Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
606
~
614
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
606
-
614
606
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Sp
atia
l d
istributi
on patte
rn of
T
arsiu
s Lar
i
ang
in l
ore lind
u
nation
al p
ar
k
Ab
d
ul R
osyid
1
, Yanto
S
an
t
osa
2
, I N
e
ngah
Surati
Jaya
3
, M. Bism
ark
4
,
Agus P
. Kar
tono
5
1
Depa
rtment of
Forestr
y
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Forestr
y
,
Tadulako
Univ
ersity
,
Kota
Palu
,
Sul
awe
si Tenga
h
,
I
ndonesia
2,5
Depa
rtment
of
Forest
Resour
ces
Conserva
ti
on
a
nd
E
co
touri
sm
,
Facul
t
y
of
Fores
tr
y
,
Bogor
Agric
ul
tu
ral
Univ
ersity
,
I
ndonesia
3
Depa
rtment of
Forest
Mana
gem
ent
,
Facu
lty
of
Forestr
y
,
Bogo
r
A
gric
ult
u
ral Univ
ersity
,
Indone
si
a
4
Forest
Resea
r
ch
and
D
eve
lopme
nt
Cen
te
r
,
Bogor
,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
2
1
, 201
8
Re
vised
Sep
13
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Nov
25
,
2018
Ta
rsius
l
ari
ang
(
T.
la
ri
ang)
is
an
ende
m
ic
spe
cies
in
Lor
e
L
indu
N
at
ion
al
Park
(LL
NP
).
Ava
il
a
ble
informati
on
reg
ard
ing
T
.
l
ari
ang
is
li
m
ite
d
to
on
l
y
m
orphologi
ca
l
,
a
nat
om
ic
a
l,
c
y
tog
ene
t
ic
,
and
voi
ces
issues.
Know
ledge
for
its
geospa
tial
ch
aract
er
isti
cs
such
as
spati
al
p
ref
er
en
ce
s
and
spat
ia
l
d
i
stribut
ion
is
rar
e.
The
m
ai
n
obje
c
ti
ve
o
f
thi
s
stud
y
is
to
id
e
nti
f
y
th
e
spat
ia
l
distri
but
i
on
pat
t
ern
of
T.
larian
g
in
L
LNP
.
An
addi
t
ional
obje
c
ti
ve
is
to
i
dent
if
y
th
e
envi
ronm
ent
a
l
fac
tors
aff
e
ct
in
g
it
s
spat
ia
l
distri
buti
on
patter
ns.
Fi
el
d
observa
ti
on
for dis
tri
buti
on
patte
rn
was done
at
t
he
observa
ti
on
p
lot
th
at
we
re
using
s
y
st
ematic
sam
pli
ng
wit
h
ran
dom
st
art
.
Furthermore,
t
he
d
ens
i
t
y
esti
m
at
ion
in
ea
ch
poi
nt
wa
s
calc
ul
ated
u
sing
Tr
ia
ngl
e
Count
and
Conce
ntr
at
ion
C
ount
m
et
hod,
w
hil
e
insec
t
abun
danc
e
was
estim
at
ed
using
li
ght
tra
ps
sam
p
le
d
at
a
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
spatial
p
at
t
ern
was
esti
m
at
ed
u
sing
nea
r
es
t
nei
ghbor
inde
x
,
while
the
envi
ro
nm
ent
al
aff
e
ct
in
g
factors
were
i
dent
ified
b
y
using
spatial
an
aly
s
is
and
cor
r
elati
on
anal
y
s
es.
From
45
observa
ti
on
point
s
,
the
T
.
la
r
ia
ng
d
i
stribut
ion
pa
tter
n
was
cl
um
ped.
It
is
al
so
re
cognize
d
th
at
th
e
signifi
c
ant
f
ac
to
rs
aff
ecting
th
e
spati
al
distri
bu
tion
were
inse
ct
abunda
nc
e
,
proximit
y
from
t
he
comm
erc
i
al
l
y
uti
l
ized
l
and, a
n
d
la
nd
surfac
e tem
per
at
ure
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Cl
us
te
r
a
naly
sis
Dend
rogr
am
En
vironm
ental
aff
ect
in
g fact
or
Sp
at
ia
l distri
buti
on
patte
rn
Tarsius
laria
ng
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
A
ll rights
reserve
d
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
I
N
en
ga
h
S
ur
at
i Jay
a
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f Forest
Mana
ge
m
ent
,
Faculty
of For
est
ry, Bog
or
A
gr
ic
ultur
al
U
niv
ersit
y
,
Dar
m
aga,
Bo
gor
16
680
,
Indo
nesia.
Em
a
il
:
ins
-
j
ay
a@ap
ps
.i
pb.ac.i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
L
or
e
Lin
du
Nati
onal
Par
k
(LL
NP)
is
one
of
t
he
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
tr
op
i
cal
rain
forest
conser
vatio
n
areas
loc
at
ed i
n t
he
east
er
n
pa
rt
of
Ind
on
esi
a.
Ge
ogra
phic
al
ly
, t
he LL
NP
i
s
locat
ed
withi
n t
he
Wall
acea
re
gion
that
blen
ding
Asian
a
nd
Au
st
rali
an
fl
or
a
fa
una
has
high
s
pe
ci
es
end
em
ic
ity.
Ta
rsi
us
l
ar
iang
(
T.
laria
ng
)
is
one
of
the
e
ndem
i
c
anim
al
s
fo
und
in
LL
NP
wh
ic
h
has
t
he
sm
allest
body
siz
e
com
pared
t
o
oth
e
r
prim
at
e
sp
eci
es
[
1,
2].
Ther
e
a
re
three
s
pecies
of
T.
laria
ng
i
n
t
he
T
NLL,
i.e
.,
T.
pumilu
s,
T.
den
t
atu
s
and
T.
la
r
iang
.
Ba
sed
on
a
se
r
ie
s
of
m
orphol
og
ic
al
,
a
natomi
cal
,
cy
tog
e
net
ic
,
an
d
vo
ic
e
r
esearch
in
2006
[
1],
T
.
l
ar
ia
ng
was
recog
nized
as
a "ne
w pr
im
at
e
sp
eci
es
from
w
est
er
n
Ce
ntra
l Sulawe
si"
[1].
Th
e
re
co
gnit
ion
of
T
.
lari
ang
as
a
new
spe
ci
es
has
been
ver
y
im
po
rtan
t
ste
p
f
or
it
s
c
on
s
er
vatio
n.
Accor
ding
to
t
he
I
UCN
[3
]
,
c
urren
tl
y
the
sta
tus
of
the
c
on
s
erv
at
io
n
of
T
.
laria
ng
is
"data
def
ic
ie
nt"
or
l
ack
of
data.
Up
t
o
no
w,
no
sci
entifi
c
publica
ti
on
ha
s
bee
n
f
ound
relat
ed
to
ge
ospat
ia
l
inform
ation
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
i
n
LLNP,
w
hile
the
in
form
at
ion
about
T
.
lari
ang
is
cr
ucial
in
t
his
area
.
