Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
2
,
A
ugus
t
20
18,
pp.
585
~
592
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
1.i
2.
pp
585
-
592
585
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex
.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Tec
hn
ical
and Economi
c Analysi
s
of
Net E
nergy M
etering
f
or
R
esid
ential Hous
e
T. M
. N. T.
Mansur
1
,
N.
H. B
ah
ar
udin
2
,
R.
Ali
3
1
,2,3
School
of
Ele
ct
ri
ca
l
S
y
st
em E
ngine
er
ing, Univ
ersit
i
Malay
si
a
P
erl
is,
02600
Ara
u,
Perl
is,
Ma
lay
s
ia
1
Cent
re
of
Exc
e
l
le
nc
e
for
R
en
ewa
ble E
ne
rg
y
(CE
RE),
Univ
ersit
i
Malay
s
ia Perl
is
,
02600
Arau, Per
li
s,
Ma
lay
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
1,
2018
Re
vised A
pr
2
1
, 2
018
Accepte
d Apr
2
7,
2018
Rene
wabl
e
En
e
rg
y
Ac
t
(RE
Act)
has
be
en
gaz
e
tt
ed
b
y
the
Malay
sia
n
G
over
nm
ent
in
2011
to
en
co
ura
ge
en
erg
y
g
ene
ra
ti
on
from
re
newa
bl
e
re
source
s.
Und
er
Feed
-
in
Ta
r
iff
(FiT)
sche
m
e,
solar
PV
has
gai
ne
d
popula
rity
due
t
o
it
s
high
Fi
T
r
at
es.
How
eve
r,
t
he
FiT
sch
eme
f
or
solar
PV
has
expi
re
d
in
2
016
and
bee
n
re
pla
c
ed
b
y
th
e
Net
En
erg
y
Met
er
ing
(NEM)
sche
m
e.
The
obje
c
ti
ve
of
th
is
re
sea
rc
h
wo
rk
is
to
te
chn
ic
a
lly
and
ec
onom
ic
a
lly
an
aly
z
e
the
solar
PV
sy
stem for
a
re
sident
i
al
house
under
NEM
sche
m
e.
The
m
et
hodolog
y
i
nvolve
s
gat
he
ri
ng
solar
ene
rg
y
re
sourc
e
informati
on
and
dai
l
y
re
sid
ent
i
a
l
loa
d
profile,
si
zi
ng
PV
arr
a
y
t
oget
her
with
grid
-
connect
ed
i
nver
te
r
and
the
n
la
stl
y
sim
ul
at
io
n
of
the
design
s
y
stem
b
y
using
PV
sy
st
so
ftwa
re
.
Based
o
n
the
r
esult
s
obt
ai
ned
,
th
e
amou
nt
of
en
er
g
y
gene
ra
te
d
is
hig
her
when
the
c
a
pac
i
t
y
of
sol
ar
PV
sy
st
em
i
s
inc
re
ase
d.
W
hile
m
ost
of
the
ene
r
g
y
gen
erate
d
is
expor
te
d
to
the
grid,
onl
y
up
to
25%
of
loa
d
demand
is
supp
li
ed
b
y
the
sola
r
PV
sy
st
em.
From
ec
onom
ic
aspe
ct,
th
e
re
sidential
house
does
no
t
ne
ed
to
p
a
y
th
e
el
e
c
tri
cit
y
b
il
l
due
t
o
the
self
-
consum
ed
of
e
ne
rg
y
gen
era
t
e
d
and
profi
t
g
ai
ned
from
ex
ce
ss
ene
r
g
y
expor
te
d
to
the
grid.
From
the
envi
ronm
ental
aspe
ct,
2
,
434
k
W
h
ene
r
g
y
gene
ra
te
d
from
re
newa
bl
e
r
esourc
e
annua
l
l
y
and
consum
ed
b
y
the
re
siden
tia
l
loa
d
has
re
plac
ed
the
foss
il
fue
l
base
d
power
from
grid.
Thi
s
val
ue
is
equi
va
le
nt
to
alm
ost 1.
7
tons o
f
CO
2
avoi
dan
ce to the e
nv
ironment
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
So
la
r
PV
Re
sidentia
l H
ouse
Net E
nergy M
et
ering
PV
syst
Re
new
a
ble E
ne
rg
y
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Cor
res
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
T. M. N.
T.
Mans
ur
School
of Elec
tric
al
System
En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Per
li
s, 02600
Arau
, P
e
rlis, Ma
la
ysi
a.
Em
a
il
:
tun
kuni
zar@
un
im
ap.
e
du.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
G
over
nm
e
nt
of
Ma
la
ysi
a
has
gazett
ed
Re
new
a
ble
En
erg
y
Act
(R
E
Act)
i
n
2011
tog
et
her
wi
t
h
the
Su
sta
ina
bl
e
Energy
Devel
op
m
ent
Au
thorit
y
Act
(S
EDA
Act)
to
encou
rag
e
e
ne
rg
y
ge
ner
at
io
n
fr
om
ren
e
wa
ble
res
ources
in
Ma
la
ysi
a.
This
is
i
n
li
ne
with gov
e
r
nm
ent
'
s
insp
ira
ti
on
to r
e
du
ce
d
epe
ndency o
n
fo
s
sil
fu
el
base
d
ene
r
gy
resour
ce
s
s
uch
as
nat
ur
al
gas
an
d
coal
th
at
has
been
us
e
d
m
os
tly
as
the
so
urce
of
el
ect
rici
ty
gen
e
rati
on
[
1]
.
In
ad
diti
on,
t
he
us
e
of
re
ne
wab
le
e
ne
rg
y
will
reduce
d
gr
e
en
hous
e
ga
s
em
issi
on
s
to
the
env
i
ronm
ent
that
cause
global
war
m
ing
co
nsi
ste
nt
with
Ma
la
y
sia
'
s
com
m
i
t
m
ent
to
the
Wo
rl
d
duri
ng
the
15
t
h
Confere
nce
of
the
Partie
s
(COP15)
unde
r
t
he
Un
it
e
d
Nati
on
s
Fr
am
ework
Co
nv
e
ntio
n
on
Cl
im
a
te
Chan
ge
(UNFCCC
)
at
Cop
e
nhage
n
i
n 2
009.
