I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
p
u
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
May
201
8
,
p
p
.
5
0
6
~5
1
3
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ee
cs
.
v
1
0
.
i2
.
p
p
506
-
5
1
3
506
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e.
co
m/jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
ijeec
s
Surv
ey
on
Na
no
Techno
lo
g
y
Adel
Alf
o
ud
er
y
*
1
,
Abd
ulra
h
m
a
n A
l
k
a
nd
a
ri
2
,
Sa
m
er
M
o
e
in
3
1,
2
Co
m
p
u
ter De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
Ba
sic
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
(
P
A
A
E
T
),
Ku
w
a
it
3
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
V
icto
ria,
Ca
n
a
d
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
N
ov
17
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
J
an
2
8
,
2
0
1
8
A
cc
ep
ted
F
eb
19
,
2
0
1
8
Re
c
e
n
tl
y
,
Na
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s b
e
c
o
m
e
a
re
a
li
t
y
o
f
g
re
a
t
c
o
n
c
e
rn
s a
ll
o
v
e
r
th
e
w
o
rld
,
w
h
ich
se
e
k
s
c
o
n
stit
u
tes
se
rio
u
s
a
b
o
u
t
e
x
p
a
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
sc
o
p
e
o
f
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
st
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
is
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r,
w
e
h
a
v
e
in
tro
d
u
c
e
d
n
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
sin
c
e
it
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
th
e
f
irst
r
a
n
k
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
p
rio
ri
ti
e
s
o
f
sc
i
e
n
ti
f
ic
re
se
a
rc
h
in
th
e
w
o
rld
,
w
h
e
re
th
e
e
x
p
a
n
d
e
d
u
n
iv
e
rsiti
e
s,
re
se
a
rc
h
c
e
n
ters
a
n
d
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
s
se
e
k
to
e
m
p
lo
y
n
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
n
e
w
p
ro
d
u
c
ts,
in
d
u
stries
,
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
W
e
h
a
v
e
d
isc
u
ss
e
d
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
Na
n
o
m
a
teria
ls
in
d
e
tails
a
n
d
f
o
c
u
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
th
a
t
u
se
Na
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
c
o
n
f
irm
s
t
h
e
v
ie
w
o
f
sc
ien
ti
sts
w
h
o
lo
o
k
a
t
th
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
a
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
w
o
rld
'
s
f
u
tu
re
,
a
n
d
a
c
r
u
c
ial
f
a
c
to
r
th
a
t
h
a
s
led
a
n
d
w
il
l
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
lea
d
in
g
th
e
w
o
rld
to
a
n
e
w
in
d
u
stria
l
re
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Bu
c
k
y
b
a
ll
,
Na
n
o
tu
b
e
F
u
ll
e
re
n
e
Na
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
De
o
x
y
rib
o
n
u
c
leic
a
c
id
(
DN
A
)
M
icro
Qu
a
n
tu
m
d
o
ts
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
In
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
A
d
el
A
l
f
o
u
d
er
y
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
B
asic E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
(
P
A
A
E
T
)
,
Ku
w
ait
Ak
.
al
f
o
u
d
er
y
@
p
aa
et.
ed
u
.
k
w
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mic
r
o
p
ar
ticles
in
t
h
e
Na
n
o
-
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
r
e
f
er
to
h
a
n
d
li
n
g
m
ater
ials
at
t
h
e
ato
m
ic
an
d
m
o
lecu
lar
s
ca
le.
Nan
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
m
a
n
y
co
m
p
licated
r
esear
ch
s
t
u
d
i
es
th
at
d
ea
l
w
it
h
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
b
et
w
ee
n
0
.
1
to
100
n
an
o
m
eter
(
a
n
a
n
o
m
eter
i
s
a
p
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
th
o
u
s
a
n
d
-
m
illi
o
n
th
s
o
f
a
m
e
ter
)
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
o
f
a
n
y
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t,
w
i
th
th
e
n
u
clea
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
an
g
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
f
iv
e
t
h
o
u
s
an
d
ato
m
s
.
I
t is
s
m
al
ler
th
a
n
th
e
t
in
ie
s
t b
ac
ter
iu
m
[
1
]
.
“
T
h
is
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
f
s
ets
th
e
b
r
o
ad
en
in
g
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
ap
p
lied
m
ater
ials
.
Nan
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
clu
d
es
a
tr
ea
t
w
it
h
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
o
f
an
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
o
r
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
m
all
Nan
o
.
Su
ch
n
an
o
s
ca
le
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
ar
e
ab
le
to
co
m
p
r
is
e
a
q
u
an
t
itati
v
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
t
h
at
lead
s
to
th
e
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
et
ic
an
d
an
o
p
tical
n
e
w
m
a
ter
ial,
th
at
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ev
alu
a
ted
b
et
w
ee
n
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
an
d
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
li
d
v
is
u
al
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a.
P
h
en
o
m
en
a
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
m
o
r
eo
v
er
co
m
p
r
is
e
th
e
i
m
p
a
ct
o
f
th
e
Gib
b
s
-
T
h
o
m
s
o
n
[
2
]
-
a
lo
w
m
elti
n
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
a
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
w
h
en
i
t
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
Na
n
o
,
eith
er
b
u
i
ld
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t i
m
p
o
r
tan
t a
r
e
Nan
o
ca
r
b
o
n
tu
b
es.
Nan
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
a
s
tr
ai
n
w
h
ic
h
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
ato
m
s
f
o
r
m
ed
af
ter
s
eg
m
e
n
tatio
n
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
th
e
m
ater
ials
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
it
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
v
er
y
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
d
e
v
ices
o
f
h
an
d
s
ize,
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
s
e
ein
g
th
e
m
o
lecu
les
u
n
d
er
ch
e
ck
u
p
.
Af
ter
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
t
h
e
le
v
e
l
o
f
th
e
ato
m
,
th
e
s
tr
ain
o
f
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
a
p
r
ec
is
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
is
a
n
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tr
u
g
g
le
ad
d
ed
to
th
is
n
e
w
em
er
g
i
n
g
s
cie
n
ce
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
s
till
d
is
a
g
r
ee
m
e
n
t a
n
d
w
o
r
r
ies ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
elies
o
n
th
e
b
asis
th
at
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
o
f
f
e
w
er
th
a
n
o
n
e
h
u
n
d
r
ed
n
an
o
m
eter
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
a
ter
ial
co
n
tain
i
n
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
ese
p
ar
ticles
illu
s
tr
ate
n
e
w
p
h
y
s
ic
al
an
d
ch
e
m
ical
t
h
eo
r
ies;
ca
u
s
in
g
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e
b
eh
av
io
r
r
elies
o
n
p
ar
ticle
s
izin
g
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
etec
ted
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
i
n
ter
ac
ti
v
e,
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
,
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
f
u
s
io
n
an
d
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
ar
e
a
ll
a
lter
ed
w
h
e
n
s
m
alle
s
t
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
f
o
r
a
cr
iti
ca
l
s
ca
le
v
al
u
e.