S
o
fa
r
,
the
a
vaila
ble
r
esearch
on
T
.
l
ar
ia
ng
ou
tsi
de
of
T
N
LL
has
bee
n
r
eported
in
2006
[
1],
howe
ver,
the
st
ud
y
is
l
i
m
i
te
d
on
ly
on
the
m
or
phol
ogic
al
,
anatom
ic
al
,
cytog
e
netic
,
as
well
as
voic
es.
Anothe
r
iss
ue
that
al
so
sho
ul
d
be
c
onsider
ed
in
the
area,
is
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Spatial
distri
buti
on patt
ern
of
Ta
rsi
us
L
ar
i
ang i
n
l
or
e li
nd
u na
ti
on
al par
k
(
Abdul R
os
yi
d
)
607
pr
ess
ure
that
th
e
natio
nal
park
has f
r
om
var
io
us
la
nd
util
iz
ation
,
su
c
h as
la
nd
f
or
c
offee
a
nd
c
oc
oa
plant
at
ion
s,
bam
bo
o
a
nd
ra
tt
an
colle
ct
ion
act
ivit
ie
s,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
aff
ect
th
e stat
us
of
T.
la
riang
popula
ti
on.
By
con
side
rin
g
the
a
bove
iss
ue
s,
e
ffo
rts
for
c
on
s
er
ving
the
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
ha
ve
been
unde
rtaken
t
hroug
h
appr
opriat
e
co
ns
er
vatio
n
pro
gr
am
s,
colle
ct
ing
in
form
ation
on
distri
b
utio
n
patte
rn
s
as
well
as
the
en
vir
onm
ental
factors
li
ke
ha
bitat
pr
e
fer
e
nc
e
of
T.
lari
ang
.
The
util
iz
at
ion
of
sp
at
ia
l
kn
ow
le
dg
e
,
i.e
.
,
geospati
al
inf
orm
ation
syst
e
m
(G
IS)
i
n
var
i
ou
s
fiel
ds
of
natu
ral
res
ource
m
anag
e
m
ent
has
bee
n
widely
ap
plied
,
pa
rtic
ularl
y
by
us
i
ng
var
i
ou
s
s
patia
l
m
od
el
ing
[4
-
8]
.
Now,
the
GIS
te
chnolo
gy
ha
s
been
pro
ven
as
eff
ect
ive
to
ols
an
d
m
et
ho
ds
t
o
m
on
it
or
m
anage
m
ent
act
ivit
ie
s,
a
naly
sis
an
d
visu
al
iz
at
ion
of
wild
anim
al
’s
data,
i
nclu
ding
hab
it
at
r
eq
uire
m
ents
and
ra
ng
e
s,
popula
ti
on
patc
hes
a
nd
li
nk
a
ges,
disease
le
vels
withi
n
popu
la
ti
ons,
pro
gr
ess
of
m
anag
em
ent
act
ivit
ie
s an
d h
ist
or
ic
al
and
present
wildli
fe
densi
ti
es [
9].
In
this
st
udy,
t
he
GIS
te
c
hnol
og
y
was
ap
plie
d
for
est
im
at
in
g
t
he
s
patia
l
ch
aracte
risti
cs
an
d
a
naly
zi
ng
the
sp
at
ia
l
pa
tt
ern
of
T.
la
ria
ng
i
n
T
NLL,
by
integrati
ng
the
s
patia
l
capab
il
it
y
analy
sis
of
GIS
softwa
r
e
an
d
fiel
d
-
base
d
dat
a
inv
e
nto
ry.
T
he
m
ai
n
ob
j
ect
ive
of
t
he
stu
dy
is
to
identif
y
the
spati
al
dis
tri
bu
ti
on
an
d
s
patial
patte
rn o
f
T.
l
ari
ang
in
TN
LL
, w
hile
t
he
ad
di
ti
o
nal o
bject
iv
e
is
t
o
i
den
ti
fy
the
e
nv
i
ronm
e
ntal
fact
or
s
a
ffec
ti
ng
it
s d
ist
rib
ution
patte
rn. T
he
e
nvir
on
m
ental
f
a
ct
or
s c
onside
re
d were
b
i
ophys
ic
al
an
d ant
hro
poge
nic f
act
or
s
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Date
an
d
Site
The
fiel
d
data
colle
ct
ion
was
cond
ucted
fro
m
Ap
ril
2011
t
o
Ma
rc
h
2012
within
a
pa
rt
of
the
TNL
L
area.
Re
sea
rch
data
was
locat
ed
within
t
he
work
i
ng
area
of
T
oro
a
nd
Mo
a
res
or
ts.T
he
a
rea
is
locat
e
d
withi
n
Ku
la
wi and
Southe
rn Kula
wi,
Sigi a
nd P
oso
Re
gen
ci
es Ce
nt
ral Su
la
wesi P
rovince
.
2.2.
T
oo
l
s
,
S
oftware
, Hard
w
are, and D
ata
Fo
r
Fiel
d
data
colle
ct
ion
,
the
equ
i
pm
ents
use
d
wer
e
gl
ob
al
po
sit
io
ning
sys
tem
(G
PS
)
trac
king
dev
ic
e
,
cl
ino
m
et
er,
and
al
tim
et
er.
Fo
r
i
ns
ect
obser
va
ti
on
,
the
st
udy
us
e
d
li
ght
tra
p,
w
hite
c
otto
n
fabric
3
m
long
a
nd
width
2
m
, a
nd
et
hyl
acet
at
e.
The s
patia
l
ana
ly
sis
was c
ar
ri
ed
ou
t
us
in
g
Ar
cGIS
versi
on
10.
1
.
The m
ai
n
sp
at
ia
l
data was
La
ndsat
Th
em
atic
Ma
pp
e
r
(TM)
i
m
age p
at
h
11
4
/ row
61
o
f
20
11
;
w
hile
t
he
s
upportin
g
data
includ
e
adm
inist
rati
ve
m
aps,
LL
NP
ar
ea
m
aps,
co
ntour
m
aps
an
d
Indonesia
n
la
nd
f
or
m
m
ap
at
a
s
cal
e
1:
250,0
00
sh
ee
t
s
2014
–
64 (
Ma
r
anata)
,
2
11
4
–
43 K
am
aro
ra
, 2014
–
62
(
K
ulawi), 211
4
–
41 (La
ngko)
,
21
14
–
42
(
Wuasa)
, 2
11
4
–
13
(Lawua
),
2114
–
14
(Do
da), a
nd
2114
–
11
(G
i
ntu); b
oundary
m
ap
of
T
NLL
forest area
.
2.3.
Data C
ol
le
ction an
d
A
na
lysis
2.3.1
Data C
ol
le
ction
T.
la
ria
ng
dist
rib
ution
data
was
c
ol
le
ct
ed
thr
ough
fiel
d
su
r
veys
by
e
xplo
rin
g
ar
eas
of
T.
laria
ng
con
ce
ntrati
on
in
va
rio
us
ha
bi
ta
t
ty
pes.
