv
e
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
,
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
ch
an
n
el
s
ee
k
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
an
d
ti
m
e.
T
h
eir
m
et
h
o
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
m
m
o
n
c
h
an
n
el
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
s
u
c
h
as
n
e
w
s
,
m
o
v
ie
s
,
s
p
o
r
ts
,
m
u
s
ic,
a
n
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tar
ie
s
to
m
a
k
e
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
ch
an
n
el
s
w
it
h
s
i
m
ilar
c
h
an
n
el
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
to
b
e
q
u
ick
l
y
id
e
n
ti
f
ied
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
an
y
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
a
v
ailab
le
o
n
a
n
i
n
ter
n
e
t
p
r
o
to
co
l
telev
is
io
n
.
I
t
w
as
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
ed
an
i
n
ter
est
in
g
r
es
u
lt i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
b
y
5
8
%.
C
h
e
n
a
n
d
C
h
i
u
[
1
8
]
h
ad
ea
r
li
e
r
p
r
esen
ted
a
ch
a
n
n
el
i
n
ter
le
av
ed
r
eo
r
d
er
in
g
b
ased
o
n
u
s
e
r
’
s
i
n
ter
est
(
C
I
R
I
)
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
za
p
p
in
g
ti
m
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
T
h
e
y
u
s
ed
ch
an
n
el
r
eo
r
d
er
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
elo
ad
p
o
licy
to
clas
s
i
f
y
g
en
r
e
f
o
r
c
h
an
n
els
to
s
h
o
r
ten
s
ee
k
d
i
s
tan
ce
an
d
za
p
p
in
g
ti
m
e.
Sar
n
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
f
u
r
t
h
er
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
at
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
lev
e
l
ca
lled
th
e
ch
a
n
n
el
s
w
itc
h
in
g
s
ce
n
a
r
io
in
Mu
lticast
I
P
T
V
Netw
o
r
k
.
T
h
eir
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
itc
h
es
b
et
w
ee
n
c
h
an
n
el
s
b
y
s
e
n
d
in
g
a
j
o
in
m
es
s
ag
e
to
t
h
e
d
esire
d
ch
a
n
n
el
b
ef
o
r
e
lea
v
in
g
t
h
e
o
n
e
b
ein
g
w
atc
h
ed
.
T
h
e
y
tr
ied
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
c
h
an
n
el
za
p
p
in
g
ti
m
e
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
r
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
i
n
cr
e
asi
n
g
m
u
ltica
s
t
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
u
s
a
g
e
.
Usi
n
g
m
e
t
a
-
an
a
l
y
s
is
r
an
d
o
m
-
e
f
f
ec
ts
m
o
d
els,
th
e
o
v
er
all
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
c
h
an
n
el
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
at
w
o
u
l
d
h
elp
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
in
I
P
T
V
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
h
an
n
e
l
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
D
e
l
a
y
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
I
P
T
V
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
V
i
d
e
o
C
o
d
i
n
g
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
su
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
s
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
d
e
l
a
y
(
ms)
F
i
r
st
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
S
t
r
e
a
m w
i
t
h
mi
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
[
1
7
]
S
u
b
s
c
r
i
b
e
r
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
1
25
No
No
[
1
8
]
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
P
2
P
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
1
5
0
1
.
2
e
+
7
Y
e
s
No
[
1
9
]
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
3
2
-
512
20
-
2
0
0
Y
e
s
No
[
2
0
]
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
20
56
-
90
Y
e
s
No
[
2
]
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
20
27
No
No
[
2
1
]
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
+
P
2
P
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
2
2
]
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
+
b
u
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
5
0
0
0
4
0
0
-
480
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
2
3
]
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
+
b
u
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
-
-
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
2
4
]
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
+
b
u
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
5
1
5
-
10
Y
e
s
No
[
2
5
]
A
l
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
-
-
Y
e
s
No
[
2
6
]
A
l
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
-
-
Y
e
s
No
[
2
7
]
A
l
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
1
0
0
0
-
Y
e
s
No
[
2
8
]
A
l
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
No
No
[
2
9
]
A
l
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
2
5
0
0
0
0
1
e
+
7
No
No
[
3
0
]
A
l
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
S
V
C
(
H
.
2
6
4
/
A
V
C
)
1
7
1
2
-
No
Y
e
s
[
3
1
]
A
l
l
M
a
n
a
g
e
d
S
V
C
(
H
.
2
6
4
/
A
V
C
)
1
6
7
3
2
0
0
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
3
2
]
A
l
l
P
2
P
M
D
C
5
-
2
0
0
0
5
e
+
6
-
2
e
+
7
Y
e
s
Y
e
s
[
3
3
]
A
l
l
W
i
M
A
X
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
20
-
1
4
0
1
.
3
e
+
6
-
6
e
+
6
Y
e
s
No
[
3
]
A
l
l
U
n
ma
n
a
g
e
d
M
P
EG
/
H
.
2
6
4
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
Y
e
s
No
3.
M
AT
E
RIAL
S AN
D
M
E
T
H
O
DS
3
.
1
.
L
it
er
a
t
ure
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
ite
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
s
an
d
m
eta
-
an
al
y
s
is
(
P
R
I
SM
A
)
[
3
4
]
-
[
36]
.
I
n
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
a
n
d
m
eta
-
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
w
e
s
ea
r
c
h
ed
th
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
d
atab
ases
f
o
r
th
e
r
elev
an
t
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ar
ticles.
T
h
ese
d
atab
a
s
es
w
er
e
s
e
ar
ch
ed
f
o
r
E
n
g
li
s
h
p
ap
er
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
2
0
0
4
an
d
2
0
1
9
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
ter
m
s
.
I
n
ter
n
et
P
r
o
to
co
l
T
elev
is
io
n
(
I
P
T
V)
an
d
tex
t
wo
r
d
s
in
W
eb
o
f
Scie
n
ce
:
(
‘
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
’
[
I
PT
V
T
e
r
m
s
]
OR
(
‘
za
p
ti
m
e
’
[
A
ll
Field
s
]
AND
‘
I
P
T
V’
[
A
l
l
Fie
ld
s
]
)
OR
‘
ch
a
n
n
el
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
’
[
A
ll
Field
s
]
O
R
‘
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
ela
y
’
[
A
ll
Field
s
]
OR
‘
za
p
ti
m
e’
[
I
P
T
V
T
er
m
s
]
)
A
ND
(
‘
c
h
a
n
n
el
s
w
itc
h
in
g
[
I
P
T
V
T
er
m
s
]
.
