Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
1
3
,
No.
2
,
Febr
uar
y
201
9
, pp.
7
52
~
7
58
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
2
.pp
7
52
-
7
58
752
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Dielectri
c proper
ties char
acteriz
ation of th
e rice
an
d rice
weevil
for mic
row
ave heati
ng tr
eatment
Ma
li
ki I
brahi
m
1
, Rosemiz
i Abd R
ah
im
2
,
Ju
nit
a M
oh
d
No
r
din
3
,
Siti Z
ulaika
Abdul
Ny
z
am
4
,
No
rz
ak
i
ah
A
mi
ra Ama
tkh
ri
5
1
School
of
Manu
fac
tur
ing
Eng
ineeri
ng,
Univer
si
ti
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
,
M
al
a
y
s
ia
2,3,4,5
School
of
C
om
pute
r
and
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
En
gine
er
ing, Univ
e
rsiti
Ma
lay
sia
Pe
rli
s,
Ma
lay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
N
ov
10
,
2018
Re
vised
Dec
11
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Dec
25
, 201
8
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
se
nts
the
die
lectr
ic
prope
rti
es
cha
r
ac
t
eri
z
at
ion
of
t
he
ric
e
an
d
ric
e
w
ee
vi
l
for
m
ic
rowave
h
e
at
ing
d
isinfe
sta
t
ion
treatment
a
ppli
c
at
ion
.
Infe
stations
of
i
nsec
ts
in
stor
ed
gra
in
have
be
c
om
e
a
m
aj
or
th
rea
t
to
food
suppl
y
glob
al
l
y
.
It
cont
ribu
te
s
to
damage
to
the
s
tore
d
gra
in
and
had
ca
used
ec
onom
ic
losses.
Th
e
cur
r
ent
m
et
hod
to
cont
ro
l
the
infe
st
at
ion
which
is
b
y
using
che
m
ical
fum
iga
ti
on
co
uld
give
har
m
to
hum
an
healt
h
and
c
ause
envi
ronm
ent
a
l
p
oll
uti
on
.
The
ab
i
li
t
y
of
m
ic
rowav
e
ene
rg
y
to
kill
the
insects
using
die
l
ec
tr
ic
hea
t
ing
t
ec
hni
que
has
a
h
igh
pote
nt
ia
l
as
a
n
al
t
ern
ativ
e
m
et
hod
to
control
th
e
inf
estati
on
of
th
e
insect.
Know
le
dg
e
o
f
dielectri
c
prope
rties
of
the
insec
ts
is
important
to
under
s
ta
nd
the
intera
ctions
of
the
insec
t
wi
th
e
le
c
t
rom
agne
ti
c
field
s.
Henc
e
,
th
is
pape
r
pr
ese
nts
th
e
evalua
ti
on
of
the
di
el
e
ct
r
ic
consta
nt
,
and
d
i
el
e
ct
ri
c
loss
fact
or,
of
the
insect
s
and
gra
in
using
open
-
end
ed
coa
xi
al
prob
e
m
et
hod.
The
di
el
e
ct
ri
c
prope
rt
i
es
o
f
the
rice
wee
vil,
S.
Or
y
z
ae
and
rice
ar
e
m
ea
sured
usin
g
an
open
-
ended
die
l
ec
tr
ic
probe
.
Found
th
at
the
d
ie
l
ectric
consta
nt
,
loss
fa
ct
or
and
loss
ta
n
gent
for
both
sam
ple
s
are
inve
rsel
y
propo
rtional
to
the
fre
quency
.
Know
l
edge
of
the
m
oisture
cont
en
t
and
te
m
per
a
ture
of
the
inse
ct
s
a
nd
ric
e
is
ver
y
i
m
porta
nt
to
cha
ra
cteri
z
e
the
die
lectr
i
c
prope
rties
for
future
deve
lopment
o
f
m
ic
rowave
hea
t
ing
disinf
est
at
ion
treatment
e
ffe
ctively
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
B
ubuk r
ic
e
D
ie
le
ct
ric pro
pe
rtie
s
M
ic
ro
wa
ve he
at
ing
R
ic
e
W
eevil
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Rosem
izi A
bd
Ra
him
School
of Com
pu
te
r
a
nd Com
m
un
ic
at
ion
Enginee
rin
g,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Ma
la
ysi
a Perlis, M
al
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: ro
sem
izi@unim
ap.
edu.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
secu
rity
o
f
f
ood
sec
ur
it
y is
on
e of the m
a
in ag
en
da
of ever
y g
over
nm
e
nt ar
ou
nd
the
world
. F
oo
d
and
A
gr
ic
ulture
Orga
nizat
ion
(FAO
)
def
i
ne
d
the
te
rm
"fo
od
secu
rity
"
r
efers
t
o
"a
sit
uation
in
vo
l
vin
g
al
l
le
vels,
w
hich
al
ways
obta
in
s
uffici
ent
f
ood
s
upply,
s
afe
an
d
nu
t
riti
ou
s
foo
d
to
m
eet
the
need
s
a
nd
requirem
ents
of
an
act
ive
an
d
healt
hy
li
fes
ty
le
"[1
]
.
The
m
ai
n
issue
of
foo
d
secu
rity
globall
y
as
well
as
at
national
le
vel
is
the
los
ses d
ur
ing
post
ha
rv
e
s
ti
ng
sta
ge
.
T
he
de
pende
nce on
the r
ic
e p
r
oduction
in
t
he
c
ountry
is
no
t
en
ough,
thu
s
the
rice
al
so
im
po
rts
fro
m
the
neighbour
i
ng
c
ountry
too.
