I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
1
,
J
u
ly
20
21
,
p
p
.
14
~
22
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
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-
4
7
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2
,
DOI
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0
.
1
1
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9
1
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j
ee
cs.v
23
.i
1
.
pp
14
-
22
14
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Fut
ur
e s
m
a
rt
g
ri
d co
mm
unica
tion
-
deplo
y
m
ent
o
f
Io
T:
o
ppo
rtunit
ies a
nd
challeng
es
P
a
y
a
l
So
ni,
J.
Su
bh
a
s
hi
ni
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
of
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
S
R
M
IS
T
,
S
RM
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ka
tt
a
n
k
u
lath
u
r,
Ka
n
c
h
e
e
p
u
ra
m
Dt.
,
T
a
m
il
n
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
9
,
202
0
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
p
r
23
,
2
0
2
1
A
cc
ep
ted
A
p
r
30
,
2
0
2
1
In
d
ia’s
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
g
rid
a
lso
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
g
rid
is
se
rv
in
g
us
f
ro
m
a
v
e
r
y
lo
n
g
ti
m
e
.
In
th
is
d
u
ra
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
re
w
e
re
no
m
a
jo
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
or
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
re
p
o
r
ted
in
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
g
rid
sy
ste
m
.
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
d
e
m
a
n
d
is
in
c
re
a
sin
g
d
ra
stica
ll
y
a
n
d
th
e
p
re
se
n
t
g
rid
sy
ste
m
is
not
a
b
le
to
f
u
lf
il
th
e
se
e
m
e
rg
in
g
re
q
u
ire
m
e
n
ts.
To
f
u
lf
il
th
e
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
of
f
u
tu
re
p
o
w
e
r
lo
a
d
,
we
n
e
e
d
a
m
o
d
if
ied
sy
ste
m
w
h
ich
h
a
s
to
be
re
li
a
b
le,
se
c
u
re
,
in
telli
g
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
ff
icie
n
t.
By
c
o
n
v
e
rti
n
g
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
g
rid
in
to
th
e
sm
a
rt
g
rid
w
il
l
be
a
p
ro
m
isin
g
so
lu
ti
o
n
f
o
r
a
d
o
p
ti
n
g
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
p
ro
p
e
rti
e
s.
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
In
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
is
a
m
a
jo
r
p
a
rt
of
th
e
sm
a
rt
g
rid
.
T
h
e
e
n
d
-
u
se
r
can
re
d
u
c
e
th
e
ir
e
x
p
e
n
d
it
u
re
on
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
by
u
sin
g
sm
a
rt
h
o
m
e
a
p
p
li
a
n
c
e
,
to
k
e
e
p
a
wa
y
f
ro
m
th
e
ru
sh
h
o
u
rs
a
n
d
a
lso
m
a
k
e
u
se
of
th
e
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
in
ste
a
d
f
ro
m
u
ti
li
ty
,
is
a
g
re
a
t
e
x
a
m
p
le
of
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
of
in
tern
e
t
of
th
in
g
s
(
Io
T
)
in
g
rid
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
In
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r,
we
h
a
v
e
p
ro
v
id
e
d
a
su
rv
e
y
of
d
iffere
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
b
e
n
e
f
it
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
,
sp
a
ti
a
ll
y
Io
T
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Io
T
S
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
S
m
ar
t
m
eter
T
h
is
is
an
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
CC
BY
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
P
ay
al
So
n
i
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t
of
E
lectr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
SR
MI
ST
,
SR
M
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
Kattan
k
u
lath
u
r
,
Kan
c
h
ee
p
u
r
a
m
Dt.
,
T
am
i
ln
ad
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
p
a
y
al
s
@
s
r
m
is
t.e
d
u
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
an
elec
tr
ica
l
g
r
i
d
w
it
h
au
to
m
atio
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
an
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
th
at
ca
n
m
o
n
ito
r
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
s
f
r
o
m
g
e
n
er
atio
n
to
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
to
m
atc
h
g
e
n
er
atio
n
in
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
[
1
]
.
Du
e
to
ch
an
g
e
in
g
lo
b
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
g
r
o
w
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
es,
th
er
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
clea
n
e
n
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
on
g
lo
b
al
b
asis
.
T
h
e
r
i
s
in
g
e
lect
r
icit
y
d
e
m
an
d
m
ea
n
s
th
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
it
y
in
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
a
n
d
co
n
g
es
tio
n
,
o
u
t
ag
e,
f
lu
c
tu
at
io
n
in
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
is
s
u
es
t
h
at
b
ec
o
m
es
ca
u
s
e
of
b
lack
o
u
ts
[
2
]
.
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
h
as
s
el
f
h
ea
li
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
th
at
h
av
e
r
ea
l
t
i
m
e
d
ata
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
u
ta
g
e
a
n
d
lo
s
s
e
s
,
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
s
etc
[
3
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
g
lo
b
al
in
te
g
r
atio
n
of
r
en
e
w
ab
l
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
w
it
h
m
ai
n
elec
tr
icit
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
y
s
te
m
h
a
s
g
r
ea
t
in
itia
tiv
e
s
in
th
is
ce
n
t
u
r
y
,
s
u
ch
a
s
i
n
te
g
r
ati
o
n
,
s
tab
ilizi
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
v
o
lta
g
e
,
an
d
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
in
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices,
th
e
s
e
is
s
u
es
a
ls
o
co
m
e
u
n
d
er
c
h
all
en
g
e
s
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
a
s
p
ec
t
of
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
m
o
r
e
r
elia
b
le
an
d
q
u
ic
k
d
at
a
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
e
f
f
icie
n
t
d
el
iv
er
y
of
p
o
w
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
G
en
er
atio
n
to
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
of
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
By
u
s
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
all
t
h
e
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
to
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
u
m
er
to
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
tatio
n
co
u
ld
be
co
llected
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
o
p
er
atio
n
of
g
r
id
[
5
]
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
ch
as
a
m
o
u
n
t
of
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lo
s
s
es
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
f
a
u
lt
lo
ca
tio
n
etc
co
u
ld
be
an
aly
ze
d
by
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
F
u
tu
r
e
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
-
d
ep
lo
yme
n
t o
f I
o
T (
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
a
n
d
ch
a
llen
g
es)
(
P
a
ya
l S
o
n
i
)
15
b
et
w
ee
n
f
ield
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
m
a
r
t
m
eter
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
ca
lled
as
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
eter
i
n
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
(
A
MI
)
.
