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Science
Vo
l.
23
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3
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Sep
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1736
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:
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icity
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Ph
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R
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Mu
ltid
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Un
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id
1.
I
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UCT
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p
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n
er
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s
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tem
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as
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ap
p
lied
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ir
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an
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o
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la
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ts
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s
e
p
h
o
to
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ltaic
tech
n
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y
.
T
h
is
tech
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g
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s
es si
lico
n
waf
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s
to
co
n
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er
t su
n
lig
h
t e
n
er
g
y
in
t
o
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
[
1
]
-
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
g
en
e
r
atio
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s
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tem
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h
as
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v
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v
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alize
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ato
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s
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o
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m
e
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tem
s
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
,
s
o
lar
wate
r
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
,
p
u
b
lic
s
tr
ee
t
lig
h
tin
g
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
5
]
a
n
d
also
in
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les
[
1
6
]
.
Ma
n
y
o
f
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
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to
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ce
th
e
co
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s
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m
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elec
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ical
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r
g
y
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r
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m
p
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b
lic
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
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s
m
ar
t
-
g
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id
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p
o
l
o
g
y
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T
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is
s
y
s
tem
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p
o
lo
g
y
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
in
r
esid
en
tial
s
ec
to
r
s
[
1
7
]
-
[2
2
]
.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
to
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
p
u
b
lic
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
a
v
aila
b
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
icity
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
to
b
u
ild
a
s
o
lar
h
o
m
e
s
y
s
tem
(
SHS)
in
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ec
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r
in
I
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d
o
n
esia
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also
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ea
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,
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elate
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th
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o
v
er
n
m
en
t'
s
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licy
to
b
u
y
an
d
s
ell
elec
tr
icity
with
th
e
s
tate
e
lectr
icity
co
m
p
an
y
(
PLN)
.
Ap
ar
t f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
b
ac
k
u
p
elec
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icity
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th
is
s
y
s
tem
i
s
al
s
o
u
s
ef
u
l f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
elec
tr
icity
b
ills
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
b
lic
g
r
id
.
I
n
d
esig
n
i
n
g
th
is
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
is
alwa
y
s
n
ee
d
ed
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
th
at
is
b
u
ilt
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
o
p
tim
ally
[2
6
]
-
[
29
]
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
m
u
s
t
also
co
n
s
id
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v
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io
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s
p
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am
ete
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f
th
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in
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ite
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n
t o
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s
o
lar
p
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er
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s
y
s
tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
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N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
p
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eth
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t
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esig
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(
P
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Meg
a
n
to
r
o
)
1737
Sev
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al
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
ca
l
cu
latio
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m
eth
o
d
s
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th
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[
9
]
.
A
s
tu
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also
c
o
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u
cted
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y
Dian
tar
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a
n
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m
o
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y
s
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with
a
ca
p
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city
o
f
5
k
W
[
3
0
]
.
Kh
in
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l
.
esti
m
ated
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ad
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an
d
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p
tim
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[
3
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A
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r
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b
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n
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a
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RE
S
E
ARCH
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a)
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b
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Fig
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r
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1
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a
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SHS b
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iag
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(
b
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SHS s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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J
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p
Sci,
Vo
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23
,
No
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3
,
Sep
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2
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2
1
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1
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Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
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e
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er
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co
m
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er
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tem
,
in
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d
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g
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e
SHS.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
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a
r
r
ay
o
f
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to
v
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ltaic
(
PV)
p
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els
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d
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s
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lar
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ar
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e
c
o
n
tr
o
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SC
C
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as
th
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it.
Ar
r
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y
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atter
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s
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it.
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as
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is
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n
its
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o
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ical
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ad
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o
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eter
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n
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e
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o
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m
o
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a
d
atalo
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g
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r
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r
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n
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l
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el
is
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ee
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m
o
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ito
r
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tem
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er
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m
an
ce
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h
e
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lcu
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eth
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in
Fig
u
r
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1
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b
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e
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ac
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d
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ar
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h
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atio
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o
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S
d
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n
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ased
o
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aily
lo
a
d
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d
en
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em
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en
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h
e
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p
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o
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n
s
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2
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h
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atter
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d
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u
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lectr
ical
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io
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.
2
.
1
.
E
lect
ricit
y
da
ily
nee
ds
ca
lcula
t
io
n
T
h
e
to
tal
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
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tr
ica
l e
n
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g
y
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s
ed
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s
o
m
e
b
u
ild
in
g
s
in
a
d
ay
ca
n
b
e
ca
lc
u
lated
b
y
th
e
(
1
)
.
=
∑
(
1)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
to
tal
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
elec
tr
icity
d
ev
ice
p
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d
ay
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n
is
th
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n
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m
b
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ea
c
h
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tr
icity
d
e
v
ice
th
at
h
as b
ee
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s
ed
p
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d
ay
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t
is
th
e
tim
e
f
o
r
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ch
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u
s
ed
p
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d
ay
.
2
.
2
.