To
a
vo
i
d
a
sh
ort
age
of
s
upply,
us
ua
ll
y,
rice
w
il
l
be
store
d
in
la
rg
e
qu
a
ntit
ie
s
for
a
ce
rtai
n
per
i
od
be
fore
t
hey
can
be
m
ark
et
e
d.
Althou
gh
rice
is
a
long
-
l
ast
in
g
c
omm
od
it
y,
it
sti
ll
can
be
dam
aged
due
t
o
var
io
us
fact
or
s
.
T
hus,
a
n
eff
ic
ie
nt
rice
s
tora
ge
syst
e
m
is necessary to en
sure
the q
ualit
y of
stor
e
d
rice i
s al
ways g
oo
d.
On
e o
f
the f
act
ors
that can d
am
a
ge
the
store
d rice
is th
e inf
est
at
io
n of i
ns
ect
s.
Inf
est
at
ion
of
the
insect
of
st
or
e
d
rice
has
c
ause
d
a
var
ie
ty
of
dam
age
a
nd
ec
onom
ic
l
os
ses
to
the
store
d
rice
or
foo
d
s
upplies.
Wh
e
n
the
ins
ect
s
co
nsum
ed
the
rice,
t
he
qu
a
ntit
y
an
d
qual
it
y
of
the
r
ic
e
is
reduce
d.
Am
on
g
the
sto
re
d
-
pro
du
ct
insect
s,
rice
weev
il
,
Sit
op
hilus
Ory
zae
is
on
e
of
the
pr
im
ary
p
est
s
of
store
d
rice,
part
ic
ularly
rice
(
Or
yz
a
Sati
va
L.)
.
Sig
n
of
in
festat
ion
i
n
t
he
store
d
rice
is
increase
d
i
n
m
oisture
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Diel
ect
ric
p
r
opert
ie
s ch
aract
e
rizati
on o
f t
he ri
ce a
nd ri
ce w
eevi
l f
or
m
ic
r
ow
ave
hea
ti
ng
…
(
Malik
i Ib
r
ahim
)
753
le
vels
an
d
heat
ing
on
t
he
surf
ace.
The
feed
i
ng
act
ivit
y
of
S.
O
ryzae
co
nt
rib
utes
to
heati
ng
a
nd
in
fested
rice
becam
e
da
m
p
du
e
to
m
oisture
add
e
d
by
th
e
insect
‘s
res
pi
rati
on
s.
T
his
m
ay
enco
ur
a
ge
the
grow
t
h
of
the
popula
ti
on
of
oth
e
r
insect
spe
ci
es.
Th
ere
for
e,
co
ntr
ol
of
store
d
rice
insec
ts
is
ve
ry
cr
uci
al
and
is
on
e
of
th
e
m
ajo
r
ta
sk
i
n
orde
r
to
p
rev
e
nt
m
or
e
econom
i
c
losses
beca
use
the
dam
age
i
m
po
ses
to
rice
is
irrev
er
sible
and
if
the quali
ty
o
f
ri
ce is t
o be m
ain
ta
ined
.
1
.1
.
Disinfes
t
at
i
on
Metho
ds
Po
sth
ar
vest
co
ntr
ol
of
insect
s
in
rice
is
es
sentia
l
to
su
sta
in
the
qu
al
it
y
of
store
d
rice
and
in
hib
it
econom
ic
loss
cause
d
by
the
insect
s.
The
ai
m
of
the
con
tr
ol
m
easur
e
is
to
pro
vid
e
the
hab
it
at
un
a
cce
ptable
for
the
dev
el
opm
ent
and
ge
ner
at
io
n
of
sto
red
-
pr
oduct
in
sect
s
[
2].
T
here
are
dif
fer
e
nt
te
ch
niques
th
at
ar
e
util
iz
ed
to c
ontrol t
he bugs
w
hich
ca
n be
ass
e
m
bled
as a
ph
ysi
cal
, o
r
gan
ic
,
and s
ubsta
nce
strat
egy.
1
.
1.
1
P
hy
sic
al
Metho
d
Ph
ysi
cal
m
et
ho
ds
ca
n
co
ntr
ol
the
insect
on
store
d
rice
by
m
od
ify
ing
the
env
i
ronm
ent
or
by
ap
plyi
ng
ph
ysi
cal
treat
m
ents
to
the
i
ns
ect
s
an
d
rice
.
It
incorp
or
at
e
s
a
div
er
se
set
of
trap
(
pro
be
traps
an
d
phe
ro
m
on
e
traps
),
m
od
ify
ing
o
f
the
en
vir
on
m
ent
[3
]
,
m
echan
ic
al
im
pa
ct
,
ph
ysi
cal
ex
pu
lsi
on,
abr
a
sive
an
d
inert
du
st.
The
ph
ysi
cal
facto
r
s
su
ch
as
inc
re
asi
ng
a
nd
decre
asi
ng
of
te
m
p
eratur
e
,
relat
iv
e
hu
m
idit
y
and
the
com
po
sit
i
on
of
atm
os
ph
e
ric
ga
sses
ar
e
norm
al
ly
con
tr
olled
.
T
he
li
m
i
ta
ti
o
ns
of
the
phys
ic
al
m
et
ho
d
suc
h
as
it
only
c
an
be
us
e
d
wh
e
re
the
infestat
ion
rat
e
is
low
as
it
has
a
te
nd
ency
to
be
le
thar
gic
and
m
ay
no
t
gi
ve
a
lot
of
m
ort
al
ity
des
pite w
hen
well
-
m
anag
ed.
1
.
1.