Thro
ugh
RE
Act
20
11,
the
Feed
-
in
Tari
ff
(F
iT)
sc
he
m
e
was
intr
oduce
d
t
o
pro
m
ote
e
ner
gy
gen
e
rati
on
fro
m
ren
ewab
le
energy
resou
rc
es
up
t
o
30
M
W
.
Four
pote
ntial
resou
rc
es
co
ve
red
un
der
FiT
schem
e
are
so
la
r
PV,
bio
m
ass,
biogas
a
nd
sm
a
ll
hydr
oele
ct
ric.
Thro
ugh
FiT
schem
e,
each
kWh
of
energy
gen
e
rated
from
these
re
ne
wabl
e
resour
ce
s
wi
ll
be
s
ol
d
to
t
he
gr
i
d
at
a
fixe
d
rate
for
c
ontr
act
ual
pe
rio
d
of
21
ye
ars
[2]
.
Am
ong
these
f
our
,
so
la
r
PV
is
the
m
os
t
po
pu
l
ar
and
has
the
hig
hest
dem
and
du
e
to
it
s
hi
gh
FiT
rates
com
par
e
d
to
ot
hers.
Howev
e
r,
t
he
FiT
schem
e
fo
r
sol
ar
PV
has
ex
pi
red
in
20
16,
a
nd
bee
n
rep
la
c
ed
by
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
11
, N
o.
2
,
A
ugust
2018
:
585
–
592
586
the
Net
E
nerg
y
Me
t
ering
(
N
EM)
schem
e.
This
N
EM
sch
e
m
e
is
diff
ere
nt
from
the
for
m
er
schem
e
in
wh
ic
h
the
ene
rg
y
pro
du
ce
d
from
the
so
la
r
P
V
syst
e
m
will
be
con
s
um
ed
first
by
the
loa
ds
,
a
nd
any
excess
e
ne
r
gy
is
expo
rted
a
nd
s
old
to
the
gr
i
d
at
a
pr
e
deter
m
ined
rate
w
hi
ch
is
RM
0.
31
pe
r
kWh
for
reside
ntial
cu
stom
er
s
(lo
w
volt
age
c
onnecti
on
poin
t)
and
RM
0.2
3
pe
r
kWh
for
com
m
ercial
a
nd
i
ndus
tria
l
custom
ers
(m
edium
vo
lt
age
co
nnec
ti
on
point
)
[
3]
.
By
gen
erati
ng
their
ow
n
cl
ean
ene
r
gy
fro
m
ren
ewa
ble
r
eso
ur
ces
,
co
nsum
ers
cou
l
d
c
on
t
rib
ut
e
to
re
duce
th
e
i
m
pact
of
en
vir
on
m
ental
poll
ution
gen
e
ra
te
d
by
f
os
sil
f
uels
[
4]
.
Acc
ordin
g
t
o
SEDA
portal
,
t
he
baseli
ne
C
O
2
for
el
ect
rici
ty
gen
erati
on
f
or
Pe
nin
s
ular
of
Ma
la
ysi
a
is
0.694
tC
O
2/MWh
i
n
2014
[5]
.
Fi
gure
1
s
hows
bas
ic
blo
c
k
diag
ra
m
co
m
par
ing
be
tween
FiT
a
nd
NEM
c
onnec
ti
on
to
gr
id
th
r
ough
low v
oltage c
onnecti
on
point.
(a)
(b)
Figure
1
.
Ba
sic
b
loc
k diag
ram
for
(a) s
olar
P
V
FiT
con
necti
on to g
rid
a
nd
(b)
s
olar PV
NEM c
onnecti
on to g
rid
Up
to
date,
va
r
iou
s
stu
dies
ha
ve
bee
n
co
nduc
te
d
to
evaluat
e
the
perform
a
nce
of
so
la
r
P
V
syst
e
m
fo
r
bo
t
h
FiT
a
nd
NEM
sc
hem
es.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
a
c
om
par
at
ive
stud
y
on
FiT
an
d
NE
M
i
m
ple
m
enta
ti
on
at
un
i
ver
sit
y
buil
ding
was
perf
orm
ed
by
Tan
2016
wh
e
re
he
con
cl
ud
e
d
that
the
FiT
schem
e
hav
e
s
horter
retu
r
n
of
in
vestm
ent
ye
ars
wh
il
e
N
EM
s
chem
e
w
il
l
red
uced
m
axim
u
m
dem
an
d
an
d
overall
load
s
co
ns
um
ption
of
the
ca
m
pu
s
[6]
.
An
ot
her
stu
dy
has
div
i
ded
the
residen
ti
al
by
three
cat
egories
w
hich
a
re
low,
m
edium
and
high
ene
r
gy
de
m
and
s.
T
he
c
oncl
us
i
on
was
t
hat
NEM
im
pl
e
m
entat
ion
is
f
avou
rab
le
a
nd
econom
ic
al
l
y
viable
for
hi
gh
ene
rgy
con
s
um
ers
[
7]
.
A
nother
stu
dy
done
by
De
ll
os
a
2015
on
t
he
im
pact
NEM
i
m
ple
m
enta
ti
on
on
daily
load
profi
le
and
it
s
eco
no
m
ic
aspec
t
ha
s
show
n
t
hat
the
gr
id
’s
l
oad
dem
and
we
re
s
ign
ific
a
ntly
red
uc
e
d
durin
g
dayt
i
m
e.
Alt
hough
the
com
pu
te
d
pay
back
per
io
d
w
as
co
ns
i
der
e
d
l
ong,
it
wa
s
worth
wh
il
e
c
onsideri
ng
the lo
ng ope
rati
ng
li
fe
of t
he PV syste
m
s
[8]
.
2.
METHO
DOL
OGY
In
this
researc
h,
a
s
olar
P
V
syst
e
m
un
der
NEM
schem
e
for
resi
den
ti
al
hous
e
is
de
sign
e
d
an
d
inv
est
igate
d
f
or
bo
t
h
te
ch
nical
and
eco
nom
ic
aspects.
The
m
et
ho
do
l
og
y
in
vo
l
ves
g
at
he
rin
g
so
la
r
energy
resou
rce
inf
orm
at
ion
and
dai
ly
residen
ti
al
l
oad
prof
il
e
,
siz
ing
PV
a
rr
ay
tog
et
her
with
gri
d
-
c
onnecte
d
inv
e
rter
and
the
n
la
stl
y
si
m
ulati
on
of t
he desig
n
syst
e
m
b
y using
P
V
syst
so
ft
war
e
.