So
l
a
r
ener
g
y
po
t
ent
ia
l
ca
lcula
t
io
n
Su
r
ab
ay
a
is
lo
ca
ted
at
co
o
r
d
i
n
ate
0
7
°0
9
'
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0
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1
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0
0
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So
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th
L
atitu
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d
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2
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4
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ast
L
o
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itu
d
e
.
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f
th
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eth
o
d
wil
l
ap
p
lied
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o
t
h
er
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ca
tio
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s
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t
h
en
ju
s
t
ch
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g
e
th
e
g
lo
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h
o
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izo
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tal
in
s
o
latio
n
(
GHI
)
v
alu
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f
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h
e
c
o
o
r
d
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n
at
es
o
f
th
e
lo
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o
b
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ed
f
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m
R
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Scr
ee
n
.
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o
f
th
e
l
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is
o
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tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
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T
Scr
ee
n
clim
ate
d
ata
ac
ce
s
s
ed
at
2
3
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
2
1
s
h
o
wed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
3
3
]
,
av
er
a
g
e
d
ay
lig
h
t h
o
u
r
s
(
ADH)
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia is 1
2
h
o
u
r
s
a
d
ay
.
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h
en
d
ir
ec
t n
o
r
m
al
in
s
o
latio
n
(
DNI
)
co
u
ld
ca
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lated
i
n
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er
ag
e
p
e
r
m
o
n
th
with
(
2
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=
(
2
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ab
le
1
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ar
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o
f
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ai
ly
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er
ag
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d
in
s
o
latio
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en
t o
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tal
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f
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ce
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s
o
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r
ce
: RET
Scr
ee
n
d
atab
ase
f
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r
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r
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b
ay
a
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io
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)
M
o
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t
h
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H
I
(
k
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h
/
m
2
/
da
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N
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(
kW
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m
2
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Jan
u
a
r
y
4
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3
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e
b
r
u
a
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4
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v
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r
a
g
e
4
.
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9
0
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4
0
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
s
o
latio
n
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
is
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
v
al
u
e
b
y
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
n
t
h
,
i.e
,
_
=
0
.
37
ℎ
/
2
(
3
)
B
y
r
etr
iev
in
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
DNI
,
we
e
x
p
ec
te
d
th
at
SHS
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
wo
r
k
o
p
tim
al
ly
ev
en
in
th
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
at
r
ain
y
s
ea
s
o
n
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
s
o
l
ar
p
an
els
wh
ic
h
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
t
h
e
lo
ad
p
er
d
ay
.
T
h
e
DNI
v
alu
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ef
er
en
ce
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
th
at
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
i
n
th
e
ar
r
a
y
wh
en
it
is
i
n
s
talled
o
n
-
s
ite.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
if
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
o
n
th
e
d
atash
ee
t
h
as
a
n
o
u
tp
u
t
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wer
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
0
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p
,
it
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
c
an
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
am
e
p
o
wer
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alu
e
o
n
l
y
wh
en
g
ettin
g
1
0
0
0
W
/
m
2
d
u
n
lig
h
t
in
s
u
latio
n
an
d
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
3
2
°C
.
T
h
e
lig
h
t
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
s
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
(
STC).
So
if
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
i
s
in
s
talled
at
a
lo
ca
tio
n
th
at
h
as
a
DNI
o
f
0
.
3
7
k
W
/
m
2
,
it will h
av
e
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
3
7
W
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
p
r
a
ctica
l m
eth
o
d
t
o
d
esig
n
t
h
e
s
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
i
c
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p
p
lied
o
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r
esid
en
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P
r
is
m
a
Meg
a
n
to
r
o
)
1739
2
.
3
.
P
V
pa
nel a
rr
a
y
c
a
pa
cit
y
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
th
in
g
th
at
will
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
th
e
SHS
d
esig
n
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
els.
PV
p
an
els
ar
e
a
m
aj
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
th
e
g
en
er
ati
o
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u
n
it
o
f
a
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
la
n
t.
T
h
is
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
n
v
er
ts
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
e
n
er
g
y
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
ca
lcu
latio
n
will
in
v
o
lv
e
o
n
e
m
o
r
e
p
a
r
am
eter
k
n
o
wn
as
p
ea
k
s
u
n
h
o
u
r
s
(
P
SH)
.
is
a
p
ar
am
eter
to
ex
p
r
e
s
s
th
e
r
atio
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
(
i
n
h
o
u
r
s
)
p
er
d
ay
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
in
ten
s
ity
wh
ich
is
1
k
W
/
m
2
,
th
e
u
n
it
o
f
PS
H
is
th
e
h
o
u
r
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
3
4
]
,
t
h
e
PS
H
v
alu
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
4
-
5
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
d
ay
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
we
tak
e
th
e
PS
H
v
alu
e
is
5
h
o
u
r
s
.
W
ith
th
e
to
t
al
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
elec
tr
ical
e
n
er
g
y
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
lcu
late
d
,
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
tal
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
PV p
an
el
ar
r
ay
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
in
th
e
(
4
)
.
_
=
_
(
4
)
W
ith
th
e
PV
p
an
el
ca
p
ac
ity
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
_
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
esig
n
a
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
a
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ar
r
ay
.