2
Bi
ol
og
ic
al M
e
thod
Bi
olo
gical
m
eth
ods
i
nvol
ve
t
he
us
e
of
ot
her
orga
nism
to
con
t
ro
l
t
he
inse
ct
.
The
orga
nis
m
wh
ic
h
act
s
as
the
natu
ral
enem
ie
s
can
be
release
d
in
one
area
an
d
th
ey
will
search
and
at
ta
ck
the
insect
s
in
the
store
d
-
pro
du
ct
.
It
doe
s
no
t
giv
e
a
ny
hazar
d
to
the
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
or
to
the
co
nsum
e
rs
beca
us
e
no
chem
ic
al
is
inv
olv
e
d
[4
]
.
Since
m
os
t
stored
-
pr
oduct
insect
s
are
fr
om
nu
m
ero
us
sp
eci
es,
th
us
sever
al
dif
fer
e
nt
sp
eci
es
of
bio
l
og
ic
a
l
enem
ie
s
are
r
equ
i
red.
Unfor
tun
at
el
y,
bi
ologica
l
co
ntr
ol
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
act
ver
y
sl
ow,
he
nce
m
uch
lo
ss
m
a
y
happe
n bef
or
e
the contr
ol is
vi
able. T
his m
eth
od is
not s
uitable
for m
assive inf
est
at
io
ns
[5]
.
1
.
1.
3
Ch
emi
c
al
M
et
hod
Chem
ic
a
l
con
t
ro
l
m
et
ho
d
is
the
m
os
t
com
m
on
ly
us
e
d
to
a
vo
i
d
the
rice
f
ro
m
insect
s
du
e
to
it
s
lo
w
cost,
quic
k
ha
ndli
ng,
a
nd
ver
y
sim
ple
te
chn
iq
ue.
C
hem
ic
al
i
ns
ect
ic
ide
is
use
d
to
kill
the
in
sect
s
in
st
or
e
d
rice.
Ther
e
are
tw
o
cl
asses
of
c
he
m
ic
al
s
us
ed
w
hich
a
co
ntact
insect
ic
ide
an
d
f
um
igants.
Ma
la
thion
,
pi
rim
iphos
-
m
et
hyl,
and
ch
lor
pyrif
os
-
m
eth
yl
are
c
on
ta
ct
insect
ic
ides
[3
]
that
can
kill
the
insect
pests
wh
en
t
hey
con
ta
ct
the
treat
ed
sur
faces.
F
um
igatio
n
is
a
proce
ss
of
kill
ing
the
insect
s
that
are
inacce
ssi
ble
by
the
co
ntact
insect
ic
ides ty
pe by ex
posin
g t
hem
to
tox
ic
gas. The
m
os
t fu
m
igants used
are
phosp
hin
e
and m
et
hyl br
om
ide.
The
m
ajo
r
disa
dv
a
ntage
of
th
e
chem
ic
al
m
eth
od
for
us
in
g
i
ns
ect
ic
ides
is
t
hat
insect
s
have
de
velo
ped
their
own
nat
ural
def
e
nce
to
insect
ic
ides.
D
espite
the
fact
that
insect
ic
ides
and
f
um
igants
are
handled
with
cauti
on
an
d
res
tr
ic
te
d
am
ou
nt,
there
is
a
pr
obabili
ty
of
the
c
hem
ic
al
s
re
m
ain
in
g
in
the
st
ored
rice
a
nd
ha
ving
a
detrim
ental
eff
ect
on
t
he
hum
an
bein
g.
P
est
ic
ide
expos
ur
e
m
ay
cause
har
m
to
hum
an
he
al
th
f
ro
m
acut
e
pro
blem
,
fo
r
e
xam
ple,
sk
in
r
ashes
a
nd
ast
hm
a
at
ta
cks,
to
a
c
hro
nic
pro
bl
e
m
s
su
ch
a
s
e
m
ph
ysem
a
and
cancer
.
Chem
ic
a
ls
al
s
o
hazar
dousl
y
aff
ect
the
env
ir
on
m
ent.
Phosphi
ne
is
us
ed
to
rep
la
ce
m
et
hyl
br
om
id
e,
wh
ic
h
cause
d
the
de
pl
et
ion
of
the
oz
on
e
la
ye
r,
but
the
dr
aw
bac
k
is
resist
ance
bu
il
d
-
up
to
thi
s
com
po
und
ge
tt
ing
fa
ste
r [4
]
.
A
com
bin
at
ion
of
heat
an
d
co
ntr
olled
atm
os
ph
e
re
treat
m
en
ts
was
propose
d
in
[6
]
as
an
al
te
rn
at
ive
t
o
chem
ic
al
f
u
m
i
gan
ts
. I
t
was
used t
o
ra
pid
ly
a
ssess tole
ran
ce
s of a
du
lt
weevi
l.
The
li
fes
pan
of an
ad
ult rice weevils i
s up
t
o
six
or
se
ve
n m
on
ths.
D
ur
i
ng that pe
rio
d,
t
he
fem
al
e rice
weev
il
capa
ble
of
pr
oducin
g
300
to
400
eg
gs.
The
way
these
egg
s
a
re
de
viati
ng
f
or
hat
chin
g
is
qu
it
e
un
i
qu
e
and
ve
ry
safe
.
The
fem
al
e
ric
e
wee
vil
us
es
her
stron
g
m
a
nd
i
bles
to
dri
ll
a
hole
in
the
r
ic
e
kernel.
T
he
n
s
he
put
s
a
sin
gle
egg
a
nd
seal
s
t
he
hole
with
a
gelat
inous
flu
id
wh
ic
h
they
pro
vid
e
by
the
ir
sal
iva.