A
MI
is
a
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
of
s
m
ar
t
g
r
i
d
[
6
]
.
To
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ab
n
o
r
m
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
v
alu
e,
s
el
f
h
ea
li
n
g
,
tr
an
s
f
er
r
eliab
le
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
an
d
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
;
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
of
i
n
ter
n
e
t
of
th
in
g
s
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
[
7
]
.
Sm
ar
t
g
r
id
h
as
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
o
p
tim
is
tic
q
u
alitie
s
s
u
ch
as
:
R
ea
l
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
an
d
a
u
to
m
atic
f
au
lt
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
an
d
q
u
ic
k
er
r
esto
r
atio
n
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
i
n
-
h
o
u
s
e
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
d
ata
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
is
p
la
y
s
.
T
r
ac
k
in
g
an
d
m
an
a
g
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
en
d
an
d
co
n
s
er
v
e
elec
tr
icit
y
.
R
ea
l
ti
m
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
ac
ilit
at
es
by
w
ir
eles
s
an
d
ce
llu
lar
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
o
d
ay
’
s
elec
tr
ic
-
p
o
w
er
-
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
v
er
tical
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
o
n
e
-
w
a
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
lo
w
an
d
ce
n
tr
alize
d
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
r
o
m
g
en
er
atio
n
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
n
d
ce
n
tr
alize
s
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
er
ea
s
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
a
d
ec
en
tr
al
is
e
g
r
id
,
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
lo
w
of
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
h
as
n
o
n
v
er
t
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
8
]
.
P
ast
g
r
id
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
u
s
u
all
y
r
ea
lized
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
ir
ed
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
[
9
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
w
ir
ed
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ca
b
les
to
be
in
s
t
alled
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
w
ir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
p
la
y
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
g
et
b
etter
s
y
s
te
m
r
el
iab
ilit
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
by
o
p
ti
m
iz
in
g
th
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
of
e
lectr
ic
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
it
h
p
r
ice
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
a
s
p
ec
ts
[
1
0
]
.
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
h
as
ac
t
iv
e
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
;
it
h
as
a
u
to
m
a
ti
ca
ll
y
d
etec
ted
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
s
f
aster
m
ea
n
s
g
en
er
all
y
f
o
cu
s
on
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
of
f
a
u
lt
[
1
1
]
.
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
a
m
o
d
er
n
elec
tr
i
c
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
e
f
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
a
u
to
m
atic
m
eter
in
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
at
h
a
s
au
to
m
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
m
o
d
er
n
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
an
d
m
eter
i
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
a
n
d
m
o
d
er
n
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
ec
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ab
ilit
ies
of
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
g
r
id
ar
e
li
m
ited
to
s
m
all
-
le
v
el
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
u
ch
as
p
o
w
er
-
li
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
It
h
as
s
l
u
g
g
i
s
h
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
i
s
s
u
es,
m
o
d
est
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
of
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
q
u
alit
y
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
.
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
h
elp
s
to
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lo
s
s
es
u
s
i
n
g
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
of
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
tr
an
s
f
er
elec
tr
icit
y
in
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
w
a
y
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
tate
ev
alu
a
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
ce
r
n
to
m
a
k
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
ab
o
u
t
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
1
5
]
.
A
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
b
ased
u
p
o
n
d
iag
r
a
m
is
s
h
o
w
n
b
elo
w
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1.
Natu
r
e
of
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
g
r
id
as:
T
h
e
en
d
u
s
er
is
in
v
o
l
v
ed
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
in
t
h
e
g
r
id
o
p
er
ati
o
n
s
.
No
n
v
er
tical
p
o
w
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
i
n
teg
r
at
io
n
of
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
of
en
er
g
y
.
Fo
cu
s
on
p
r
ev
e
n
ti
v
e
m
a
in
te
n
a
n
ce
of
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
r
esil
ie
n
t
to
c
y
b
er
attac
k
s
,
r
ap
id
r
esto
r
atio
n
ab
ilit
ies.
I
n
teg
r
ated
alg
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
an
d
e
f
f
ic
ien
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
g
r
id
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
1
,
J
u
ly
20
21
:
14
-
22
16
2.
CO
M
P
RE
H
E
NSI
V
E
T
H
E
O
RE
T
I
CA
L
B
ASI
S
Dif
f
er
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
To
ch
o
o
s
e
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
s
y
s
te
m
atic
s
tu
d
y
is
n
ec
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
co
m
p
lete
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
w
it
h
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
a
s
p
ec
ts
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
th
r
ee
-
la
y
er
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
W
id
e
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
W
A
N)
,
lo
ca
l
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
L
A
N)
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
P
A
N)
[
1
7
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
d
is
tan
ce
of
f
ield
,
s
p
ee
d
of
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
c
h
an
g
e
a
n
d
co
llectin
g
d
ata
w
ith
s
m
all
d
elay
,
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e
in
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
be
s
h
o
w
n
by
a
la
y
er
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
,
as
g
i
v
e
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
2
.
1
.
Wide
a
re
a
net
wo
rk
W
A
N
o
f
f
er
s
t
w
o
-
w
a
y
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
f
o
r
in
telli
g
r
id
g
en
er
ati
n
g
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
co
n
t
r
o
l
ce
n
tr
e,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
ce
n
tr
e
to
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
u
b
s
t
atio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
ce
n
tr
e.
