Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
5
75
~
583
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
575
-
583
575
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Perform
ance of
geom
etrical
effect
in wavel
ength fil
trate
detecti
on
using 10Gbps d
ata rate
for free
s
pace opt
ical
co
mm
un
icat
i
on syst
em
M.
F. T
alib,
A
nua
r
M. S
., C.
B.
M.
R
as
hidi
Advanc
e
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Cen
tre
of Excelle
n
ce (ACE
-
COE),
School
of
Com
p
ute
r and
Com
m
unic
a
ti
on
Engi
ne
e
ring,
Univ
ersity
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
(
UniMA
P),
Perli
s,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
27
, 201
8
Re
vised
N
ov
2
5
,
2018
Accepte
d
Dec
8
, 2
018
In
thi
s
pape
r,
th
e
ana
l
y
sis
of
co
m
par
ison
bet
wee
n
proposed
detec
t
ion
ca
l
led
as
W
ave
le
ng
th
Fil
az
tra
t
e
Det
ec
t
ion
with
exis
ti
ng
detec
t
ion
have
b
ee
n
ana
l
y
z
ed to
de
term
ine
the
b
est
s
ystem pe
rform
ance
in te
rm
of
pow
er
re
ce
iv
ed
and
bit
err
or
r
ate
(BER).
Th
e
a
naly
s
is
foc
us
on
the
geometric
al
eff
ec
t
of
ape
rtur
e
re
ce
iv
e
r
and
bea
m
div
erg
ence.
The
p
erf
orm
anc
e
of
Fre
e
Space
Optic
s
is
val
id
ated
through
sim
ula
ti
on
ana
l
y
sis
u
sing
par
amete
r
1
0Gbps
dat
a
rat
e
and
in
14
dB/km
at
m
osph
eri
c
a
tt
enu
at
ion
.
Thi
s
ana
l
y
s
is
show
s
tha
t
W
ave
le
ngth
Fi
ltrate
De
tecti
on
i
ncr
ea
se
the
po
wer
recei
ved
of
6dBm
and
improve
the
absolut
e
va
lue
of
er
ror
rat
e
10
-
9
in
a
cc
ep
ta
bl
e
thre
sh
old
req
uired
b
y
(IT
R
-
U)
as
m
uch
as
50
%
com
par
e to
o
the
rs
ex
isti
ng
d
et
e
ct
ion
.
Ke
yw
or
ds:
Ap
e
rtu
re
receiver
Be
a
m
d
iver
ge
nc
e
BER
Fr
ee s
pace
opti
c (F
S
O
)
Power recei
ve
d
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M. F. Tal
ib,
Adva
nce C
omm
un
ic
at
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Ce
nt
re of
E
xcell
en
ce (
ACE
-
C
OE),
School
of Com
pu
te
r
a
nd Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
y M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s (
U
niMAP
),
Perlis
, Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: fau
zan.t
al
ib@g
m
ai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Fr
ee S
pace Op
ti
cal
(
FSO
)
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
yst
e
m
is a flexible syst
e
m
co
ntains laser b
ea
m
acts as the
m
edium
to
tr
ansm
it
the
sign
al
th
r
ough
the
atm
os
pher
e
[1
]
.
T
his
in
te
resti
ng
syst
e
m
can
achiev
e
high
band
width
of
data
with
a
lo
wer
c
os
t.
The
syst
e
m
structure
is
quit
e
easi
ly
to
ha
ndle
an
d
c
urren
tl
y
car
ry
la
rge
a
m
ou
nt
of
data
widely
best
su
it
ed
in
m
ulti
-
Gb
ps
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
.
T
he
perf
or
m
ance
rem
a
i
ns
relat
ively
si
m
ple
wh
ic
h
tra
nsfer
us
i
ng
opt
ic
al
sign
al
from
transm
issi
on
sta
ti
on
one
po
i
nt
an
d
s
uccessi
ve
ly
received
t
o
oth
e
r
po
i
nt
receiver
sta
ti
on
.
This
s
yst
e
m
app
li
ed
su
ch
as
in
bu
il
din
g
to
buil
di
ng
,
sat
el
li
te
t
o
gro
und,
ai
rc
raf
t
to
gro
und
a
nd
shi
p
to
s
hip
[
2
]
,
[
3].
L
ow
pow
er
co
nsum
ption
a
nd
re
q
uire
on
ly
sm
al
l
sp
ace
m
ake
the
syst
e
m
easi
ly
to
instal
l.
The
refore
,
no
li
cence
is
ne
eded
f
ro
m
Fede
ral
Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
C
omm
issi
on
(F
CC
)
to
set
up
this
FSO
syst
e
m
.
High
at
m
os
ph
e
ric
at
te
nu
at
ion
li
kes
he
av
y
rain
cause
th
e
sign
al
at
te
nuat
ed
an
d
de
gr
a
de
the
syst
e
m
per
for
m
ance.