In
th
e
ho
t
cl
i
m
ax
li
ke
in
Ma
la
ysi
a,
the
dev
el
op
m
ent
pe
rio
d
f
or
the
e
gg
to
hatc
h
is
norm
al
l
y
in
tw
enty
five
days
.
This
per
i
od
is
l
onge
r
f
or
c
old
cl
im
ax.
T
his
un
i
qu
e
hatchi
ng
m
eth
od
of
t
he
wee
vil
la
rv
ae
ca
use
s
it
s
br
ee
ding
canno
t
be
sto
pped
ev
e
n
th
ough t
he disi
nf
est
at
io
n
tre
atm
ent p
r
ocess
h
as
bee
n per
form
ed.
Th
is i
s a
m
ajo
r
disa
dva
ntag
e
of
the
co
nventi
on
al
treat
m
ent
m
et
ho
ds.
Ba
sed
on
that
sta
teme
nt,
now
it
i
s
answ
e
re
d
on
how
the
rice
w
eevil
occurs in o
ur
rice stora
ge
e
ve
n
th
ough the
re
is no
wee
vil seen du
rin
g
the
r
ic
e p
urchasi
ng.
But after a fe
w
days
or a
week, a l
ot of weevil
a
pp
e
ars
in
the
rice s
tora
ge.
Diel
ect
ric
heati
ng
c
ov
e
rs
bo
t
h
ra
dio
fr
e
que
ncy
(RF
)
an
d
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
(M
W),
w
hich
a
re
involve
d
high
-
fr
e
quency
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
wav
e
s.
M
os
t
agr
ic
ultur
al
pr
oducts,
can
sp
a
re
el
ect
ric
e
nergy
an
d
tr
ans
f
orm
it
into h
eat
[7]. A
h
eat
treatm
ent
techn
iq
ue
in
volvin
g
m
ic
ro
w
ave r
a
diati
on
looks
to
hav
e a
gr
eat
p
e
rs
pecti
ve
as a
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S
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Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
5
2
–
7
58
754
su
bst
it
u
te
te
ch
nique
of
kill
ing
insect
s.
This
te
chn
iq
ue
a
pp
ears
to
ha
ve
a
few
favo
ur
a
bl
e
ci
rcu
m
sta
nces,
f
or
exam
ple,
the
con
t
ro
l of
e
ver
y
sing
le
f
orm
ati
ve
phase of
i
nse
ct
s,
no
synth
e
ti
c
bu
il
dups,
ha
ving
an
i
ns
ig
ni
ficant
eff
ect
on
the
env
i
ronm
ent
a
nd
giv
in
g
ra
pi
d
h
eat
in
g
[
7].
In
sect
s
are
unable
to
dev
el
op
thei
r
own
natu
ral
def
e
nce
to
t
his
treatm
ent
[8
]
.
This
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
e
nergy
associat
es
dir
ect
ly
with
the
pro
du
ct
‘
s
inter
nal
to
rap
i
dly
raise
the
m
idp
oin
t
tem
per
at
ure.
Mi
crowav
e
e
nergy
m
ay
no
t
j
us
t
kill
insect
s,
bu
t
al
so
affe
ct
the
gen
e
rati
on
of
su
r
vivor
s
of
the
diele
ct
ric
heat
init
ia
te
d
inside
the
m
[9
]
.
In
arti
cl
e
[1
0],
th
ey
rev
ie
w
the
con
ce
pt
of
ra
dio
fr
e
que
ncy
an
d
m
ic
ro
wav
e
heati
ng
t
reatm
ent
to
d
isi
nf
est
of
kutu
ber
as
in
rice.
The
[11]
re
vie
ws
th
e
app
li
cat
io
n of
m
ic
ro
wa
ve pyr
olysi
s of
bio
m
ass m
at
erial
s.
The
m
os
t
i
m
p
or
ta
nt
var
ia
bles
in
MW
heat
ing
that
ex
pr
e
ss
the
relat
ionship
of
the
m
at
erial
with
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
fiel
d
an
d
t
he
hea
ti
ng
f
easi
bili
ty
is
the
diele
ct
ric
pro
per
ti
es o
f
m
at
erial
s.
Thus,
it
is
ver
y
im
po
rta
nt
to
st
udy
an
d
a
naly
se
the
diel
ect
ric
pro
pe
rtie
s
of
m
at
erial
s
accuratel
y
in
or
der
to
im
ple
m
e
nt
the
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
hea
ti
ng
ef
fici
ently
.
In
[12],
the
re
le
van
ce
of
diele
ct
ric
prop
e
rtie
s
in
m
ic
ro
wa
ve
assist
ed
proc
esses
was pres
ente
d.
Ther
e
a
re
few
researc
hes
w
ere
pr
e
sente
d
in
stud
yi
ng
th
e
factor
s
that
influ
e
ncin
g
th
e
diele
ct
ric
pro
per
ti
es
of
ag
ricult
ural
and
f
ood
pro
du
ct
s
[
13]
,
dri
ed
fruit
[
14
]
,
cereal
-
base
d
pro
du
ct
[
15]
an
d
insect
[16,1
7].
This
pa
pe
r
pre
sented
t
he
diel
ect
ric
prop
e
rtie
s
char
act
e
rizat
ion
of
the
rice
and
rice
we
evil.
Thes
e
pro
per
ti
es
are
ver
y
im
po
rtant
in
m
ic
ro
wav
e
heati
ng
disin
fe
sta
ti
on
treat
m
e
nt
stu
dy.