2
.
1
.
So
l
ar
Ene
rgy R
e
so
u
rce
In
this
resea
rc
h
wor
k,
C
ha
nglun
(
6.44
o
N
,
100.4
3
o
E)
w
hic
h
is
l
ocated
at
the
northe
rn
of
Peni
nsula
r
Ma
la
ysi
a
has
been
c
hosen
a
s
the
pro
j
ect
sit
e.
Inform
ation
on
s
olar
ene
r
gy
is
ob
ta
ine
d
from
Meteon
orm
7.
1
that
pro
vid
e
d
m
on
thly
m
et
eor
ol
og
ic
al
data
wh
ic
h
has
bee
n
pr
el
oad
e
d
i
n
P
Vsyst
s
of
t
ware.
T
he
P
V
a
rr
a
y
plan
e
is
set
at
t
il
t
an
gle
of
15
o
facing
S
outh
as
s
how
n
in
Fi
gure
2
.
T
he
m
on
thly
glo
bal
s
olar
irra
diati
on
a
nd
aver
a
ge
daily
a
m
bient
tem
per
at
ur
e
for
is
sho
wn
i
n
Figure
3
.
T
he
annual
global
so
la
r
ir
ra
diati
on
is
1,7
98
kW
h/m
2
.
Ma
rc
h
has
highest
irra
diati
on
w
hich
is
17
8.0
kWh/m
2
wh
il
e
Decem
ber
has
the
l
ow
e
s
t
irrad
ia
ti
on
w
hich
is
121.6
kWh/m
2
.
More
over
,
t
he
an
nual
ave
ra
ge
daily
am
bient
tem
per
at
ur
e
i
s
27.
4
o
C
with
Ma
y
has
t
he
hig
he
st
wh
ic
h
is
28.
1
o
C wh
il
e
N
ov
e
m
ber
has
the
lo
west whic
h
is
26.5
o
C.
Sol
ar
PV
Arra
y
Res
i
denti
al
Hous
e
G
rid
Sol
ar
PV
Arra
y
Res
i
denti
al
Hous
e
G
rid
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Hyp
e
rte
ns
io
n
Drug S
uita
bili
t
y Eval
ua
ti
on
B
as
e
d
O
n Pati
e
nt Co
ndit
ion
w
it
h
…
(
Ha
ri
Soe
tan
to
)
587
Figure
2
.
Til
t ang
le
a
nd azim
uth
angle
of P
V array
plane
Figure
3
.
Mo
nth
ly
g
lo
bal s
ola
r
ir
rad
ia
ti
on a
nd a
ver
a
ge dail
y am
bient te
m
per
at
ur
e
for
Chan
glun,
Mal
ay
sia
2
.
2
.
Reside
nt
i
al Lo
ad Pro
file
On
e
of
the
i
m
po
rtant
aspe
ct
bef
ore
d
eci
ding
to
im
ple
m
ent
NEM
for
reside
ntial
ho
use
is
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
re
gardin
g
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
us
a
ge
by
the
reside
nt
s
s
o
that
the
e
ne
rgy
gen
e
rated
f
rom
the
PV
ar
ray
co
ul
d
be
sel
f
-
c
on
s
um
ed
by
t
he
lo
ads
first
be
f
ore
ex
portin
g
to
the
gri
d.
W
it
hout
NEM
im
ple
m
entat
ion
,
t
he
ene
rg
y
us
e
d
by
the
l
oa
ds
is
total
ly
supp
li
ed
from
the
gr
i
d.
H
owe
ve
r,
w
it
h
the
im
plem
entat
ion
of
NEM
,
so
m
e
portio
n
of
t
he
loa
d’s
dem
and
will
be
m
et
by
the
so
l
ar
P
V
syst
em
wh
ic
h
will
res
ult
in
a
reducti
on
in
el
ect
rici
ty
bill
s
.
Gen
e
rall
y,
a
r
esi
den
ti
al
ho
use
will
co
ns
ist
of
basic
el
ect
rical
app
li
a
nce
s
su
c
h
as
li
gh
ti
ng
s,
fa
ns
,
ph
on
e
’s
charger
,
te
le
vi
sion,
was
hing
m
achine
an
d
r
efr
ige
rato
r.
T
he
us
a
ge
of
the
se
ap
pliances
is
accor
ding
t
o
the
li
festy
le
s o
f res
idents
[9]
.
A
st
ud
y
has
be
en
m
ade
to
obta
in
a
n
hourl
y
load
p
rofil
e
for
a
resid
enti
al
hous
e
,
wh
e
r
e
a
po
wer
m
on
it
or
ing de
vi
ce has bee
n
in
sta
ll
ed
to m
on
it
or
powe
r
c
on
s
um
ption
for a
week at
seve
ra
l houses
in
C
ha
ng
l
un
that
us
ed
i
n
av
erag
e
200
kW
h
pe
r
m
on
th
[10]
.
The
el
ect
rici
t
y
ta
riff
rate
for
those
w
ho
us
e
d
el
ect
rici
ty
in
this
range
is
RM
0.2
18
pe
r
kWh
.
The
a
ver
a
ge
daily
load
pr
ofi
le
is
show
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
4
wh
e
re
the
a
ver
a
ge
daily
consum
ption
in
6.6
7
kWh
with
0.8
6
kW
of
pea
k
powe
r
dem
and
s.
Th
e
hour
ly
tren
d
sh
ows
that
the
high
dem
and
occ
urs
twic
e
a
day
be
tween
6.0
0
am
to
9.0
0
am
in
the
m
or
ning
a
nd
bet
wee
n
7.0
0
pm
un
ti
l
11
.
00
pm
in
the
eve
ning.
Assum
ing
this
daily
load
is
c
on
sta
nt
thr
oughout
a
ye
ar,
t
he
total
energy
dem
and
is
2,4
34
kWh
per y
ear.
Figure
4
.
A
verage
daily
load
pro
file
for resi
den
ti
al
ho
us
e t
hat used
20
0 k
Wh of e
nergy
per m
on
th
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
20.0
70.0
120.0
170.0
220.0
J
an
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
J
un
J
ul
Aug
Sep
O
c
t
Nov
Dec
A
mb
i
ent
Tem
perrature
(
o
C)
G
lob
al
Solar
Irr
adiat
ion
(kWh
/ m
2
)
Mont
h
G
l
obal
Irr
adi
ati
on
Temperature
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
Pow
er
(kW)
Tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
11
, N
o.