All
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
at
th
e
s
u
b
s
ta
tio
n
is
d
eli
v
er
ed
by
W
A
Ns
u
s
i
n
g
S
C
A
D
A
,
R
T
Us,
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
w
h
i
ch
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
r
id
[
1
8
]
.
W
A
N
ca
n
be
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
u
s
i
n
g
a
v
ar
iet
y
of
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
t
h
ese
ar
e
f
ib
r
e,
P
o
w
er
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
P
L
C
)
etc.
Op
tical
f
ib
r
e
also
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
ex
ch
a
n
g
i
n
g
b
et
w
ee
n
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
s
h
ig
h
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
s
m
al
l
d
ela
y
[
1
9
]
.
2
.
2
.
L
o
c
a
l
a
re
a
net
w
o
rk
a
nd
neig
hb
o
urho
o
d
a
re
a
net
w
o
rk
/f
ie
ld
a
re
a
net
w
o
rk
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
,
L
A
N
is
a
ls
o
u
s
ed
to
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
It
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
r
eal
ti
m
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
in
a
n
e
ig
h
b
o
u
r
h
o
o
d
to
a
u
ti
lit
y
[
2
0
]
.
V
ar
io
u
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
co
m
e
u
n
d
er
th
i
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
f
o
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
Z
i
g
B
ee
,
W
L
AN,
P
L
C
an
d
s
ev
er
al
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
-
d
i
s
tan
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
[
2
1
]
.
2
.
3
.
P
er
s
o
na
l
a
re
a
n
et
w
o
rk
Ho
m
e
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
b
u
i
ld
in
g
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
m
es
u
n
d
er
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
s
h
ar
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
all
cu
s
to
m
er
on
t
h
e
u
t
ilit
y
s
id
e
[
2
2
]
.
P
A
N
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
en
d
-
u
s
er
s
id
e.
A
p
er
s
o
n
al
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
co
n
tai
n
in
g
s
elec
tio
n
of
I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
s
u
c
h
as
a
h
o
m
e
en
tr
an
ce
,
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
,
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
ap
p
lian
ce
s
f
o
r
h
o
m
e
a
u
to
m
at
io
n
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
[
2
3
]
.
Fo
r
a
R
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
f
r
o
m
g
e
n
er
atio
n
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
en
d
,
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
by
W
AN/M
L
A
N/H
A
N/P
A
N/N
AN
ar
e
an
al
y
s
e
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
by
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3.
2
.
4
.
O
v
er
v
ie
w
of
diff
er
ent
t
y
pes
of
co
m
m
u
nica
t
io
n
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
A
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
lay
s
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
It
is
h
ea
r
t
of
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
w
it
h
o
u
t
t
w
o
-
w
a
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
s
m
ar
tn
ess
of
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
F
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
w
ill
be
m
o
r
e
in
tel
li
g
en
t,
m
o
r
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
a
n
d
b
etter
in
teg
r
ate
d
e
m
a
n
d
-
s
id
e
DE
R
s
[
2
4
]
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
by
b
o
th
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
r
ea
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
all
elec
tr
ical
ap
p
lian
ce
s
p
lace
d
in
g
r
id
s
u
c
h
as
s
m
ar
t
m
e
ter
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
P
MU
s
etc.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
of
w
i
r
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
o
v
er
w
ir
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
u
s
e
f
e
w
er
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
es,
ea
s
i
n
ess
in
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
,
m
o
b
il
it
y
,
h
i
g
h
d
ata
s
p
ee
d
,
less
m
ag
n
etic
e
f
f
ec
t
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
s
o
m
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
F
u
tu
r
e
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
-
d
ep
lo
yme
n
t o
f I
o
T (
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
a
n
d
ch
a
llen
g
es)
(
P
a
ya
l S
o
n
i
)
17
d
is
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
li
k
e
n
o
i
s
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
n
at
u
r
e
of
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
ath
ca
u
s
es
atte
n
u
at
io
n
,
th
e
lif
e
of
th
e
b
atter
y
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
w
ir
ed
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
h
as
le
s
s
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
an
d
i
t’
s
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
an
d
[
2
6
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
of
s
a
m
e
u
n
lice
n
s
ed
I
SMB
a
n
d
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
o
cc
u
r
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
o
th
er
2
.
4
GH
z
w
ir
eles
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
W
L
A
N,
Z
i
g
B
ee
b
ase
d
w
ir
ele
s
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
[
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
of
w
ir
ed
an
d
w
ir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
W
i
r
e
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
p
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e
d
of
o
p
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r
a
t
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o
n
L
o
w
H
i
g
h
S
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st
e
m
b
a
n
d
w
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t
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L
o
w
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g
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st
H
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h
L
o
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I
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st
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l
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a
t
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D
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f
f
i
c
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l
t
Ea
sy
M
o
b
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l
i
t
y
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r
o
F
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
N
e
t
w
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k
c
o
v
e
r
a
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x
t
e
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si
o
n
C
o
v
e
r
a
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
d
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s
t
a
n
c
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C
o
v
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r
l
a
r
g
e
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
I
n
t
e
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
No
P
r
e
se
n
t
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
H
i
g
h
H
i
g
h
Q
o
S
L
e
ss
H
i
g
h
S
p
e
e
d
of
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
L
o
w
H
i
g
h
3.
DE
P
L
O
YM
E
NT
OF
I
O
T
IN
SM
ART
G
RID
To
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
to
tal
lo
ad
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
a
lit
y
of
s
er
v
ices
,
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
of
I
o
T
h
as
s
ev
er
al
b
en
ef
it
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
u
m
er
s
[
2
8
]
:
Dec
r
e
m
en
t
of
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
lo
s
s
e
s
.
P
ea
k
lo
ad
,
lo
a
d
s
h
av
i
n
g
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
Der
eg
u
la
ted
m
ar
k
et
,
Hi
g
h
er
R
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
.
Hig
h
er
q
u
alit
y
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
e
by
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
an
ies
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
s
t.