Usi
n
g
B
o
o
lean
o
p
er
ato
r
s
,
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
w
o
r
d
s
w
er
e
i
s
o
lated
o
r
m
er
g
ed
s
u
ch
a
s
“OR”
o
r
“A
ND”
.
E
n
d
No
te
X9
w
as
u
s
ed
t
o
i
m
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
t
u
d
ies
f
o
u
n
d
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
a
to
tal
o
f
3
4
2
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
p
ap
er
s
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
et
w
ee
n
2
0
0
4
an
d
2
0
1
9
.
R
ef
er
en
ce
lis
ts
o
f
th
e
r
elev
a
n
t
s
t
u
d
ies
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
l
iter
atu
r
e
w
er
e
ch
ec
k
e
d
m
an
u
all
y
f
o
r
a
n
y
citatio
n
s
m
i
s
s
ed
w
h
e
n
s
ea
r
c
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
atab
ase
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
meta
-
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f c
h
a
n
n
el
s
w
itch
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
e
s
fo
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
z
a
p
p
i
n
g
d
el
a
y
in
…
(
Timo
th
y
T
.
A
d
eliyi
)
1479
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
w
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
d
atab
ase
s
ea
r
ch
es
(
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
ite
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
ev
ie
w
s
an
d
m
eta
-
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
)
3
.
2
.
I
nclus
io
n
a
nd
ex
cl
us
io
n
cr
it
er
ia
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
d
ela
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
th
e
ad
o
p
ted
I
PT
V
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
v
id
eo
co
d
in
g
,
v
id
eo
s
tr
ea
m
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
al
q
u
alit
y
,
m
u
l
tip
le
v
ie
w
s
tate,
n
ex
t
ch
a
n
n
el
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
,
an
d
ch
a
n
n
el
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
d
ela
y
w
er
e
th
e
i
n
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
ite
r
ia
f
o
r
th
e
p
ap
er
s
.
A
r
ticle
s
w
it
h
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
s
u
ch
as
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
letter
s
to
ed
ito
r
s
,
ed
ito
r
ials
,
co
m
m
e
n
tar
i
es,
ex
p
er
t
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
ar
ticles,
book
ch
ap
ter
s
,
b
r
ief
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
th
esi
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
d
ialec
ts
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
li
s
h
b
ef
o
r
e
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
0
3
w
er
e
o
m
itted
.
A
ls
o
,
ar
tic
les th
at
f
ailed
to
r
ep
o
r
t o
n
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
w
er
e
e
x
clu
d
ed
.
3
.
3
.
Q
ua
lity
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
t
h
at
m
et
t
h
e
i
n
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
w
er
e
e
x
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
ie
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
w
i
th
ch
an
n
el
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
d
ela
y
in
s
e
co
n
d
s
(
s
)
w
er
e
m
an
u
all
y
co
n
v
er
ted
to
m
icr
o
s
ec
o
n
d
s
(
m
s
)
al
th
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
s
t
u
d
y
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
p
r
ese
n
t
th
e
ir
ch
an
n
el
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
d
ela
y
to
2
0
m
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
s
o
m
e
s
t
u
d
ies
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
eir
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
n
a
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
o
u
t
s
p
ec
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
,
s
u
c
h
s
t
u
d
ies
w
er
e
as
s
u
m
ed
to
h
av
e
u
s
ed
o
n
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
in
t
h
eir
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
w
it
h
1
0
0
%
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
th
a
t
f
it
i
n
to
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
w
a
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
r
ev
ie
w
an
d
m
eta
-
a
n
al
y
s
is
.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
s
y
nthesis
a
nd
s
t
a
t
is
t
ica
l a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
co
llected
w
a
s
in
p
u
tted
i
n
to
an
e
x
ce
l
s
p
r
ea
d
s
h
ee
t
i
n
p
r
ep
ar
ati
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
tatis
t
ical
an
al
y
s
is
.
B
ec
au
s
e
h
eter
o
g
en
e
it
y
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
,
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
-
ef
f
ec
ts
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
eta
-
a
n
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
e
w
as
to
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
p
o
o
led
esti
m
ate
o
f
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
za
p
p
i
n
g
d
ela
y
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
b
et
w
ee
n
-
s
tu
d
y
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eit
y
,
th
e
C
o
c
h
r
an
e
Q
s
tatis
tic
w
a
s
u
s
ed
.
I
2
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eit
y
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
ie
s
.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
h
eter
o
g
en
eit
y
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
s
tu
d
ies
w
a
s
ass
e
s
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
d
e
x
o
f
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eit
y
I
2
v
alu
e
s
o
f
0
%,
2
5
%,
5
0
%,
a
n
d
7
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
to
r
e
f
lect
n
o
,
lo
w
,
m
ed
iu
m
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eit
y
.
A
Der
S
i
m
o
n
ia
n
an
d
L
air
d
r
an
d
o
m
-
e
f
f
ec
ts
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
p
o
o
led
esti
m
ate
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
za
p
p
i
n
g
d
elay
i
n
I
P
T
V
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
w
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
an
al
y
s
is
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
th
e
r
esear
c
h
d
ela
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
to
d
ef
in
e
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
h
et
er
o
g
en
eit
y
.
T
h
e
ex
is
te
n
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
u
b
lica
tio
n
b
ias
w
a
s
ev
al
u
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t
an
d
E
g
g
er
'
s
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
tes
t
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
Fo
r
E
g
g
er
'
s
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
test
,
0
.
0
5
w
as
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
v
alu
e.
T
r
im
a
n
d
f
ill
s
t
u
d
y
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
b
y
D
u
v
al
an
d
T
w
ee
d
ie,
en
h
an
ce
s
s
t
u
d
ies
b
y
m
ak
in
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
m
m
etr
ical.
S
m
a
ll
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
o
m
itted
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t
is
s
y
m
m
etr
ical,
th
e
tr
u
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
n
el
is
esti
m
ated
,
an
d
th
e
ex
cl
u
d
ed
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
th
ei
r
in
co
m
p
lete
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
ts
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
ce
n
ter
ar
e
s
u
b
s
t
itu
ted
.
I
t
esti
m
ate
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
is
s
in
g
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
an
d
an
ad
j
u
s
ted
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
ef
f
ec
t
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
m
eta
-
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
f
illed
s
t
u
d
ies
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
W
e
co
u
ld
n
o
t
co
n
d
u
ct
m
eta
-
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
ar
ticles
th
at
m
e
t
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
Stata
-
v
1
2
w
as
u
s
ed
f
o
r
all
s
tatis
tical
an
a
l
y
s
i
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
22
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
4
7
6
-
1
4
8
4
1480
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ite
m
s
o
f
th
e
P
R
I
SM
A
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
th
e
in
i
ti
al
s
ea
r
ch
,
3
4
2
p
ap
er
s
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
t
w
o
s
ep
ar
ate
d
atab
ases
.