The
sam
ple
un
it
of
obse
rv
at
io
n
was
la
id
out
by
usi
ng
syst
e
m
at
ic
sam
pling
with
rand
om
sta
rt
w
it
h
1
km
x
1
km
interval,
pro
cessed
s
patia
lly
us
i
ng
e
xtensi
on
IH
MB
ve
rsi
on.34
[10].
Each
dir
ect
enc
ounter
of
T.
la
ria
ng
was
rec
orde
d
i
n
ha
bitat
ty
pe
and
li
nked
with
oth
e
r
data
s
uch
as
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
hum
idity,
slo
pe,
al
ti
tud
e
a
nd
i
ts
ge
ogra
phic
coor
din
at
es
usi
ng
the
GP
S
tr
ackin
g
de
vice.
Dat
a
colle
ct
ion
for
r
el
at
ive
dens
it
y
of
in
div
i
du
al
popula
ti
on
of
T.
lari
ang
was
done
by
us
in
g
Trian
gle
C
ount
an
d
Con
ce
ntrati
on
Count
[
11,
12
]
.
The
cal
c
ulati
on
of
relat
ive
de
ns
it
y
of
i
nd
i
vidual
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
was
us
in
g
the
f
or
m
ula
dev
el
op
e
d
by
O'
Brie
n
an
d
D
um
a
[1
3,
14]
.
The
cal
culat
io
n
of
the
a
bund
ance
of
ins
ect
s
was
done
by
trap
ping
insect
s
at
eac
h
po
i
nt
of
T.
lari
ang
enc
ounter
.
Tra
ppin
g i
ns
e
ct
s
was
do
ne
by
us
in
g
a
li
ght
trap.
F
or
analy
sis,
the
consi
der
e
d
i
nse
ct
s w
ere
th
os
e
only
h
a
ve
a
bo
dy len
gth
l
onge
r
tha
n
>
1
cm
.
2.4.
Data A
n
aly
sis
2.4.
1
I
den
tific
at
i
on
of
T.
lari
ang
c
on
cen
tr
ati
on are
a
Sp
at
ia
l
distri
buti
on
of
T.
lari
ang
wa
s
ob
ta
ine
d
base
d
on
the
nu
m
ber
of
in
di
viduals
e
ncou
nt
ered
i
n t
he
fiel
d,
by
m
ark
ing
the
ge
ogra
phic
co
ordi
nate
us
in
g
GP
S
trac
ker.
F
ur
t
her
m
or
e,
t
he
s
patia
l
distrib
ution
a
nd
the
con
ce
ntrati
on
area
of
T
.
lari
ang
we
re
a
naly
zed
us
in
g
I
nver
se
Dista
nce
W
ei
gted
(
I
D
W)
,
interp
olati
on
m
et
ho
d
avail
able
in
A
r
cGis
versi
on
10.
1
.
T
he
res
ult
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
de
ns
it
y
interp
ol
at
ion
was
us
ed
la
te
r
on,
as
th
e
basis
for det
erm
ining
the
locati
on s
patia
l patt
ern a
nd ide
ntifyi
ng
the af
fecti
ng e
nv
i
ronm
ental
f
act
or
s.
2.4.2
T
. la
ri
ang
sp
ati
al dis
tribution p
atter
n
Sp
at
ia
l
distri
buti
on
patte
rns
w
ere
a
naly
zed
t
o
determ
ine
the
relat
ionshi
p
betwee
n
t
he
distribu
ti
on
of
T.
laria
ng
an
d
the
facto
rs
that
m
igh
t
aff
ect
it
.Th
e
m
et
ho
d
use
d
in
est
im
ati
ng
s
patia
l
distr
ibu
ti
on
patte
r
n
was
Near
est
Neig
h
bor Inde
x (NN
I)
,
calc
ulate
d b
y usin
g
t
he
f
ollow
i
ng for
m
ula:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng
&
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
606
–
614
608
=
;
DO
=
∑
=
1
;
=
0
.
5
√
DO
is
O
bs
er
ve
d Dist
a
nce,
whil
e
DE i
s
the
E
xp
ect
e
d
Dista
nc
e.
The
sp
at
ia
l
distrib
ution
pat
te
rn
will
be
cat
egorized
as
cl
um
ped
w
he
n
the
N
NI
<
1;
as
ra
ndo
m
wh
e
n
the
NNI
≈
1;
a
nd
as
disp
e
rse
d
(unif
or
m
)
w
he
n
t
he
NNI >
1 [15,
16]
.
2.4.3
En
viro
n
ment
al fact
ors
aff
ec
ting the
spatial p
atter
n
The
en
vir
on
m
ental
fact
or
s
c
on
si
der
e
d
in
th
is
stu
dy
incl
ude
pro
xim
ity
from
set
tl
e
m
ent,
com
m
ercial
areas
(caca
o,
c
offee,
a
nd
m
ixed
ga
r
den),
a
nd
pr
ox
im
ity
fr
om
the
ro
ad
.
T
ho
s
e
facto
rs
w
ere
de
rive
d
f
r
om
the
sp
at
ia
l
operati
on
usi
ng
the
G
IS
s
oft
war
e
f
or
ob
ta
ini
ng
s
pa
ti
al
distribu
ti
on
of
the
insect
ab
unda
nce,
th
en
t
he
IDW
was
a
ppli
ed.
The
stat
ist
i
cal
p
aram
et
ers
for
eac
h
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
factor
are s
umm
arized in
Ta
ble 1.
Table
1.
E
nvir
on
m
ental
f
act
ors a
nd d
ist
urba
nce a
rea
us
ed
i
n
a
naly
sis
Env
iron
m
en
tal
f
acto
rs
Mini
m
u
m
Maxi
m
u
m
Total d
ata
Interval
Ins
ect abu
n
d
an
ce (
in
d
/h
o
u
r/k
m
2
)
1
.1
6
3
.4
80
0.
8
Distan
ce fro
m
roa
d
(
m
)
50
7300
138
53
Distan
ce fro
m
settl
e
m
en
t a
rea (
m
)
100
7300
73
99
Distan
ce fro
m
co
m
m
e
rc
ial a
rea (
m
)
100
4
800
48
98
Altitu
d
e (
asl)
369
1653
42
3
0
.6
Slo
p
e (
%)
1
52
3
6
0
6
9
0
Te
m
p
e
rature
(
0
C)
22.
5
2
7
.1
93
0.
05
Hu
m
id
ity
(%)
7
7
.2
8
6
.0
102
0.
09
2.4.4
Det
ermi
na
ti
on
of en
vi
ronme
ntal f
ac
to
rs
on sp
ati
al
patt
er
ns
Fo
r
sel
ect
in
g
the
m
os
t
a
ff
ect
ing
fact
or
s
,
t
he
stu
dy
a
naly
s
es
the
c
orrelat
ion
am
on
g
the
de
pe
ndent
var
ia
ble
(
de
ns
i
ty
of
T.
lari
ang
)
a
nd
al
l
the
in
dep
e
ndent
va
ri
ables (envir
on
m
ental
factors)
as
m
entione
d
above.
Th
e ste
ps
for
s
el
ect
ing
the
m
os
t si
gnific
a
nt
var
ia
bles are
a
s foll
ow
s:
1.