So,
to
avo
i
d
this
ba
d
li
ne
of
si
gh
t
(
LOS)
in
FS
O
syst
e
m
,
the
receiver
detect
io
n
sh
ould
m
or
e
sensiti
ve
wh
ic
h
ca
n
op
erate
in
a
po
or
weather
co
ndit
ion
.
T
his
analy
sis
inv
est
igate
s
the
per
f
orm
ance
of
Du
al
Diffuse
r
Modula
ti
on
/
W
avelen
gth
Fil
trat
e
De
te
ct
ion
t
echn
i
qu
e
base
d
on
sim
ulati
on
res
ult
of
bit
error
rate (BER
)
and
pow
e
r recei
ve
d
.
2.
GEOMET
RI
CA
L L
OSSE
S
Figure
1
sho
ws
t
he
ty
pical
FS
O
blo
c
k
di
agr
am
that
in
cl
ud
e
the
t
ransm
it
te
r
and
re
cei
ver
pa
rts.
The
geo
m
et
ric
losses
are
t
he
losses
that
occ
ur
du
e
t
o
s
pr
ea
ding
of
the
tra
ns
m
itted
beam
div
e
rg
e
nce
be
tween
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
7
5
–
5
8
3
576
the
transm
itter
and
receive
r.
The
geo
m
et
ric
losses
are
sim
pl
y
the
rati
o
of
the
su
r
fac
e
area
of
the
r
ecei
ve
aper
t
ur
e
to
the
su
rf
ac
e
area
of
the
tra
ns
m
it
beam
div
er
ge
nce
at
the
receiver.
T
he
ge
om
et
ric
l
os
ses
dep
e
nd
pr
im
aril
y
on
t
he
div
e
rg
e
nce
and
the
ra
ng
e
.
The
refor
e
,
th
e
ge
om
et
rical
l
os
ses
f
or
recei
ver
detect
io
n
a
re
the
m
ai
n
factor
to
know
the
perform
ance
of
sig
nal
loss
es
is
hig
he
r
or
lo
wer
base
d
on
erro
r
ra
te
and
powe
r
recei
ved [
4].
Figure
1.
Ty
p
i
cal
fr
ee
sp
ace
op
ti
cs
blo
c
k di
agr
am
wh
e
re:
= ra
diu
s
of a
pe
rtur
e
r
ecei
ver
= ra
diu
s
of a
pe
rtur
e
tra
ns
m
itt
er
= b
eam
d
ive
rgence
= ra
nge
3.
SIMULATI
O
N DESIG
N
The
O
ptisy
ste
m
so
ftwar
e
ca
n
be
us
ed
t
o
de
sign
a
nd
sim
ulate
the
per
f
orm
ance
of
op
ti
c
al
network
t
o
fin
d
the
bit
er
ror
rate
an
d
powe
r
recei
ved.
The
desi
gn
l
ay
ou
t
f
or
F
SO
syst
e
m
con
ta
ins
tra
ns
m
i
tt
er
par
t,
atm
os
ph
e
ric c
ha
nn
el
a
nd
receiver
p
a
rt [5]
.
3.1.
Tr
ansmi
t
ter
In
t
his
s
ubsyst
e
m
,
the
dat
a
are
ge
ner
at
ed
in
the
Ps
eudo
Ra
ndom
Bi
t
Gen
e
rator
(P
RB
S
).
The
cha
racteri
sti
cs
of
data
sequ
e
nce
are d
es
ign
as
a
rand
om
bit.
The
bin
a
ry
ou
tp
ut
of
1
and
0
represe
nt
in
thi
s
data
seq
ue
nce
will
encode
in
the
N
on
-
Re
tu
rn
-
to
-
Zer
o
(
N
RZ)
ge
ner
at
or.
The
op
ti
cal
sign
al
that
cam
e
from
Con
ti
nu
ou
s
W
ave
(C
W)
la
se
r
an
d
el
ect
rica
l
pu
lse
gen
e
rat
or
will
sen
ds
to
the
Ma
c
h
-
Ze
hnde
r
Mo
du
la
t
or
t
o
carry the
sig
na
l t
o
the
FS
O
li
nk [6].
3.2.
C
hannel
Fr
ee
Sp
ace
O
ptica
l
(F
SO)
channel
is
a
too
l
that
us
es
a
p
ri
nciple
of
la
ser
beam
fr
om
transm
i
tt
e
r
thr
ough
the
at
m
os
ph
ere
into
receive
r.
T
his
subsyst
em
con
ta
ins
t
wo
te
le
sco
pes.
The
dia
m
et
er
aper
t
ure
siz
e
s
are
dif
fere
nt
i
n
tra
ns
m
itter
and
receive
r.
T
he
siz
e
of
bea
m
div
er
gen
ce
al
so
dete
rm
ine
the
sta
te
in
th
is
fr
ee
s
pace c
ha
nn
el
[7
]
.
3.
3
.