J
u
s
t
3
0
0
p
ap
e
r
s
r
e
m
ain
ed
i
n
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
af
ter
E
n
d
No
te
X9
r
em
o
v
ed
d
u
p
lic
ates.
Af
ter
r
ea
d
in
g
th
e
ab
s
tr
a
cts,
8
0
p
a
p
er
s
w
er
e
cr
o
s
s
ed
o
u
t.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
s
,
a
to
tal
o
f
2
0
7
w
er
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
o
r
v
ar
y
i
n
g
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
th
ir
tee
n
r
elate
d
p
ap
er
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
2
0
0
4
an
d
2
0
1
9
w
e
r
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
f
i
n
al
r
e
v
ie
w
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
cl
u
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
o
n
l
y
ei
g
h
t
w
as
s
e
lecte
d
f
o
r
in
cl
u
s
io
n
in
t
h
e
f
in
al
m
et
a
-
an
a
l
y
s
is
s
in
ce
we
to
o
k
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t st
u
d
ies
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
le
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
4
.
1
.
P
o
o
led e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
Stu
d
ies
in
c
lu
d
ed
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
e
r
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
o
o
led
esti
m
ate
s
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
%
to
8
7
%,
w
it
h
an
o
v
er
all
(
p
o
o
led
)
esti
m
a
te
o
f
1
9
% (
9
5
% C
I
: 7
-
3
0
%,
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
)
.
Sin
ce
t
h
er
e
w
as
s
u
b
s
tan
tia
l
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eit
y
a
c
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
(
I
2
=
9
9
.
9
9
%
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
)
,
w
e
u
s
e
d
a
r
an
d
o
m
-
ef
f
e
c
t
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
th
e
m
et
a
-
an
a
ly
s
is
.
B
e
tw
ee
n
-
s
tu
d
y
v
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
ity
w
as
h
ig
h
(
ta
u
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
d
=
0
.
0
3
w
it
h
h
e
t
e
r
o
g
en
e
i
ty
c
h
i
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
=
5
6
4
8
4
.
6
1
,
a
d
eg
r
e
e
o
f
f
r
e
e
d
o
m
=
7
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
f
o
r
est
p
lo
t
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
in
f
er
en
ce
o
f
I
2
is
t
h
at
it
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
to
tal
v
ar
ian
ce
th
at
ca
n
b
e
attr
i
b
u
ted
to
th
e
h
e
ter
o
g
en
eit
y
o
f
ac
tu
al
s
tu
d
y
e
f
f
ec
ts
s
ize.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
h
e
ter
o
g
en
ei
t
y
o
r
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eit
y
a
id
s
in
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
wh
eth
er
t
h
e
co
llected
s
tu
d
ie
s
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
tl
y
s
i
m
ilar
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Gr
ap
h
ical
f
o
r
est p
lo
t r
ev
ea
lin
g
t
h
e
p
o
o
led
esti
m
ate
o
f
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
o
f
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
u
s
i
n
g
ch
a
n
n
e
l s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
4
.
2
.
Su
bg
ro
up
m
et
a
-
a
na
ly
s
is
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
iatio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
t
u
d
y
's
p
o
in
t
esti
m
a
te
s
,
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
an
al
y
s
is
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ass
ess
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
h
eter
o
g
en
eit
y
b
et
w
ee
n
s
t
u
d
ies.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
an
al
y
s
is
b
y
d
ela
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
af
f
ir
m
e
d
h
ig
h
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
s
t
u
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
a
p
o
o
le
d
esti
m
ate
o
f
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
(
Hi
g
g
i
n
s
I
2
s
tatis
t
ic
=9
7
.
6
9
%
w
it
h
h
e
ter
o
g
en
ei
t
y
ch
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e=
1
2
9
.
6
5
,
a
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
=
3
a
n
d
P
=
0
.
0
0
1
)
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
-
to
tal
r
an
d
o
m
p
o
o
led
esti
m
ate
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
w
as
esti
m
ated
at
2
6
%
(
9
5
%
C
I
:
9
-
4
4
%)
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
1
2
%
(
9
5
%
C
I
:
5
-
3
0
%)
in
s
t
u
d
ie
s
th
at
u
t
ilized
all
th
e
d
ela
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
e
Fo
r
est
p
lo
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
tatis
tics
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
o
led
ef
f
ec
t
esti
m
ate
's
v
alid
it
y
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
is
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
,
as
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
t
u
d
y
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eit
y
co
u
ld
also
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
'
v
ar
iatio
n
a
n
d
h
o
w
ea
ch
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
b
g
r
o
u
p
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
o
led
esti
m
ate
o
f
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
el
a
y
D
e
l
a
y
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
N
o
o
f
st
u
d
i
e
s
9
5
%
C
I
e
st
i
mat
e
I
2
(
%)
Q
H
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
e
i
t
y
t
e
st
Df
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
4
2
6
(
9
-
44)
9
7
.
6
9
1
2
9
.
6
5
3
<
.
0
0
0
1
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
+
b
u
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
1
1
0
(
9
-
10)
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
-
A
l
l
3
1
2
(
5
-
30)
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
2
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
meta
-
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f c
h
a
n
n
el
s
w
itch
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
e
s
fo
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
z
a
p
p
i
n
g
d
el
a
y
in
…
(
Timo
th
y
T
.
A
d
eliyi
)
1481
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fo
r
est p
lo
t o
n
th
e
p
o
o
led
esti
m
ate
o
f
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
b
y
a
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
an
al
y
s
is
i
n
d
elay
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
4
.
3
.
P
ub
lica
t
io
n bia
s
I
n
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
ie
w
s
a
n
d
m
e
ta
-
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias
i
s
u
n
av
o
id
ab
le
[
4
0
]
-
[
4
2
]
.
I
t
is
also
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
th
r
ea
t
s
to
t
h
e
co
g
e
n
c
y
o
f
m
e
ta
-
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
I
t
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
a
r
esear
ch
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
w
h
et
h
er
to
p
u
b
lis
h
o
r
n
o
t.
I
t
m
a
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
te
s
ti
n
g
o
f
t
h
eo
r
ies
b
ased
o
n
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
i
m
p
r
ess
io
n
s
g
le
a
n
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
cien
t
if
ic
liter
at
u
r
e
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias
's
i
m
p
ac
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
to
co
n
clu
d
e
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
r
estrictio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
co
llect
iv
e
fin
d
in
g
s
.