A
ll
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nt
var
ia
bles
,
i.e.
abun
dan
ce
of
i
ns
ect
s
(
X
1),
di
sta
nce
f
ro
m
ro
a
d
(
X
2),
dista
nc
e
from
set
tl
e
m
e
nt
(X3),
distance
from
com
m
ercial
area
(X4),
e
le
vation
(
X
5)
,
slop
e
(
X
6)
,
te
m
per
at
ur
e
(X7
),
a
nd
t
he
hum
i
dity
(X8)
we
re e
xa
m
ined.
2.
All
var
ia
bles
e
xcep
t
i
ns
ect
a
bundance
(
X
1)
wer
e
exam
ined.
T
he
X
1
is
exclu
ded
since
this
va
riable
is
relat
ively
d
iffi
cult t
o ob
ta
i
n.
3.
In
sect
ab
unda
nc
e
(
X1),
c
ommerci
al
ly
un
it
a
r
eas
(
X
4)
,
a
nd
t
e
m
per
at
ure
(X7)
w
h
e
re
e
xam
ined
due
to
the
ir
cl
os
e c
orrelat
ion
with the
d
e
nsi
ty
o
f
T
. la
ri
ang
.
4.
Var
ia
ble
distan
ce
from
co
m
m
ercial
area
(
X4)
an
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
(X7
)
we
re
exam
ined.
The
se
two
var
ia
bles
are
easi
ly
der
ived
from
the
e
xisti
ng
rem
ote
sensing
te
ch
no
log
y
an
d
co
ns
i
der
e
d
to
hav
e
a
high
co
rr
el
at
io
n
with the
d
e
ns
it
y of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng.
5.
On
ly
var
ia
ble
i
ns
ec
t
ab
unda
nc
e
(X1
)
wa
s
e
xa
m
ined.
T
his
to
assess
the
c
apa
bili
ty
of
this
va
riable
to
e
stim
a
te
the s
patia
l distr
ibu
ti
on
patte
rn
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
.
These
va
riable
s
we
re
us
e
d
t
o
cl
assify
the
de
ns
it
y
of
T
.
l
ar
iang
us
i
ng
the
c
lusterin
g
m
et
ho
d,
wh
e
re
the
dend
ogram
w
as d
e
velo
pe
d us
ing
t
he
c
om
plete
li
nk
ag
e alg
ori
thm
.
3.
RESU
LT
S
AND A
N
ALYSIS
3.1.
L
ocation
i
dent
ific
at
i
on o
f
T.
lari
ang
s
pa
ti
al dis
tribu
tion are
a
Fr
om
the
45
ob
serv
at
io
n
po
i
nts
of
T.
lari
ang
,
in
Fig
ur
e
1
,
th
e
stud
y
s
hows
th
at
T.
laria
ng
is
distrib
ute
d
in
tra
ns
it
ion
al
areas
betwee
n
pr
im
ary
and
se
conda
ry
f
orest
.
This
in
dicat
es
that
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
is
the
ed
ge
s
pecies
anim
a
l.
High
a
bundance
of
in
sect
fee
ds
i
n e
dge
a
rea
or
ec
oto
ne
has
bee
n cl
os
el
y
co
rr
el
at
e
d
with
t
he
de
nsi
ty
of
T.
lari
ang
.
T
his
i
s
in
li
ne
wit
h
the
stu
dy
of
Ma
ns
yur
et
.
al
.
[17]
that
T.
t
arsi
ers
in
t
he
L
a
m
bu
sa
ngo
Forest
of
Buto
n
I
sla
nd a
re fo
und
i
n
the
forest e
dg
e
are
a h
a
bitat
s.
The
edge
for
e
s
t area
h
a
s a
un
i
qu
e
m
ic
ro
ha
bitat
v
e
getat
ion st
ru
ct
ur
e
w
it
h
m
or
e
veg
et
at
ive
sp
eci
es a
nd
m
or
e
seedli
ng
s
[18,
19
]
.
L
ow
canopy
co
ver
on
t
hese
ed
ges
causes
an
i
ncre
m
ent
in
insect
-
feed
bio
m
ass
[19]
.
Fr
om
the
sp
at
ia
l
data
of
t
he
loc
at
ion
a
nd
de
ns
it
y
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
,
the
s
patia
l
ana
ly
sis
sh
ows
tha
t
sp
at
ia
l
distrib
ution
patte
rn
of
T
.
la
riang
in
LL
NP
is
cl
u
m
ped
wi
th
N
NI
=
0.2
or
<1.
T
he
s
patia
l
distribu
ti
on
patte
rn
of
T
.
la
riang
is
relat
ed
to
it
s
beh
a
viou
r
t
o
m
ai
ntain
it
s
sur
viv
al
,
an
d
cl
os
el
y
relat
ed
to
e
nv
iro
nm
ental
conditi
on
s
,
su
c
h
as
bi
o
-
ph
ysi
cal
a
nd
anth
rop
og
e
nic
facto
rs.
This
cl
um
ped
dist
rib
ution
of
T.
laria
ng
m
igh
t
be
in
flue
nce
d
by
it
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Spatial
distri
buti
on patt
ern
of
Ta
rsi
us
L
ar
i
ang i
n
l
or
e li
nd
u na
ti
on
al par
k
(
Abdul R
os
yi
d
)
609
beh
a
viou
r,
as
t
err
it
ori
al
anim
al
,
com
peting
with
oth
e
r
Ta
r
sius
s
pecies,
s
uch
as
T.
de
nta
tus
.
Ho
m
og
e
neity
of
hab
it
at
,
a
nd
ot
he
r
fact
or
s
(s
uc
h
as
prey
,
bio
m
ass
-
fee
d,
an
d
ot
her
su
it
able
fac
tors)
are
al
so
s
us
pe
ct
ed
i
n
af
f
ect
ing
the s
patia
l distr
ibu
ti
on
of
T.
la
riang
[19
-
21]
.
Most
of
the
fie
ld
obser
vation
po
i
nts
belo
ng
t
o
t
he
pri
m
ary
fo
rest
(
40
point
s)
w
hile
only
a
fe
w
points
(5
points)
belo
ng
s
into
seco
ndary
f
orest
.
P
rim
ary
fo
re
st
ha
s
a
good
qual
it
y
fo
r
ha
bitat
of
T.
lari
ang
.
I
n
pr
im
ary
forest
la
nd
co
ve
r,
the
re
are
m
any
fi
cus
sp
.
tr
ees
an
d
la
rge
trees
that
ha
ve
ho
le
s
for
s
helte
r
an
d
re
st,
w
he
reas
seco
nd
a
ry
fore
sts
are
prefe
rr
e
d
as
fee
ding
pl
aces.
This
case
was
sim
il
ar
to
the
T.
tarsier
,
fou
nd
in
Tan
gkok
o
-
Ba
tu
Ang
us
N
at
ur
e
Re
s
er
ve
area
of
North
Su
la
we
si,
t
hat
us
es
fi
cus
spp
tr
ee
as
it
s
nest
[
22
]
.