Recei
ver
In
this
pa
rt,
s
om
e
of
the
incom
ing
sign
al
s
with
a
no
ise
bin
s
tra
ns
m
i
t
to
the
filt
ers
Fibr
e
Bra
gg
Gr
at
in
g
(
FBG
)
and
t
hen
to
t
he
P
ho
t
od
et
ect
or
P
I
N.
T
he
phot
od
et
ect
or
c
onve
rt
li
gh
t
(
op
ti
cal
sig
nal)
into
current (
el
ect
ri
cal
si
gn
al
)
an
d
wh
e
n
t
he
phot
on
al
rea
dy
abs
orbe
d
s
uffici
en
t
energy,
it
can
ge
ner
at
e
th
e
c
urren
t.
The
3R
Re
ge
ne
rator
gen
e
rate
s
the
or
igi
nal
bi
t
sequ
ence
a
nd
regulat
ed
el
e
ct
rical
sign
al
t
o
be
util
iz
ed
for
BER
exam
inati
on
.
Finall
y,
the
sh
ape
of
ey
e
dia
gr
am
can
disp
la
y
in
the
BE
R
An
al
yse
r
an
d
the
value
of
power
receive
d
in
the
el
ect
rical
p
owe
r
m
et
er v
isuali
zer [8].
4.
DUAL
DIFF
U
SER
MO
DU
L
ATIO
N
TE
C
HNIQUE
This
desig
n
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
na
m
ed
as
Du
al
Diffuse
r
M
odul
at
ion
(
D
DM)
as
il
lustrate
d
i
n
in
F
ig
ure
2
wh
ic
h
is
up
graded
base
d
on
the
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
te
chn
i
que
that
is
On
Off
Keyi
ng
(OO
K)
.
The
m
agn
i
tud
e
of
sign
al
is
do
uble
com
par
e
to
the
or
i
gin
al
t
echn
i
qu
e
wh
e
r
e
it
’s
c
on
ta
ini
ng
an
or
igi
nal
sig
nal
an
d
in
ver
si
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
of
g
eo
metri
cal e
ff
ect
in
wavel
eng
t
h
fi
lt
ra
te
d
e
te
ct
ion
us
in
g 1
0Gb
ps
da
t
a
r
at
e
for…
(
M.
F.
Ta
li
b
)
577
sign
al
.
T
he
si
gnal
will
trans
m
it
to
the
rece
ive1
r
sta
ti
on
f
or
dif
fer
e
ntial
detect
ion
proc
ess.
Th
ese
tw
o
sign
al
s
will
go
t
hroug
h
the
s
ubtract
or
w
hich
s
ubtra
ct
s
the
ori
gin
al
sign
al
a
n
d
i
nversio
n
sig
nal
a
s
show
n
in
F
ig
ur
e
2.
So
,
t
he
out
pu
t
sign
al
beco
m
e
m
axi
m
u
m
‘1
’
and
m
ini
m
u
m
‘
-
1’.
The
se
m
od
i
ficat
ion
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
incr
ea
se
the
thres
ho
l
d detec
ti
on
a
nd can
i
m
pr
ov
e t
he power
r
ecei
ve
d w
it
h
a b
et
te
r
BE
R value
[9
]
,
[
10]
.
Figure
2
.
D
D
M t
echn
i
qu
e
in
FSO syst
em
s
et
up
[
10
]
5.
RECEI
VER
DETE
CTIO
N
In
FS
O
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
,
the
de
te
ct
ion
pro
c
ess
aff
e
ct
s
the
de
sig
n
of
trans
cei
ver
.
In
this
sect
io
n,
the
a
naly
sis
fo
c
us
on
r
e
cei
ver
detect
i
on
t
o
fin
d
th
e
perform
ance
of
sig
nal
re
cei
ved
.
The
e
xpla
natio
n
a
bout
desig
n of recei
ve
r det
ect
ion
a
re
pr
es
ent
ed
a
s
f
ollo
w
s.
5
.
1
.
S
ubt
r
ac
t
or Detec
tion
The
s
ubtract
or
detect
ion
e
xpla
in
s
that t
he si
gnal
r
ecei
ve
d
is
div
ide
d
i
nto
tw
o.
T
his
detect
ion
does
not
us
e
a
Fi
br
e
Br
agg
G
rati
ng
(
FBG)
se
nsor
a
t
desig
n
detect
ion
.
The
first
photodete
ct
or
receive
d
the
ori
gin
al
sign
al
a
nd
the
seco
nd
ph
otodete
ct
or
recei
ved
the
i
nv
e
r
sion
sig
nal.
T
hen
,
the
si
gna
l
was
c
om
bin
e
d
i
n
su
bt
racto
r
w
hi
ch
subtract
s
t
he
first
sig
nal
and
se
co
nd
sig
nal
as
sho
wn
i
n
Fig
ure
3
.
Th
e
sign
al
will
hav
e
a
po
sit
ive
and
ne
gative am
plit
ud
es
wh
ic
h
t
he m
agn
it
ud
e
of
s
ign
al
ca
n reach
ing
double
[4
]
.