A
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
i
as
r
ev
ie
w
ai
m
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
e
x
ten
t
to
w
h
ic
h
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
th
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
u
tco
m
e,
an
d
th
u
s
to
ass
e
s
s
t
h
e
v
alid
it
y
o
f
th
e
co
r
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
On
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
m
et
h
o
d
,
w
h
et
h
e
r
th
er
e
is
an
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias,
u
s
es
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
ts
to
id
en
ti
f
y
s
u
c
h
b
iased
n
es
s
g
r
ap
h
icall
y
.
Hen
ce
,
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias
w
as
ex
a
m
i
n
e
d
u
s
in
g
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t
s
an
d
E
g
g
er
test
s
.
A
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t
is
a
s
ca
tter
p
lo
t
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
's
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
s
o
r
s
am
p
le
s
izes
ar
e
p
lo
tted
a
g
ain
s
t
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
's
e
f
f
ec
t
s
ize
s
.
T
h
e
v
is
u
al
i
n
s
p
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lti
n
g
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t
r
ev
ea
l
ed
an
as
y
m
m
etr
ica
l
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
E
ac
h
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
a
m
p
le,
an
d
an
as
y
m
m
etr
ical
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
d
icate
s
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias.
T
h
e
s
t
an
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
o
f
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
o
n
th
e
y
-
a
x
i
s
.
T
h
e
lo
g
it
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
es
ti
m
a
tes
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
o
n
t
h
e
x
-
ax
i
s
.
Fir
s
t,
ea
ch
s
t
u
d
y
's
ef
f
e
ct
s
ize
w
a
s
p
lo
tted
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
,
an
d
v
is
u
al
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t
in
d
icate
s
s
o
m
e
as
y
m
m
etr
y
.
A
s
y
m
m
etr
y
w
a
s
v
is
ib
le
i
n
th
e
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t,
in
d
icati
n
g
t
h
e
e
x
is
te
n
ce
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
e
s
ti
m
ated
ef
f
ec
t
s
iz
e
an
d
its
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
i
n
ter
v
a
l
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
t
h
e
v
er
tica
l
an
d
d
iag
o
n
al
d
as
h
ed
li
n
es
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias
w
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
th
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
B
eg
g
'
s
te
s
t (
z=
0
.
7
8
,
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
an
d
th
e
E
g
g
er
's tes
t (
t=5
.
8
9
,
p
-
v
alu
e
=
0
.
0
0
4
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t r
ev
ea
led
an
as
y
m
m
etr
ic
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fu
n
n
el
p
lo
t o
f
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
b
ias
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
w
ill
d
is
c
u
s
s
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
th
e
r
e
ce
n
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
i
n
in
ter
n
e
t
p
r
o
to
co
l
telev
is
io
n
.
T
h
is
m
eta
-
a
n
al
y
s
is
is
b
ased
o
n
f
o
u
r
m
aj
o
r
ch
an
n
el
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
r
e
d
u
ce
za
p
p
in
g
d
elay
.
As
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
d
elay
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
22
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
4
7
6
-
1
4
8
4
1482
s
u
c
h
as
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
,
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
a
n
d
b
u
f
f
er
i
n
g
,
an
d
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
a
t
co
m
b
in
es
all
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
m
en
tio
n
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
(
A
ll)
i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
w
a
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
4
to
2
0
1
9
.
Fo
r
an
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lt,
o
u
r
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
n
l
y
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
eig
h
t k
in
d
s
o
f
liter
at
u
r
e
o
u
t o
f
t
h
e
t
h
ir
teen
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
l
ite
r
atu
r
e
th
at
m
ee
t t
h
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
eig
h
t
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
s
i
m
u
lated
th
er
e
a
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
o
n
e
u
s
er
h
en
ce
g
i
v
in
g
m
o
r
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
to
th
e
r
esu
lt
r
ep
o
r
ted
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
th
e
o
th
er
t
h
r
ee
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
th
e
f
o
r
est
p
lo
t
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
in
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ed
u
c
in
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
elay
.
T
h
e
r
ec
en
tl
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
cl
u
d
e
a
ti
m
e
s
er
ies
m
o
d
el
[
1
9
]
th
at
tak
es
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
s
tag
e
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
s
er
v
ice
co
u
ld
b
e
av
ailab
le,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
d
ela
y
er
r
o
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
cl
ien
t
to
th
e
h
ea
d
en
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
co
n
g
e
s
ted
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
b
est
f
its
t
h
e
d
ata
is
th
e
au
to
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
to
r
ed
u
ce
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
,
[
2
]
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
u
s
i
n
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
d
eliv
er
y
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
c
o
m
b
i
n
es
m
u
lticast
an
d
u
n
icast
-
e
n
ab
led
s
er
v
ice
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
p
r
esen
ted
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
m
et
h
o
d
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
p
o
in
t
-
to
-
po
in
t
q
u
eu
i
n
g
late
n
c
y
,
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
p
ac
k
et
d
ela
y
,
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
v
ar
ian
ce
w
h
ile
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
a
h
ig
h
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
r
ate
h
en
ce
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
elay
tr
e
m
e
n
d
o
u
s
l
y
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
t
is
n
at
u
r
all
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
atic
f
o
r
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
er
an
d
o
r
o
p
e
r
ato
r
s
to
av
ail
r
ed
u
ce
d
ch
an
n
e
l
za
p
p
in
g
d
elay
as
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alit
y
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
i
n
a
n
I
P
T
V
s
y
s
te
m
,
b
u
t
it
i
s
an
in
h
er
en
t
n
ec
e
s
s
i
t
y
o
n
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
Qo
E
)
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
C
h
an
n
el
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
d
elay
s
ca
n
b
e
tr
ac
ed
to
s
ev
er
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
r
o
ll
o
f
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
co
m
b
at
th
i
s
ch
alle
n
g
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
an
al
y
ze
d
r
elev
an
t
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
tec
h
n
i
q
u
es
d
ep
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
m
iti
g
ati
n
g
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
s
.
T
h
e
m
eta
-
a
n
al
y
ze
d
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
t
h
at
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
‘
n
et
w
o
r
k
’
d
ela
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
d
elay
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
d
ela
y
in
ch
a
n
n
el
za
p
p
in
g
in
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
y
s
te
m
atic
m
a
n
n
e
r
th
an
s
t
u
d
ies
w
i
th
‘
all
’
d
ela
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
it
h
a
s
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tall
y
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
at
v
ir
tu
al
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
za
p
p
in
g
d
ela
y
m
a
y
b
e
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
a
r
ele
v
an
t
ch
u
n
k
o
f
ch
an
n
el
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
r
eq
u
ests
.