T
h
e
clo
s
er
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
m
ater
ial
o
f
ato
m
ic
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
w
h
en
e
v
er
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
ater
ial
o
f
la
w
s
o
f
q
u
an
t
u
m
m
ec
h
an
ics
r
ath
er
th
a
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
h
y
s
ics
la
w
s
.
T
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
m
ater
ial
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
ize
o
f
e
n
g
in
e
er
in
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
S
u
r
ve
y
o
n
N
a
n
o
Tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
A
d
el
A
lfo
u
d
ery)
507
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
f
i
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
at
t
h
i
s
t
h
eo
r
y
is
a
w
o
r
th
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
tech
n
i
ca
l
r
an
g
e
s
,
w
h
ich
i
n
cl
u
d
es
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
li
g
h
t
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
m
ater
ial,
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
r
u
g
d
eliv
er
y
t
i
m
e,
n
an
o
s
ca
l
e
to
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
cir
cu
lato
r
y
s
y
s
te
m
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
m
ag
n
etic
tap
es..
.
etc.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ea
l
s
w
it
h
s
ev
er
al
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
o
f
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
a
n
k
o
f
n
a
n
o
m
eter
m
ater
ials
[
4
]
.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
t
h
e
s
ta
te
m
e
n
t
t
h
at
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
s
q
u
ite
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e,
t
h
e
ex
i
s
te
n
ce
o
f
d
ev
ic
es
w
o
r
k
w
i
th
th
is
th
eo
r
y
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
w
i
th
n
an
o
s
ca
le
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
is
n
o
t
i
n
n
o
v
ati
v
e.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
g
n
i
ze
d
th
at
b
io
lo
g
ica
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
v
i
v
o
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
o
m
e
s
m
a
ll
d
e
v
ices
w
h
ich
u
p
to
th
e
li
m
it
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
an
o
s
ca
le.
A
li
v
in
g
ce
ll
i
s
t
h
e
m
ai
n
ca
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
r
d
in
ar
y
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
w
h
ic
h
it
i
s
a
ce
l
l
o
r
ig
i
n
o
f
a
b
ig
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
io
lo
g
ical
m
ac
h
in
e
s
.
Na
n
o
s
ize
i
s
t
h
e
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
o
f
p
r
o
tein
s
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
li
n
es
j
o
in
ed
t
h
e
Nan
o
s
ize
n
a
m
ed
(
lip
o
s
o
m
e)
,
t
h
en
it
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
last
Na
n
o
n
a
m
ed
(
Go
lg
i
ap
p
ar
atu
s
)
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
E
n
z
y
m
e
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
Nan
o
-
m
ac
h
in
e
its
el
f
i
s
t
h
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticles
co
llected
b
y
th
e
n
ee
d
o
r
th
e
ce
ll.
T
h
u
s
,
i
t
c
an
b
e
f
o
r
m
ac
h
in
e
s
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
n
an
o
m
a
ter
ials
t
h
at
w
o
r
k
to
g
eth
e
r
w
it
h
th
e
m
a
n
d
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
an
ticip
ated
g
o
al,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
ce
l
l c
o
n
te
n
ts
,
d
r
u
g
d
eli
v
er
y
to
o
r
d
estru
ctio
n
w
h
e
n
th
e
y
b
ec
o
m
e
h
ar
m
les
s
[
5
]
.
I
t
is
also
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
n
to
th
e
la
u
n
ch
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
m
a
ter
ial
w
it
h
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
s
ize.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
th
a
t
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
h
o
ld
in
g
s
o
f
g
la
s
s
,
a
R
o
m
an
Kin
g
C
u
p
in
th
e
M
u
s
e
u
m
o
f
E
n
g
la
n
d
co
m
p
r
is
es
p
ar
ticles
Go
ld
an
d
Sil
v
er
Nan
o
,
w
h
ich
t
h
e
c
u
p
co
lo
r
ch
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
g
r
ee
n
to
d
ar
k
r
ed
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
li
g
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
i
s
lo
ca
ted
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
ti
m
e
w
h
en
t
h
e
ei
g
h
teen
t
h
an
d
n
in
etee
n
t
h
ce
n
t
u
r
y
’
s
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
f
il
m
i
s
m
ad
e
o
f
s
i
lv
er
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
s
en
s
it
iv
e
to
li
g
h
t [
5
]
.
2.
H
I
ST
O
RY
O
F
N
E
W
T
E
CH
NO
L
O
G
Y
Nan
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
r
elat
iv
el
y
n
e
w
e
m
er
g
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
n
th
e
n
e
x
t
te
n
y
ea
r
s
.
A
ct
u
all
y
,
it
b
ec
a
m
e
a
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
h
as
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
u
n
t
il
to
d
a
y
,
w
h
er
e
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
2
0
0
0
o
f
o
n
l
y
4
0
0
4
tr
an
s
i
s
to
r
s
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
y
ea
r
1
9
7
1
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
cr
e
ased
to
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
7
0
0
m
illi
o
n
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
i
n
I
n
tel
C
o
r
e
2
.
T
h
er
e
w
a
s
,
o
f
co
u
r
s
e,
a
s
i
m
ilar
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
e
lectr
o
n
ic
i
te
m
s
,
an
d
g
o
f
r
o
m
m
illi
m
eter
s
to
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
n
an
o
m
eter
s
in
e
lectr
ical
cir
cu
i
ts
.
A
t
t
h
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
w
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
t
h
r
ee
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
av
e
m
et
it
s
s
co
p
e
o
n
a
j
o
in
t
-
Na
n
o
-
s
ca
le,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
r
ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
in
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ics an
d
b
io
lo
g
y
[
6
]
.
A
t
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
o
r
g
an
ic
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
a
n
d
ato
m
ic
ele
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
g
e
n
eti
c
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
h
as
ta
k
en
o
t
h
er
p
ath
s
i
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
p
er
io
d
an
d
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
g
u
id
e
t
h
e
v
e
h
icles
eit
h
er
in
te
s
t
tu
b
es o
r
liv
i
n
g
o
r
g
a
n
i
s
m
s
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es [
7
]
.