Figure
3
.
S
ub
tr
act
or
detect
ion desi
gn
5
.
2
.
S
pectr
al
Direct
Det
ec
ti
on
This
detect
ion
te
chn
iq
ue
re
presents
the
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
Fibr
e
B
ragg
G
rati
ng
(F
B
G)
wh
e
re
by
just
a
pair
of
dec
oder
a
nd
detect
or
is
re
quired
as
il
lustarat
ed
in
Fig
ur
e
4
.
F
or
this
detect
io
n
desi
gn,
the
s
pectral
chip
is
re
quiri
ng
in
the
opti
cal
do
m
ai
n
wh
e
n
it
al
read
y
filt
ered
.
T
his
detect
ion
do
e
s
not
bo
t
he
r
with
su
bt
racti
on
de
te
ct
ion
te
c
hn
i
que
at
the
el
ect
r
ic
al
par
t.
I
n
thi
s
way,
t
her
e
w
il
l
be
no
s
ubtra
ct
or
us
e
d
to
s
ubtract
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
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on
esi
a
n
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
7
5
–
5
8
3
578
the
co
ve
rin
g
da
ta
.
Alon
g
t
hes
e
li
nes
the
qua
ntit
y
of
filt
ers
i
s
f
undam
ental
l
y
decr
eas
ed
[
11,
12]
.
It
is
cl
e
ar
that
the co
m
pone
nt b
ei
ng
directl
y
detect
ed
at
t
he recei
ver side
a
nd h
e
nce its
de
sign i
s sim
ple an
d l
ess c
os
tl
y.
Figure
4
.
S
pectral
direct
d
et
ec
ti
on
5
.
3
.
Co
m
pli
ment
ary D
e
te
ction
This
detect
io
n
desig
n
is
div
id
ed
int
o
tw
o
co
m
ple
m
entary
par
ts
of
s
pectral
chips
.
T
he
up
per
par
t
is
a
decode
r,
wh
ic
h
is
sp
ect
r
al
ly
identic
al
to
an
enc
oder
w
hich
us
e
d
to
extract
the
si
gn
al
e
ncode
d
on
t
he
transm
itter
sta
t
ion
.
T
he
lowe
r
par
t
con
ta
in
s
a
com
ple
m
entar
y
decoder
w
hi
ch
is
the
log
ic
al
co
m
ple
m
ent
of
the
decode
r
[
13
]
.
The
tw
o
pa
rts
of
sig
nals
are
sent
to
a
det
ect
or
that
com
pu
te
s
the
dif
fe
ren
ce
betwee
n
bo
t
h
decode
d
sig
nal
s
as
in
Fig
ur
e
5
.
T
he
phot
odet
ect
or
s
will
de
te
ct
the
com
bin
at
ion
of
tw
o
sign
al
wh
ic
h
will
be
fed to t
he
s
ub
t
r
act
or
[14].
Figure
5
.
Com
pli
m
entary det
ect
ion
desig
n
5
.
4
.
AND De
tection
The
f
unct
io
n
of
AND
s
ubtr
act
ion
detect
io
n
is
it
can
ca
ncel
out
the
i
nterf
e
re
nce
f
rom
chan
nels
.
Howe
ver,
the
desig
n
of
dete
ct
ion
is
us
in
g
a
le
ss
nu
m
ber
of
filt
ers
in
th
e
decoder
.
I
n
the
receive
r
pa
rt,
th
e
input
opti
cal
sign
al
a
re
s
plit
s
into
tw
o
pa
rts,
on
e
t
o
the
dec
od
e
r
that
has
a
n
ide
ntica
l
filt
er
str
ucture
wi
th
the
encode
r
a
nd
th
e
oth
e
r
t
o
t
he
de
cod
e
r
t
hat
ha
s
A
ND
filt
er
st
r
uctu
res
[15].
T
he
tw
o
branc
he
s
of
s
pectral
s
ign
al
s
are
sent
to
a
de
te
ct
or
to
co
nv
ert
op
ti
cal
signa
l
into
el
ect
rical
sign
al
and
t
hen
go
t
hroug
h
a
subtract
or
us
e
d
to
su
bt
ract t
he o
ve
rlap
ping
data
from
the inten
ded sig
nal
as
de
peict
ed
i
n
Fi
gure
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
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n
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E
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c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
of
g
eo
metri
cal e
ff
ect
in
wavel
eng
t
h
fi
lt
ra
te
d
e
te
ct
ion
us
in
g 1
0Gb
ps
da
t
a
r
at
e
for…
(
M.
F.
Ta
li
b
)
579
Figure
6
.
A
ND d
et
ect
io
n design
5
.
5
.