T
he
de
ta
il
m
e
tho
dol
og
y
of
diele
ct
ric pro
pe
rtie
s ch
a
racter
iz
at
ion
w
il
l
be prese
nted
in
t
he
foll
ow
i
ng sec
ti
on
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
OL
OGY
The
per
m
it
t
ivit
y
of
the
diele
ct
ric
prop
e
rtie
s
of
t
he
m
at
er
ia
ls
is
the
fun
ct
ion
of
the
frequ
e
ncy
an
d
m
oistur
e
con
te
nt.
Th
us
the
di
el
ect
ric
pr
ope
rtie
s,
the
beh
a
viour
of
the
ri
ce
and
rice
w
eevil
at
m
ic
ro
wave
fr
e
qu
e
ncy is t
he
m
os
t cru
ci
al
factor f
or the
e
ff
ect
ive
ness o
f t
he
usi
ng m
ic
ro
wa
ve
e
ne
rg
y
for disi
nf
e
sta
ti
on.
2
.1
.
Material
Prep
aration
The basic
m
at
e
rial
s that are
us
ed
in
the
diele
c
tric
p
r
operti
es
m
easur
em
ent are
li
ste
d
as
b
el
ow
:
a.
Ag
il
ent
E8
362B
P
-
Se
ries
Network A
naly
zer
and
pro
be
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
1(a
).
b.
The die
le
ct
ric
pro
be kit
as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1(b).
c.
The
sam
ple of
sm
ashed
r
ic
e a
s sho
wn in Fi
gure
2(a)
.
d.
The
sam
ple of
rice wee
vil as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2(b).
(a)
(b)
Figure
1
.
Me
as
ur
i
ng d
e
vices.
(a)
The
Agil
en
t E8
362B P
-
Se
ries N
et
wor
k An
al
yse
r
, (b
) Die
le
ct
ric pro
be
k
it
(a)
(b)
Figure
2. The
Sam
ple a)
Sm
a
sh
e
d
Ri
ce b
)
R
ic
e
W
ee
vil
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m
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02
-
4752
Diel
ect
ric
p
r
opert
ie
s ch
aract
e
rizati
on o
f t
he ri
ce a
nd ri
ce w
eevi
l f
or
m
ic
r
ow
ave
hea
ti
ng
…
(
Malik
i Ib
r
ahim
)
755
2
.
2
.
O
pen
-
en
ded
Coa
xia
l P
robe Me
as
ure
ment
Te
c
hniq
ue
The
diele
ct
ric
pro
per
ti
es
or
pe
rm
i
tt
ivity
of
the
m
at
erial
ca
n
be
res
olv
e
d
us
in
g
a
diele
ct
ric
pro
be.
T
he
diele
ct
ric
pro
pe
rtie
s
m
easur
em
ent
is
based
on
t
he
c
oax
ia
l
pro
be
m
et
ho
d
wh
ic
h
incl
ud
es
the
us
e
of
networ
k
analy
zer,
open
-
en
de
d
prob
e
and
coa
xial
pr
ob
e
.
T
he
reacti
on
of
m
at
erial
to
RF
or
M
W
energy
is
m
easur
e
d
us
in
g
a
netw
ork
a
naly
zer.
I
n
this
pro
j
ect
,
the
hig
h
te
m
per
at
ur
e
pr
ob
e
is
us
ed.
T
he
networ
k
anal
yz
er
is
connecte
d via
coax
ia
l ca
ble t
o
the
ope
n
-
e
nd
ed pr
obe.
The
m
easur
em
ent
is
perform
e
d
by
to
uc
hing
t
he
pro
be
a
gain
st
the
m
at
erial
u
nde
r
te
st
(MU
T)
sam
ple.
This
pr
ob
e
is
r
esi
sta
nt
to
co
rrosive
c
hem
ic
als
an
d
can
with
sta
nd
betwee
n
-
40
to
+2
00
de
gr
ee
Ce
lsi
us.
Th
e
la
rg
e
fla
nges
m
ake
it
easi
er
to
do
the
m
easur
em
ent
of
so
li
d
m
at
erial
s.
The
gen
e
rated
m
icr
owa
ve
sig
nal
by
the
netw
ork
a
naly
zer
i
s
a
bsor
bed
by
the
MUT
a
nd
the
n
ref
le
ct
ed
back
to
t
he
netw
ork
a
naly
zer.
It
is
im
po
r
ta
nt
to
ens
ur
e
t
hat
the
sam
ple
is
in
cl
os
e
c
onta
ct
with
the
prob
e
to
avo
i
d
ai
r
ga
ps.
The
re
flect
ed
coeffic
ie
nt
m
e
asur
e
d
by the
netw
ork
an
al
yz
er.
2
.
3
.
Measure
ment Setu
p
The
diele
ct
ric
pr
ope
rtie
s
of
the
insect
and
rice
are
m
e
asur
e
d
us
i
ng
a
diele
ct
ric
pr
ob
e
wh
ic
h
is
connecte
d
wit
h
a
n
A
gilent
E8
362B
P
-
Se
r
ie
s
Netw
ork
A
naly
ser
(
PNA
)
.
Ca
li
br
at
io
n
of
the
diele
ct
ric
pro
be
with
the
A
gile
nt
Tech
no
l
og
i
es
85070E
sof
tware
m
us
t
be
cond
ucte
d
be
fore
the
m
eas
ur
em
ent
in
order
to
pr
e
ve
nt
any
syst
e
m
at
ic
err
or
s
.
The
re
are
t
hree
sta
nd
a
rd
c
al
ibrati
on
te
sts
that
are
c
onduc
te
d,
i.e.,
water
,
sh
ort
(m
et
a
l)
an
d
ai
r
(
op
e
n).