Hig
h
g
r
id
v
i
s
io
n
f
o
r
m
ee
ti
n
g
d
e
m
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
s
el
f
-
h
ea
l
i
n
g
q
u
alitie
s
of
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
t
h
at
is
ta
k
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
u
n
ited
of
th
e
f
o
r
e
m
o
s
t
v
ital
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
es
is
o
u
tli
n
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
e
lectr
ic
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
w
i
th
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
of
r
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
is
s
ee
n
u
n
ited
of
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
w
ir
eles
s
(
I
o
T
n
etw
o
r
k
)
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
can
o
cc
u
p
y
o
u
ts
ized
n
u
m
b
er
s
of
s
m
ar
t
o
b
j
ec
ts
/t
h
in
g
s
:
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
g
o
o
d
ap
p
lian
ce
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
ac
tu
ato
r
s
-
ca
r
s
,
etc.
I
m
p
le
m
en
t
atio
n
in
s
id
e
to
d
a
y
’
s
g
r
id
be
c
ap
ab
le
of
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ev
er
y
f
ea
t
u
r
e
of
t
h
e
elec
tr
ica
l
Su
p
p
l
y
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
it
h
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
,
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
an
d
elec
tr
ic
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
e
n
co
u
r
ag
e
cu
s
to
m
er
to
ch
an
g
e
p
atter
n
s
of
elec
tr
icit
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ti
m
e
an
d
lev
e
l
of
elec
tr
ic
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
e
m
an
d
[
3
0
]
.
I
o
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
h
a
v
i
n
g
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
of
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
It
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ics
a
n
d
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
d
is
s
i
m
ilar
as
of
o
n
e
d
ev
ice
to
o
th
er
d
ev
ices.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
ess
en
tial
p
o
in
ts
s
h
ar
ed
by
d
ev
ices
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
1
,
J
u
ly
20
21
:
14
-
22
18
[
3
1
]
.
As
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
o
in
t
of
v
i
e
w
a
ll
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
r
ea
lis
tic
f
o
r
r
ea
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
llec
tio
n
,
in
r
ea
l
ti
m
e,
w
it
h
lo
w
late
n
c
y
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
p
r
ice
[
3
2
]
.
3
.
1
.
I
o
T
at
dis
t
ributio
n si
de
o
f
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
P
o
w
er
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
t
h
e
m
ain
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
of
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
or
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
,
all
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
l
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
a
g
r
icu
lt
u
r
e
an
d
h
o
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
cietie
s
g
et
elec
tr
icit
y
f
r
o
m
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
ei
r
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t,
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
all
u
s
er
s
ca
n
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
u
s
e
of
e
lectr
icit
y
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
r
ice
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e:
3
.
1
.
1
.
T
he
re
qu
ire
m
e
nt
of
I
o
T
at
g
ener
a
t
io
n si
de
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
of
f
u
e
l
q
u
a
n
tit
y
,
in
te
g
r
atio
n
of
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
li
k
e
w
in
d
,
s
o
lar
,
b
io
m
a
s
s
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
of
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
e
f
f
ec
t
li
k
e
ca
r
b
o
n
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
etc.
3
.
1
.
2
T
he
re
qu
ire
m
ent
of
I
o
T
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
ide
E
lectr
ic
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
to
wer
p
r
o
tectio
n
,
in
tellect
u
al
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
u
b
s
ta
tio
n
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
au
to
m
atio
n
li
k
e
SC
AD
A
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
E
MS,
co
n
d
itio
n
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
,
o
p
er
atio
n
etc.
3
.
1
.
3
T
he
re
qu
ire
m
ent
of
I
o
T
at
dis
t
ributio
n s
ide
S
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
I
C
T
E
q
u
ip
m
en
t
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
EV
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
i
d
e
e
n
er
g
y
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
atio
n
,
s
m
ar
t
r
o
o
m
,
to
m
a
in
ta
in
le
s
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ap
p
lian
ce
s
li
k
e
w
as
h
i
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g
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ac
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e,
r
ef
r
i
g
er
ato
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co
n
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co
m
p
u
ter
etc.
3
.
2
.
I
o
T
at
co
ns
u
m
er
end o
f
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
T
h
e
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
s
r
eal
-
ti
m
e
t
w
o
-
w
a
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
t
h
at
ca
r
r
y
t
h
e
i
n
cl
u
s
iv
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
w
h
ic
h
,
r
e
q
u
ir
es
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
an
d
d
ata
-
i
n
t
en
s
i
v
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
[
3
3
]
.
A
r
ch
itect
u
r
e
lay
er
s
of
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
at
th
e
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
id
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
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h
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o
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ies
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n
d
th
eir
ap
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licatio
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s
N
a
me
of
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e
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h
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y
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Z
-
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v
e
h
o
me
a
u
t
o
mat
i
o
n
;
a
u
t
o
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c
me
t
e
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r
e
a
d
i
n
g
B
l
u
e
t
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h
M
e
sh
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o
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u
t
o
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t
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o
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n
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El
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t
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o
me
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u
t
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t
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t
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sy
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C
e
l
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u
l
a
r
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o
mm
.
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o
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i
t
o
r
i
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g
a
n
d
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
of
D
E
R
s
;
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C
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M
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t
i
me
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ss
me
sh
S
u
b
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t
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t
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A
u
t
o
mat
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o
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NB
-
I
o
T
H
o
me
A
u
t
o
mat
i
o
n
W
i
r
e
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
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g
y
L
o
R
a
W
A
N
t
o
w
e
r
s
o
n
l
i
n
e
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
f
a
u
l
t
mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
Et
h
e
r
n
e
t
P
h
y
si
c
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
P
L
C
A
u
t
o
mat
i
c
me
t
e
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
u
b
scri
b
e
r
l
i
n
e
s
S
mart
me
t
e
r
i
n
g
4.