T
h
is
f
u
r
t
h
er
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ates
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
ch
a
n
n
e
l
s
w
itc
h
in
g
r
eq
u
es
t sc
h
ed
u
ler
o
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
a
y
v
ir
t
u
all
y
el
i
m
i
n
ate
late
n
t z
ap
p
in
g
d
ela
y
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Qu
in
tero
,
M
.
A
.
R.
,
Zac
h
e
y
,
B
.
,
a
n
d
Ra
a
k
e
,
A
.
,
“
A
n
n
o
y
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
p
tab
il
it
y
o
f
v
id
e
o
se
rv
ice
re
sp
o
n
siv
e
n
e
ss
,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
Qu
a
li
ty
o
f
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
Exp
e
rie
n
c
e
(
Qo
M
EX
),
2
0
1
5
S
e
v
e
n
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/Qo
M
E
X
.
2
0
1
5
.
7
1
4
8
1
0
9
.
[2
]
A
d
e
li
y
i,
T
.
T
.
a
n
d
Olu
g
b
a
ra
,
O.
O
.
,
“
F
a
st
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
n
a
v
ig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
in
tern
e
t
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
tele
v
isio
n
u
si
n
g
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
h
y
b
rid
d
e
li
v
e
r
y
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Co
mp
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/2
0
1
8
/2
7
2
1
9
5
0
.
[3
]
A
d
e
li
y
i,
T
.
T
.
a
n
d
Olu
g
b
a
ra
,
O.
O,
“
Re
d
u
c
in
g
z
a
p
p
in
g
d
e
lay
in
in
tern
e
t
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
tele
v
isio
n
u
si
n
g
a
h
y
b
rid
m
o
d
u
lar
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
2
0
1
9
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
o
c
iety
(
ICT
AS
)
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
,
M
a
r.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICT
A
S
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
7
0
3
6
2
7
.
[4
]
Be
g
e
n
,
A
.
C.
,
P
e
rk
in
s,
C.
,
a
n
d
Ott,
J
.
,
“
On
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
RT
P
f
o
r
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
a
n
d
f
a
u
lt
iso
lati
o
n
i
n
I
P
T
V
,
”
IEE
E
Ne
two
r
k
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
p
p
.
1
4
-
1
9
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/M
NET
.
2
0
1
0
.
5
4
3
0
1
3
9
.
[5
]
Ch
a
,
M
.
,
Ro
d
rig
u
e
z
,
P
.
,
M
o
o
n
,
S
.
B.
,
a
n
d
Cr
o
w
c
ro
f
t,
J
.
,
“
On
n
e
x
t
-
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
telc
o
-
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
P
2
P
T
V
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s,”
IPT
PS
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
8
.
[6
]
F
ried
rich
,
O.,
T
h
a
tm
a
n
n
,
D.
,
a
n
d
A
rb
a
n
o
w
sk
i,
S
.
,
“
A
n
IP
T
V
S
e
rv
ice
S
tate
A
P
I
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
rg
in
g
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
a
n
d
u
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
d
IP
T
V
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
M
u
lt
ime
d
i
a
a
n
d
Exp
o
(
ICM
E),
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
4
9
3
-
1
4
9
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICM
E
.
2
0
1
0
.
5
5
8
3
2
8
4
.
[
7
]
M
o
u
s
t
a
f
a
,
H
.
,
a
n
d
Z
e
a
d
a
l
l
y
,
S
.
,
“
M
e
d
i
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
:
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
s
,
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
”
C
R
C
P
r
e
s
s
.
p
p
.
1
-
5
5
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
Uilec
a
n
,
I.
V
.
,
Zh
o
u
,
C.
,
a
n
d
A
tk
in
,
G
.
E
.
,
“
F
ra
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
d
e
li
v
e
rin
g
IP
T
V
se
rv
ice
s
o
v
e
r
W
i
M
A
X
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
2
0
0
7
IEE
E
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
tro
In
fo
rm
a
t
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
p
.
4
7
0
-
4
7
5
,
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/E
IT
.
2
0
0
7
.
4
3
7
4
5
3
2
.
[9
]
Kro
g
f
o
ss
,
B.
,
S
o
f
m
a
n
,
L
.
,
a
n
d
A
g
ra
wa
l,
A
,
“
Ca
c
h
in
g
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
stra
teg
ies
f
o
r
IP
T
V
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
Bell
L
a
b
s T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
-
2
8
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
b
lt
j
.
2
0
3
2
0
.
[1
0
]
Š
k
rb
ic,
M
.
,
Š
e
c
ic,
N.
,
a
n
d
V
a
ra
tan
o
v
ic,
M
.
,
“
A
u
g
u
st.
A
u
n
i
c
a
st
-
b
a
se
d
IP
T
V
se
rv
ice
c
o
n
tro
l,
”
2
0
1
0
Fi
f
th
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
IEE
E,
p
p
.
2
7
8
-
2
8
2
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IC
S
NC.2
0
1
0
.
6
9
.
[1
1
]
A
las
a
a
d
,
A
.
,
G
o
p
a
lak
rish
n
a
n
,
S
.
,
a
n
d
L
e
u
n
g
,
V.
C
.
,
“
A
h
y
b
rid
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
c
o
st
-
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
m
e
d
ia stre
a
m
in
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
p
re
d
ictio
n
o
f
d
e
m
a
n
d
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
T
e
le
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
5
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
9
-
3
4
3
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s1
1
2
3
5
-
0
1
4
-
9
9
3
9
-
7
.
[1
2
]
L
e
e
,
E.
,
Ku
,
J.
Y.
,
a
n
d
Ba
h
n
,
H
.
,
“
A
n
e
ff
icie
n
t
h
o
t
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
id
e
n
t
if
ica
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
IP
T
V
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
n
a
v
ig
a
ti
o
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
n
su
me
r E
lec
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
-
1
2
9
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
CE.
2
0
1
4
.
6
7
8
0
9
3
4
.
[1
3
]
M
e
ra
n
i,
M
.
L
.
,
Na
tali,
L
.
,
a
n
d
Ba
rc
e
ll
o
n
a
,
C
.
,
“
A
n
I
P
-
T
V
P
2
P
stre
a
m
in
g
s
y
ste
m
th
a
t
im
p
ro
v
e
s
th
e
v
ie
w
in
g
q
u
a
li
ty
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
in
e
s
th
e
sta
rtu
p
d
e
lay
o
f
re
g
u
lar
a
u
d
ien
c
e
,
”
Pee
r
-
to
-
Pee
r
Ne
two
rk
in
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
9
-
2
2
2
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s
1
2
0
8
3
-
0
1
4
-
0
3
2
3
-
x
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
A
meta
-
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f c
h
a
n
n
el
s
w
itch
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
e
s
fo
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
z
a
p
p
i
n
g
d
el
a
y
in
…
(
Timo
th
y
T
.