Af
te
r
t
he
pro
be
cal
ib
r
at
ion
is
pe
rform
ed,
the
act
ual
m
easur
em
ent
of
the
m
at
erial
u
nde
r
te
st
(MUT
)
ca
n
be
perform
e
d
by
to
uch
i
ng
the
pro
be
a
gain
st
the
flat
s
urfa
ce
(
or
pow
de
r)
of
the
MUT
.
Be
fore
the
m
easur
em
e
nt
is
pr
ef
or
m
ed
the
MUT
w
hich
is
rice
and
rice
weev
il
m
us
t
be
m
ade
in
pow
der
f
orm
.
The
m
easur
ed
perm
itti
vity
and
t
he
ref
le
ct
io
n
c
oef
fici
ent
displ
ay
ed
on
the
m
on
it
or
.
The
m
easur
em
ent
set
up
i
s
sh
ow
n
in
Fi
gur
e 3
.
Fig
ure
4
s
hows h
ow the
diele
ct
ric pro
pe
rtie
s of r
ic
e
ar
e m
easur
ed.
Figure
3
.
The
Diel
ect
ric Pro
pe
rtie
s Measu
re
m
ent Setup
Figure
4
.
The
diele
ct
ric m
eas
ur
em
ent o
f
r
ic
e
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
diele
ct
ric
pro
per
ti
es
of
m
a
te
rial
s
can
be
a
ff
ect
ed
by
seve
ral
fac
tors
s
uc
h
as
t
e
m
per
at
ure,
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
a
nd
m
oistur
e
co
nt
ent.
T
his
sec
ti
on
will
disc
us
s
t
he
a
naly
sis
of
the
data
obta
ined
f
r
om
the
exp
e
rim
ent
i.e.
The
diele
ct
ric
const
ant
(
Ɛ'
)
and
diele
ct
ric
lo
ss
facto
r
(Ɛ
'
'
)
of
the
rice
an
d
r
ic
e
weev
il
.
T
he
data
hav
e
b
ee
n
m
easur
e
d re
peatedl
y t
o
get t
he
a
ve
rag
e
loss
tan
ge
nt of t
he
rice
a
nd r
ic
e
wee
vil.
3
.
1
.
Diel
ectric
Cons
tant o
f the
Rice
Figure
5
sho
w
s
the
va
riat
ion
of
the
m
easur
e
d
diele
ct
ric
co
ns
ta
nt
(ε‘)
of
t
he
rice
wit
h
th
e
freq
ue
ncy
range
of
2
-
3GHz.
Ba
se
d
on
the
grap
h,
it
is
ob
s
er
ved
t
hat
the
diele
ct
ric
con
sta
nt
of
the
rice
decr
eas
es
as
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
incr
eases.
The
de
crease
of
diele
ct
ric
con
sta
nt
sh
ows
that
the
abili
ty
of
the
ric
e
to
absorb
th
e
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
en
e
rg
y i
s i
nversely
prop
or
ti
on
al
with t
he
a
pp
li
ed
freq
ue
nc
y.
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2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
1
3
, N
o.
2
,
Fe
bru
ary
201
9
:
7
5
2
–
7
58
756
Figure
5
.
The
m
easur
ed
d
ie
le
ct
ric co
ns
ta
nt
of r
ic
e
3
.
2
.
Diel
ectric
Loss Fac
t
or of
t
he
R
ic
e
Figure
6
sho
w
s
the
va
riat
ion
of
diele
ct
ric
loss
f
act
or
(ε")
of
t
he
rice
in
the
freq
ue
ncy
tran
ge
of
2
-
3GHz.
From
the
gr
a
ph,
it
sh
ow
n
that
the
diele
ct
ric
loss
factor
of
the
rice
is
decr
easi
ng
as
the
fr
e
qu
ency
increase.
It
can
be
seen
that
the
patte
r
n
of
t
he
grap
h
sho
w
s
that
the
diele
ct
ric
loss
facto
r
of
the
rice
de
crease
as
the
fr
eq
ue
nc
y
decr
ease.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
di
el
ect
ric
loss
factor
m
ay
ei
the
r
increase
or
de
crease
with
m
oisture
con
te
nt
or
fr
e
quency
de
pe
nd
s
on
ce
rtai
n
range
of
m
oistur
e
co
ntent
or
f
re
qu
e
ncy
th
us
it
is
le
ss
pr
e
dicta
bl
e
com
par
ed
t
o
th
e d
ie
le
ct
ric co
n
sta
nts.
Figure
6. The
m
easur
ed
loss
factor o
f ric
e
3
.
3
.
Diel
ectric
Cons
tant o
f the
Rice Wee
vi
l
Figure
7
s
how
the
var
ia
ti
on
of
m
easur
e
d
di
el
ect
ric
con
sta
nt
(ε
‘)
of
the
ri
ce
wee
vil
with
the
ra
ng
of
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
2
-
3GHz
.
Ba
se
d
on
th
e
gr
a
ph,
it
can
be
obse
r
ved
that
t
he
di
el
ect
ric
co
ns
ta
nt
of
t
he
rice
weev
il
decr
ease
s
as
frequ
e
ncy
inc
rea
ses.
T
he
decr
e
ase
of
diele
ct
ric
co
ns
ta
nt
s
ho
ws
th
at
the
a
bi
li
ty
of
the
i
ns
e
ct
s
to
abs
orb
el
ect
r
om
agn
et
ic
en
e
rgy
is reducin
g w
hen the
highe
r
fr
e
qu
e
ncy is a
ppli
ed.