W
avel
en
gt
h
Fil
tr
at
e
D
etectio
n
The
pr
opos
e
d
detect
ion
call
ed
as
W
a
velen
gt
h
Fil
trat
e d
et
ect
ion
in
FS
O
s
yst
e
m
. I
n
si
m
ulati
on
d
esi
gn
,
the
receive
d
sign
al
is
sp
li
t
by
fo
r
k
int
o
two
par
ts
that
is
up
per
a
nd
l
ow
e
r
decodin
g
br
a
nc
hes.
T
he
dec
oders
a
re
placed
in p
a
rall
el
con
fi
gurati
on
w
it
h
a u
ni
form
sp
ect
ral
wav
el
en
gth
. Th
e connecti
on
f
or
this
detect
ion
i
n
fi
br
e
br
a
gg
grat
ing
sens
or
on
ly
use
d
sel
ect
ive
w
avelen
gth
a
nd
neg
le
ct
ed
t
he
oth
er
wa
veleng
t
h.
Af
te
r
th
at
the
op
ti
cal
sig
nal
is
com
bin
e
uppe
r
an
d
lo
wer
branc
h
to
g
o
th
rou
gh
t
he
ph
oto
detect
or
to
pr
ov
i
de
an
el
ect
r
ic
al
sign
al
f
ro
m
both
dec
od
e
rs
as
in
Fig
ur
e
7
.
B
y
us
ing
le
ss
num
ber
of
fib
re
br
a
gg
grat
ing,
the
powe
r
loss
of
this
desig
n
ca
n be
r
edu
ce
d. T
her
e
f
or
e
, th
e
co
m
plexity
, co
st a
nd
total
p
owe
r
los
s of the
syst
em
s is
re
duced
.
Figure
7
.
W
a
ve
le
ng
th
filt
rate
detect
ion desi
gn
6.
RESU
LT
A
N
D DIS
CUSSI
ON
The
perf
or
m
ance
of
BER
a
nd
powe
r
receive
d
a
re
ca
rr
ie
d
out
agai
ns
t
the
a
per
t
ur
e
receive
r
a
nd
beam
div
e
rg
e
nce i
n
a
FSO syst
em
. Tab
le
1
s
hows
the p
a
ram
et
er o
f
sim
ulatio
n
a
naly
sis usi
ng in
this
in
vestig
a
ti
on
.
Table
1.
Param
et
er of
F
SO
Sy
stem
Para
m
eters
Valu
e
a
Data Rate
1
0
Gb
p
s
W
av
elen
g
th
1
5
5
0
n
m
Po
wer
T
rans
m
it
0
d
B
m
Ran
g
e
1
k
m
Ap
erture
Tr
an
s
m
i
t
ter
5
c
m
Atten
u
atio
n
1
4
d
B/k
m
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on
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a
n
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E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
7
5
–
5
8
3
580
This
Fig
ur
e
8
exp
la
ins
a
bout
the
bit
error
rate
ver
s
us
aper
tu
re
rece
iver
f
or
sel
ect
ion
recei
ve
r
detect
ion.
The
siz
e
of
aper
t
ur
e
need
s
to
be
caref
ully
cho
s
en
to
a
vo
i
d
high
sig
nal
losses
w
he
n
the
ba
d
atm
os
ph
e
ric
ef
fect
occ
urs.
It
i
s
truly pro
ved
t
hat,
t
he
DD
M
_WF
D
s
upport
s
m
al
l
aper
ture
s
iz
e
51cm
as
w
el
l
as
capab
le
t
o
det
ect
good
si
gn
a
l
com
par
e
to
DD
M
_Sub
t
rac
tor
t
hat
us
i
ng
bigger
ape
rtu
r
e
siz
e
98cm
to
achieve
sta
nd
a
rd
BER
10
-
9
.
T
he
incr
easi
ng
of
41c
m
aper
ture
siz
e
in
DD
M
_Su
btracto
r
m
ake
the
co
st
of
le
ns
will
exp
e
ns
i
ve
to
buy.
For
D
DM
_Co
m
pli
m
enta
ry,
DD
M
_AN
D
an
d
D
DM_
SDD
accom
m
od
at
e
the
a
per
t
ur
e
siz
e
of 64cm
, 7
0cm
and
93
cm
r
esp
ect
ively
.
Fr
om
Figu
re
9,
by
ref
er
rin
g
to
the
50cm
ap
er
ture
receive
r
as
a
po
int,
DDM
_W
F
D
recei
ved
-
23
dBm
m
or
e
po
we
r
with
a
BER
3.65×10
-
9
com
par
e
to
DD
M
_Su
btractor
t
hat
rece
ive
-
29
dBm
po
wer
b
ut
the sig
nal
is
total
ly
loss.
DDM_S
D
D
al
s
o sh
ows the
sig
na
l t
otall
y l
os
s
wh
e
n usi
ng 50
c
m
as an
a
per
t
ur
e
r
ecei
ve
r.
Figure
8
.
Bi
t er
ror rat
e v
e
rs
us
aper
t
ur
e
receiv
er fo
r
sel
ect
io
n recei
ve
r dete
ct
ion
Figure
9
.