Ot
her
al
le
gations
that
cause
sp
at
ia
l
distribu
ti
on
of
cl
us
te
re
d
T.
laria
ng
are
ki
ns
hi
p,
grega
rio
us
beh
a
vior,
sim
il
arity
of
inte
rest
in
the u
ti
li
zat
ion
of r
es
ources
(f
eed a
nd s
pace) and
anti
-
pr
e
dat
or [23
]
.
Figure
1
.
S
patia
l distri
buti
on
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
de
velo
ped usi
ng
I
D
W
i
nter
po
la
ti
on
res
ult i
n
L
or
e
Lin
du N
at
i
on
al
Par
k
3.2.
The
en
viron
me
ntal
var
iables t
hat in
fluence sp
ati
al
distribu
tion p
attern
of
T.
la
riang
Ba
sed
on
the
resu
lt
s
of
a
naly
sis,
there
are
7
va
riables
that
hav
e
hi
gh
co
ntributi
on
t
o
t
he
s
patia
l
distrib
ution
pat
te
rn
of
T.
laria
ng
.
T
hey
are
th
e
ab
unda
nce
of
insect
s,
fo
ll
owed
by
the
dista
nce
to
com
m
ercial
ly
util
iz
ed
area
,
hum
idity,
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
distance
f
ro
m
the
r
oa
d,
distance
t
o
set
tl
e
m
ent
and
al
ti
tud
e.
Sl
op
e
va
r
ia
ble
within
the
stu
dy
area
do
not
si
gn
i
ficantl
y
cont
ribu
te
in
t
he
s
patia
l
distrib
ution
patte
r
n
of
T
.
laria
ng,
ha
ving
ve
ry
sm
a
ll
R
2
value
of only
32.
3
%.
3.2.1
Co
rrel
ati
on
of
T. l
ar
ia
ng
densit
y
w
it
h source
of f
ee
d
Tarsius
is
a
sm
al
l
pr
im
at
e
wh
ic
h
is
cl
as
sifie
d
to
the
fir
st
pri
m
itive
insect
iv
or
e
cat
eg
or
y
t
ha
t
m
akes
the
sta
ple
f
ood
[
24
,
25
]
.
Tar
sius
us
es
hea
rin
g
s
ens
or
s
to
cat
ch
insect
s
f
ro
m
their
r
us
tl
ing
voic
es
a
nd
flutte
r
of
it
s
wings
[2
5,
26]
.
Tarsi
us
ta
ke
s
58
-
–
14
1
gr
am
s
of
insect
s
pe
r
day
to
m
eet
their
fee
ding
nee
ds
[2
7].
T
he
re
su
lt
of
the
analy
sis
in
Figure
2
,
sho
w
s
that
the
re
is
a
ver
y
cl
os
e
c
orr
el
at
ion
bet
wee
n
den
sit
y
of
T.
laria
ng
an
d
t
he
insect
densi
ty
with
R
value
cl
os
e
to
1.
This
m
eans
t
he
inc
reasi
ng
of
i
ns
ect
de
ns
it
y
has
sig
nificant
e
ff
ect
on
the
increasin
g
of
the
de
ns
it
y
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
.
Th
e
inc
reasin
g
of
insect
de
ns
it
y
is
pro
portiona
l
to
t
he
de
ns
it
y
of
T.
laria
ng
po
pu
la
ti
on
d
ue
to
the n
eed
of f
ee
d
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
. I
ns
ect
s
pro
vid
e
a
var
ie
ty
of nutrients
f
or
the
ne
eds
of
insect
ivore
pri
m
at
es
including
protei
n,
fat,
carboh
y
dr
at
es
,
chiti
n,
e
neg
y
,
vitam
ins
and
m
inerals
[28].
Th
e
distrib
ution
pa
tt
ern
of
T.
lari
ang
is
sig
nific
antly
influ
e
nce
d
by
the
ab
unda
nce
of
insect
s
to
fu
l
fill
their
da
ily
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
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4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng
&
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
606
–
614
610
needs
(f
ee
ding
)
in
perform
ing
t
heir
daily
a
ct
ivit
ie
s.
Ha
bitat
s
that
hav
e
a
hi
gh
ab
unda
nc
e
of
i
ns
ect
s
a
ff
ect
sign
ific
a
ntly
th
e
hi
gh
s
pread
of
den
sit
y.
A
bunda
nce
of
fee
ding
source
s
is
a
facto
r
that
a
ff
ect
s
the
distri
bu
ti
on
and d
e
ns
it
y o
f a
nim
a
l pop
ulati
o
ns [
29
]
.
Figure
2
.
Co
rr
e
la
ti
on
b
et
wee
n t
he
de
ns
it
y o
f
T.
lari
ang
an
d i
ns
ect
abu
nd
a
nc
e
3.2.2
Co
rrel
ati
on
of
T. lari
ang
densit
y
w
it
h p
h
ys
ic
al
fac
to
rs
An
al
ysi
s
of
co
rr
el
at
ion
betwe
en
T.
la
ria
ng
de
ns
it
y
with
ph
ysi
cal
factor
s
c
on
sist
e
d
on
the
analy
sis
of
correla
ti
on
bet
ween
T
.
l
ar
ia
ng
de
ns
it
y
with
te
m
per
at
ur
e
, hum
idity,
al
ti
tud
e
a
nd
sl
op
e
. A
ir
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
ai
r
hu
m
idit
y
are
c
losely
co
rr
el
at
ed
wh
e
n
the
i
nc
reasin
g
of
on
e
unit
of
ai
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
will
aff
ec
t
the
c
ha
ng
e
of
hu
m
idit
y.
Each
s
pecies
of
a
nim
a
ls
has
di
f
fer
e
nt
res
pond
on
dif
fere
nt
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
hum
idit
y
v
al
ues.
En
vironm
ental
tem
per
at
ur
e
ha
s
a
sign
ific
a
nt
ro
le
in
in
flue
nc
ing
the
patte
r
n
of
wildli
fe
s
patia
l
distrib
ution.
S
o
that
tem
per
at
ure
an
d
hum
i
dity
are
incl
ud
e
d
a
s
lim
i
ti
ng
fact
ors
f
or
wildli
fe
s
urvival.
The
re
su
lt
s
sho
wed
th
at
the
ai
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
of
T.
lari
ang
ha
bitat
was
fou
nd
in
the
ra
ng
es
22.5
0
C
–
27.
5
0
C
an
d
hu
m
idit
y
ran
ge
d
betwee
n
75
–
87%
(
Fig
ur
es
3.
a
a
nd
3.b).
T
he
T
.
la
ria
ng
a
bundance
see
m
s
to
increase
wh
e
n
t
he
e
nvir
on
m
ental
tem
per
at
ur
e
increases
up
t
o
27.5
0
C
with
79%
ai
r
hum
idit
y.
T
syric
hta
in
capti
ve
br
ee
ding
will
die
if
the
ai
r
tem
per
at
ur
e
reaches
bel
ow
18
0
C.
The
pref
err
e
d
te
m
per
at
ur
e
ra
ng
es
f
rom
25
0
C
to
30
0
C,
w
hile
the
prefe
rr
e
d
hu
m
idit
y
t
o
pr
e
ve
nt
dr
yne
s
s
of
the
s
kin
is
ab
out
80
%
[29,
30
]
.