Figure
7. The
m
easur
ed
d
ie
le
ct
ric co
ns
ta
nt
of r
ic
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Diel
ect
ric
p
r
opert
ie
s ch
aract
e
rizati
on o
f t
he ri
ce a
nd ri
ce w
eevi
l f
or
m
ic
r
ow
ave
hea
ti
ng
…
(
Malik
i Ib
r
ahim
)
757
3
.
4
.
Diel
ectric
Loss Fac
t
or of
t
he
R
ic
e
W
eevil
Figure
8
sho
ws
va
riat
ion
of
the
m
easur
e
d
diele
ct
ric
lo
ss
facto
r
(ε"
)
of
t
he
rice
we
evil
for
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
ra
ng
e
of
2
-
3GHz
.
T
he
gra
ph
s
how
that
the
diele
ct
ric
loss
fact
or
d
ecrease
a
s
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
inc
r
ease.
It
can
be
c
on
cl
ud
e
that
the
abili
ty
of
the
rice
weev
il
to
dis
per
se
el
e
ct
rical
ener
gy
into
heat
is
in
ver
sel
y
pro
portion
al
t
o
the
fr
e
que
ncy.
The
a
bili
ty
of
the
rice
wee
vi
l
to
abs
orb
the
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
energy
at
hig
he
r
fr
e
qu
e
ncy is l
ower
.
Figure
8.
The
m
easur
ed
loss
factor o
f ric
e we
evil
3.5
.
L
os
s T
angen
t
The
loss
ta
ngent
or
dissi
pation
facto
rs
rep
re
sent
th
e
abili
ty
of
the
m
at
erial
to
conve
rt
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
energy
into
he
at
at
the
sp
eci
fic
fr
e
qu
e
ncy.
The
ta
ble
1
s
hows
t
he
loss
ta
ng
e
nt
of
the
ri
ce
and
r
ic
e
weev
il
at
fr
eq
ue
ncy
2.4GHz.
From
the
t
able,
it
sh
own
that
the
cal
culat
ed
loss
ta
ng
e
nt
of
the
rice
is
0.136
wh
il
e
the
lo
ss
ta
ng
e
nt
of
rice
weev
il
is
0.1
36
.
The
data
sho
wn
t
hat
the
los
s
ta
ng
e
nt
of
ric
e
is
hig
he
r
c
om
par
ed
to
the
rice
weev
il
s.
It
can
con
cl
ud
e
that
a
t
2.
4GHz
f
requen
cy
,
the
a
bili
ty
of
the
rice
weev
il
to
conve
rt
el
ect
ro
m
agn
et
ic
en
e
rg
y i
nto
he
at
is low
e
r
c
om
par
ed
to
rice.
Table
1.
L
os
s
Tan
gen
t
of
the
Ri
ce an
d R
ic
e
Weev
il
Mater
i
al
Av
erage
Rice
Rice W
eevi
l
\
ε'
1
2
.45
4
7
7
.27
3
7
ε"
1
.69
4
2
0
.43
6
4
=
"
′
0
.13
6
0
0
.05
9
9
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
diele
ct
ric
prop
e
rtie
s
be
hav
i
or
of
the
rice
and
rice
weev
il
is
ver
y
i
m
po
rtant
to
def
ine
t
he
interact
ion
of
them
with
el
ectr
om
agn
et
ic
fiel
ds
.
T
he
fun
da
m
ental
under
st
and
i
ng
of
the
pro
per
ti
es
is
es
sentia
l
for
desi
gnin
g
industrial
m
ic
ro
wav
e
heati
ng
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
f
or
eff
ect
ive
c
ontr
olli
ng
of
t
he
ri
ce
and
rice
we
evil
as
well
f
or
oth
e
r
f
ood
sec
uri
ty
.
T
he
purpose
d
of
this
pa
pe
r
to
c
har
act
erize
d
t
he
diele
ct
ric
co
ns
ta
nt
a
nd
diel
ect
ric
loss fac
tor
of t
he ric
e an
d rice
w
ee
vil i
s achi
eved.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
ho
rs
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
th
ank
the
Mi
nist
ry
of
E
du
cat
io
n
(MOE
),
Ma
l
ay
sia
fo
r
the
f
unding
un
der
the
F
undam
ental
Re
sear
ch
Gr
a
nt
Schem
e
(F
RGS
9003
-
00
597)
wit
h
ref
e
re
nce
co
de:
FRGS/1/
2016/
TK
04
/
UNIMA
P/02
/
6.
REFERE
NCE
S
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orld
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ity
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at
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za
t
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d
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rowave
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S
N
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n
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le
c Eng &
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m
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Sci,
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rowave
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t
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a
tt
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,
"
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adiati
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bo
li
um
c
onfusum
in
whea
t
and
flour",
J
ournal
of
Store
d
Product
s R
ese
a
rch,
vo
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,
pp
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–
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,
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ang,
J
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N.
Ike
dia
l
a,
S.W
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J.
D.
Hansen,
and
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P.
Cavali
eri
,
"H
igh
-
te
m
per
at
u
re
-
short
-
ti
m
e
th
e
rm
al
quar
antin
e
m
et
hods"
,
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arve
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nd
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og
y
,
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1
,
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–
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Zu
la
ik
a
Abd
ul
N
y
za
m
,
Rose
m
iz
i
Abd.
R
ahim
,
and
Hasli
za
A.
Rahi
m
,
R
evi
e
w
Artic
l
e
of
R
ad
io
Freque
n
c
y
an
d
Microwa
ve
Hea
t
ing
Tre
a
tment
to
Disinfest
Kutu
Bera
s
in
Malay
s
ia
n
Rice,
Inte
rn
ati
onal
Confe
re
nce
on
Eme
rgin
g
El
e
ct
ronic
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on
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OT
.