O
P
P
O
RT
UNI
T
I
E
S
TO
U
SE
T
H
E
I
o
T
IN
SM
ART
G
R
I
D
In
r
ec
en
t
ti
m
es,
I
o
T
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
te
n
s
i
v
el
y
k
n
o
w
n
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
e
f
f
icien
c
y
f
o
r
ab
o
v
e
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
to
m
a
k
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
m
ar
t
[
3
4
]
.
C
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
of
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
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n
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
at
i
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
m
a
k
es
elec
tr
i
c
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
m
ar
ter
th
a
n
p
ast
[
3
5
]
.
E
s
s
en
tial
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
I
o
T
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
id
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
ar
e
s
m
ar
t
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
,
a
g
r
icu
l
tu
r
e,
m
ed
ical
a
n
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
s
,
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
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,
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
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t
a
n
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
all
co
s
t
u
m
er
s
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e,
ag
r
icu
l
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r
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m
ed
ical,
an
d
en
v
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o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
m
o
n
ito
r
i
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g
.
D
u
e
to
b
est
f
ea
tu
r
es
of
AM
I
,
s
elf
h
ea
lin
g
,
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
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o
r
m
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f
r
o
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s
m
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en
s
o
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in
t
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o
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s
u
m
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s
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as
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4
.
A
r
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itectu
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of
s
m
ar
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r
id
,
d
is
tr
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u
tio
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s
id
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5.
CH
AL
L
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S
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
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of
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in
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o
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itab
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a
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p
ab
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to
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an
s
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er
in
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o
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s
w
it
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ch
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d
w
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h
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n
t
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to
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r
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r
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e
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S
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m
p
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el
iab
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al
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s
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,
p
r
icin
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,
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n
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
s
a
f
et
y
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
ese
f
ac
il
itie
s
,
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
f
ac
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ec
u
r
it
y
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
ac
ce
s
s
d
ata
co
n
tr
o
l,
o
u
tag
e
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
,
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
iv
ac
y
etc
[
3
7
]
.
A
h
ea
lt
h
y
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
i
n
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e
h
as
g
r
ea
t
r
o
ll
in
s
m
a
r
t
g
r
id
,
also
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
d
if
f
i
cu
ltie
s
in
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
f
au
lt
f
i
n
d
in
g
,
b
lack
o
u
ts
,
v
o
lta
g
e
f
l
u
ct
u
atio
n
,
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
ity
etc
[
3
8
]
,
u
s
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
P
MU
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
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n
ab
o
u
t
o
u
tag
e,
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
3
9]
.
5
.
1
.
L
a
t
ency
Dela
y
of
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
m
ar
t
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eter
s
or
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en
s
o
r
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s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
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ter
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o
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en
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is
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i
m
p
o
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ta
n
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
in
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
q
u
alit
y
of
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
of
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
a
in
s
t
f
a
u
lt
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
,
s
y
s
te
m
au
to
m
at
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n
,
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
,
in
te
g
r
atio
n
of
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
of
th
e
p
o
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er
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
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n
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
u
ti
lit
y
to
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
rs
s
id
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
[
4
1
]
.
An
E
n
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
cio
u
s
s
m
ar
t
h
o
u
s
e
is
a
s
u
b
u
r
b
an
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
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n
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
a
S
m
ar
t
Me
ter
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
ca
p
ab
le
f
ac
t
u
al
ti
m
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
of
t
h
e
elec
tr
icit
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
ap
p
lian
ce
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
m
ar
t
h
o
u
s
e
[
4
2
]
.
5
.
2
.
H
ig
h
da
t
a
r
a
t
e
T
h
er
e
ar
e
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
of
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
R
T
Us,
P
MU
s
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
h
u
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
of
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
or
d
ata
co
n
t
in
u
e
s
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
by
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
h
ig
h
d
ata
r
ate
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
f
o
r
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
lo
w
of
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
m
an
n
er
;
it
s
h
o
u
ld
be
m
o
r
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
in
g
on
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
e
x
is
tin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
.
It
is
a
f
u
tu
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
to
m
ak
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
an
d
r
ea
li
s
tic.
In
p
r
esen
t
d
a
y
s
L
P
W
AN
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
c
h
as
NB
-
I
o
T
,
Sig
f
o
x
,
L
o
R
A
a
n
d
Li
-
Fi
is
q
u
i
te
h
i
g
h
as
co
m
p
ar
e
to
o
th
er
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
but
it
m
u
s
t
be
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
by
ad
o
p
tin
g
n
e
w
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
[
4
4
]
.
5
.
3
.
I
nte
rf
er
ence
I
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
in
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
c
h
an
n
el
is
o
n
e
of
t
h
e
m
ai
n
c
h
alle
n
g
es
[
4
5
]
.
P
er
s
o
n
al
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
i
n
s
tal
led
in
s
u
b
u
r
b
a
n
ar
ea
,
HA
N
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
h
o
m
e
a
u
to
m
atio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
e
n
h
an
ce
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ec
u
r
it
y
to
m
a
k
e
s
u
r
e
th
a
t
ess
e
n
tia
l
a
n
d
co
r
r
ec
t
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
co
m
m
u
n
icate
to
th
e
s
m
ar
t
m
et
er
[
4
6
]
.
HA
N/
L
A
N/
F
A
N
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
S
m
ar
t
m
ete
r
s
,
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
P
MU
s
,
d
u
e
to
s
a
m
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
a
n
d
of
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
o
cc
u
r
b
et
w
ee
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
an
d
ca
u
s
e
s
u
n
r
ea
l
an
d
u
n
r
eliab
le
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
of
s
i
g
n
al
s
f
r
o
m
s
m
ar
t
m
eter
s
,
to
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
r
ese
ar
ch
on
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
is
o
n
e
of
th
e
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
[
4
7
]
.
In
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
S
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e,
d
o
ze
n
s
of
d
ev
ice
s
w
il
l
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
i
th
ea
c
h
o
th
er
u
s
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
4
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
1
,
J
u
ly
20
21
:
14
-
22
20
5
.
4
.