P
ow
e
r
recei
ved ve
rs
us
a
per
t
ur
e
r
ec
ei
ver
for
sel
ect
ion
receive
r de
te
ct
ion
Me
anwhil
e,
Figure
10
sho
ws
the
ey
e
patte
rn
of
sel
ect
ive
detect
ion
that
exp
la
in
a
bou
t
the
le
vel
of
losses
in
a
sit
uation
of
50
c
m
aper
ture
r
e
cei
ver
.
The
ef
fect
f
or
D
DM
_WFD
is
sm
oo
thly
wi
de
open
ey
e
com
par
e
to
the
oth
er
sel
ect
ive
detect
ion
.
T
hi
s
will
m
ake
the
perform
ance
of
the
syst
em
c
apab
le
to
redu
ce
the
no
ise
ef
fect.
Ba
sed
on
Fig
ure
11,
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
va
rio
us
beam
div
er
ge
nce
in
F
SO
syst
em
versus
BER
is
ref
le
ct
ed
. Typical
ly
, th
e o
ptica
l bea
m
w
idth f
r
om
a
FS
O
transceive
r
will
b
e relat
ively
w
i
de
div
e
r
gen
ce
, w
hi
c
h
is
eq
uiv
al
ent
t
o
a
beam
sp
re
ad.
This
na
rro
w
beam
al
lows
f
or
secu
re
a
nd
eff
i
ci
e
nt
tran
s
m
issi
on
with
a
m
ajo
r
fr
act
io
n
of
the
transm
itted
powe
r
bei
ng
co
ll
ect
ed
by
the
receiver
.
Acc
ordi
ng
from
the
gr
a
ph,
in
m
ini
m
u
m
BER
10
-
9
the
DD
M
_WFD
pe
rfor
m
the
m
a
xim
u
m
bea
m
div
e
rg
e
nce
av
ai
la
ble
is
0.
75
m
rad
co
m
par
e
to
the
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
of
g
eo
metri
cal e
ff
ect
in
wavel
eng
t
h
fi
lt
ra
te
d
e
te
ct
ion
us
in
g 1
0Gb
ps
da
t
a
r
at
e
for…
(
M.
F.
Ta
li
b
)
581
DD
M
_Sub
t
rac
tor,
D
DM_
SDD,
D
DM_
AND
a
nd
D
DM
_Co
m
pli
m
enta
ry
only
avail
able
with
0.3
8m
rad
,
0.4m
rad
,
0.54m
rad
and
0.6m
rad
res
pecti
vel
y.
This
detect
ion
im
pr
ov
es
th
e
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
sig
nal
recei
ved
as
well
as ca
n
c
om
bat in a
sit
uation o
f
a
dv
e
rse weat
he
r
c
onditi
on
.
In
the
oth
e
r
ha
nd,
Fig
ur
e
1
2
sho
ws
ab
out
the
powe
r
re
cei
ved
by
ref
e
rr
in
g
0.5m
rad
as
a
po
i
nt
.
Fr
om
this
figure,
the
DD
M
_WF
D
can
ac
hi
eve
an
optim
um
value
of
po
wer
receive
d
-
20dBm
co
m
par
e
to
DD
M
_Sub
t
rac
tor,
D
DM_SD
D,
DD
M
_Com
pl
i
m
entary
a
nd
D
DM_
AND
detect
io
n
only
achieve
-
26dBm
,
-
25
dBm
,
-
22dBm
an
d
-
22
dB
m
r
especti
vely
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Figure
10
.
Ey
e
p
at
te
r
n
in
50c
m
ap
ertur
e
rec
ei
ver
for (a)
S
ubtract
or
detect
ion (
b) S
DD d
et
ect
ion
(c)
C
om
pli
m
en
ta
ry d
et
ect
ion (
d) AND
d
et
ect
ion
(e)
WFD det
ect
ion
Figure
11
.
Bi
t
error
rate
ver
s
us beam
d
iver
ge
nce
for
sel
ect
io
n recei
ver d
et
ect
ion
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
5
7
5
–
5
8
3
582
Figure
12
.
Pow
er r
ecei
ve
d ver
su
s
beam
d
iver
gen
ce
for sel
ec
ti
on
receive
r d
et
ect
ion
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
pa
per,
the
analy
sis
of
receiver
detec
ti
on
ba
sed
on
Du
al
Diffuse
r
Modula
ti
on
te
chn
i
qu
e
i
n
FSO
syst
em
h
ave b
ee
n determ
ined.
Here t
he a
naly
sis has
be
en
sim
ulate
d
ov
er a
s
pecific a
per
t
ur
e
receive
r
an
d
beam
div
erg
e
nc
e
in
te
rm
s
of
error
rate
a
nd
po
wer
recei
ved.
it
has
be
en
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
that
D
DM_
W
FD
ca
n
enh
a
nce
the
sy
stem
per
form
a
nce
com
par
e
to
the
o
the
r
recei
ver
detect
ion.