W
ith
t
h
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
c
u
r
r
en
t
ce
n
t
u
r
y
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
m
o
u
n
ted
to
p
u
b
lic
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
-
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
w
it
h
p
r
o
m
is
e
s
i
n
b
o
t
h
g
lo
b
al
elec
tr
o
n
s
a
n
d
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
s
h
as b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
ese
n
e
w
f
ield
s
ar
e
v
ital
p
ar
ts
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
s
ev
er
al
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
m
o
lec
u
lar
b
io
lo
g
y
[
3
]
.
3.
T
YP
E
S O
F
NANO
M
AT
E
RI
AL
S
3
.
1
.
Q
ua
ntu
m
Do
t
s
Nan
o
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
h
as
t
h
r
ee
-
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
r
an
g
es
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
w
o
to
ten
n
m
,
an
d
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
q
u
an
tita
tiv
e
r
estrictio
n
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
elec
tr
o
n
s
b
ar
an
d
h
o
les
p
ar
ity
o
r
p
o
s
itio
n
b
ar
(
I
t
i
s
a
lin
k
ed
p
air
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
h
o
les
p
ar
it
y
)
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
w
p
o
in
t’
s
q
u
an
t
it
y
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
is
e
n
er
g
etic
g
ag
g
ed
s
p
o
tt
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
w
av
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
ar
e
s
tat
io
n
ed
in
s
id
e
th
e
p
o
in
t
q
u
an
ti
t
y
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
ia
m
eter
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
a
m
o
u
n
t i
s
eq
u
al
to
1
0
n
m
,
it c
an
co
llo
ca
te
3
m
il
lio
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
in
ts
n
ex
t to
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
,
w
i
th
a
len
g
t
h
eq
u
a
l
to
th
e
w
id
th
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
f
in
g
er
t
h
u
m
b
.
3
.
2
.
F
ull
er
ene
I
n
s
tallat
io
n
o
f
Na
n
o
s
tr
an
g
e
last
ca
r
b
o
n
is
a
m
o
lecu
le
co
m
p
o
s
ed
.
Si
n
ce
t
h
e
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
o
f
Fu
ller
en
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
in
1
9
9
0
,
w
h
ic
h
b
r
in
g
s
i
n
co
m
m
er
cial
q
u
a
n
t
ities
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
g
et
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
lecu
le
s
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
C
3
6
an
d
C
4
8
an
d
C
7
0
,
b
u
t
s
cie
n
ti
s
ts
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
s
p
ec
ial
i
n
ter
est
m
o
lecu
le
C
6
0
.
I
n
s
tallatio
n
o
f
F
u
ller
en
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
lled
to
th
e
in
v
e
n
to
r
an
d
ar
ch
itec
t
R
.
B
u
ck
m
i
n
s
ter
Fu
ller
(
R
.
B
u
ck
m
i
n
s
ter
Fu
ller
)
.
So
,
h
e
g
r
e
w
u
p
a
n
e
w
b
r
a
n
ch
o
f
ch
e
m
i
s
tr
y
ca
lled
F
u
ller
en
e,
kne
w
w
h
er
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
9
,
0
0
0
co
m
p
o
s
ite
F
u
ller
e
n
e
s
in
ce
1
9
9
7
,
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
o
f
th
ese
v
eh
ic
les
ap
p
ea
r
ed
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
eh
ic
les
an
d
K3
C
6
0
R
b
C
s
2
C
6
0
an
d
C
6
0
-
C
HB
r
3
th
at
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
s
u
p
er
io
r
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
(
s
u
p
er
co
n
d
u
cti
v
i
t
y
)
.
Oth
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
Fu
ller
en
e
co
n
e
an
d
tu
b
u
lar
h
as
al
s
o
b
ee
n
d
is
co
v
er
ed
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
f
o
o
tb
all
[
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
5
0
6
–
513
508
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fu
ller
en
e
C
ar
b
o
n
Na
n
o
tu
b
es
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
llu
s
tr
ati
v
e
Nan
o
B
al
l
3
.
3
.
Na
no
ba
lls
Nan
o
-
ca
r
b
o
n
b
alls
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t i
m
p
o
r
tan
t t
y
p
e
t
h
at
b
elo
n
g
s
t
o
th
e
f
u
ller
e
n
e
ca
te
g
o
r
y
o
f
m
a
ter
ial
C
6
0
b
u
t
d
if
f
er
s
li
g
h
tl
y
s
i
n
ce
i
t
f
o
r
m
u
la
to
r
s
m
u
ltip
le
cr
u
s
t
s
.
I
t
i
s
al
s
o
an
e
m
p
t
y
p
lace
,
w
h
er
ea
s
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
h
a
s
n
o
g
ap
s
,
as
is
t
h
e
s
itu
a
tio
n
in
m
u
l
tip
le
co
v
er
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
(
F
ig
u
r
e
1
)
.
T
h
e
d
iam
eter
o
f
th
e
b
alls
u
p
to
5
0
0
n
m
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles o
r
m
o
r
e
[
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
a
n
ill
u
s
tr
ati
v
e
i
m
a
g
e
f
o
r
Nan
o
b
all.
3
.
4
.
Na
no
pa
rt
icles
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
o
d
er
n
u
s
e
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles,
th
e
s
e
p
ar
ticles
wer
e
p
r
esen
t
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
r
n
at
u
r
al
m
ater
ia
ls
s
in
ce
an
c
ien
t
ti
m
e
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
b
ea
u
t
if
u
l
c
o
lo
r
s
o
f
g
lass
w
i
n
d
o
w
s
a
n
d
r
u
s
t
y
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
m
a
ll
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
m
eta
llic
o
x
id
es
i
n
th
e
g
lass
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
ize
s
ar
e
n
ea
r
en
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
o
f
lig
h
t.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
izes
o
f
p
ar
ticles
d
is
tr
ac
t
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
w
av
e
len
g
t
h
s
o
f
l
ig
h
t,
ca
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
e
m
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
las
s
co
lo
r
s
[
8
]
.
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles
(
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
b
e
ab
le
to
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
a
co
llectin
g
ato
m
ic
o
r
m
o
lecu
lar
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ic
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
r
a
n
g
ed
in
s
ize
f
r
o
m
a
f
e
w
ato
m
s
to
a
m
illi
o
n
ato
m
s
,
ass
o
ciat
ed
alm
o
s
t
s
p
h
er
ical
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
le
s
s
t
h
a
n
1
0
0
n
m
.
I
t
j
u
s
t
co
u
ld
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
o
f
m
etal
s
an
d
i
n
s
u
lato
r
s
,
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
(
s
u
ch
as
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
co
ated
)
,
as
w
el
l
as
m
o
d
els
o
f
Nan
o
p
a
r
ticles
w
ith
a
s
e
m
i
-
n
atu
r
e
-
a
s
o
lid
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
lip
o
s
o
m
es.