A
d
eliyi
)
1483
[
1
4
]
G
h
a
d
e
r
z
a
d
e
h
,
A
.
,
K
a
r
g
a
h
i
,
M.
,
a
n
d
R
e
s
h
a
d
i
,
M
.
,
“
R
e
D
e
P
o
l
y
:
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
d
e
l
a
y
s
i
n
m
u
l
t
i
-
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
P
2
P
l
i
v
e
s
t
r
e
a
m
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
6
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
2
3
5
-
017
-
0336
-
x
.
[1
5
]
M
a
lk
o
ş,
S
.
,
Uc
c
e
d
il
,
E.
a
n
d
A
k
d
e
n
iz,
R
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
in
g
Qo
E
i
n
m
u
lt
ica
st
I
P
T
V
sy
ste
m
s:
Ch
a
n
n
e
l
z
a
p
p
in
g
t
im
e
s,”
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Essa
y
s
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
3
5
,
p
p
.
3
1
0
7
-
3
1
1
3
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
5
8
9
7
/
S
RE1
2
.
1
8
2
.
[1
6
]
G
h
a
h
fa
ro
k
h
i,
B.
S
.
,
M
o
g
h
im
,
N.
a
n
d
Ef
tek
h
a
ri,
S
.
,
“
Re
d
u
c
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
z
a
p
p
in
g
ti
m
e
in
li
v
e
T
V
b
r
o
a
d
c
a
stin
g
o
v
e
r
c
o
n
ten
t
c
e
n
tri
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
T
o
o
ls
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
7
6
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
2
3
9
-
2
3
2
7
1
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s1
1
0
4
2
-
0
1
6
-
4
0
3
7
-
3
.
[1
7
]
A
d
e
li
y
i,
T
.
T
.
a
n
d
Olu
g
b
a
ra
,
O.
O,
“
De
sig
n
in
g
tw
o
-
li
st
g
ro
u
p
p
ro
g
ra
m
d
riv
e
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
n
a
v
ig
a
ti
o
n
in
in
tern
e
t
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
tele
v
isio
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
M
e
d
ia
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
5
1
-
2
6
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
5
0
4
/IJA
M
C.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
5
4
4
0
.
[1
8
]
Ch
e
n
,
Y.
-
W
.
a
n
d
Ch
i
u
,
T
.
-
T
,
“
M
i
n
im
izin
g
Zap
p
in
g
T
i
m
e
in
I
P
T
V
Ba
se
d
o
n
Us
e
r'
s
In
tere
st,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
7
7
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
7
7
6
3
/IJCCE.
2
0
1
2
.
V1
.
2
2
.
[1
9
]
F
e
rro
,
R
.
,
R
o
d
ríg
u
e
z
,
J.
a
n
d
He
rn
á
n
d
e
z
,
C
.
,
“
M
o
d
e
lo
e
n
S
e
ries
d
e
T
ie
m
p
o
d
e
l
Re
tard
o
d
e
l
Ca
m
b
io
d
e
Ca
n
a
l
e
n
u
n
a
T
ra
n
s
m
issio
n
IP
T
V
,
”
In
f
o
r
ma
c
ió
n
tec
n
o
ló
g
ica
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
-
1
6
8
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
4
0
6
7
/S
0
7
1
8
0
7
6
4
2
0
1
5
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
S
a
rn
i,
M
.
,
Hilt
,
B.
a
n
d
L
o
re
n
z
,
P
.
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
sw
it
c
h
in
g
sc
e
n
a
rio
in
m
u
lt
ica
st
IP
T
V
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
In
:
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
Ne
two
rk
in
g
a
n
d
S
e
rv
ice
s,
2
0
0
9
,
ICN
S
'
0
9
,
Fi
ft
h
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
,
p
p
.
3
9
6
-
4
0
1
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICNS
.
2
0
0
9
.
5
2
.
[2
1
]
Bo
y
c
e
,
J.
M
.
a
n
d
T
o
u
ra
p
is,
A
.
,
T
h
o
m
so
n
L
ice
n
sin
g
S
.
A
.
,
“
M
e
t
h
o
d
a
n
d
a
p
p
a
ra
tu
s
e
n
a
b
l
in
g
f
a
st
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
f
o
r
DSL
s
y
ste
m
,
”
U.S
.
Pa
te
nt
9
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
2
]
Ba
n
o
d
k
a
r,
D.,
Ra
m
a
k
rish
n
a
n
,
K.
,
Ka
l
y
a
n
a
ra
m
a
n
,
S
.
,
G
e
rb
e
r,
A
.
a
n
d
S
p
a
tsc
h
e
c
k
,
O,
“
M
u
lt
ica
st
in
sta
n
t
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
I
P
T
V
sy
ste
m
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
S
o
f
twa
re
a
n
d
M
id
d
lewa
re
a
n
d
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
,
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
3
7
0
-
3
7
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/CO
M
S
WA
.
2
0
0
8
.
4
5
5
4
4
4
2
.
[2
3
]
M
a
n
d
a
l,
S
.
K.
a
n
d
M
Bu
r
u
,
M
.
,
“
I
n
telli
g
e
n
t
p
re
-
f
e
tch
in
g
to
re
d
u
c
e
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
sw
it
c
h
in
g
d
e
lay
in
I
P
T
V
s
y
ste
m
s,”
T
e
x
a
s
A
&
M
Un
ive
rs
it
y
,
2008.
[2
4
]
Nik
o
u
k
a
r
,
A
.
,
H
w
a
n
g
,
I.
-
S
.
,
L
ie
m
,
A
.
T
.
a
n
d
L
e
e
,
J.
-
Y,
“
M
it
ig
a
ti
n
g
th
e
I
P
T
V
Zap
ti
m
e
in
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
E
P
ON
s
y
ste
m
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
5
1
-
4
6
1
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
6
4
/JOCN
.
8
.
0
0
0
4
5
1
.
[2
5
]
Ch
o
,
C.
,
Ha
n
,
I.
,
Ju
n
,
Y.
a
n
d
L
e
e
,
H
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
z
a
p
p
in
g
ti
m
e
in
I
P
T
V
se
rv
ice
s
u
sin
g
th
e
a
d
jac
e
n
t
g
ro
u
p
s
jo
i
n
-
lea
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
T
h
e
6
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
CA
C
T
.
2
0
0
4
.
1
2
9
3
0
1
2
.
[2
6
]
L
e
e
,
H.,
Ki
m
,
H.
Y.
a
n
d
L
e
e
,
H
.
-
K
.