2
,
A
ugust
2018
:
585
–
592
588
2
.
3
.
PV
A
rr
ay
a
n
d Inver
ter
Siz
ing
I
n
general,
s
ol
ar
PV
arr
ay
is
siz
ed
accor
di
ng
to
the
des
ired
capaci
ty
,
roof
t
op
a
rea
or
avail
abl
e
budget
.
The
outpu
t
ene
rg
y
of
PV
ar
ray
is
a
fu
nctio
n
of
pea
k
sun
sh
i
ne
ho
ur
s
a
nd
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
T
he
est
im
at
ion
of ene
rg
y
ge
ne
rated
from
PV
arr
ay
is sim
plifie
d
an
d
cal
c
ula
te
d
ba
sed
on E
qu
at
io
n (
1)
[
11]
.
t
e
m
p
p
e
r
i
o
d
a
r
r
a
y
a
r
r
a
y
f
P
S
H
P
E
(1)
wh
e
re
E
array
is
PV
a
rr
ay
yi
el
d
in
kWh
,
P
SH
period
is
Peak
Sun
H
our
fact
or
a
nd
f
temp
is
tem
per
at
ur
e
de
-
rati
ng
factor.
T
he
P
S
H
facto
r
is
obta
ined
f
ro
m
so
l
ar
ir
rad
ia
ti
on
da
ta
in
pr
e
vious
sect
ion.
T
he
t
e
m
per
at
ure
de
-
rati
ng
factor,
f
temp
is
gi
ven
by the
E
quat
ion (
2)
s
t
c
a
v
e
c
e
l
l
p
m
p
t
e
m
p
T
T
f
_
100
1
(2)
wh
e
re
γ
pmp
is t
em
per
at
ur
e c
oeffici
ent for
P
mp
in %
per
o
C,
T
c
ell_ave
is
aver
a
ge
daily
m
axi
m
um
cell
tem
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
T
stc
is
cel
l
tem
per
at
ur
e
at
sta
nd
ar
d
te
st
conditi
on
wh
ic
h
is
25
o
C
.
The
a
v
era
ge
cel
l
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
T
c
ell_ave
is given by
Equati
on (3)
m
a
x
_
_
m
a
x
_
_
_
800
20
a
v
e
a
m
b
a
v
e
a
m
b
a
v
e
c
e
ll
G
N
O
C
T
T
T
(3)
wh
e
re
T
amb_ave_max
is
aver
age
daily
m
axi
m
um
a
m
bient
tem
per
at
ur
e
in
o
C,
N
OCT
is
nom
inal
op
erati
on
cel
l
tem
per
at
ur
e
i
n
o
C,
G
amb_ave_m
ax
is
aver
a
ge
da
il
y
m
axi
m
u
m
so
la
r
ir
ra
dian
ce
in
W
pe
r
m
2
.
The
Yi
ng
l
i
So
la
r
YL
250P
-
29
b,
a
250
Wp
PV
m
od
ule
is
us
ed
in
this
researc
h
w
ork
.
Sele
ct
ed
m
od
ule
’s
s
pe
ci
ficat
ion
w
hich
has
been
pr
el
oad
e
d
in
the
PV
sy
st
database
ar
e
sh
own
in
Ta
ble
1
.
Table
2
sh
ows
the
P
V
arr
ay
co
nf
i
gurati
on
accor
ding
to
th
ei
r
PV
ar
ray
ca
pacit
y
that
will
us
ed
i
n
this
re
search
w
ork.
T
he
series
a
nd
pa
rall
el
arr
an
ge
m
ent
m
us
t
m
a
tc
hed
with the
in
ver
t
er speci
ficat
ion.
Table
1.
PV M
odule S
pecific
at
ion
Para
m
eter
Valu
e at
St
an
d
ard
Test Co
n
d
itio
n
(ST
C)
Po
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
P
ma
x
2
5
0
.0 W
p
Vo
ltag
e at
P
ma
x
,
V
m
p
p
3
0
.23
V
Cu
rr
en
t at
P
ma
x
,
I
mp
p
8
.27
A
Op
en
-
circuit v
o
lta
g
e,
V
oc
3
7
.73
V
Sh
o
rt
-
circuit cur
re
n
t,
I
sc
8
.83
A
Mod
u
le eff
icien
cy
1
5
.40
%
Te
m
p
e
rature
co
ef
ficient at
P
ma
x
,
γ
mp
p
-
0
.42
% /
o
C
Table
2
.
PV A
r
ray Co
nf
i
gurati
on
PV Ar
ra
y
Cap
acit
y
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
PV
Mo
d
u
le
in
Ser
ies
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Par
allel
String
Total Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
PV
Mod
u
le Used
2
.0 k
W
p
8
1
8
4
.0 k
W
p
8
2
16
6
.0 k
W
p
12
2
24
8
.0 k
W
p
17
2
34
1
0
.0 k
W
p
20
2
40
1
2
.0 k
W
p
12
4
48
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Hyp
e
rte
ns
io
n
Drug S
uita
bili
t
y Eval
ua
ti
on
B
as
e
d
O
n Pati
e
nt Co
ndit
ion
w
it
h
…
(
Ha
ri
Soe
tan
to
)
589
Gr
i
d
c
onnecte
d
i
nv
e
rter
is
a
de
vice
us
e
d
t
o
c
onve
rt
DC
input
f
r
om
so
la
r
P
V
a
rr
ay
to
AC
outp
ut.
Table
3
s
hows
li
st
of
inv
e
rter
us
e
d
in
the
s
i
m
ulati
on
acco
rd
i
ng
to
t
he
P
V
ar
ray
capaci
ty
tog
et
her
with
thei
r
sel
ect
ed
sp
e
ci
ficat
ion
s
w
hich has
bee
n pr
el
oa
de
d i
n
t
he
P
V
syst
d
at
abase
.
Table
3
.