Ot
h
er
i
m
a
g
e
s
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
t
h
e
p
o
in
ts
q
u
a
n
tit
y
a
n
d
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cti
n
g
n
a
n
o
cr
y
s
tals
.
T
h
e
n
an
o
s
ca
le
co
p
p
er
p
ar
ticles
th
a
t
ar
e
u
p
to
less
th
a
n
5
0
n
m
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
h
ar
d
n
es
s
an
d
n
o
n
-
w
a
y
s
u
n
li
k
e
w
h
at
h
ap
p
en
s
to
o
r
d
in
ar
y
c
o
p
p
er
m
ater
ial
w
h
er
e
it
ca
n
b
e
b
en
t,
an
d
p
u
lled
ea
s
il
y
[
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Nan
o
p
ar
ticle
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mo
d
els f
o
r
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es
3
.
5
.
Na
no
t
ub
es
Nan
o
tu
b
es
ar
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
d
is
co
v
er
ed
in
1
9
9
1
.
Nan
o
tu
b
es
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
d
u
e
to
th
eir
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
a
n
d
u
s
e
ex
te
n
s
i
v
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial,
s
cie
n
ti
f
ic,
m
ed
ical
an
d
b
io
-
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices.
Nan
o
t
u
b
es
ar
e
ab
le
to
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
e
w
h
er
e
a
g
r
ap
h
ite
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
is
f
o
ld
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
ax
i
s
o
f
a
cy
l
in
d
r
ical
s
h
ap
e,
w
h
er
e
ato
m
s
ar
e
lin
k
ed
w
i
th
ea
ch
en
d
o
f
th
e
s
lid
e
to
clo
s
e
th
e
tu
b
e.
T
h
e
tu
b
e
en
d
s
m
ig
h
t
b
e
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
h
e
m
is
p
h
er
e.
I
t
m
ig
h
t
al
s
o
b
e
s
ep
ar
ate
ato
m
s
t
u
b
e
w
all,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
ter
m
ed
in
t
h
i
s
ca
s
e
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
an
d
s
i
n
g
le
wall
n
an
o
t
u
b
e
(
SW
NT
)
,
o
r
b
in
ar
y
o
r
m
o
r
e
w
h
ic
h
is
ter
m
ed
m
u
lti
-
w
all
t
u
b
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
S
u
r
ve
y
o
n
N
a
n
o
Tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
A
d
el
A
lfo
u
d
ery)
509
(
MW
NT
)
,
w
ith
tu
b
e
d
ia
m
eter
,
s
o
r
ts
f
r
o
m
les
s
t
h
an
o
n
e
n
an
o
m
eter
to
1
0
0
n
an
o
m
eter
s
,
b
u
t
i
t h
as a
len
g
t
h
o
f
u
p
to
1
0
0
m
icr
o
m
eter
s
to
f
o
r
m
N
an
o
w
ir
e
[
2
]
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4.
3
.
6
.
Na
no
f
ibers
Fib
er
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles ar
e
t
h
o
s
e
m
ad
e
o
f
ato
m
s
p
o
l
y
m
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
i
s
r
elati
v
e
to
t
h
e
s
ize
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
f
ib
er
.
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles a
n
d
Na
n
o
-
t
u
b
es
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
l
ar
g
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ato
m
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
,
an
d
t
h
is
m
a
k
es
s
u
c
h
f
ib
er
s
d
is
t
in
cti
v
e
m
ec
h
an
ica
l p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
h
ar
d
n
es
s
a
n
d
te
n
s
ile
s
tr
e
n
g
th
,
w
it
h
n
o
co
m
p
etito
r
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
a
g
e
as
f
il
ter
s
in
th
e
r
e
f
i
n
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
ase
s
o
r
liq
u
id
s
.
I
n
b
io
m
ed
ici
n
e
o
r
g
a
n
tr
an
s
p
lan
tatio
n
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
ar
th
r
i
tis
a
n
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
o
f
d
r
u
g
s
in
th
e
b
o
d
y
an
d
m
ili
tar
y
u
s
e
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
u
c
in
g
ai
r
r
esis
ta
n
ce
,
esp
ec
iall
y
a
f
ter
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
m
e
th
o
d
s
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
f
ib
er
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fib
er
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles
[
3
]
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Nan
o
s
ca
le
W
ir
es
3
.
7
.
Na
no
w
ires
I
n
Na
n
o
w
ir
es,
t
h
e
w
ir
e
d
ia
m
e
ter
m
a
y
b
e
le
s
s
t
h
an
o
n
e
n
a
n
o
m
eter
.
As
a
r
e
s
u
l
t,
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
ar
e
li
m
ited
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
w
ar
d
b
o
th
s
id
es
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
it
o
cc
u
p
y
ex
ac
t
l
ev
els
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
,
w
h
ich
v
ar
y
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
e
x
te
n
s
i
v
e
lev
els
f
o
u
n
d
in
v
o
l
u
m
e
tr
ic
o
f
th
e
ar
ticle.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
s
u
b
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
q
u
an
titati
v
e
r
estrictio
n
b
u
ilt
o
n
q
u
an
t
u
m
m
ec
h
a
n
ic
s
,
it
w
i
ll
h
a
v
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
w
h
ic
h
ta
k
e
ex
ac
t
v
a
lu
e
s
al
m
o
s
t
eq
u
al
to
co
m
p
lica
tio
n
s
a
m
o
u
n
t
to
1
2
.
9
k
ilo
-
o
h
m
1
,
w
h
ic
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
is
t
i
n
n
at
u
r
e
b
u
t
ca
n
b
e
u
r
b
an
ized
in
t
h
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
e
tall
ic
o
n
es
(
n
ic
k
el,
s
ilv
er
,
p
lat
i
n
u
m
)
,
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
s
e
p
ar
atio
n
(
s
ilicate
s
,
titan
i
u
m
o
x
id
e)
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
o
r
g
an
ic
m
o
lec
u
lar
w
ir
e
s
(
DN
A)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e,
to
tie
ac
c
u
r
ate
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
in
s
id
e
a
s
m
all
cir
cle
o
r
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
b
ilater
al
lin
k
s
,
as
w
el
l
as
esta
b
lis
h
i
n
g
th
e
lo
g
ical
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it
m
a
y
b
e
u
til
ized
f
o
r
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
u
ter
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
elec
tr
o
n
ic
u
s
e
s
ar
e
to
o
m
an
y
,
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
o
lec
u
lar
Nan
o
-
b
io
-
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
[
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
Na
n
o
s
ca
le
w
ir
e
s
s
ca
n
n
i
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e.