I
t
is
u
s
e
d
as
a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
it.
T
h
e
SHS
d
esig
n
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
elec
tr
ical
lo
s
s
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
in
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
T
a
b
le
2
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
2
it
is
k
n
o
w
n
th
at
th
e
to
tal
lo
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
6
.
5
%.
E
lectr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
r
ef
er
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
s
ilic
o
n
waf
er
s
(
s
o
lar
ce
lls
)
wh
ich
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
c
r
ea
te
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
ce
lls
wh
en
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
s
u
n
lig
h
t.
Se
v
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
r
esis
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
ca
b
le
its
elf
h
as
a
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
ter
n
a
l
r
esis
tan
ce
,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
wh
ich
will
b
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ize
(
th
ick
n
ess
)
o
f
th
e
wir
e
an
d
its
len
g
th
.
C
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
lo
s
s
es
ca
p
tu
r
e
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
s
s
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ca
b
le
an
d
d
io
d
e
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
NR
E
L
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
a
lo
s
s
v
a
lu
e
o
f
0
.
5
%
f
o
r
th
is
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
a
s
o
la
r
PV
m
o
d
u
le
also
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
o
n
e
o
f
its
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic,
n
am
ely
th
e
ex
te
r
n
al
q
u
a
n
tu
m
ef
f
icien
cy
(
E
QE
)
.
E
QE
i
s
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
c
o
llected
b
y
s
o
lar
ce
lls
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
i
n
cid
en
t
p
h
o
to
n
s
[3
3
]
.
E
QE
in
clu
d
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
o
p
tical
lo
s
s
es
s
u
ch
as
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
r
ef
le
ctio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ef
u
l
to
lo
o
k
at
th
e
q
u
an
tu
m
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
lig
h
t
lef
t
af
ter
th
e
r
e
f
lecte
d
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itted
lig
h
t
h
as
b
ee
n
lo
s
t.
An
an
d
a
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
t
o
c
alcu
late
th
e
E
QE
f
o
r
a
PV
m
o
d
u
le
[
3
4
]
.
I
t
is
in
ten
d
e
d
to
c
ap
tu
r
e
e
v
en
ts
th
at
co
m
p
letely
p
ar
al
y
ze
th
e
s
y
s
tem
-
in
clu
d
in
g
in
v
e
r
ter
s
h
u
td
o
wn
o
r
f
ailu
r
e
,
g
r
id
o
u
tag
e
,
o
r
o
th
er
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
t
it
f
r
o
m
g
en
er
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
f
o
r
th
e
h
o
m
e.
Stan
d
ar
d
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
p
an
els co
n
s
is
t o
f
a
s
ilico
n
waf
er
,
a
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
b
u
s
b
a
r
,
an
e
n
ca
p
s
u
latin
g
m
ater
ial,
a
g
lass
an
d
p
o
ly
m
er
b
ac
k
in
g
s
h
ee
t,
an
d
o
th
e
r
elec
tr
ical
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
Ov
er
tim
e,
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
will
wea
r
an
d
tear
d
u
e
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
er
m
al
ex
p
an
s
io
n
an
d
co
n
tr
ac
tio
n
,
UV
r
ay
s
,
an
d
d
am
ag
e
f
r
o
m
win
d
b
lo
wn
p
ar
ticles,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
d
eg
r
ad
e.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
o
tal
lo
s
s
es o
f
a
PV sy
s
tem
Lo
sse
s
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
o
f
L
o
ss
e
s (%)
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
M
u
l
t
i
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
n
e
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
0
.
5
9
9
.
5
W
i
r
i
n
g
2
98
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
0
.
5
9
9
.
5
S
y
st
e
m A
v
a
i
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
3
97
S
y
st
e
m D
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
5
9
9
.
5
To
t
a
l
l
o
sses
(
)
6
.
5
(
so
u
r
c
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
w
w
w
.
a
u
r
o
r
a
s
o
l
a
r
.
c
o
m
/
b
l
o
g
/
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
-
pv
-
sy
s
t
e
m
-
l
o
ss
e
s
-
p
a
r
t
-
1
/
)
_
=
_
(
100%
−
%
)
(
5
)
T
h
e
PV
p
an
el
ar
r
ay
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
allel
an
d
s
er
ial
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
Par
allel
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
(
)
will
d
o
u
b
le
c
u
r
r
en
t,
w
h
ile
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
(
)
will
d
o
u
b
le
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
_
=
(
6
)
wh
er
e
is
o
p
er
atio
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
SHS an
d
is
PV v
o
ltag
e
at
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
.
_
=
_
(
7
)
wh
er
e
is
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t o
f
ea
c
h
PV p
an
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
3
6
-
1
7
4
7
1740
2
.
4
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
c
a
pa
cit
y
T
h
is
SHS
will
b
e
ac
tiv
ated
to
m
ee
t
th
e
elec
tr
icity
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
a
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
is
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
i
s
u
s
ef
u
l
s
o
th
at
SHS
ca
n
g
e
n
e
r
ate
elec
tr
icity
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
a
b
atter
y
ar
r
ay
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
a
ted
b
y
th
e
g
en
er
ati
o
n
u
n
it.