Securit
y
a
nd
priv
a
cy
Net
w
o
r
k
Secu
r
it
y
,
also
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
ch
al
len
g
e
in
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
of
I
o
T
a
p
p
licatio
n
in
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
,
to
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
4
9
]
.
It
ca
n
be
h
ac
k
ed
by
o
t
h
er
p
er
s
o
n
s
.
Secu
r
it
y
h
az
ar
d
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
t
h
e
ex
p
o
s
i
n
g
of
co
n
f
id
en
tial
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
illeg
al
e
n
tr
a
n
ce
an
d
in
s
er
tio
n
of
w
r
o
n
g
d
ata
in
o
r
d
er
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
r
eg
u
lar
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
of
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
in
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
h
as
a
g
r
ea
t
r
o
le,
if
tr
an
s
m
itted
d
ata
h
ac
k
ed
by
a
n
y
h
ac
k
er
it
can
d
estro
y
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
of
w
h
o
le
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
by
d
is
to
r
tio
n
in
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
m
eter
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
,
B
illi
n
g
s
tat
u
s
th
a
t
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
u
n
it
s
co
n
s
u
m
ed
by
co
n
s
u
m
er
,
W
r
o
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
at
o
p
er
ato
r
ce
n
tr
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
s
co
n
n
ec
te
d
by
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
[
5
1
]
.
5
.
5
.
I
nte
ro
pera
bil
it
y
Dif
f
er
en
t
d
ev
ices
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
et
s
of
r
u
le
s
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
,
i
n
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
h
a
s
a
g
r
ea
t
r
o
le
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
s
m
ar
t
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
n
d
it
also
co
m
es
u
n
d
er
o
n
e
of
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
of
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
of
I
o
T
w
ith
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
d
ev
ices
an
d
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ar
e
in
p
u
t
ch
al
len
g
e
f
o
r
I
o
T
’
s
ch
an
g
eo
v
er
to
as
m
ar
t
g
r
id
[
2
8
]
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
u
p
g
r
ad
e
of
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
a
in
s
t
s
u
d
d
en
f
a
u
lt,
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
eal
t
i
m
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
e
s
s
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
d
ata
r
ate
an
d
lo
w
la
ten
c
y
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
In
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
c
h
alle
n
g
es
in
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
of
th
e
I
oT
h
as
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
,
a
lo
w
p
o
w
er
w
id
e
ar
ea
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
as
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e
as
an
en
ab
li
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
We
h
av
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
of
I
o
T
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
t
h
eir
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
,
lo
w
laten
c
y
,
lo
w
-
p
o
w
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
lo
w
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
co
s
t
f
o
r
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
d
ev
ices.
F
in
al
l
y
,
we
h
a
v
e
o
u
tl
in
ed
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
an
d
ch
a
llen
g
e
s
in
r
ea
lizin
g
t
h
e
I
o
T
as
th
e
s
m
ar
t
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
.
7.
F
UT
UR
E
WO
RK
T
o
m
ak
e
S
m
ar
t
g
r
id
m
o
r
e
r
e
liab
le
an
d
e
f
f
icie
n
t,
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
es.
Dep
lo
y
m
en
t
of
i
n
ter
n
et
of
th
in
g
s
h
a
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
ce
r
o
le,
b
est
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
to
an
a
l
y
s
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
i
th
s
e
r
io
u
s
lo
s
s
es
in
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
l
in
e,
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
of
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
w
it
h
s
to
r
ag
e,
s
m
ar
t
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
of
V2
G,
p
o
w
er
t
h
e
f
t
d
etec
tio
n
,
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
,
g
r
id
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
an
d
r
ea
l
t
i
m
e
s
m
ar
t
e
n
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
e
n
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
ef
f
ic
ien
t
u
s
e
of
elec
tr
icit
y
;
e
n
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
lev
e
l
of
ea
s
e
an
d
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
t
io
n
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
K.
M.
R
.
Esw
a
r
,
“
S
m
a
rt
Grid
-
F
u
tu
re
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
El
e
c
trica
l
and
E
lec
tro
n
ics
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
3,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
0
3
-
6
1
2
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
H
.
H
.
A
lh
e
lo
u
,
M
.
E
.
H
.
-
G
o
lsh
a
n
,
T
.
C.
Nje
n
d
a
a
n
d
P
.
S
ian
o
,
“A
S
u
rv
e
y
on
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
Blac
k
o
u
t
a
n
d
Ca
sc
a
d
in
g
Ev
e
n
ts:
Re
se
a
rc
h
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
C
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,”
E
n
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
8
2
-
7
1
0
,
F
e
b
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/e
n
1
2
0
4
0
6
8
2
.
[3
]
M
.
A
.
El
g
e
n
e
d
y
,
A
.
M
.
M
a
s
so
u
d
a
n
d
S
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
“
S
m
a
rt
g
rid
se
lf
-
h
e
a
li
n
g
:
F
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s,
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts,
”
2
0
1
5
Fi
rs
t
W
o
r
k
sh
o
p
o
n
S
ma
rt
Gr
id
a
n
d
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
(
S
GRE)
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
S
G
RE.
2
0
1
5
.
7
2
0
8
7
3
7
.
[4
]
V
.
C.
G
u
n
g
o
r,
B.
L
u
a
n
d
G
.
P
.
H
a
n
c
k
e
,
“
Op
p
o
rtu
n
it
ies
a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
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f
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irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s in
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
,
”
in
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
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e
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tro
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ics
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l.
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o
.
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p
p
.
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5
5
7
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5
6
4
,
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0
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1
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0
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2
0
0
9
.
2
0
3
9
4
5
5
.
[5
]
A
.
H
.
A
.
-
Ba
d
i,
R
.
A
h
sh
a
n
,
N
.
H
o
ss
e
in
z
a
d
e
h
,
R
.
G
h
o
rb
a
n
i
a
n
d
E
.