T
he
regressio
n
li
ne
f
or
m
of
T.
la
riang
de
ns
it
y
with
tem
per
at
ur
e
is
po
wer
s
hape
with
high
R
2
of
72
%
.
Since
the
re
is
a
ve
r
y
cl
os
e
co
rr
el
a
ti
on
bet
ween
t
he
ai
r
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
ai
r h
um
idit
y (r
=
0.9
5),
the
r
efore,
to
sim
pli
fy
the
m
od
el
, o
nly
on
e
var
ia
ble
would
be se
l
ect
ed,
ei
ther
hum
idity
or
te
m
per
at
ure.
The
c
orrela
ti
on
betw
een
ai
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
hu
m
idit
y
with
T
.
l
ar
ia
ng
is
quit
e
high,
la
r
ger
tha
n
0.7
so
that
ai
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
hu
m
idit
y
hav
e
si
gn
i
ficant
e
ff
ect
t
o
t
he
i
ncrea
sing
of
T.
lar
ia
ng
abun
dan
ce
. T
hi
s show
s
that te
m
per
at
ur
e ha
s
sign
ific
a
nt im
pact to the
abu
ndance
of
T.
l
ari
ang
in
Fig
ure
3a).
T
he
hi
gh
est
le
vel
of
T
.
l
ar
ia
ng
a
bundance
occurs
in
area
s
wit
h
al
ti
tud
e
bet
ween
800
–
1000
m
asl
(F
ig
ur
e
3.
c)
a
nd
will
dec
rease
al
ong
with
th
e
increa
se
on
a
lt
it
ud
e.
T
he
al
t
it
ud
e
of
2000
m
asl
has
the
hi
gh
est
insect
di
ver
sit
y
an
d
will
dec
re
ase
al
ong wit
h
the
inc
reasin
g of
al
ti
tud
e [
31
-
33
]
.
T
his
is
i
n
l
ine w
it
h
the
g
e
ner
al
theo
ry
of
ecol
ogic
al
cha
ng
es
,
wh
e
n
al
ti
tud
e
of
the
sit
e
inc
rea
ses,
the
te
m
perat
ur
e
decr
ease
s
,
the
den
sit
y
of
flor
a
is
li
near
ly
d
ecr
eased
an
d
the
d
ive
rsity
of both f
lo
ra
a
nd f
a
una d
ec
reases
[
33]
.
Anot
her
fac
tor
in
dec
reasi
ng
the
densi
ty
of
T.
la
riang
is t
he
i
nc
reasin
g o
f a
lt
itu
de
,
the
h
i
gh
e
r
the
alt
it
ud
e
, t
he
lo
wer t
he
i
nse
ct
sp
eci
es
dive
rsity
,
wh
ic
h
re
pr
e
sen
ts
the
source
of
T.
laria
ng
fee
di
ng
[33,
34]
.
T
he
al
ti
tud
e
al
so
aff
ect
s
T
.
pu
milus
w
he
n
th
e
al
ti
tud
e
of
the
sit
e
dec
reases
t
he
fee
d
sou
rce,
w
hich
af
fects
it
s
be
ha
vioral
c
hange
,
m
or
phol
og
y
and
body
siz
e
[31].
Re
gr
essi
on
a
na
ly
sis
of
the
T
.
laria
ng
de
ns
it
y
with
the
sl
op
e
sh
ows
t
he
R
2
va
lue
of
only
32
.27%
in
F
ig
ur
e
3d.
This s
hows
tha
t t
her
e is
no s
i
gnific
ant e
ff
ect
of slo
pe variat
ion t
o
t
he
T
. lar
iang
densi
ty
.
T.
t
ar
sie
r
in
Bu
ton
isl
an
d
was
fou
nd
at
m
os
t
on
the
sl
op
e
s
>
40%
w
hich
bel
ong
to
the
cat
e
gory
of
ver
y
ste
ep
slo
pes
[17].
Tarsi
us
on
Sela
ya
r
Islan
d
and
T
WA
Pat
unua
ng
S
ou
t
h
S
ulawesi
a
re
m
or
e
com
m
on
ly
fo
un
d
on
t
opogra
phic
ram
ps
up
t
o
20%
slo
pes
[35]
and
T.
f
us
cu
s
in
Ba
ntim
ur
ung
Bulusa
raun
g
Nati
on
al
P
ar
k
at
low
slop
es
rangi
ng
from
0
–
25%
[
34
]
.
T
his
stu
dy
diff
e
rs
f
r
om
t
he
stu
dy
of
T.
t
ar
sie
r
in
B
uton
w
her
e
t
he
T.
tarsier
was
m
or
e c
omm
on
ly
f
ound
at
the
sl
op
es
stee
per tha
n 40
%
[
17
]
.
y
= 0
.
0316x
+ 0
.
3288
R²
= 0
.
9727
0.
00
0.
50
1.
00
1.
50
2.
00
2.
50
0.
00
10.
00
20.
00
30.
00
40.
00
50.
00
60.
00
70.
00
Dens
ity
of
t
a
ngk
asi/km2
In
sec
t
abu
nd
ance
(
In
dividu
al
/
km2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Spatial
distri
buti
on patt
ern
of
Ta
rsi
us
L
ar
i
ang i
n
l
or
e li
nd
u na
ti
on
al par
k
(
Abdul R
os
yi
d
)
611
Figure
3
.
Co
rr
e
la
ti
on
of
T.
l
ar
iang
de
ns
it
y wi
th
(a
)
te
m
per
at
ur
e;
(b)
hum
idi
ty
;
(c)
el
evati
on;
(
d)
slo
pe
3.2.3
Co
rrel
ati
on
be
tween
d
ensity o
f
T
. lar
iang
w
ith hu
man
distur
bance
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
is
a
n
a
nim
al
that
has
dif
fer
e
nt
r
esp
on
ses
to
hum
an
prese
nce,
de
pe
nd
i
ng
on
the
ty
pes
of
con
ta
ct
a
nd
T.
laria
ng’s
i
nteracti
on
with
hum
ans.
For
T
.
dian
ae
locat
e
d
in
Kam
aro
ra
TNLL
,
high
dense
popula
ti
on
s
a
re
m
os
tl
y
found
in
t
he
areas
with
high
disturba
nce
[
1,
36]
.
T
his
stu
dy
exam
ined
t
hr
ee
disturbanc
e
factors
that
a
ffec
t
the
de
ns
it
y
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
,
nam
el
y
the
distance
f
r
om
co
m
m
ercial
ly
utiliz
ed
area
,
the
dis
ta
nce
from
set
tl
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
t
he
distance
from
ro
a
d.
T
he
re
gr
ess
ion
s
betwee
n
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
a
nd
dista
nce
from
r
o
a
d,
set
tl
e
m
ent,
and
c
omm
ercial
area
s
how
high
c
oeffici
ents
of
determ
inati
on
of
61.
4%;
60.7%;
an
d
79.
9%,
resp
ect
ively
.