The
pe
rfo
rm
ance
of
DD
M
_WFD
i
n
acce
ptable
bit
error
rate
10
-
9
shows
t
hat
th
e
perform
ance
increase
50%
com
par
e
to
th
e
existi
ng
dete
ct
ion
.
The
powe
r
rec
ei
ved
i
n
a
high
data
rate
10Gbps
m
akes
D
DM_
WFD
ca
n
perf
or
m
well
to
tran
sfe
r
the
si
gn
al
.
This
detect
io
n
te
chn
iq
ue
abi
li
ty
can
increase
the
powe
r
r
ecei
ved
6d
Bm
and
the
ey
e
patte
rn
is
wi
de
op
e
n
po
te
ntial
ly
i
m
p
rove t
he ov
e
ral
l sy
stem
p
erform
ance.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
pro
j
ect
w
as
supporte
d
by
the
Governm
ent
of
Ma
la
ysi
a
under
t
he
F
undam
en
ta
l
Re
search
Gr
a
nt
Schem
e at Un
i
ver
sit
y M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s,
Ma
la
ysi
a u
nder
the
researc
h gr
a
nt
# 900
3
-
0049
3.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
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,
I
.
D.
A.
,
&
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ishn
an,
K.:
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anc
e
Me
asure
o
f
FS
O
by
Mod
ifi
ed
AN
D
Subtraction
Method
’,
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of
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ci
en
ti
f
i
c
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ula
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0)
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e
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pti
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ula
t
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spac
e
Opti
ca
l
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Based
on
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nea
r
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z
at
ion
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ft
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y
ing
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ion’
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ournal
of
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nee
ring
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en
ce
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15,
10,
(14),
pp.
6116
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[8]
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y
,
R.
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&
Bab
u,
J.
S.:’
Sim
ula
t
ion
a
nd
Perform
anc
e
Anal
y
sis
of
Free
Space
Optical
S
y
stems
us
ing
Multi
ple
TX
/
RX
and
Polari
z
ed
CO
-
OF
DM
te
chni
qu
es
under
Atm
ospheric
Disturbances’,
Int
ernati
onal
Jour
nal
of
Engi
n
ee
ri
ng
Re
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ene
ral S
ci
en
ce
,
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,
(1)
,
pp
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743
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[9]
Rahman,
A.
K.,
Anua
r,
M.
S.,
Nawawi,
N
.
M.
,
Aljuni
d,
S.
A.
,
Rashidi
,
C.
B
.
M.,
&
Junit
a,
M
.
N.:
’
Enrich
Da
t
a
Bi
t
Rat
e
and
Propa
gat
ion
Distan
ce
Perform
anc
e
fo
r
Free
Space
O
pti
c
al
Com
m
unic
ation
(FS
OC)
Via
a
New
Dual
-
Diffuser
Modulat
ion
(DD
M)
T
ec
hniqu
e’.
2nd
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
r
ence
on
Computer,
Comm
unic
ati
ons,
an
d
Control
Techno
l
ogy,
Art Proceed
ing
,
2015
,
pp
.
34
1
–
345.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
of
g
eo
metri
cal e
ff
ect
in
wavel
eng
t
h
fi
lt
ra
te
d
e
te
ct
ion
us
in
g 1
0Gb
ps
da
t
a
r
at
e
for…
(
M.
F.
Ta
li
b
)
583
[10]
Rahman,
A.
K.,
Aljuni
d,
S.
A.,
Anuar,
M.
S.,
&
Fadhil
,
H.
A.:
’Im
proving
Perform
anc
e
in
Free
Space
Opti
cal
Com
m
unic
at
ion
(FS
OC)
Channe
l
Through
the
Du
al
Diffuser
Mo
dula
ti
on
(DD
M)
Due
to
Atm
osph
eri
c
Turbul
en
ce’
,
Journal
of
Theoretical
and
App
lied
Information
Technol
og
y
,
2014
,
60
,
(1)
,
pp
.
27
–
33.
[11]
M.
K.
Abdulla
h,
F.
N.
Hasoon,
S.
A.
Aljuni
d,
a
nd
S.
Shaar
i,
“
P
erf
orm
anc
e
of
OCD
MA
sy
st
ems
with
new
spec
tra
l
dire
c
t
detec
t
ion
(SD
D)
te
chni
que
using
enha
n
ced
double
weight
(EDW
)
code
,
”
Optic
s
Comm
unic
ati
on
,
2008,
28
1,
(18),
pp
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4658
–
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662.
[12]
V.
Nath,
N.
Jai
n,
and
S.
Dogra,
“
Eff
ect
of
Fiber
Distanc
e
on
Vari
ous
SA
C
-
OCD
MA
Dete
ction
Te
chn
ique
s,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Re
searc
h
in
Engi
ne
ering
and
Techno
logy
,
2013
,
2
,
(3)
,
pp
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290
–
293
.