T
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
t
o
tal
e
n
er
g
y
th
at
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
PS
H.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e,
d
u
r
i
n
g
PS
H,
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
u
n
it p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
wer
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
STC.
=
_
(
8
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
e
n
er
g
y
(
W
h
/
k
W
h
)
.
W
h
er
e
th
i
s
en
er
g
y
is
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
wh
ich
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
u
n
its
o
f
Vo
lts
tim
es
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
So
lar
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
in
d
ee
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
V
R
L
A
ty
p
e
b
atter
ies
eith
er
d
r
y
o
r
g
el
with
a
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
Do
D)
o
f
8
0
%.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
b
atter
y
th
at
h
as
Do
D
is
a
d
ee
p
cy
cle
ty
p
e.
I
f
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
2
4
V,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
p
ac
ity
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ar
r
ay
(
_
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
f
r
o
m
th
e
(
9
)
.
_
=
(
9
)
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
u
s
es
a
b
atter
y
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
all
el.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
atter
ies
a
r
r
an
g
e
d
in
s
er
ies u
s
in
g
th
e
(
1
0
)
.
_
=
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e
is
ea
ch
b
atter
y
’
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
ate
in
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
h
ee
t.
_
=
(
1
1
)
wh
er
e
is
ea
ch
b
atter
y
’
s
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ate
in
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
h
ee
t stated
in
Ah
.
As
with
PV
p
an
el
ar
r
ay
s
,
th
e
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
will
d
o
u
b
le
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
p
ac
ity
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
er
ies
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
will d
o
u
b
le
t
h
e
v
o
l
tag
e.
2
.
5
.
SCC
s
pecif
ica
t
io
n
SC
C
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
elec
tr
i
ca
l
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
p
a
n
el
ar
r
ay
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
SC
C
h
as
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MP
PT)
f
ea
tu
r
e.
W
h
er
e
th
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
er
v
es
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el
ar
r
a
y
.
T
h
e
D
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
in
t
h
e
SC
C
wi
ll
ch
an
g
e
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
at
v
o
lta
g
e.
T
h
is
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
MPPT
f
ea
tu
r
e
u
s
u
ally
u
s
es
ce
r
tain
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
3
5
]
-
[
3
8
]
.
C
al
cu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
SC
C
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
PV
p
a
n
el
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t sp
ec
if
icatio
n
m
u
s
t f
u
l
f
illed
.
=
(
1
2
)
W
h
er
e
;
is
SC
C
’
s
v
o
ltag
e,
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
p
an
el
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
p
ar
allel,
an
d
is
P
V
p
an
el’
s
o
p
en
cir
c
u
it v
o
ltag
e.
=
1
.
5
(
1
3
)
wh
er
e;
is
SC
C
’
s
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
p
a
city
n
ee
d
e
d
an
d
is
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
p
an
el
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
T
h
en
,
th
e
y
ar
e
m
u
s
t
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
1
.
5
as
5
0
%
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
atio
n
to
cr
ea
te
s
af
ety
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
5
0
%
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t o
v
e
r
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
PV a
r
r
ay
.
2
.
6
.
I
nv
er
t
er
s
pecif
ica
t
io
n
T
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
d
ev
ice
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
co
n
v
er
t
DC
elec
tr
icity
t
o
A
C
.
T
h
is
d
ev
ice
is
n
ee
d
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
alm
o
s
t
all
elec
tr
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
u
s
es
AC
p
o
wer
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
ca
p
ac
ity
in
a
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
lan
t
o
n
ly
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
to
tal
p
o
w
er
u
s
ed
b
y
all
lo
a
d
s
p
lu
s
c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
o
f
2
5
%.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
a
v
o
id
o
v
er
lo
ad
i
n
g
o
r
“in
-
r
u
s
h
”
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
in
d
u
ctiv
e
elec
tr
ic
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
er
ter
ca
p
ac
i
ty
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
th
e
(
1
4
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
p
r
a
ctica
l m
eth
o
d
t
o
d
esig
n
t
h
e
s
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
i
c
s
ystem
a
p
p
lied
o
n
r
esid
en
tia
l…
(
P
r
is
m
a
Meg
a
n
to
r
o
)
1741
=
(
∑
)
1
.
25
(
1
4
)
wh
er
e
is
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
ev
er
y
ele
ctr
icity
lo
ad
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
an
d
is
R
MS
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
ev
er
y
el
ec
tr
icity
lo
af
h
as b
ee
n
u
s
ed
.
2
.
7
.
D
a
t
a
a
na
ly
ze
f
o
r
SH
S ins
t
a
lled
An
aly
s
is
o
f
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
S
HS
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
b
u
ilt
o
n
th
e
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
o
f
th
e
Nan
izar
Z
a
m
an
J
o
en
o
es
B
u
ild
in
g
,
C
am
p
u
s
C
,
Air
lan
g
g
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
e
SHS
d
esig
n
u
s
es
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
t
h
e
SHS
d
esig
n
f
o
r
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esid
en
tial
s
ec
to
r
in
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
ev
er
al
elec
tr
ica
l
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
ts
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
p
o
wer
g
r
id
.