3
.
8
.
Na
n
Co
m
po
s
it
es
Nan
co
m
p
o
s
ite
s
is
a
m
ater
ial
ad
d
itio
n
to
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
m
ater
ials
,
a
n
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
ar
ticle
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
i
n
d
icate
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
eir
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
F
o
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
ad
d
in
g
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
to
c
h
a
n
g
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
i
t
y
a
n
d
th
er
m
a
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
m
ate
r
ial.
Oth
er
t
y
p
es
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
w
er
e
ad
d
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
tie
s
an
d
e
lectr
ical
i
n
s
u
latio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
as
w
ell
a
s
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
u
c
h
as
h
ar
d
n
es
s
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
.
T
h
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
tr
ic
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles s
tar
ted
to
b
e
v
er
y
lo
w
(
in
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
5
%
to
5
%)
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
atio
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
to
th
e
s
ize
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles b
e
h
i
g
h
[
6
]
.
R
esear
ch
i
s
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
u
n
d
er
wa
y
f
o
r
a
n
e
w
Na
n
o
-
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
w
i
th
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
an
d
f
ea
t
u
r
es
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
v
e
h
icles.
I
t
is
n
o
w
k
n
o
w
n
th
a
t
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
p
o
ly
m
er
ic
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles.
4.
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
S O
F
NAN
O
T
E
CH
NO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
o
f
Na
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
u
s
in
o
u
r
li
f
e.
I
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
w
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
.
4
.
1
.
M
edica
l A
pp
lica
t
io
ns
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
i
m
ag
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
's
ce
ll
s
with
o
u
t
d
if
f
ic
u
ltie
s
to
tak
e
a
n
o
r
m
al
p
ict
u
r
e,
also
,
is
ab
le
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
ese
ce
lls
in
o
t
h
er
w
a
y
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
5
0
6
–
513
510
S
ev
er
al
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
m
ed
ical
u
s
es
w
h
i
ch
ca
n
b
e
a
s
b
ea
r
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
r
u
g
o
r
to
o
ls
f
o
r
i
m
a
g
in
g
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
b
o
d
y
.
P
r
esen
tl
y
,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
p
ar
ticle
s
lip
o
s
o
m
e
s
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
n
an
o
m
ater
ial
’
s
as
s
y
s
te
m
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
a
n
t
i
-
ca
n
ce
r
v
a
cc
in
es
m
ed
ici
n
es,
as
g
o
ld
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
u
s
ed
i
n
h
o
m
e
te
s
ti
n
g
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
p
r
eg
n
an
c
y
[
1
0
]
.
Nan
o
w
ir
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
v
ital
Na
n
o
s
o
h
ig
h
s
ize
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
to
its
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
co
atin
g
o
f
th
ese
n
an
o
w
ir
e
s
an
tib
o
d
ies
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
y
o
n
l
y
v
ital
m
o
lecu
le
s
s
tic
k
(
DN
A
)
,
o
r
p
r
o
tein
s
,
o
r
o
th
er
b
io
lo
g
ical
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
p
ar
ticles,
an
d
n
o
o
t
h
er
m
o
lec
u
les,
a
n
d
w
h
e
n
li
n
k
ed
th
e
s
e
p
r
o
tein
s
o
r
o
th
er
n
an
o
w
ir
e
s
co
ated
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
w
il
l
c
h
an
g
e,
a
n
d
s
o
it
ca
n
u
s
e
t
h
is
v
ital
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
s
en
s
o
r
to
d
etec
t
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
is
ea
s
e
s
i
n
th
e
ir
e
ar
l
y
s
tag
e
s
,
a
n
d
th
a
t
t
h
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
n
an
o
w
ir
es
i
n
s
id
e
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
is
p
ain
ted
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
an
tib
o
d
ies,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t se
n
s
o
r
s
[
1
1
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
atte
m
p
t
to
u
s
e
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
Sil
ico
n
Na
n
o
-
ca
p
s
u
les
to
s
to
p
th
e
b
o
d
y
's
i
m
m
u
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
f
o
r
eig
n
ce
ll
s
,
w
h
er
e
th
ese
ca
p
s
u
le
s
ar
e
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
a
n
tib
o
d
ies p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
b
o
d
y
's i
m
m
u
n
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
lau
n
c
h
o
f
a
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
i
n
s
u
li
n
b
y
m
o
b
ile
ca
p
s
u
les
n
an
o
p
ar
ticle
s
i
n
t
h
e
b
lo
o
d
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
g
ical
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
n
o
w
a
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
t
is
p
r
ed
ictab
le
in
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
t
o
co
r
r
ec
t
th
e
lo
s
s
ca
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
a
u
d
io
v
is
u
al
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
y
o
r
g
a
n
s
in
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
u
lti
v
atio
n
o
f
m
i
n
u
te
s
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
d
ev
ices
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
.
Fo
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ar
e
n
o
w
w
o
r
k
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
cu
lti
v
atio
n
o
f
Nan
o
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
i
n
t
h
e
r
eti
n
a
o
f
th
e
b
lin
d
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
v
is
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
atien
ts
.
B
io
-
Nan
o
-
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
,
as
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
d
ev
ice
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
ical
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
lo
o
d
g
lu
co
s
e
in
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
tili
ze
s
t
h
is
ab
ili
t
y
to
r
u
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
n
an
o
s
ca
le
d
ev
ices p
la
n
ted
w
it
h
in
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
,
f
o
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
p
ac
e
m
a
k
er
s
d
ev
ice
s
o
r
r
o
b
o
ts
s
u
g
ar
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles i
n
j
ec
tio
n
.
A
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
o
l
y
m
er
Na
n
o
-
f
ib
r
es
to
m
ak
e
p
r
o
s
th
etic
b
lo
o
d
v
ess
els.
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
t
i
m
e
s
,
g
r
o
w
in
g
p
r
o
s
t
h
esi
s
d
ev
ices
m
ad
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
p
r
o
tein
f
ib
er
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
n
er
v
o
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
a
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
o
ly
m
er
Nan
o
-
f
ib
r
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
u
r
n
s
,
w
o
u
n
d
s
,
an
d
i
n
ter
v
e
n
ti
o
n
in
co
s
m
etic
s
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
[
7
]
.