[13]
R.
Sahbudin,
S
.
Aljuni
d,
M.
Ab
dull
ah
,
M.
B.
A
.
Sam
ad,
M.
Ma
hdi,
and
M
.
Ism
ai
l
,
“
Com
par
at
iv
e
Perform
anc
e
o
f
H
y
brid
SC
M
SA
C
-
OCD
M
A
S
y
stem
Us
ing
Com
ple
m
ent
ar
y
and
AN
D
Subtrac
t
ion
Det
ec
t
io
n
Te
chn
ique
s,
”
Th
e
Inte
rnational
Ar
ab
Journal
o
f
In
f
orm
ati
on
Techn
ology
(
IAJ
IT)
,
2
006,
5
,
(1)
,
pp
.
6
1
–
65.
[14]
H.
M.
R.
Al
-
k
haf
aji,
S.
A.
Al
juni
d,
A.
Am
ph
awa
n,
and
H.
A.
Fadhil
,
“
Triple
-
Pla
y
Serv
ices
Us
ing
Diffe
ren
t
Dete
c
ti
on
Techn
ique
s
for
SA
C
-
OCD
MA
Sy
ste
m
s,”
2012
IEE
E
3rd
Int
ernati
onal
Confe
renc
e
on
Phot
onic
s
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20
12,
pp.
350
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[15]
I.
Rao
and
D.
R
ana
,
“
Com
par
ison
of
Diffe
ren
t
D
et
e
ct
ion
Techni
q
ues
Based
on
E
nhanc
ed
Doub
le
W
ei
ght
Code
i
n
Optic
a
l
Code
Division
Multi
ple
Acc
ess
S
y
stem,
”
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
renc
e
of
A
dvanc
e
R
ese
arc
h
and
Innov
ati
o
n
,
(2015),
pp
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126
–
132.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
M.
F.
Ta
li
b
re
ce
iv
ed
B.
Eng
.
(Hons
)
degr
ee
in
Mec
hat
ron
ic
Engi
nee
r
ing
form
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia
Per
li
s
(UniMA
P),
Perli
s,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
in
2015.
Curre
nt
l
y
,
he
is
pursuin
g
his
stud
y
in
Master
of
Co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing
in
UniMA
P.
His
rese
ar
ch
fo
cu
ses
on
Optical
Com
m
unic
at
ion S
y
stem.
M.
S.
Anuar
re
c
ei
ved
his
B.
Sc
.
degr
ee
in
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
and
Elec
tron
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
f
rom
Univer
siti
Sains
Malay
s
ia
(US
M)/Malay
s
ia
,
in
1995.
H
e
recei
ved
the
M.Sc.
degr
e
e
in
Inform
at
ion
Te
chno
log
y
fro
m
Univer
siti
Ut
ara
Ma
lay
si
a
(
UU
M)/Malay
si
a
,
in
2002,
and
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
n
ee
ring
fr
om
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia
Perli
s
(UniMA
P)/
Malay
si
a,
in
2012
.
Hi
s
rese
arc
h
i
nte
rests
include
opti
cal
fibe
r
,
fre
e
spac
e
o
pti
c
,
opti
c
al
s
ensor,
opti
c
al
comm
unic
at
ion
s
y
stem,
and
wir
el
ess
comm
unicati
on
s
y
st
em.
He
is
now
an
As
sociate
Profess
or
and
Dire
ct
or
of
Quali
ficati
on
a
nd
Acc
red
itati
o
n
Unit
in
UniM
AP
,
al
so,
he
is
a
Pr
ofe
ss
iona
l
Engi
ne
er
r
egi
ste
red
with
th
e
Boa
rd
of
Eng
ineer M
al
a
y
s
ia (BE
M)
in
2005
.
C.
B.
M.
Rashid
i
rec
ei
v
ed
his
B.
Sc.
degr
ee
in
Comm
unic
at
io
n
Engi
nee
r
ing
f
rom
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia
Perl
is
(UniMA
P
)/Mal
ay
sia
,
in
2007.
He
rec
e
ive
d
th
e
M.Sc.
degr
e
e
in
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Univer
siti
Ma
lay
s
ia
Per
li
s(U
ni
MA
P)/Malay
sia
,
in
2011,
and
P
h.
D.
degr
ee
in
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
n
ee
ring
fr
om
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia
Perli
s
(UniMA
P)/
Malay
si
a,
in
2014
.
His
rese
ar
ch
i
nte
rests
include
opti
cal
fibe
r
,
fre
e
spac
e
o
pti
c
,
opti
c
al
s
ensor,
opti
c
al
comm
unic
at
ion
s
y
stem,
and
wire
le
ss
comm
unic
at
ion
s
y
st
em.
He
is
a
Profess
io
nal
Engi
ne
er
reg
iste
r
ed
wit
h
t
he
Board
of Eng
ine
er
Mal
a
y
si
a
(
BEM)
in
2017
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.