Data
a
n
aly
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
tak
i
n
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
SHS,
as
well
as
k
n
o
win
g
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
u
p
s
tr
ea
m
to
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
.
3.
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
S
HS
d
esig
n
ca
lcu
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
an
SHS
with
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
k
W
p
.
T
h
is
SHS
is
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
ly
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
p
o
in
ts
in
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
.
T
h
e
SHS
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
t
o
th
e
p
u
b
lic
elec
tr
icity
n
etwo
r
k
is
u
tili
zin
g
an
a
u
to
m
atic
s
witch
(
AT
S).
T
h
e
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
SHS is
f
u
lly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
li
g
h
tin
g
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
If
th
is
SHS
is
u
s
ed
to
tu
r
n
o
n
1
5
lam
p
s
with
a
p
o
wer
o
f
1
0
W
,
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
t
u
r
n
ed
o
n
f
o
r
1
2
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
d
ay
,
th
en
th
e
t
o
tal
p
o
wer
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
u
lf
illed
is
1
8
0
0
W
h
p
er
d
ay
.
C
alcu
lated
b
y
(
4
)
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
_
is
9
7
2
W
p
.
I
f
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
l
o
s
s
es
is
en
ter
ed
in
to
th
e
(
9
)
,
th
e
to
tal
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
PV
p
a
n
el
ar
r
a
y
ca
p
ac
ity
is
1
0
4
0
W
p
,
r
o
u
n
d
ed
u
p
t
o
1
k
W
p
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
a
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
l
an
t
th
at
h
a
s
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
1
k
W
p
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
an
2
4
V
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
PV
p
an
e
l
ar
r
ay
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
in
t
o
2
s
er
ies to
m
e
et
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
to
r
ed
.
T
h
en
b
ased
o
n
a
(
8
)
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
al
en
er
g
y
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
to
r
ed
b
y
th
e
b
atter
y
a
r
r
ay
(
)
is
5
2
0
0
W
h
,
th
e
n
th
e
_
v
alu
e
o
n
th
is
SHS is
2
7
0
Ah
,
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
u
p
to
3
0
0
A
h
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
SC
C
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
p
an
els
u
s
e
d
.
B
ased
o
n
(
6
)
,
with
t
h
e
o
n
th
e
PV
p
an
el
is
2
1
.
1
V,
a
m
in
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
4
2
.
2
V
is
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
.
ased
o
n
(
7
)
,
with
th
e
v
alu
e
o
n
t
h
e
PV
p
an
el
o
f
4
.
3
2
A,
a
m
in
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t sp
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
4
3
.
2
A
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
SC
C
u
s
ed
m
u
s
t h
av
e
a
p
o
wer
o
f
.
=
42
.
2
43
.
2
=
1823
(
1
5
)
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
u
s
es
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
an
d
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
R
MS
p
o
wer
f
o
r
ea
c
h
lo
ad
u
s
ed
.
I
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
l
o
a
d
was
1
5
u
n
its
o
f
lig
h
tin
g
la
m
p
s
with
an
R
MS
p
o
wer
o
f
1
0
W
ea
ch
,
s
o
th
e
in
v
er
ter
p
o
wer
th
at
m
u
s
t b
e
f
u
lf
i
lled
p
lu
s
2
5
% c
o
m
p
en
s
atio
n
is
.
=
15
10
125%
=
187
(
1
6
)
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
4
.
1
.
SH
S d
esig
n
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
ea
ch
SHS
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
ar
e
c
o
n
tai
n
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
alo
n
g
w
ith
th
e
d
etailed
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
d
esig
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
d
esig
n
o
f
S
HS
u
n
its
.
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
if
th
e
d
esig
n
u
s
e
a
PV
p
an
el
with
a
P_
p
v
o
f
5
0
W
p
,
b
ased
o
n
(
6
)
a
n
d
(
7
)
,
it
will
n
ee
d
2
s
er
ies
1
0
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
p
an
els
i
s
2
0
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
ca
b
le
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
PV
p
an
el
ar
r
ay
u
s
es
th
e
NYYH
Y
ty
p
e
with
a
s
ize
o
f
4
x
4
m
m
s
q
u
ar
e
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
is
ca
b
le
ty
p
e
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
o
u
td
o
o
r
ar
ea
s
an
d
is
m
o
r
e
r
esis
tan
t to
air
an
d
wea
th
er
.