,
“
Ne
ws
p
a
c
k
a
g
e
se
r
v
ice
b
a
se
d
o
n
T
V
A
n
y
ti
m
e
m
e
tad
a
ta
g
a
th
e
re
d
f
ro
m
RS
S
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
C
o
n
su
me
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
IEE
E
I
n
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IS
CE
.
2
0
0
7
.
4
3
8
2
1
9
3
.
[2
7
]
Kim
,
Y.,
P
a
rk
,
J.
K.
,
Ch
o
i,
H.
J.,
L
e
e
,
S
.
,
P
a
rk
,
H.,
Kim
,
J.,
L
e
e
,
Z.
a
n
d
Ko
,
K
.
,
“
Re
d
u
c
in
g
I
P
T
V
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
z
a
p
p
in
g
ti
m
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
v
iew
e
r’s
su
rf
in
g
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
a
n
d
p
re
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Bro
a
d
c
a
stin
g
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/I
S
BM
S
B.
2
0
0
8
.
4
5
3
6
6
2
1
.
[2
8
]
Ra
m
o
s,
F
.
M
.
,
Cro
w
c
ro
f
t,
J.,
Gib
b
e
n
s
,
R.
J.,
Ro
d
rig
u
e
z
,
P
.
a
n
d
W
h
it
e
,
I.
H
.
,
“
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
sm
u
rf
in
g
:
m
in
i
m
isin
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
sw
it
c
h
in
g
d
e
lay
in
I
P
T
V
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
M
u
lt
ime
d
i
a
a
n
d
Exp
o
(
ICM
E),
2
0
1
0
IE
EE
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
3
2
7
-
1
3
3
2
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/IC
M
E.
2
0
1
0
.
5
5
8
3
2
7
9
.
[2
9
]
Ra
m
o
s,
F
.
M
.
,
Cro
w
c
ro
f
t,
J.,
G
i
b
b
e
n
s,
R.
J.
,
Ro
d
r
ig
u
e
z
,
P
.
a
n
d
W
h
it
e
,
I.
H
.
,
“
Re
d
u
c
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
e
la
y
in
IP
T
V
b
y
p
re
d
ictiv
e
p
re
-
jo
in
in
g
o
f
T
V
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls,”
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
in
g
:
Ima
g
e
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
2
6
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
4
0
0
-
412
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
im
a
g
e
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
3
.
0
0
5
.
[3
0
]
L
e
e
,
Y.,
Lee
,
J.,
Ki
m
,
I.
a
n
d
S
h
in
,
H
.
,
“
Re
d
u
c
i
n
g
I
P
T
V
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
sw
it
c
h
in
g
ti
m
e
u
sin
g
H,
2
6
4
sc
a
lab
le
v
id
e
o
c
o
d
in
g
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
n
su
me
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
1
2
-
9
1
9
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
CE.
2
0
0
8
.
4
5
6
0
1
7
8
.
[3
1
]
L
e
e
,
C.
Y.,
Ho
n
g
,
C.
K.
a
n
d
L
e
e
,
K.
Y
.
,
”
Re
d
u
c
in
g
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
z
a
p
p
i
n
g
ti
m
e
in
IP
T
V
b
a
se
d
o
n
u
se
r'
s
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
se
lec
ti
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
rs,”
IE
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
io
n
s
o
n
Bro
a
d
c
a
st
in
g
,
v
o
l.
5
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
1
-
3
3
0
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/T
BC.2
0
1
0
.
2
0
5
1
4
9
4
.
[3
2
]
M
a
n
z
a
to
,
D.A
.
a
n
d
d
a
F
o
n
se
c
a
,
N.
L
,
“
A
su
rv
e
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
s
w
it
c
h
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
IP
T
V
,
”
IEE
E
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
M
a
g
a
zin
e
,
v
o
l.
5
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
-
1
2
7
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
M
COM.
2
0
1
3
.
6
5
7
6
3
4
9
.
[3
3
]
Kh
o
sro
sh
a
h
i,
A
.
A
.
,
Yo
u
se
f
i,
S
.
a
n
d
Ra
h
b
a
r,
A
.
G
.
,
“
IP
T
V
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
sw
it
c
h
in
g
d
e
la
y
re
d
u
c
t
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
re
d
icti
n
g
su
b
sc
rib
e
rs’
b
e
h
a
v
io
rs
a
n
d
p
re
f
e
re
n
c
e
s,”
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
T
o
o
ls
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l.
7
5
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
6
2
8
3
-
6
3
0
2
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s1
1
0
4
2
-
0
1
5
-
2
5
7
2
-
y
.
[3
4
]
M
o
h
e
r
,
D
.
,
L
i
b
e
r
a
t
i
,
A
.
,
T
e
tz
l
a
f
f
,
J
.
,
a
n
d
A
l
tm
a
n
,
D
.
G
.
,
“
P
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
i
t
e
m
s
f
o
r
sy
s
tem
a
t
i
c
re
v
i
e
w
s
a
n
d
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
ly
s
e
s
:
t
h
e
P
R
I
S
M
A
s
t
a
tem
e
n
t
,
”
I
n
t
J
S
u
r
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
3
6
-
3
4
1
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
7
3
6
/
j
c
i
m
2
0
0
9
0
9
1
8
.
[3
5
]
T
a
m
,
W
.
W
.
,
T
a
n
g
,
A
.
,
W
o
o
,
B.
a
n
d
G
o
h
,
S
.
Y
.
,
“
P
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
re
f
e
rre
d
re
p
o
rti
n
g
it
e
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
st
e
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
s
a
n
d
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
l
y
se
s
(P
RIS
M
A
)
sta
tem
e
n
t
o
f
a
u
th
o
rs
p
u
b
li
sh
i
n
g
re
v
i
e
ws
in
n
u
rsin
g
jo
u
r
n
a
ls:
a
c
ro
ss
-
se
c
ti
o
n
a
l
o
n
li
n
e
su
rv
e
y
,
”
BM
J
o
p
e
n
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
e
0
2
6
2
7
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
3
6
/b
m
jo
p
e
n
-
2
0
1
8
-
0
2
6
2
7
1
.
[3
6
]
Zh
a
n
g
,
P
.
,
a
n
d
L
iu
,
B.
,
“
Dif
f
e
r
e
n
ti
a
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
g
li
o
b
las
to
m
a
s,
p
rim
a
r
y
c
e
re
b
ra
l
l
y
m
p
h
o
m
a
s,
a
n
d
so
li
tary
b
ra
i
n
m
e
tas
tas
e
s
u
sin
g
d
if
f
u
sio
n
-
w
e
ig
h
ted
im
a
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
if
f
u
sio
n
ten
s
o
r
im
a
g
in
g
:
A
P
RIS
M
A
-
c
o
m
p
li
a
n
t
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
l
y
sis
,
“
ACS
Ch
e
mic
a
l
Ne
u
ro
sc
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
7
7
-
4
8
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
2
1
/ac
sc
h
e
m
n
e
u
ro
.