T
he
R
2
value
be
tween
T.
laria
ng
an
d
al
l
hum
an
distu
rb
a
nce
facto
rs
is
>5
0%
,
in
dicat
ing
t
hat
al
l
factors
infl
ue
nc
e
the
de
ns
it
y
of
T.
la
ria
ng
.
The
T
.
lari
ang
de
ns
it
y
al
so
has
a
ver
y
cl
os
e
c
orrelat
ion
with
pro
xim
it
y
fr
om
com
m
ercial
area
,
in
Fig
ure
4.
a,
w
he
re
the
hi
gh
e
st
de
ns
it
y
was
occ
urred
a
t
the
40
00
m
distance.
The
highest
de
ns
it
y
of
T. l
ar
i
ang
was a
ls
o
f
ound
at
the
dist
ance
o
f
4000
from
the
set
tl
e
m
ent
area
i
n
Fi
gure
4.b
and
the
highes
t
ab
unda
nce
of
T.
lari
ang
we
re
fou
nd
at
t
he
dista
nce
of
4000
m
from
the
r
oad
in
Fi
gur
e
4.c.
The
m
axim
u
m
distanc
e
betw
een
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
densi
ty
and
al
l
three
disturba
nce
facto
rs
is
ind
ic
at
ed
as
the
ed
ge
area,
t
his
i
s
id
entifi
ed
by
t
he
te
ndency
of
t
he
dro
pp
i
ng
ba
ck
de
ns
it
y
aft
er
th
e
m
axi
m
um
den
sit
y
incr
eases.
In
the
se
areas
,
it
is
po
ssible
that
hum
an
disturba
nces
are
not
ver
y
high,
ha
ve
suffici
e
nt
feed
a
bunda
nc
e
and
al
low
T.
lari
ang
t
o
hi
de i
nto
the
pri
m
ary
fo
r
est
area
. T
he
si
ze
of
the
T.
diana
e
gro
up
decre
ases
with
incr
easi
ng
le
vels
of
disturbance
an
d
T.
pumilu
s
ha
s
a
n
i
ncr
ease
d
a
bundance
in
li
ne
with
the
ab
unda
nce
of
i
ns
ect
s
at
the
edg
e
area
[1,
31]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng
&
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
606
–
614
612
Figure
4
.
Co
rr
e
la
ti
on
of
T.
l
ar
iang
de
ns
it
y wi
th
(a
)
c
omm
erc
ia
l areas;
(b
)
se
tt
lem
ent areas;
(c)
distance
from
r
oad
3.3.
Sele
c
tion o
f
de
termin
ant
vari
ab
le
s
This
resea
rc
h
us
es
8
va
riable
s
X
as
m
entione
d
pre
viously
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nt
of
T.
lari
ang
s
uc
h
as
na
m
el
y
(a)
a
bundance
of
in
sect
(
X
1),
(b)
dista
nce
fro
m
ro
ad
(X2),
(
c)
distance
fro
m
set
tl
e
m
ent
(X
3),
(d)
dista
nc
e
from
com
m
ercial
area
(
X4),
(e
)
al
ti
tud
e
(
X5),
(f)
s
lop
e
(
X6),
(
g)
tem
per
at
ure
(
X
7),
a
nd
(
h)
hu
m
idit
y
(X
8),
w
hile
the
dep
e
ndent
v
a
ri
able is t
he de
nsi
ty
o
f
T.
laria
ng
(in
dicat
o
r
Y). Ta
ble
2
s
how
s that t
he hig
he
st co
rr
el
at
io
n o
ccur
s
betwee
n
t
he
de
ns
it
y
of
T
.
l
ar
iang
with
the
a
bundance
of
in
sect
s
with
a
R
2
val
ue
of
97.
3%
.
E
xce
pt
f
or
slop
e
(X6), the
re is a
close c
orrelat
ion bet
ween de
ns
it
y of
T.
lari
ang
a
nd a
ff
ect
i
ng f
act
or
with
R
2
>50% (R
>
0.7).
Table
2
Deter
m
inati
on
c
oeffici
ent v
al
ue
am
ong
t
he varia
bles
Variables
Deter
m
in
an
t coef
f
icien
t
(R
2
)
(%)
Y
X
1
X
2
X
3
X
4
X
5
X
6
X
7
X
1
9
7
.3
X
2
6
1
.4
3
1
.4
X
3
6
0
.7
3
2
.3
9
6
.8
X
4
7
9
.9
4
0
.8
8
0
.5
8
7
.3
X
5
5
2
.1
2
2
.3
5
8
.9
7
3
.0
6
7
.0
X
6
3
2
.3
3
.6
1
1
.5
1
2
.5
9
.3
2
.3
X
7
7
0
.3
1
2
.1
3
0
.9
3
6
.5
5
.6
3
3
.3
4
.9
X
8
7
4
.5
1
5
.9
3
0
.4
3
0
.9
1
1
.2
5
.5
0
.2
8
9
.6
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
:
Y:
d
e
n
sity
o
f
T.
la
ria
n
g
, X
1
:
in
sect abu
n
d
a
n
ce
, X
2
:
d
istan
ce fro
m
road
, X
3
:
d
istan
ce fro
m
settle
m
en
t ar
eas
,
X
4
:
d
istan
c
e f
ro
m
co
m
m
e
rcial
ar
e
as
,
X
5
:
altitu
d
e
, X
6
:
sl
o
p
e
, X
7
:
te
m
p
e
ratu
re
,
X
8
:
h
u
m
id
ity
Am
on
g
in
de
pe
nd
e
nt
va
riable
s,
te
m
per
at
ure
(X7)
a
nd
hum
i
dity
(
X8)
ha
ve
a
quit
e
high
R
2
val
ue
of
89.6%.
This
rel
at
ion
s
hip
sho
w
s
that
the
hi
gh
e
r
t
he
te
m
per
at
ure
t
he
l
ow
e
r
t
he
hum
idit
y.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
dis
ta
nce
from
the
ro
ad
(X2),
dista
nce
from
the
set
tl
e
m
ent
(X3)
,
a
nd
the
distance
from
the
co
m
m
ercial
ly
uti
li
z
ed
area
(X4)
ha
ve
a
ve
ry
high
c
or
relat
ion
,
m
or
e
tha
n
80%
(see
ta
bl
e
2)
.
Furthe
r
m
or
e,
for
de
ve
lop
in
g
the
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
densi
ty
cl
ass,
into
2
or
3
cl
as
ses,
the
cl
us
te
r
ing
a
naly
sis
w
as
pe
rfor
m
ed,
wh
e
re
t
he
cl
as
s
was
gro
uped
us
i
ng
com
plete
li
nk
age
a
ppr
oach.
T
he
cl
assifi
cat
io
n
us
e
d
se
ver
al
com
bin
at
ion
s
t
hat
are
relat
ed
with
the
den
sit
y
of
T.
laria
ng
(
Y).The
three
ty
pes
of
com
bin
at
ion
s
wer
e
exam
ined
,
nam
el
y
(1
)
al
l
X
va
riables
w
ere
us
ed
,
(2)
t
hree
X
var
ia
bles,
i.e.