[11]
F.
Motasemi
and
M.
Afza
l,
"A
rev
ie
w
on
the
m
ic
rowave
-
assisted
p
y
rol
y
sis
techni
que",
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newab
le
and
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e
Ene
rgy
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,
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[12]
A.
Angela
and
M.
Am
ore
,
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ce
of
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l
ec
tr
ic
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ie
s
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ve
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sisted
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rowav
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on
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ac
tors
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uen
ci
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th
e
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ic
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r
ti
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ic
u
lt
ura
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d
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crowave
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r an
d
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tromagnet
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Alfa
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J.
Tang,
B.
Rasco,
S.
Sabla
ni
,
and
Y.
Jiao,
"Radi
o
fre
quency
disinf
esta
ti
on
tr
eatm
ent
s
for
drie
d
fruit
:
die
l
ec
tr
ic prope
r
ti
es",
LWT
Food
Scienc
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and
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vol
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no.
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54,
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[15]
Y.K.
Chang,
C.
J
.
Steel
and
M
.
T.P
.
Silva
Cl
erici,
"
Us
e
of
Microwa
ve
Radiati
on
to
Proce
ss
Cerea
l
-
Based
Product
,
Advanc
e in
Indu
ct
ion
and
Micro
wave
He
at
ing
of
Mineral and
Or
gani
c
Materia
l",
2011.
34
[16]
S.
O.
Nelson,
"Revi
ew
and
As
sessment
of
R
adi
o
-
fre
qu
ency
and
Microwa
ve
Ene
rg
y
for
Stored
-
gra
in
Insec
t
Control
",
Tr
ansacti
ons o
f
th
e AS
AE
,
vol
.
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,
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.
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pp
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148
4,
1996
.
[17]
S.
W
ang,
J.
Ta
ng,
J.
A.
Johns
on
et
al.,
"D
ie
l
ec
t
ri
c
prope
rties
of
fruit
s
and
insec
t
p
ests
as
rel
at
ed
to
rad
io
fre
qu
ency
and
m
ic
rowav
e
t
rea
tments",
Bi
os
yste
ms
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
,
vo
l. 85, no.
2,
pp
.
201
–
212,
2
003
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mali
ki
Ibr
ahi
m
rec
e
ive
d
the
M
.
Eng.
(
El
e
ct
ri
cal
-
El
e
ct
ron
ic
s
an
d
Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
ations)
from
Univer
siti
T
ekn
ologi
Mala
y
si
a
and
B.
Eng
.
(E
l
ec
tr
ic
)
from
the
Univer
siti
Te
k
nologi
Mara
,
Malay
s
ia.
Curre
ntly
is
a
le
ct
ur
er
at
Facul
t
y
of
Manufa
c
turi
ng
En
gine
er
ing
,
Univer
siti
Malay
si
a
Perli
s(U
niMAP
)
,
Malay
si
a
.
Teac
hes
Elec
tr
ical
Fundam
ent
al
s
,
Instrum
ent
at
ion
a
nd
Inte
gra
t
ed
Manufa
ct
ur
ing. I
nte
rsted
in
Tomograph
y
,
Mi
cro
wave
He
at
ing
an
d
Sensors
Rosem
iz
i
Abd
Rahi
m
recei
v
ed
the
Diploma
in
Elec
tr
ical
E
ngine
er
ing
fro
m
the
Instit
ut
Te
knologi
Mara
,
Mal
a
y
si
a
(199
7),
B.
Eng.
in
E
l
ec
tr
ic
a
l
from
th
e
Univer
sit
i
T
ek
nologi
Mara
,
Malay
s
ia
(2000)
,
the
M
.
Sc.
d
egr
ee
in El
ec
tron
ic
S
y
stem Design Engineeri
ng
fro
m
the
Univer
siti
Sains
Malay
si
a
(2004),
and
hi
s
Ph.D.
in
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
E
ngine
er
ing
from
the
Univ
ersiti
Malay
s
ia
Perl
is (
2013).
From
200
0
to
2004,
he
was a
fai
lure
anal
y
s
is e
ngine
er
a
t
a
m
ult
ina
ti
on
al
el
e
ct
roni
c
m
anu
fac
tur
ing
compa
n
y
in
Penang
,
Malay
s
ia.
Th
en,
since
2005
h
e
is
with
the
Univer
siti
Mal
a
y
sia
Perl
is
as
an
ac
ade
m
ician
.
His
rese
arc
h
intere
st
inc
lud
es
the
ana
l
y
sis
and
deve
lopment
of
new
source
s
of
ene
rg
y
ha
rve
stin
g
s
y
stem
and
t
e
chni
ques,
anten
na
design
and
m
ic
rowave
h
ea
t
i
ng.
He
is
a
Profess
iona
l
Engi
ne
er
(E
lectr
i
ca
l)
a
nd
Certifie
d
E
lectr
i
ca
l
En
er
g
y
Mana
ger
.
Junita
Mohd
Nordin
re
ceive
d
t
he
BS
c
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
En
gine
er
ing
from
the
Univer
sit
i
Te
nag
a
Nasiona
l,
Ma
lay
sia
(20
02),
th
e
M.Sc
.
degr
e
e
in
Ele
ct
roni
c
Eng
ine
e
ring
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
S
outha
m
pton,
Un
i
te
d
Kingdom
i
n
2005,
and
h
er
Ph.D.
in
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
the
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia
Perl
is
(2014).
Her
rese
arc
h
in
te
r
est
inc
lude
RF
Com
m
unic
at
ion s
y
stem a
nd
optic
al
engi
ne
eri
ng
.
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