9
b
0
0
6
9
8
.
[3
7
]
M
u
n
n
,
Z
.
,
M
o
o
la
,
S
.
,
Ri
it
a
n
o
,
D.,
a
n
d
L
isy
,
K.
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
c
rit
ica
l
a
p
p
ra
isa
l
to
o
l
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
s
a
d
d
re
ss
in
g
q
u
e
stio
n
s
o
f
p
re
v
a
len
c
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
h
e
a
lt
h
p
o
li
c
y
a
n
d
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
5
1
7
1
/
ij
h
p
m
.
2
0
1
4
.
7
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
22
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
1
:
1
4
7
6
-
1
4
8
4
1484
[3
8
]
F
a
b
rizi,
F
.
,
Ce
ru
tt
i
,
R.
,
Do
n
a
to
,
F
.
M
.
a
n
d
M
e
ss
a
,
P
.
,
“
HB
V
in
f
e
c
ti
o
n
is
a
risk
f
a
c
to
r
f
o
r
c
h
ro
n
ic
k
id
n
e
y
d
ise
a
s
e
:
S
y
st
e
m
a
ti
c
re
v
ie
w
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
ly
sis,”
Rev
ista
Cli
n
ica
Esp
a
n
o
la
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
rc
e
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
0
.
0
1
0
.
[3
9
]
F
a
h
m
y
,
T
.
a
n
d
Be
ll
é
to
il
e
,
A
.
,
“
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
9
8
3
:
F
a
st
Co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
o
f
th
e
No
n
-
A
s
y
m
p
to
ti
c
Co
c
h
ra
n
’s
Q
S
tatisti
c
f
o
r
He
tero
g
e
n
e
it
y
De
t
e
c
ti
o
n
,
”
ACM
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
a
t
h
e
ma
ti
c
a
l
S
o
ft
wa
re
(
T
OM
S
)
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
2
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/3
0
9
5
0
7
6
.
[4
0
]
L
in
,
L
.
a
n
d
C
h
u
,
H
.
,
“
Qu
a
n
ti
f
y
in
g
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
b
ias
in
m
e
ta‐a
n
a
l
y
si
s,”
Bi
o
me
trics
,
v
o
l.
7
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
8
5
-
7
9
4
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/b
io
m
.
1
2
8
1
7
.
[4
1
]
L
in
,
L
.
,
Ch
u
,
H.,
M
u
ra
d
,
M
.
H.,
Ho
n
g
,
C.
,
Qu
,
Z.
,
C
o
le,
S
.
R.
a
n
d
Ch
e
n
,
Y
.
,
“
Em
p
iri
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
b
ias
tes
ts
i
n
m
e
ta
-
a
n
a
l
y
sis,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
g
e
n
e
ra
l
in
ter
n
a
l
me
d
icin
e
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
0
-
1
2
6
7
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/s1
1
6
0
6
-
0
1
8
-
4
4
2
5
-
7
.
[
4
2
]
M
a
t
h
u
r
,
M
.
B
.
a
n
d
V
a
n
d
e
r
W
e
e
l
e
,
T
.
J
,
“
E
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
n
g
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
b
i
a
s
i
n
m
e
t
a
‐
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
o
f
p
e
e
r
‐
r
e
v
i
e
w
e
d
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
:
A
m
e
t
a
‐
m
e
t
a
‐
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
t
i
e
r
s
,
”
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
S
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
s
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
.
o
r
g
/
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
j
r
s
m
.
1
4
6
4
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
T
i
m
o
t
h
y
T
.
A
d
e
l
i
y
i
,
i
s
a
L
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
t
t
h
e
D
u
r
b
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
H
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
h
i
s
P
h
D
i
n
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
S
c
i
n
D
a
t
a
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
&
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
B
S
c
i
n
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
H
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
c
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
m
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
H
e
i
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
I
C
T
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
G
r
o
u
p
o
f
D
u
r
b
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
R
o
p
o
E
.
O
g
u
n
s
a
k
i
n
,
i
s
a
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
i
a
n
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
d
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
f
e
l
l
o
w
a
t
D
u
r
b
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
r
i
c
a
.
H
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
s
m
o
s
t
l
y
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
.
H
e
i
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
I
C
T
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
G
r
o
u
p
o
f
D
u
r
b
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
M
a
r
i
o
n
O
.
A
d
e
b
i
y
i
,
i
s
a
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
t
L
a
n
d
m
a
r
k
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
O
m
u
-
A
r
a
n
,
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
.
S
h
e
h
o
l
d
s
a
B
.
S
c
D
e
g
r
e
e
f
r
o
m
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
I
l
o
r
i
n
,
I
l
o
r
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
.
S
h
e
h
a
d
h
e
r
M
.
S
c
.
a
n
d
P
h
D
D
e
g
r
e
e
i
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
C
o
v
e
n
a
n
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
H
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
B
i
o
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
c
s
o
f
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
(
A
f
r
i
c
a
n
)
D
i
s
e
a
s
e
s
/
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
O
r
g
a
n
i
s
m
’
s
I
n
t
e
r
-
p
a
t
h
w
a
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
H
i
g
h
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
s
,
H
o
m
o
l
o
g
y
m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
w
i
d
e
l
y
i
n
l
o
c
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
p
u
t
a
b
l
e
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
.
S
h
e
i
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
(
N
C
S
)
,
t
h
e
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
R
e
g
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
u
n
c
i
l
o
f
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
(
C
P
N
)
a
n
d
I
E
E
E
m
e
m
b
e
r
.
O
lu
d
a
y
o
O
.
O
lu
g
b
a
r
a
,
h
o
ld
s
a
P
h
D
i
n
C
o
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Zu
lu
lan
d
,
2
0
0
8
,
M
.
S
c
.
i
n
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
S
p
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
),
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ilo
rin
,
Nig
e
ria,
1
9
9
5
,
a
n
d
a
B.
S
c
.
(Ho
n
o
rs)
i
n
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(F
irst
Clas
s
Ho
n
o
rs),
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ilo
rin
,
Nig
e
ria,
1
9
9
1
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
c
li
n
a
ti
o
n
s
a
re
M
a
c
h
in
e
L
e
a
rn
in
g
,
Co
m
p
u
ter
G
a
m
e
s,
I
m
a
g
e
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
G
rid
/Cl
o
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.