Ho
ss
a
in
,
“
S
u
rv
e
y
of
S
m
a
rt
G
ri
d
Co
n
c
e
p
ts
a
n
d
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e
c
h
n
o
lo
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ica
l
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m
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stra
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n
s
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o
rld
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h
a
siz
in
g
on
th
e
Om
a
n
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e
rs
p
e
c
ti
v
e
,
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p
li
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d
S
y
ste
m
In
n
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v
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ti
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n
,
v
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l
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o
.
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d
o
i
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0
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5
.
[6
]
A
.
G
h
a
s
e
m
p
o
u
r
,
“
In
tern
e
t
of
T
h
in
g
s
in
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
:
A
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
,
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
S
e
rv
ice
s,
Ke
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
a
nd
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,”
In
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
4,
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o
.
1,
p.
2
2
,
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a
rc
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0
1
9
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o
i:
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0
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3
3
9
0
/i
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s
4
0
1
0
0
2
2
.
[7
]
J.
Zh
e
n
g
,
D.
W
.
G
a
o
a
n
d
L
.
L
in
,
“
S
m
a
rt
M
e
ters
in
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
:
A
n
O
v
e
rv
i
e
w
,
”
2
0
1
3
IE
EE
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e
e
n
T
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.
[8
]
A
.
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h
,
Y
.
P
a
ra
g
a
n
d
J
.
G
u
e
rre
ro
,
“
M
icro
g
rid
s:
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re
v
iew
of
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
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ies
,
k
e
y
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riv
e
rs,
a
n
d
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ts
tan
d
i
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g
issu
e
s,”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
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sta
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Rev
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l.
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4
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.
[9
]
P
.
Zan
d
,
S
.
C
h
a
tt
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rjea
,
K.
Da
s
a
n
d
P
.
Ha
v
in
g
a
,
“
W
irele
s
s
In
d
u
stria
l
M
o
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it
o
rin
g
a
n
d
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o
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l
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rk
s:
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Jo
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rn
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y
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F
a
r
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n
d
th
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Ro
a
d
A
h
e
a
d
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
S
e
n
s
o
r
a
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d
Actu
a
to
r
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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21
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O.
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rm
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ries
s
,
“
In
te
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s:
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1
]
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.
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.
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.
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o
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“
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ta
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of
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m
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rt
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rid
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A
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w
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e
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tro
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ics
,
v
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l.
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o
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[1
2
]
V
.
C.
G
u
n
g
o
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
:
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m
m
u
n
ica
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n
T
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c
h
n
o
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o
g
ies
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n
d
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ta
n
d
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rd
s,”
in
IEE
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T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
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3
]
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.
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a
ll
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.
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c
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a
n
d
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.
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a
n
g
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o
w
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m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
s
a
n
d
th
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m
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rid
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[1
4
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R.
M
a
,
H.
Ch
e
n
,
Y.
Hu
a
n
g
a
n
d
W
.
M
e
n
g
,
“
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
Co
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
:
Its
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
Op
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
,
”
i
n
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
m
a
rt Grid
,
v
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l.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
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p
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3
6
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6
,
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0
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3
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9
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G
.
2
0
1
2
.
2
2
2
5
8
5
1
.
[1
5
]
H.
L
i,
L
.
L
a
i
a
n
d
W
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
f
o
r
Re
li
a
b
le
a
n
d
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e
c
u
re
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tate
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m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
tr
o
l
i
n
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
,
”
in
IEE
E
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ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt
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i
d
,
v
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l.
2
,
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3
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7
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[1
6
]
W.
W
a
n
g
,
Y.
X
u
,
a
n
d
M.
Kh
a
n
n
a
:
“A
su
rv
e
y
on
th
e
c
o
m
m
u
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rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
in
s
m
a
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g
rid
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
n
e
two
rk
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
no.
1
5
,
pp.
3
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–
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1
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7
.
0
1
0
.
[1
7
]
A
.
Be
n
sk
y
,
“
W
ir
e
les
s
P
e
rso
n
a
l
A
re
a
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
S
h
o
rt
Ra
n
g
e
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
(
T
h
ir
d
E
d
it
io
n
),
Ch
.
2
,
pp.
317
-
3
6
0
,
USA
:
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c
ien
c
e
d
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t,
A
u
g
2
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1
9
.
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8
]
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.
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y
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d
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d
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.
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a
b
b
a
r,
“
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CA
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m
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rt
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n
e
rg
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g
rid
c
o
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m
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rid
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g
,
pp.
4
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4
,
USA
:
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c
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d
e
m
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c
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re
ss
,
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n
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
M
.
Ku
z
lu
,
M
.
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i
p
a
tt
a
n
a
so
m
p
o
r
n
,
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.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
“
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m
m
u
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ica
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o
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n
e
tw
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rk
re
q
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m
e
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A
N
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WA
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mp
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ter
Ne
t
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rk
s
,
v
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l.
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p
.
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2
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1
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2
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.
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0
]
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.
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.
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a
n
,
A
.
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in
,
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.
A
ru
n
a
c
h
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la
m
a
n
d
A
.
P
a
v
e
n
th
a
n
,
“
Co
m
m
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n
ica
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n
tec
h
n
o
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g
ies
f
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r
s
m
a
rt
m
e
terin
g
in
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
,
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2
0
1
4
IE
EE
S
t
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d
e
n
ts'
C
o
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fer
e
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e
o
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El
e
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trica
l,
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l
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
mp
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ter
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ien
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e
,
2
0
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4
,
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-
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,
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ECS
.
2
0
1
4
.
6
8
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4
4
2
7
.
[2
1
]
C.
Be
k
a
r
a
,
“
S
e
c
u
rit
y
Iss
u
e
s
a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
Io
T
-
b
a
se
d
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
,
”
Pro
c
e
d
ia
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
34,
pp.
532
-
5
3
7
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/j
.
p
ro
c
s.2
0
1
4
.
0
7
.
0
6
4
.
[2
2
]
A
.
Ka
il
a
s,
V
.
Ce
c
c
h
i,
a
n
d
A
.