T
h
e
c
ab
le
s
ize
is
o
f
co
u
r
s
e
ad
ju
s
ted
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
3
6
-
1
7
4
7
1742
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ar
r
ay
PV p
an
el;
(
a)
PV c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
in
f
ir
s
t a
r
r
a
y
,
(
b
)
all
PV p
an
e
l w
ir
in
g
d
iag
r
a
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
p
r
a
ctica
l m
eth
o
d
t
o
d
esig
n
t
h
e
s
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
i
c
s
ystem
a
p
p
lied
o
n
r
esid
en
tia
l…
(
P
r
is
m
a
Meg
a
n
to
r
o
)
1743
B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
if
th
e
d
esig
n
u
s
e
a
d
ee
p
c
y
cle
b
atter
y
wi
th
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
1
2
V
an
d
5
0
Ah
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
(
9
)
an
d
(
1
0
)
,
6
u
n
its
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
with
a
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
2
s
er
ies
an
d
3
p
ar
allels.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
SHS
d
esig
n
with
a
s
in
g
le
lin
e
d
iag
r
am
th
at
p
lace
s
all
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
SHS
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
b
e
r
eliab
le
with
d
esig
n
in
p
u
ts
.
Alo
n
g
with
wir
in
g
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
all
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
C
o
u
p
led
with
a
d
atalo
g
g
er
an
d
m
eter
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
an
d
AC
s
id
e
s
,
as
we
ll
as
an
ex
h
au
s
t
f
an
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
p
an
el.
T
h
e
wir
in
g
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
an
el
o
n
th
e
DC
s
id
e
u
s
es
th
e
NYAF
ty
p
e
with
a
s
ize
o
f
1
0
m
m
s
q
u
ar
e.
W
ir
in
g
o
n
th
e
AC
s
id
e
u
s
es
NYH
ty
p
e
with
2
.
5
m
m
s
q
u
ar
e.
T
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
ca
b
le
s
h
o
wed
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
is
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
u
s
e.
Me
an
wh
ile,
t
h
e
s
ize
is
ad
ju
s
ted
to
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
elec
tr
ic
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
b
at
ter
y
ar
r
ay
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sin
g
le
lin
e
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
SHS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
1
7
3
6
-
1
7
4
7
1744
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
1
k
W
p
S
HS
in
s
talla
tio
n
o
n
th
e
r
o
o
f
o
f
th
e
Nan
izar
Z
am
an
J
o
en
o
es
B
u
ild
in
g
,
Air
lan
g
g
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Su
r
ab
a
y
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
An
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
in
g
is
th
e
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el
ar
r
ay
in
s
tallatio
n
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
p
an
el
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
th
at
is
b
u
ilt
o
n
to
p
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
ild
in
g
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
.
T
h
e
elev
atio
n
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
an
el
is
1
0
-
1
5
d
e
g
r
ee
s
f
ac
in
g
th
e
eq
u
ato
r
.
I
f
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
is
s
o
u
th
o
f
th
e
eq
u
ato
r
,
th
e
PV
p
an
el
m
u
s
t
f
a
ce
n
o
r
t
h
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
Als
o
,
th
er
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
o
b
jects
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
lig
h
t
th
at
h
as
a
h
ei
g
h
t
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
PV
p
a
n
el
m
o
u
n
tin
g
.
T
h
is
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
s
h
ad
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el
ar
r
ay
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
h
eig
h
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
u
n
tin
g
f
ee
t
is
2
0
cm
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
o
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
en
th
e
p
an
el
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
ar
r
a
y
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
an
el
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
p
an
el
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
0
m
eter
s
.
T
h
is
will c
au
s
e
b
ig
lo
s
s
es
o
n
th
e
DC
s
id
e.
(
a)
(b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
1
k
W
p
SHS in
s
tallat
io
n
in
r
o
o
f
to
p
;
(
a)
PV p
a
n
el
ar
r
ay
,
(
b
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
a
n
el,
an
d
(
c)
b
atter
y
b
an
k
4
.
2
.
SH
S d
a
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
SHS
th
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
in
s
talled
with
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
.
T
h
ese
d
a
ta
ar
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
lo
g
g
er
in
s
talled
o
n
th
e
SHS
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
an
el.
T
h
e
f
ile
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
lo
g
g
er
h
as
a
C
SV
f
o
r
m
at
.
T
h
e
d
ata
l
o
g
g
er
h
as
b
ee
n
s
to
r
in
g
SHS
d
ata
s
in
ce
Dec
em
b
er
6
,
2
0
2
0
.
Un
til
th
e
last
d
ata
co
llectio
n
d
ate,
wh
ich
was
F
eb
r
u
ar
y
2
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
th
er
e
wer
e
1
0
0
0
2
d
ata.
Data
s
am
p
lin
g
b
y
t
h
e
d
ata
lo
g
g
er
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t in
s
ev
er
al
5
-
6
d
ata
s
ets p
er
h
o
u
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
d
aily
an
d
in
to
tal.
Sin
ce
th
is
ar
ticle
was
wr
itten
,
SH
S
h
as
o
n
ly
b
ee
n
o
p
e
r
atin
g
f
o
r
3
m
o
n
th
s
.
T
h
is
SHS
o
p
er
ates
to
s
u
p
p
ly
t
h
e
wea
th
er
s
tatio
n
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
n
ea
r
th
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
an
d
1
0
L
E
D
lig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
b
lu
e
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
aily
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
3
m
o
n
th
s
t
h
at
f
lu
ctu
ates.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
o
f
t
h
is
g
en
er
ate
d
en
e
r
g
y
o
cc
u
r
s
in
m
i
d
-
J
an
u
ar
y
.