,
i
ns
ect
a
bundan
ce
(X1
),
d
ist
an
ce
from
com
mercial
area (
X
4),
a
nd
te
m
per
at
ur
e (
X7),
w
i
th Y
. (
3)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Spatial
distri
buti
on patt
ern
of
Ta
rsi
us
L
ar
i
ang i
n
l
or
e li
nd
u na
ti
on
al par
k
(
Abdul R
os
yi
d
)
613
The
dista
nce
from
the
c
omm
e
rcial
area
(X4)
and
th
e
te
m
perat
ur
e
(
X7)
wit
h
Y.
T
he
n
va
riable
c
om
bin
at
ion
s
i
n
each
determ
inant v
a
riable
was
chose
n based
on accu
racy
va
lue assessm
ent.
3.3.1
Clas
si
ficat
i
on
of sp
at
i
al
distribu
tion
va
ri
ab
le
By
us
in
g
t
he
cl
us
te
rin
g
m
et
ho
d
with
t
he
c
omplet
e
li
nk
a
ge
de
ndr
ogram
,
the
sp
at
ia
l
distrib
ution
of
th
e
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
wa
s
cl
assifi
ed
int
o
2
da
n
3
cl
asses.
Within
a
ll
exam
ined
c
om
bin
at
ion
,
th
e
obta
ine
d
acc
ur
acy
assessm
ent
is
su
m
m
arized
in
Table
3.
It
is
sh
ow
n
th
at
the
over
al
l
acc
ur
a
cy
of
3
cl
asses
is
ve
ry
hi
gh
(
90%)
.
Wh
e
n
the
cl
as
ses
was
m
erg
e
d
into
only
2
c
la
sses,
the
ov
e
rall
accuracy
(
OA)
of
the
cl
a
sses
was
e
ve
n
higher
,
i.e. 96%
, wit
h 94%
produce
r’s accu
racy (
PA) a
nd 97%
us
e
r
’s
acc
ur
acy
(UA)
.
To
a
vo
i
d
m
ultico
ll
inearit
y
an
d
sim
plify
the
cl
us
te
rin
g
proc
ess,
on
ly
X
1,
X4
an
d
X7
we
re
exam
ined.
Wh
e
n
the
i
nd
e
pende
nt
va
riab
le
s
wer
e
X1,
X4
a
nd
X
7
th
en
the
ob
ta
ine
d
ove
rall
accu
racy
was
a
bout
87
%
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
wh
e
n
t
he
num
ber
of
va
riable
was
reduce
d,
wh
e
re
on
ly
the
X4
an
d
X7
w
ere
c
onsi
der
e
d
then
t
he
OA
de
crease
d
to
83.5
%
.
T
his
stu
dy
rec
ogni
zed
t
hat
the
va
riable
X4
a
nd
X7
pr
ov
i
de
m
uch
bette
r
acc
ur
acy
as
well
as
m
or
e
pract
ic
al
i
m
plem
entat
ion
,
i
n
com
par
ison
with
the
use
of
the
var
ia
ble
X1
al
one.
Alth
ough,
t
he
var
ia
ble
X
1
al
one
pro
vi
des
an
OA
of
76.
9%.
The
us
e
of
va
ri
able
X
1
(i
ns
ect
abun
dan
ce
)
w
ou
l
d
be
m
or
e
di
ff
ic
ult
du
e
to
t
he
li
m
i
t
at
ion
of the i
nse
ct
ab
un
dance.
Table
3
.
Acc
uracy
assessm
ent
u
si
ng w
it
h
2
a
nd
3
cl
asses
Accurac
y
of
2
clas
ses
(
%)
Accurac
y
of
3
clas
ses
(
%)
Variable a
ll
OA
9
6
.2
9
0
.0
Av
g
PA
9
4
.4
8
9
.3
Av
g
UA
9
7
.7
8
9
.0
Variable
X1
,
X4
,
X7
OA
9
6
.6
8
6
.7
Av
g
PA
9
7
.4
8
5
.7
Av
g
UA
9
5
.8
9
1
.7
Variable
X4
,
X7
OA
9
3
.3
8
3
.5
Av
g
PA
9
6
.7
7
5
.0
Av
g
UA
9
6
.6
9
2
.0
Variable
X1
OA
8
8
.3
7
6
.7
Av
g
PA
9
0
.7
6
2
.5
Av
g
UA
6
8
.8
8
0
.5
Inf
o
r
m
atio
n
: O
A =
o
vera
ll accu
ra
cy
,
Av
g
PA
=
a
vera
g
e
pr
o
d
u
cers
accu
racy
,
Av
g
U
A =
a
ver
a
g
e us
er a
ccur
a
cy
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Fr
om
the f
org
oi
ng
discuss
i
on,
the stu
dy c
on
c
lud
es that
T
ar
s
ius larian
g
sp
e
ci
es h
as a clu
m
ped
s
patia
l
distrib
ution
patte
rn
.
T
he
cl
umped
patte
rn
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
is
e
m
pirically
influ
ence
d
by
so
m
e
en
vir
on
m
ental
facto
rs
.
The
m
os
t
sig
nificant
e
nvir
onm
ental
facto
r
a
ff
ect
in
g
the
de
ns
it
y
of
T.
l
ar
ia
ng
is
insect
a
bund
a
nce
(
X
1),
f
ollow
e
d
by
distance
to
com
m
ercial
ar
ea
(
X
4)
,
hum
id
it
y
(X8)
,
te
m
per
at
ur
e
(X7
)
,
di
sta
nce
from
the
r
oa
d
(
X2)
,
distanc
e
to
set
tl
e
m
ent
(
X3)
,
a
nd
al
ti
tu
de
(
X
5).
T
hese
ones
si
gn
ific
a
ntly
aff
ect
T
.
l
ar
ia
ng
de
ns
it
y
with
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nts
of
determ
inati
on
(R
2
)
la
r
ger
tha
n
≥
50
%
.
The
s
lop
e
va
riable
(
X6)
do
e
s
no
t
a
ff
ect
the
s
patia
l
patte
rn
sig
nif
ic
antly
.
Fo
r
cl
assify
in
g
the
s
patia
l
dis
tribu
ti
on
of
th
e
T.
lari
ang
,
the
cl
assifi
cat
io
n
i
nto
3
cl
asse
s
with
al
l
va
ri
ables
pro
vid
es
e
xcell
ent
accu
racy
of
90
%
O
A,
89.3%
PA
,
a
nd
89.
0%
U
A
.
Me
a
nwhile
,
a
naly
sis
with
X
1,
X4,
a
nd
X
7
pro
vid
es
86.7
% OA
,
85.7
%
PA an
d 9
1.7%
UA. T
he
u
se
of
on
ly
X
4
a
nd
X7 fo
r den
sit
y cl
assifi
cat
ion
pro
vid
es
about
83.
50%
OA,
75.
0%
PA,
a
nd
92.0
%
U
A.
T
he
va
riable
X
1
(in
sect
a
bunda
nce)
is
no
t
rec
omm
end
e
d
si
nce
the v
a
riable is
techn
ic
al
ly
im
p
rati
cal
.
REFERE
NCE
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i
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i
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i
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