W
h
en
i
n
j
ec
ted
ca
d
m
iu
m
s
e
le
n
id
e
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
(
p
o
in
ts
q
u
an
tit
y
)
w
ith
in
t
h
e
b
o
d
y
,
th
e
y
ac
cu
m
u
late
w
it
h
i
n
ca
n
ce
r
ce
lls
s
elec
t
iv
el
y
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
e
tar
g
et
r
eg
io
n
u
ltra
v
io
let
lig
h
t,
p
ar
ticles
lig
h
t
u
p
,
ass
is
tin
g
i
n
d
ef
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
i
te
o
f
m
al
ig
n
a
n
t
ce
ll
s
an
d
r
e
m
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
m
ca
r
e
f
u
l
l
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
atic
illu
s
tr
atio
n
to
ex
p
lai
n
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles o
r
o
th
er
ca
n
ce
r
d
r
u
g
s
to
tr
ea
t
ca
n
ce
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Use o
f
Nan
o
p
ar
ticle
s
o
r
C
an
ce
r
Dr
u
g
s
to
T
r
ea
t Can
ce
r
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Nan
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
Use
d
to
T
r
ea
t
B
lo
o
d
Scien
ti
s
ts
ar
e
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
to
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
a
n
d
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
to
s
o
l
v
e
a
s
u
b
s
tit
u
te
f
o
r
r
ed
b
lo
o
d
ce
lls
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
Nan
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
an
alter
n
at
iv
e
to
cu
t
h
u
m
an
p
ar
ts
e
f
f
icien
tl
y
an
d
b
e
clo
s
e
to
o
r
ig
in
al,
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
tar
g
et
n
o
w
i
s
to
r
ep
la
ce
s
o
m
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
th
at
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
m
o
b
il
it
y
,
s
u
c
h
as b
o
n
e
an
d
m
u
s
cle
an
d
j
o
in
t
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
Na
n
o
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
u
s
ed
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
m
ad
e
o
f
r
ar
e
ea
r
th
ele
m
en
ts
to
tak
e
a
w
a
y
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
i
n
t
h
e
b
lo
o
d
o
f
p
atien
ts
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
an
e
x
ce
s
s
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
a
te
in
t
h
e
b
lo
o
d
.
Nan
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ti
n
g
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
p
ar
t
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
liv
i
n
g
tis
s
u
e
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
an
d
ce
ll
th
er
ap
y
,
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
th
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
liv
i
n
g
ce
l
ls
o
r
n
at
u
r
al
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
ed
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
li
v
i
n
g
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
to
v
o
lu
m
e
r
atio
.
I
t
th
en
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
u
ch
as
a
f
lu
o
r
esce
n
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticle
d
iam
eter
.
W
h
en
j
o
in
ed
w
it
h
m
ass
in
t
h
e
m
ater
ial,
t
h
e
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
m
ater
ial
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
S
u
r
ve
y
o
n
N
a
n
o
Tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
A
d
el
A
lfo
u
d
ery)
511
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
th
e
h
ar
d
n
e
s
s
o
r
s
o
f
t
n
es
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
it
ca
n
co
n
s
o
lid
ate
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
o
ly
m
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
i
n
th
e
n
e
w
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
s
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
as
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
ts
l
ig
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t
m
etals.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
ca
n
b
e
e
x
p
ec
t
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
s
o
cial
i
n
ter
est
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles.
I
t
w
il
l
allo
w
t
h
o
s
e
m
ater
ial
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
Nan
o
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
w
ei
g
h
t
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
j
o
b
.
T
h
is
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
es
s
en
t
ial
g
r
o
w
in
g
ab
il
it
y
to
ac
cu
r
ate
th
e
m
ater
ial
h
a
n
d
li
n
g
.
T
h
er
eb
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies,
an
d
th
at
w
as
n
o
t
f
o
r
o
th
er
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
i
m
a
g
in
ab
le
-
s
o
it
is
n
o
t
s
u
r
p
r
is
in
g
t
h
at
a
f
e
w
ar
ea
s
o
f
h
u
m
an
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
e
x
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
ar
is
i
n
g
fr
o
m
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
d
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
4
.
2
.
Co
mm
un
ica
t
io
ns
a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
Appl
ica
t
io
ns
No
w
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
s
t
o
b
e
ab
le
to
s
en
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
ca
lls
d
ir
ec
tl
y
w
it
h
n
o
n
ee
d
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
lig
h
t
to
elec
tr
icit
y
,
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
s
p
e
ed
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
1
0
0
ti
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
is
ab
le
to
n
an
o
s
ca
le
laser
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
s
m
all
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
d
ev
ices.
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles
s
u
c
h
as
f
ib
er
o
p
tic
co
n
v
o
y
s
i
n
liq
u
id
cr
y
s
tals
in
o
p
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ar
e
a
ls
o
u
tili
z
ed
.
T
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
i
m
p
ac
t a
r
ea
s
an
d
co
n
v
o
y
s
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
s
[
1
3
]
,
lead
in
g
to
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t o
f
t
h
e
r
eg
u
lar
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
'
m
ak
er
s
at
p
r
esen
t
i
s
to
r
aise
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
v
o
y
s
i
n
t
h
e
ch
ip
s
et.
T
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
w
i
th
a
d
ia
m
eter
2
n
m
h
a
v
e
a
v
er
y
lo
w
r
esi
s
tan
ce
,
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
b
r
in
g
a
lar
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
s
o
i
t c
a
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
,
s
u
c
h
as
in
ter
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
t
h
e
ca
r
av
an
s
u
b
s
t
it
u
te
f
o
r
o
r
d
in
ar
y
co
p
p
er
w
ir
e,
an
d
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
h
i
g
h
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
ip
es
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles,
th
e
y
ca
n
ac
t
a
s
a
t
h
er
m
a
l
b
ath
to
w
a
s
te
h
ea
t
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ch
ip
.
C
o
m
p
u
ter
s
ar
e
ab
le
to
b
e
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
tu
b
e
s
.
4
.
3
.
G
ener
a
l
Ap
pli
ca
t
io
n
o
f
Na
no
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
R
ec
en
t
l
y
,
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
r
e
s
s
es
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
u
s
ed
in
s
ta
lled
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
s
u
c
h
as
s
ili
co
n
p
ar
ticles,
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
e
clo
th
e
s
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
as r
esis
tan
t to
o
d
o
r
an
d
d
y
e
s
.