T
o
tal
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ated
in
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
was
1
6
.
6
1
k
W
h
,
in
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
it wa
s
2
1
.
7
5
k
W
h
,
in
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
it wa
s
1
6
.
4
3
k
W
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
n
er
g
y
g
en
e
r
ated
in
f
i
r
s
t 3
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
p
r
a
ctica
l m
eth
o
d
t
o
d
esig
n
t
h
e
s
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
i
c
s
ystem
a
p
p
lied
o
n
r
esid
en
tia
l…
(
P
r
is
m
a
Meg
a
n
to
r
o
)
1745
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
SHS
h
as
b
e
en
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
o
f
th
e
Nan
izar
Z
am
a
n
J
o
en
o
es
B
u
ild
in
g
,
Air
lan
g
g
a
Un
iv
er
s
i
ty
,
Su
r
ab
ay
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
at
th
at
lo
ca
tio
n
is
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
0
.
3
7
W
/m
2
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
d
esig
n
SHS
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
with
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
th
at
m
atch
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
s
y
s
te
m
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
SHS
d
esig
n
e
d
to
b
e
b
u
ilt
h
as
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
k
W
p
with
a
s
y
s
tem
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
u
s
in
g
a
5
0
W
p
PV
p
an
el
with
a
to
tal
o
f
2
0
u
n
its
ar
r
an
g
ed
2
s
er
ies
1
0
p
ar
allel,
6
b
atter
y
b
an
k
u
n
its
ar
r
an
g
ed
2
s
er
ies
3
p
ar
allel,
SC
C
-
MP
PT
2
k
W
,
2
0
0
W
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
in
v
er
ter
wav
es,
as
well
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
d
ata
l
o
g
g
er
s
an
d
m
eter
in
g
.
T
h
e
SHS
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
b
u
ilt
h
as
b
ee
n
o
p
er
atin
g
f
o
r
3
m
o
n
t
h
s
with
th
e
to
tal
e
n
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
4
3
.
5
5
k
W
h
,
with
a
n
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
1
8
.
2
k
W
h
p
er
m
o
n
th
.
T
h
e
lim
itiatio
n
o
f
ca
lcu
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
it
o
n
l
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
with
to
ta
l
ca
p
ac
ity
lo
wer
th
an
3
0
k
W
p
.
Als
o
it
h
as
les
s
r
ep
licab
le
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
a
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
ar
e
g
r
atef
u
l to
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
Ad
v
an
ce
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
Mu
ltid
is
cip
lin
e
(
FTM
M)
,
also
R
esear
ch
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Ser
v
ice
I
n
s
titu
t
io
n
(
L
PP
M)
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Air
lan
g
g
a
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
th
is
in
te
r
n
al
r
esear
ch
g
r
an
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
in
2
0
2
1
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Wi
re
les
sly
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
d
Ro
b
o
t
-
b
a
se
d
S
m
a
rt
Irr
ig
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
b
y
Ex
p
lo
it
in
g
Ar
d
u
in
o
,
”
J
.
Ro
b
o
t.
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
3
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/j
rc
.
2
1
4
8
.
[2
]
O.
Ese
o
sa
a
n
d
N.
I.
Warib
o
k
o
,
“
P
r
o
p
o
si
n
g
Util
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(P
V)
S
o
u
rc
e
in
t
o
P
o
w
e
r
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
Ne
two
rk
Us
in
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
P
o
r
t
Ha
rc
o
u
rt
a
s
a
Ca
se
S
t
u
d
y
,
”
J
.
R
o
b
o
t.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
7
4
-
2
8
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
jrc.2
4
9
1
.
[3
]
R.
Ala
y
i,
H.
Ha
ra
sii,
a
n
d
H.
P
o
u
r
d
e
ro
g
a
r,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
e
ll
s
with
G
A
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
,
”
J
.
Ro
b
o
t.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
-
4
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
jrc.2
1
4
9
.
[4
]
A.
Z.
Ab
a
ss
,
D
.
P
a
v
ly
u
c
h
e
n
k
o
,
a
n
d
Z.
S
.
Hu
ss
a
in
,
“
S
u
rv
e
y
a
b
o
u
t
imp
a
c
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
in
sta
b
i
li
ty
a
n
d
tran
sie
n
t
sta
b
il
it
y
fo
r
a
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
wi
th
a
n
in
teg
r
a
ted
so
lar
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
c
y
c
le p
lan
t
i
n
Ira
q
b
y
u
si
n
g
ET
A
P
,
”
J
.
R
o
b
o
t.
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
-
1
3
9
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/j
r
c
.
2
3
6
6
.
[5
]
A.
M
e
z
o
u
a
ri
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
Ne
w
P
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
En
e
rg
y
S
h
a
rin
g
S
y
ste
m
b
e
twe
e
n
Ho
m
e
s
in
S
tan
d
a
lo
n
e
Are
a
s,”
In
t.
J
.
El
e
c
tr.
Co
mp
u
t.
E
n
g
.
(IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
8
5
5
-
4
8
6
2
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ij
e
c
e
.
v
8
i
6
.
p
p
4
8
5
5
-
4
8
6
2
.
[6
]
T.
Tu
ra
h
y
o
,
“
A
S
imp
le
S
trate
g
y
o
f
Co
n
tro
l
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
a
s
P
o
we
r
S
u
p
p
ly
o
n
H
o
u
se
h
o
ld
Li
g
h
ts,”
J
.
R
o
b
o
t.
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
8
4
-
4
8
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/2
6
1
2
6
.
[7
]
Y.
Ap
rian
i,
Z.
S
a
le
h
,
R.
K.
Dill
a
h
,
a
n
d
I.
M
.
S
o
f
ian
,
“
An
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
lo
c
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
wit
h
p
o
we
r
p
la
n
ts
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
rc
h
ime
d
e
s
tu
rb
in
e
1
0
k
W,
”
J
.
Ro
b
o
t.
C
o
n
t
ro
l
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
-
1
6
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/j
rc
.
1
5
3
3
.
[8
]
A.
M
e
h
m
o
o
d
,
A
.
Waq
a
s,
a
n
d
H.
T.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
“
Eco
n
o
m
ic
V
iab
il
it
y
o
f
S
o
lar
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
Wate
r
P
u
m
p
f
o
r
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le A
g
ricu
lt
u
re
G
ro
wth
i
n
P
a
k
ista
n
,
”
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
m
a
tp
r.
2
0
1
5
.
1
1
.
0
1
9
.
[9
]
P
.
M
e
g
a
n
to
r
o
,
F
.
Da
n
a
n
g
Wi
ja
y
a
,
a
n
d
E.
F
irma
n
s
y
a
h
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
so
lar
wa
ter
p
u
m
p
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
in
u
r
b
a
n
re
sid
e
n
t
ial
b
u
il
d
in
g
:
(Ca
se
stu
d
y
:
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
),
”
in
2
0
1
7
In
te
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
n
tr
o
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
s,
Ren
e
wa
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(ICCRE
C)
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
-
1
2
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/ICC
ERE
C.
2
0
1
7
.
8
2
2
6
6
9
6
.
[1
0
]
B.
A.
S
a
p
u
tra,
E.
P
.
Hi
d
a
y
a
t,
a
n
d
A.
Z.
Arf
ian
to
,
“
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
Th
i
n
g
s
-
Ba
se
d
S
tea
m
P
u
m
p
M
o
t
o
r
P
ro
tec
ti
o
n
D
u
e
to
Vo
lt
a
g
e
Un
b
a
lan
c
e
,
”
J
.
Ro
b
o
t
.
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
4
-
6
9
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
jrc.1
2
1
4
.
[1
1
]
M
.
A.
S
h
o
m
a
d
a
n
d
F
.
R.
Hid
a
y
a
t,
“
Ve
rti
c
a
l
Blad
e
F
ib
e
rg
las
s
Co
m
p
o
site
fo
r
Wi
n
d
T
u
rb
i
n
e
P
o
we
r
P
lan
t
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
J
.
R
o
b
o
t.
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
-
1
5
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
jrc.2
3
6
9
.
[1
2
]
Z.
Dz
u
lf
ik
ri
,
N.
Nu
r
y
a
n
ti
,
a
n
d
Y.
Erd
a
n
i,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
Artifi
c
ial
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
t
wo
rk
s
to
P
re
d
ict
Wi
n
d
Dire
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Co
n
tr
o
ll
i
n
g
Ya
w
o
f
Wi
n
d
T
u
rb
in
e
P
ro
t
o
ty
p
e
,
”
J
.
Ro
b
o
t.
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
-
2
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
jrc.1
1
0
5
.
[1
3
]
S
.
P
u
rwa
n
ti
,
A.
F
e
b
rian
i
,
M
.
M
a
rd
e
n
i,
a
n
d
Y.
Ira
wa
n
,
“
Tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
S
y
ste
m
fo
r
E
g
g
I
n
c
u
b
a
to
rs
Us
in
g
Ra
sp
b
e
rry
P
i
3
Ba
se
d
o
n
In
ter
n
e
t
o
f
Th
i
n
g
s
(Io
T),
”
J
.
Ro
b
o
t.
C
o
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
4
9
-
3
5
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/j
rc
.
2
5
1
0
5
.
[1
4
]
I.
P
ra
so
jo
,
A.
M
a
se
len
o
,
O.
Tan
a
n
e
,
a
n
d
N.
S
h
a
h
u
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
Au
to
m
a
ti
c
Wate
rin
g
S
y
ste
m
Ba
se
d
o
n
Ard
u
in
o
,
”
J
.
Ro
b
o
t.
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
5
-
5
8
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
8
1
9
6
/
jrc.1
2
1
3
.
[1
5
]
H.
M
a
g
h
fi
ro
h
,
I.
I
ftad
i,
a
n
d
A
.
S
u
jo
n
o
,
“
S
p
e
e
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
I
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
t
o
r
u
si
n
g
LQG
,
”
J
.
Ro
b
o
t.
Co
n
tro
l
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
6
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6
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7
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