Inve
rter Speci
ficat
io
n
PV Ar
ra
y
Cap
acity
Bran
d
Mod
el
No
m
in
al AC
Po
wer
DC Inp
u
t
Vo
ltag
e
Ran
g
e
AC Ou
tp
u
t
Vo
ltag
e
Maxi
m
u
m
Ef
f
icien
cy
2
.0 k
W
p
ABB
UNO
-
2
.0
-
I
-
O
UTD
2
.0 k
W
90
–
5
2
0
V
2
3
0
V
-
Sin
g
le
Ph
ase
9
6
.2 %
4
.0 k
W
p
ABB
U
NO
-
DM
-
4
.0
-
TL
-
PLUS
4
.0 k
W
90
–
5
8
0
V
2
3
0
V
-
Sin
g
le
Ph
ase
9
7
.0 %
6
.0 k
W
p
ABB
PVI
-
6000
-
TL
-
OU
TD
6
.0 k
W
90
–
5
8
0
V
2
3
0
V
-
Sin
g
le
Ph
ase
9
7
.0 %
8
.0 k
W
p
ABB
TRIO
-
8
.5
-
TL
-
OU
TD
-
400
8
.5 k
W
175
–
9
5
0
V
4
0
0
V
-
Thre
e
Ph
ase
9
8
.1 %
1
0
.0 k
W
p
ABB
PVI
-
1
0
.0
-
TL
-
OUT
D
1
0
.0
kW
175
–
8
5
0
V
4
0
0
V
-
Thre
e
Ph
ase
9
7
.6 %
1
2
.0 k
W
p
ABB
PVI
-
6000
-
TL
-
OU
TD
6
.0 k
W
(2 u
n
its)
90
–
5
8
0
V
2
3
0
V
-
Sin
g
le
Ph
ase
9
7
.0 %
2
.
5
.
PVSys
t
Si
mulati
on
PVSy
st
pro
fes
sion
al
s
of
t
ware
pac
kag
e
has
been
de
velo
pe
d
at
the
Un
i
ve
rsity
of
Gen
e
va
for
stu
dy,
si
m
u
la
ti
on
,
an
d
desig
n
of
P
V
syst
e
m
s
[1
2]
.
PV
SYST
is
m
os
tly
us
ed
for
stud
yi
ng,
siz
ing
an
d
pe
rform
ance
analy
sis
of
phot
ovoltai
c
sta
nd
al
one,
gri
d
c
onnecte
d
a
nd
w
at
er
pum
pin
g
s
yst
e
m
s
[13]
.
It
has
a
la
r
ge
dat
abase
of
m
et
eor
ologica
l
data
source
s
that
avail
able
al
l
ov
er
the
world
[
14]
.
Figure
5
sho
ws
the
PV
syst
sch
e
m
at
ic
diag
ram
f
or
N
EM co
nf
i
gurati
on.
Ma
ny
researc
he
rs
us
e
d
P
Vsy
st
to
desig
n
a
nd
sim
ulate
the
perform
ance
of
th
ei
r
P
V
syst
e
m
s
ei
ther
gr
i
d
-
c
onnecte
d or
sta
nd
al
on
e
syst
e
m
s b
y using
PV
syst
. Fo
r
ex
am
ple, P
Vs
yst
so
ftwa
re
ha
s b
ee
n
us
e
d
to
mo
del
and
eval
uate
t
he
e
nergy
perf
or
m
ance
of
15M
W
gr
id
co
nn
ect
ed
P
V
syst
e
m
.
The
resear
c
h
work
al
so
in
cl
ud
es
analy
zi
ng
the
perform
ance
rati
o
and
the
di
ff
e
ren
t
losses
t
hat
occur
in
th
e
syst
e
m
[15]
.
In
ad
diti
on
,
Ku
m
ar
2017
h
as
car
ri
ed
ou
t
st
ud
y
on
100
kWp
gr
i
d
c
onnected
P
V
syst
em
us
ing
P
Vsyst
to
e
va
luate
the
fea
sibil
it
y
of
instal
li
ng
a
P
V
syst
em
f
o
r
su
pply
in
g
the
el
ect
ric
load
of
a
n
e
du
cat
i
onal
insti
tute
[
16]
.
A
no
t
her
stu
dy
wa
s
cond
ucted
by
us
in
g
P
Vsyst
to
eval
uate
the
te
chn
ic
al
,
ec
onom
ic
and
en
vir
on
m
enta
l
aspe
ct
s
of
P
V
syst
e
m
fo
r
su
pply
in
g of
house
hold
elec
tr
ic
it
y energ
y
ne
eds
[17]
.
Figure
5
.
P
Vsyst schem
at
ic
d
ia
gr
am
f
or
NE
M co
nf
ig
urat
io
n
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
A
N
ALYSIS
In
it
ia
l
ly
,
a
2.
0
kWp
s
olar
P
V
syst
e
m
fo
r
NE
M
is
design
e
d
si
m
ulate
d
by
usi
ng
P
Vsyst
an
d
the
res
ults
are
su
m
m
arize
d
in
Table
4.
T
he
an
nual
a
m
ou
nt
of
ene
r
gy
avail
able
from
the
syst
e
m
a
t
the
inv
e
rter
ou
tpu
t
is
2804.
4
kWh
w
her
e
457.0
kW
h
(
16.
3%)
has
been
util
iz
ed
by
t
he
load
w
hile
2347.4
kWh
(83.7%
)
has
be
e
n
expo
rted
to
t
he
gr
id
.
L
ooking
f
ro
m
the
de
m
and
side
,
the
a
m
ou
nt
of
e
ne
rg
y
re
quire
d
annuall
y
by
th
e
load
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
11
, N
o.
2
,
A
ugust
2018
:
585
–
592
590
2434.
2
kWh
.
Most
of
it
was
m
et
by
the
gri
d
supp
ly
w
hic
h
is
1977.
2
kWh
(81.2%
)
w
hile
on
ly
457.
0
kWh
(18.8%
)
i
s s
up
plied
by the
so
l
ar PV syst
em
.
Table
4
.
Ba
la
nc
e an
d
Re
s
ult o
f 2.