So
m
e
cr
y
s
tal
lin
e
n
an
o
m
ate
r
ia
ls
g
elati
n
o
u
s
al
s
o
u
s
ed
i
n
s
u
la
tio
n
co
ati
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
r
f
ac
es
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
s
an
d
o
f
f
ice
s
f
o
r
r
elief
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
ea
t
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
n
an
o
m
ater
i
als s
u
c
h
as t
u
n
g
s
te
n
ca
r
b
id
e
an
d
tita
n
iu
m
ca
r
b
id
e
ar
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
ig
h
h
ar
d
n
es
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
n
o
r
m
a
l
m
at
er
ials
,
s
o
t
h
e
y
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
s
o
m
e
c
u
tti
n
g
an
d
d
r
illi
n
g
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
telev
i
s
io
n
s
cr
ee
n
s
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
is
h
ea
v
il
y
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
v
er
y
y
o
u
n
g
ag
e
d
o
ts
,
ca
l
led
p
ix
els.
W
h
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
n
a
n
o
m
ater
ial
s
s
u
ch
a
s
s
elen
id
e
zi
n
c,
zin
c
s
u
l
f
id
e,
an
d
ca
d
m
i
u
m
s
u
l
f
id
e
in
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
d
is
p
la
y
s
cr
ee
n
s
,
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
s
er
en
it
y
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
w
ill
f
r
eq
u
en
tl
y
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
Sa
m
s
u
n
g
Ko
r
ea
n
co
m
p
a
n
y
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ab
le
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
f
lat
-
s
cr
ee
n
d
i
s
p
la
y
u
s
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
n
ic
e
m
is
s
io
n
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es.
An
o
t
h
er
J
ap
an
ese
co
m
p
a
n
y
al
s
o
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
p
ip
e
la
m
p
s
c
y
c
le
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
es a
n
d
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
o
f
t
h
es
e
la
m
p
s
to
b
e
s
h
i
n
ier
,
ef
f
icie
n
t
an
d
liv
e
lo
n
g
er
[
1
2
]
.
So
m
e
cr
y
s
talli
n
e
n
a
n
o
m
ater
ia
ls
s
h
o
w
ab
n
o
r
m
a
l
m
ag
n
etic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
an
d
th
ese
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
s
u
b
m
ar
in
e
s
,
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
s
w
i
t
ch
es,
elec
tr
ical
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
s
h
ip
s
en
g
i
n
e
s
,
an
d
m
a
g
n
etic
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
an
al
y
s
is
d
ev
ices.
Nan
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticle
s
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
e
s
in
d
esalin
a
tio
n
an
d
w
ater
p
u
r
if
ica
tio
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
e
as
y
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
r
in
k
in
g
w
ate
r
in
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
il
v
er
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
i
n
air
f
ilter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
g
et
r
id
o
f
s
m
ell
s
s
p
a
m
an
d
k
ill
g
er
m
s
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
u
c
h
f
il
ter
s
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
lead
s
to
k
illi
n
g
9
9
%
o
f
th
e
f
l
u
v
ir
u
s
e
s
lin
g
er
in
g
in
t
h
e
air
.
Oth
e
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
e
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
air
f
il
ter
s
,
to
g
et
r
id
o
f
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
i
d
e
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
p
o
w
er
p
lan
ts
g
as [
1
1
]
.
Ma
n
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
ar
e
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
u
n
d
er
w
a
y
to
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
to
id
en
tify
tar
g
e
ts
i
n
m
ilit
ar
y
ar
ea
s
[
1
4
]
,
o
r
in
v
eh
i
cles
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
it
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
as
w
ell
as
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
w
i
th
h
ig
h
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
“
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
ilit
ar
y
clo
t
h
s
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
n
a
n
o
m
ater
ial
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
o
f
b
ad
w
ea
t
h
er
an
d
c
h
e
m
ical,
n
u
clea
r
an
d
b
io
lo
g
ic
al
h
az
ar
d
s
th
at
m
a
y
f
ac
e
th
e
s
o
ld
ier
s
in
w
ar
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
ly
m
er
g
r
a
f
ted
t
u
b
es
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
n
o
t
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
i
n
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
et
ic
en
er
g
y
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
a
g
o
o
d
co
n
d
u
c
to
r
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
i
s
u
s
ed
as
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
m
il
itar
il
y
to
p
r
o
tect
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
s
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
b
att
lef
ield
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
th
at
co
m
e
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
m
b
s
an
d
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
e
co
atin
g
in
s
id
e
r
e
f
r
ig
er
ato
r
s
is
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
i
lv
er
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles,
w
h
ich
h
elp
s
to
k
ill
g
er
m
s
v
er
y
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
th
u
s
lead
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
f
o
o
d
f
r
esh
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
ti
m
e,
a
s
well
as
w
a
s
h
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e
s
t
h
at
u
s
e
co
ated
p
ar
ticles
in
o
r
d
er
to
h
elp
in
f
u
ll
y
la
u
n
d
r
y
.
I
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
v
e
h
icles
u
s
e
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles p
last
ic
i
n
th
e
a
u
to
m
o
t
iv
e
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
,
i
n
s
o
m
e
p
ar
ts
o
f
t
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
to
s
h
o
ck
s
in
t
h
e
ca
r
an
d
its
s
tr
o
n
g
a
n
d
lig
h
t r
esis
tan
t to
r
u
s
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
2
0
1
8
:
5
0
6
–
513
512
Sin
ce
t
h
e
w
ir
e
an
d
n
an
o
t
u
b
es
ch
an
g
e
o
f
elec
tr
ical
r
esis
ta
n
ce
w
h
e
n
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
g
ases
an
d
alk
ali
n
e
h
alo
g
e
n
s
,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ch
e
m
ical
s
en
s
o
r
s
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
s
u
c
h
as
d
etec
ti
n
g
leak
s
o
f
g
a
s
es,
m
ed
ical
s
u
r
v
eilla
n
ce
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
h
az
ar
d
s
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
co
m
p
a
n
ie
s
ar
e
s
ee
k
i
n
g
to
u
s
e
Nan
o
-
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
w
i
th
a
s
m
all
s
ize
an
d
h
ig
h
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
i
n
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
b
atter
y
ca
r
b
o
n
tu
b
es
[
1
5
]
,
w
h
er
e
it
lit
h
iu
m
is
u
s
ed
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
p
ip
e
s
to
r
ag
e
.
I
t
is
also
u
s
ed
i
n
f
u
el
ce
lls
f
o
r
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
s
to
r
a
g
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
s
e
m
i
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
t
u
b
e
h
as p
r
o
v
ed
its
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
,
s
u
c
h
as a
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
d
et
ec
to
r
f
o
r
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
g
ases
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
o
th
er
ar
ea
s
o
f
Nan
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
i
n
clu
d
i
n
g
o
r
g
an
ic
lig
h
t
-
e
m
itt
in
g
d
io
d
es
[
1
6
]
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
d
is
p
la
y
s
,
f
i
l
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
,
w
h
ich
co
n
v
er
t
li
g
h
t
i
n
to
e
lectr
icit
y
,
w
in
d
o
w
s
co
ated
s
c
r
atch
-
r
es
is
ta
n
t
a
n
d
clea
n
s
i
ts
el
f
b
y
UV,
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
s
m
ar
t
clo
t
h
es
r
e
g
u
late
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
an
d
r
esp
ir
atio
n
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
,
ti
n
ted
g
la
s
s
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
w
h
er
e
h
ea
t
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
li
g
h
t tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
n
tr
o
l.