M
u
k
h
e
rjee
,
“A
S
u
rv
e
y
of
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
T
e
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h
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g
ies
f
o
r
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e
rg
y
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a
n
a
g
e
m
e
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t
in
Bu
il
d
in
g
s
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n
d
H
o
m
e
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Co
mp
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
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3
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W
a
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ter
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2
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7
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.
[2
4
]
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.
F
a
n
g
,
S
.
M
isra
,
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.
Xu
e
a
n
d
D.
Ya
n
g
,
“
S
m
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rt
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rid
-
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h
e
Ne
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n
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r
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rid
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in
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Co
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n
ica
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n
s
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[2
5
]
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.
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d
i
,
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Q
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L
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,
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.
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H
.
E
.
-
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o
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a
n
d
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.
M.
H.
El
m
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rg
h
a
n
i,
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[2
6
]
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rs
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Esc
u
d
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a
r
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s,
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r
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p
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o
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rn
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l
o
f
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trica
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6
[2
7
]
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.
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g
,
Y
.
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a
n
d
M
.
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id
lu
n
d
,
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ter
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8
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m
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.
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ri,
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tern
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[2
9
]
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J
.
W
a
n
g
,
M
.
Do
o
n
e
r
a
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d
J
.
Clark
e
,
“
Ov
e
r
v
ie
w
of
c
u
rre
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e
v
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r
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ra
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,
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1
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[3
0
]
T
h
e
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
:
An
In
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
.
2
0
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8.
[
On
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e
]
.
A
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d
:
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3
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2
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1
.
[3
1
]
P
.
S
e
t
h
i
a
n
d
S
.
R.
S
a
ra
n
g
i
,
“
In
ter
n
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t
of
T
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in
g
s
A
rc
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it
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tu
re
s,
P
ro
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o
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o
ls,
a
n
d
A
p
p
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ica
ti
o
n
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
of
El
e
c
trica
l
a
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d
Co
mp
u
ter
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n
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g
,
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l.
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4
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3
5
.
[3
2
]
H.
S
u
,
M
.
Qi
u
a
n
d
H
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
S
e
c
u
re
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
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ste
m
f
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rid
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it
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re
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h
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rg
e
a
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tri
c
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h
icle
s,”
in
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o
mm
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n
i
c
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ti
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s
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a
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[3
3
]
W
.
S
h
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w
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,
“
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rid
,
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2
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tro
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(
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[3
4
]
Em
il
io
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n
c
il
lo
tt
i,
Ra
f
fa
e
le
Bru
n
o
a
n
d
M
a
rc
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C
o
n
ti
,
”
T
h
e
ro
le
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
in
sm
a
rt
g
rid
s:
A
rc
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it
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c
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re
s
,
tec
h
n
ica
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so
lu
t
io
n
s
a
n
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re
se
a
rc
h
c
h
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ll
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n
g
e
s”
,
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mp
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ter
c
o
mm
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n
ica
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n
s
,
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.
3
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4
.
[3
5
]
R
.
R
.
M
o
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ss
e
l,
A
.
F
u
n
g
,
F
.
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m
m
a
d
i
a
n
d
K
.
R
a
a
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m
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su
rv
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A
d
v
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n
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d
M
e
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g
In
f
ra
stru
c
tu
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,
”
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ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
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a
l
o
f
El
e
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r
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ms
,
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l.
63,
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p
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4
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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n
d
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Sci,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
1
,
J
u
ly
20
21
:
14
-
22
22
[3
6
]
E.
Ho
ss
a
in
,
Z.
Ha
n
a
n
d
H.
V.
P
o
o
r
,
“
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
tw
o
rk
in
g
,
”
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
NY,
USA
:
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
.
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
2
.
[3
7
]
R.
Kh
a
n
a
n
d
J.
Kh
a
n
,
“A
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
re
v
ie
w
of
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
a
n
d
traff
ic
r
e
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
of
a
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
n
e
tw
o
r
k
,
”
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mp
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
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l.
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3
,
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p
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o
m
n
e
t.
2
0
1
2
.
1
1
.
0
0
2
.
[3
8
]
Y.
Ya
n
,
Y.
Qia
n
,
H.
S
h
a
rif
a
n
d
D.
T
ip
p
e
r,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
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n
In
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
s:
M
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
s,
Re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts
a
n
d
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,”
in
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
s
S
u
rv
e
y
s
&
T
u
to
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v
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l.
1
5
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o
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p
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0
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0
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4
.
[3
9
]
V
.
C
.
G
u
n
g
o
r
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t
a
l
.
,
“
A
S
u
rv
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n
S
m
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rid
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A
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Re
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ire
m
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ts,
”
in
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ra
n
sa
c
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n
In
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stri
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II.
2
0
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2
2
1
8
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5
3
.
[4
0
]
A.
U
s
m
a
n
a
n
d
S.
S
h
a
m
i,
“
Ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
of
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
r
s
m
a
rt
g
rid
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
&
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Rev
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[4
1
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L.
A
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o
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ian
ti
,
G.
M
e
n
g
a
,
a
n
d
M.
M
o
risi
o
,
“
S
m
a
rt
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rid
tec
h
n
o
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ies
in
Eu
r
o
p
e
:
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o
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e
rv
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w
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e
rg
ies
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l.
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[4
2
]
M
.
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.
P
ip
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.
[4
3
]
J.
Din
g
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M
.
Ne
m
a
ti
,
C.
Ra
n
a
w
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ra
a
n
d
J.
Ch
o
i,
“
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T
Co
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n
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ti
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[4
4
]
Y.
A.
A
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L
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sisi
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O.
B.
Ok
e
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re
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terfe
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[4
5
]
V
.
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m
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iri
,
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n
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.
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o
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.
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w
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[4
6
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[4
7
]
C
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[4
8
]
T
.
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.
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.
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talã
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m
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.
[4
9
]
C.
Ka
lala
s,
L
.
T
h
r
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b
o
m
a
n
d
J.
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lo
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[5
0
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1
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