0 k
Wp
NE
M
Mon
th
Glo
b
Ho
r
Glo
b
Ef
f
T
A
m
b
E
Av
ail
E
Load
E
Use
r
E
Gr
id
(kWh/
m
²
)
(kWh/
m
²
)
(°
C)
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
Jan
u
ary
1
5
1
.0
1
6
0
.9
2
7
.0
2
6
0
.5
2
0
6
.7
4
0
.1
2
2
0
.4
Feb
ruary
1
5
5
.0
1
5
9
.9
2
7
.6
2
5
5
.5
1
8
6
.7
3
6
.4
2
1
9
.2
Mar
ch
1
7
8
.0
1
7
4
.4
2
8
.0
2
7
8
.1
2
0
6
.7
4
1
.8
2
3
6
.3
Ap
ril
1
7
4
.9
1
6
2
.6
2
7
.9
2
6
1
.1
2
0
0
.1
4
0
.5
2
2
0
.6
May
1
6
1
.8
1
4
4
.2
2
8
.1
2
3
3
.4
2
0
6
.7
3
9
.0
1
9
4
.4
Ju
n
e
1
4
9
.5
1
3
0
.6
2
7
.5
2
1
3
.8
2
0
0
.1
3
7
.3
1
7
6
.5
Ju
ly
1
5
6
.6
1
3
7
.3
2
7
.7
2
2
4
.0
2
0
6
.7
3
8
.4
18
5
.6
Au
g
u
st
1
4
5
.3
1
3
2
.9
2
7
.7
2
1
6
.4
2
0
6
.7
3
8
.1
1
7
8
.3
Sep
te
m
b
er
1
4
2
.3
1
3
6
.0
2
6
.8
2
2
0
.7
2
0
0
.1
3
6
.7
1
8
4
.0
Octo
b
er
1
3
9
.5
1
3
9
.8
2
6
.9
2
2
6
.2
2
0
6
.7
3
8
.9
1
8
7
.3
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
1
2
2
.8
1
2
7
.1
2
6
.5
2
0
6
.3
2
0
0
.1
3
5
.0
1
7
1
.2
Dece
m
b
e
r
1
2
1
.6
1
2
9
.5
2
6
.8
2
0
8
.5
2
0
6
.7
3
4
.9
1
7
3
.6
Yea
r
1
7
9
8
.4
1
7
3
5
.2
2
7
.4
2
8
0
4
.4
2
4
3
4
.2
4
5
7
.0
2
3
4
7
.4
Nex
t,
la
r
ger
sol
ar
P
V
ca
pacit
ie
s
w
hich
are
4.
0
kWp,
6.0
kWp, 8
.
0
kWp
, 1
0.0
kWp
a
nd 1
2.0
kWp
a
re
desig
ne
d
an
d
si
m
ulate
d
by
us
ing
P
Vsyst
with
the
sam
e
residen
ti
al
load.
T
he
res
ults
are
sh
ow
n
in
Table
5.
I
n
g
ene
ral,
t
he
hi
gh
e
r
s
olar
P
V
capaci
ty
will
increase
the
en
erg
y
a
vaila
ble
at
the
in
ve
rter
ou
t
pu
t.
H
owev
er
m
os
t
of
ene
rg
y
ge
ne
rated
will
be
expo
rted
t
o
th
e
gri
d.
As
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
6,
t
he
per
ce
nt
age
of
so
la
r
f
r
act
ion
,
wh
ic
h
is
t
he
r
at
io
betw
een
s
olar
e
nergy
s
upplied
to
t
he
l
oad
an
d
t
otal
energy
dem
and
by
the
l
oa
d,
is
just
appr
oach
i
ng
25%
eve
ntho
ugh
the
so
la
r
PV
capaci
ty
is
in
creased
.
This
i
s
du
e
to
t
he
lo
ad
dem
and
w
hi
ch
is
high
durin
g
nig
ht
ti
m
e,
in
co
ntrast
to
the
pe
ak
s
unsh
i
ne
w
hich
is
m
axim
um
du
ri
ng
t
he
day
tim
e
as
sh
own
in
Figure
7.
Fr
om
the
eco
no
m
ic
aspect,
with
ou
t
NE
M
i
m
ple
m
ent
at
ion
the
resi
den
ti
al
ho
us
e
nee
ds
to
pay
el
ect
rici
ty
bill
at
retai
l
pr
ic
e
fo
r
m
or
e
th
an
RM
500
pe
r
an
nu
m
.
Howev
e
r,
by
i
m
plem
enting
N
EM,
the
reside
ntial
house
do
e
s
not
ne
ed
to
pa
y
th
e
el
ect
rici
ty
bil
l
du
e
to
the
sel
f
-
c
on
s
um
ed
of
e
ne
rg
y
ge
ne
rated
from
so
la
r
P
V
syst
em
and
pro
fit
ga
ined
f
r
om
excess
energy
ex
ported
to
t
he
gr
i
d.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
un
us
e
d
prof
it
from
exp
or
te
d
energy
co
uld
be
carried
for
w
ard
a
nd
acc
umulat
ed
as
cre
di
t
in
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
bill
up
to
tw
o
ye
ars.
As
sho
wn
i
n
F
igure
8,
a
l
ot
of
cre
dit
will
accum
ulate
d
as
a
resu
lt
of
ex
po
rting
e
nergy
f
r
om
hig
her
s
ola
r
P
V
capaci
ty
. Unfo
rtu
natel
y, the draw
bac
k
of
NE
M schem
e is the cred
it
acc
umulat
ed wil
l expi
re af
te
r
t
wo yea
rs
i
f
no
t
bee
n us
e
d.
Table
5
.
Ba
la
nc
e an
d
Re
s
ult o
f
Di
ff
e
ren
t
Sizi
ng Capaci
ty
fo
r
N
EM
Sizin
g
E
Av
ail
E
Load
E
Use
r
E
Gr
id
So
lFrac
(kWp)
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
(kWh)
2
2
,80
4
.4
2
,43
4
.2
4
5
7
.0
2
,34
7
.4
0
.18
8
4
5
,71
6
.6
2
,43
4
.2
5
5
5
.2
5
,16
1
.4
0
.22
8
6
8
,56
9
.2
2
,43
4
.2
5
7
9
.9
7
,98
9
.3
0
.23
8
8
1
2
,23
2
.0
2
,43
4
.2
5
9
4
.6
1
1
,63
7
.0
0
.24
4
10
1
4
,34
9
.0
2
,43
4
.2
5
9
7
.2
1
3
,75
2
.0
0
.24
5
12
1
7
,13
8
.0
2
,43
4
.2
6
0
4
.3
1
6
,53
4
.0
0
.24
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Hyp
e
rte
ns
io
n
Drug S
uita
bili
t
y Eval
ua
ti
on
B
as
e
d
O
n Pati
e
nt Co
ndit
ion
w
it
h
…
(
Ha
ri
Soe
tan
to
)
591
Figure
6
.
Perce
ntage o
f
S
olar Fract
io
n
Figure
7
.
A
verage
hourl
y ene
rg
y
dem
and
a
nd e
nergy
gen
e
r
at
ed
f
ro
m
so
la
r
PV sy
ste
m
Figure
8
.
Com
par
is
on b
et
wee
n Im
po
rt and
E
xport
En
e
r
gy
Cost
In
a
sp
ect
of
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
conser
vation
,
2,434
kWh
en
erg
y
ge
ner
at
ed
from
ren
ewa
ble
res
ourc
e
annuall
y
and
c
on
s
um
ed
by
th
e
reside
ntial
load
has
re
placed
the
f
os
sil
f
ue
l
based
powe
r
f
r
om
gr
id.
T
his
valu
e
is eq
uiv
al
ent t
o alm
os
t 1.7 t
ons of CO
2
av
oida
nce to t
he
env
iro
nm
ent.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Tech
nical
and
e
conom
ic
a
nal
ysi
s
of
N
EM
f
or
Re
side
ntial
House
ha
s
bee
n
pr
e
sente
d
in
this
pap
er
.
The
analy
sis
ha
s
been
ca
rr
ie
d
out
by
us
i
ng
PV
syst
so
ft
w
ar
e
sim
ulatio
n.
Ba
sed
on
the
resu
lt
s
obta
ine
d,
the
con
cl
us
io
ns
we
re:
0
.
0
0
5
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
1
5
.
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
2
5
.
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Perc
ent
age
of So
la
r Fr
ac
tio
n
(
%)
So
la
r
PV
C
apac
ity
(
kW
p
)
0
.
0
0
0
.
5
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
5
0
2
.
0
0
2
.
5
0
0
:00
2
:00
4
:00
6
:00
8
:00
1
0
:00
1
2
:00
1
4
:00
1
6
:00
1
8
:00
2
0
:00
2
2
:00
Po
wer (
kW
)
Ti
me
Hourly Ener
gy
Demand
2
k
Wp
Sola
r
PV
System
4
k
Wp
Sola
r
PV
System
0
.
0
1
,0
0
0
.
0
2
,0
0
0
.
0
3
,0
0
0
.
0
4
,0
0
0
.
0
5
,0
0
0
.
0
6
,0
0
0
.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ener
gy
Ch
arges
(
RM)
So
la
r
PV
C
apac
ity
(
kW
p
)
I
mpor
t
Ener
gy
Cost
Ex
port Energy
V
al
ue
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
11
, N
o.
2
,
A
ugust
2018
:
585
–
592
592
1)
Fr
om
te
chn
ic
al
aspect,
t
he
an
nu
al
am
ount
of
ene
r
gy
avail
able
f
ro
m
the
2.0
kWp
NEM
s
yst
e
m
is
28
04
.
4
kWh
.
This
am
ount
of
e
nergy
is
increasi
ng
wh
e
n
t
he
cap
a
ci
ty
of
so
la
r
P
V
syst
em
is
hi
gh
e
r.
M
os
t
of
the
energy
ge
ner
at
ed
is
ex
ported
to
the
gri
d.
C
om
par
ed
to
a
m
ou
nt
of
e
nergy
dem
and
,
only
up
t
o
25%
is
su
ppli
ed
b
y t
he
so
la
r
P
V
syst
e
m
.
2)
Fr
om
econ
om
ic
aspect,
by
im
ple
m
enting
NEM,
the
resi
den
ti
al
hous
e
no
need
s
to
pa
y
the
el
ect
ricit
y
bil
l
du
e
to
t
he
s
el
f
-
c
onsu
m
ed
of
energy
gen
e
r
at
ed
from
so
lar
PV
syst
em
and
prof
it
gai
ned
from
excess
energy
ex
porte
d
to
t
he
gr
id
w
her
e
t
he
unus
e
d
prof
it
co
uld
be
car
ried
f
orward
a
nd
accu
m
ula
te
d
as
cre
dit
in elec
tric
it
y bil
l up
t
o
tw
o
ye
ars.
3)
Fr
om
the
en
vi
ronm
ental
aspect,
2
,
434
kW
h
e
nergy
ge
ne
rated
from
ren
ewab
le
res
our
ce
an
nu
al
ly
an
d
consum
ed
by
the
reside
ntial
load
ha
s
re
placed
the
f
os
sil
fu
el
base
d
powe
r
f
ro
m
gr
id.
T
his
value
is
equ
i
valent t
o
a
l
m
os
t 1.7 to
ns
of CO
2
a
voida
nce to t
he e
nvi
ronm
ent.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
S.
S.
Abd
W
ahi
d,
Z.
Nawawi,
M.
I.
Jam
bak,
Y.
Z.
Arie
f,
M.
A.
B.
Sidik,
M.
W
.
M
ustafa
,
and
Z
.
Adzis,
“
Eva
luatio
n
of
Reside
n
ti
a
l
G
rid
-
Connecte
d
P
hotovol
taic
S
y
st
em
as
the
Poten
ti
al
En
erg
y
Sour
ce
in
Mal
a
y
s
ia,”
TEL
KOMNIKA
(
Tele
communic
ati
on,
Comput.
Elec
tron.
Control
.
,
vol. 14, no. 4, p. 1235, 2016.
[2]
S.
Ahm
ad,
R.
M
at
,
F.
Muham
m
ad
-
sukki,
A.
Bak
ar,
and
R.
Abdul
,
“
Role
of
fe
ed
-
i
n
ta
riff
polic
y
in
prom
oti
ng
solar
photovol
taic
inv
estments
in
Ma
l
a
y
si
a : A s
y
st
em
d
y
nami
cs
appr
o
a
ch,
”
En
ergy
,
vol
.
84,
pp.
808
–
815
,
2015
.
[3]
T.
M.
N.
T
.
Mansur,
N.
H.
Baha
rud
in,
and
R.
Ali,
“
Design
of
4
.
0
kW
p
Solar
PV
Sy
stem
for
Reside
ntial
Hou
se
under
Net
En
erg
y
M
et
er
ing
Sch
e
m
e,
”
J. E
ng.
R
es.
Edu
c.
,
vo
l. 9, p
p.
95
–
106
,
2017
.
[4]
R.
Setiabud
y
,
B.
S.
Hart
ono
,
and
Budi
y
ant
o
,
“
Anal
y
s
is
character
i
stic
s
of
on/offgr
i
d
ti
e
inve
r
te
r
an
d
implementatio
n
in
m
ic
rogrid
,
”
Telk
omni
ka
,
vol.
11,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
44
1
–
450,
2013
.
[5]
“
Stat
isti
c
&
Mo
nit
oring
CO2
A
voida
nc
e,”
Sust
ainabl
e
Ene
rgy
Dev
el
opmen
t
Au
thorit
y
(
SEDA)
Malay
sia
Portal
,
2017.
[Onlin
e]
.
Avail
ab
le
:
ww
w.seda
.
gov
.
m
y
.
[6]
R.
H.
G.
T
an
a
nd
T.
L
.
Chow,
“
A
Co
m
par
at
iv
e
Stud
y
of
Fe
ed
in
Ta
r
iff
and
N
et
Met
eri
ng
for
UCS
I
Univer
sit
y
North
W
ing
Ca
m
pus wit
h
100
k
W
Solar
Photov
olt
aic
S
y
stem,
”
i
n
Ene
rgy
Proc
ed
ia
,
2016
,
vo
l. 10
0,
pp
.
86
–
91
.
[7]
M.
Sahanaa
Sre
e,
S.
Arunkum
ar
,
and
K.
K
.
Murugave
l
,
“
Feasib
i
li
t
y
stud
y
for
th
e
net
m
eterin
g
i
m
ple
m
ent
at
ion
i
n
re
sidential
solar
PV
insta
ll
ation
s
ac
ross
Ta
m
il
Nadu,
”
2014
Int.
Conf.
Comput
.
Powe
r,
Ene
rg
y,
Inf.
Comm
un.
ICCPE
IC
2014
,
pp.
359
–
362
,
20
14.
[8]
J.
T.
Dell
osa
,
“
Financ
i
al
Pa
y
ba
ck
of
Solar
PV
S
y
stems
and
An
a
l
y
s
is
of
the
Potent
i
al
Im
pac
t
of
Net
-
Mete
ring
i
n
Butua
n
Ci
t
y
,
Ph
il
ippi
n
es,
”
pp.
1
–
6,
2015
.
[9]
T.
M.
N.
T
.
Man
sur,
N.
H.
Baha
r
udin,
and
R
.
Ali,
“
Sizi
ng
and
cost
ana
l
y
sis
of
self
-
consum
ed
solar
PV
DC
sy
st
e
m
compare
d
with
AC
sy
st
em
for
re
sident
i
al
house
,
”
I
ndones.
J.
Elec
tr.
Eng.
Comp
ut.
Sc
i.
,
vol
.
10,
no.
1,
pp
.
10
–
18
,
2018.
[10]
T.
M.
N.
T.
Ma
nsur,
N.
H.
Bah
aru
din,
and
R.
Ali,
“
Perform
an
ce
anal
y
sis
of
se
lf
-
consum
ed
sol
ar
PV
s
y
st
em
fo
r
a
fully
DC r
eside
n
ti
al house,”
Indo
nes.
J
.
Elec
tr.
E
ng.
Comput.
Sc
i.
,
vo
l
.
8
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
391
–
398
,
2017
.
[11]
A.M.
Om
ar,
S.
Shaar
i,
S.I
.
Sula
iman,
Gr
id
-
Connec
t
ed
Phot
ovo
l
tai
c
Pow
er
Syste
ms
Design
.
Su
stai
nable
Ener
g
y
Deve
lopment
A
uthori
t
y
M
al
a
y
si
a,
2012
.
[12]
M.
Bouzgue
nda
,
A.
Al
Om
ai
r,
A.
Al
Nae
em,
M.
Al
-
m
utha
ffa
r
,
and
O.
B.
W
a
zi
r,
“
Design
of
an
Off
-
Grid
2
k
W
Solar
PV
S
y
st
e
m
,
”
pp.
1
–
6,
201
4.
[13]
V.
Sharm
a
and
S.
S.
Chande
l
,
“
Perform
anc
e
an
a
l
y
sis
of
a
190k
W
p
grid
int
eractive
solar
photov
olt
aic
power
pl
a
nt
in
Indi
a,”
En
erg
y
,
vo
l. 55, pp. 47
6
–
485,
2013
.
[14]
P.
Yada
v,
“
Sim
ula
ti
on
and
Perf
orm
anc
e
Anal
y
s
is
of
a
lkWp
Photovolt
a
ic
S
y
ste
m
Us
ing
P
Vs
y
st
,
”
2015
,
pp.
358
–
363.
[15]
A.
Soualmia
and
R.
Chenni
,
“
Modeli
ng
and
sim
ula
ti
on
of
15MW
grid
-
connect
ed
p
hotovol
taic
s
y
st
e
m
using
PVsy
s
t
software
,
”
in
Proce
ed
ings
of
2016
Inte
rnational
Re
newa
bl
e
and
Sustainabl
e
En
ergy
Confe
renc
e
,
IRSE
C
2016
,
2017,
pp
.
702
–
7
05.
[16]
N.
M.
Kum
ar,
M.
R.
Kum
ar,
P.
R.
Rej
oi
ce,
and
M.
Mathe
w,
“
Perform
anc
e
anal
ysis
of
100
kW
p
grid
conne
c
te
d
S
i
-
pol
y
photovo
lt
a
i
c
s
y
s
te
m
using P
Vs
y
st
sim
ula
ti
on
tool,”
Ene
rgy
P
roce
dia
,
vol
.
11
7,
pp
.
180
–
189
,
2017.
[17]
E.
Ta
rig
an
and
F.
Dw
i,
“
Techn
o
-
Ec
onom
ic
Si
m
ula
ti
on
of
a
G
rid
-
Connecte
d
P
V
S
y
stem
Desig
n
as
Spec
ifi
c
all
y
Applie
d
to
Resid
ent
i
al
in
Surab
a
ya
,
Indone
si
a,”
E
nergy
Proc
edi
a
,
vol.
65
,
pp
.
90
–
9
9,
2015
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.