I
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
il
l
o
cc
u
p
y
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
lac
e
in
th
e
I
T
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
,
in
th
e
co
m
in
g
y
ea
r
s
a
n
d
af
f
ec
t
li
f
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
er
n
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
d
o
an
i
n
ter
es
t
i
n
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
f
ield
,
w
h
er
e
it
w
il
l
d
ev
elo
p
b
u
s
i
n
es
s
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
m
ed
ici
n
e,
wea
p
o
n
s
an
d
a
lo
t
o
f
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
th
i
n
g
s
i
n
th
e
l
if
e
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
b
ein
g
s
.
5.
P
O
T
E
N
T
I
A
L
DAN
G
E
RS O
F
NANO
T
E
CH
NO
L
O
G
Y
Desp
ite
t
h
e
b
r
o
ad
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
n
a
n
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
il
it
y
o
f
s
id
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
li
f
e
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
k
i
n
,
l
u
n
g
s
an
d
i
n
te
s
ti
n
al
o
r
g
an
s
w
it
h
o
u
t
k
n
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
h
u
m
an
h
ea
lt
h
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
in
h
alatio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
m
ater
ial
’
s
(
s
u
ch
as
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles,
b
all
s
n
a
n
o
p
ar
tic
les,
ca
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
p
ar
ticles,
p
ip
es
.
.
.
)
lead
to
th
e
en
tr
y
o
f
t
h
ese
m
ater
ial
s
i
n
to
th
e
b
o
d
y
,
an
d
th
e
n
it r
ea
ch
e
s
to
th
e
b
r
ain
[
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
r
clea
r
la
w
s
w
h
ic
h
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
d
am
ag
e
a
n
d
d
an
g
er
s
r
e
s
u
l
tin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
an
o
m
ater
ials
w
i
th
a
h
i
g
h
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
ar
ticles.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
clai
m
ed
t
h
at
Nan
o
p
ar
ticles
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
d
ea
th
o
r
r
o
d
en
t
d
am
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
r
ain
in
a
f
is
h
,
w
h
er
e
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
i
n
d
icate
d
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
w
h
e
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
n
an
o
p
ar
ti
cles
in
t
h
e
air
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
lea
d
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
is
ea
s
e
an
d
d
ea
th
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
it
is
ex
tr
e
m
el
y
r
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
ed
f
o
r
w
o
r
k
er
s
i
n
n
an
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
tak
e
all
k
in
d
s
o
f
ex
tr
e
m
e
ca
u
tio
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
av
o
id
in
h
alatio
n
o
f
n
an
o
m
ater
ials
o
f
all
t
y
p
es,
o
r
w
h
en
co
n
tact
w
it
h
h
u
m
an
s
k
in
[
3
]
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
W
h
ile
it
s
ee
m
s
th
e
d
ef
i
n
it
io
n
o
f
Na
n
s
cie
n
ce
i
s
ea
s
y
,
th
e
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
o
f
n
a
n
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt,
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
y
p
er
lin
k
ed
an
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
lied
f
ield
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
h
as
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
b
ased
o
n
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
d
etai
ls
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
h
as
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
th
e
u
s
e
s
o
f
th
e
s
e
t
y
p
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
a
n
d
p
r
esen
ted
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
id
e
ef
f
ec
ts
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ca
u
s
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
n
an
o
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R.
I.
Ba
h
a
r,
D.
Ha
m
m
e
rstro
m
,
J.
Ha
rlo
w
,
W
.
H.
Jo
y
n
e
r,
Jr.,
C.
La
u
,
D.
M
a
rc
u
les
c
u
,
A
.
Ora
il
o
g
lu
,
a
n
d
M
.
P
e
d
ra
m
,
"
Arc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
f
o
r S
il
ico
n
N
a
n
o
e
l
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Bey
o
n
d
,
"
Co
m
p
u
ter
,
Vo
l.
4
0
,
No
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
-
3
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
[
2
]
W
.
S
e
i
f
e
rt,
M
.
Bo
rg
stro
m
,
K.
D
e
p
p
e
rt,
K.
A
.
Dic
k
,
J.
Jo
h
a
n
ss
o
n
,
M
.
W
.
L
a
rss
o
n
,
T
.
M
a
rten
ss
o
n
,
N
.
S
k
o
ld
,
C.
P
.
T
.
S
v
e
n
ss
o
n
,
B.
A
.
W
a
c
a
se
r
,
L
.
R.
W
a
ll
e
n
b
e
rg
,
a
n
d
L
.
S
a
m
u
e
lso
n
,
J.
Cry
st.
G
ro
w
th
2
7
2
,
2
0
0
4
,
2
1
1
.
[
3
]
S
a
u
d
A
larif
i,
Da
o
u
d
A
li
,
S
a
a
d
A
l
k
a
h
tan
i,
A
n
k
it
V
e
rm
a
,
M
a
q
u
s
o
o
d
A
h
a
m
e
d
,
M
u
k
h
tar
A
h
m
e
d
a
n
d
Hish
a
m
A
A
lh
a
d
laq
,
.
"
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
o
x
id
a
ti
v
e
stre
ss
,
D
N
A
d
a
m
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
a
p
o
p
to
sis
in
a
m
a
li
g
n
a
n
t
h
u
m
a
n
sk
in
m
e
lan
o
m
a
c
e
ll
li
n
e
a
f
ter
e
x
p
o
su
re
to
z
in
c
o
x
id
e
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Na
n
o
me
d
ici
n
e
(
Do
v
e
p
re
ss
J
o
u
rn
a
l)
,
V
o
l
u
m
e
2
0
1
3
:8
P
a
g
e
s 9
8
3
–
9
9
3
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
3
.
”
[
4
]
M
o
sta
f
a
G
h
a
se
m
i,
M
a
n
a
l
Ism
a
il
,
S
it
i
Ka
rto
m
Ka
m
a
ru
d
in
,
Ka
sra
S
a
e
e
d
f
a
r,
W
a
n
Ra
m
li
W
a
n
Da
u
d
,
S
e
d
k
y
H.
A
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
L
e
e
Yo
o
k
He
n
g
,
Ja
v
e
d
A
la
m
a
n
d
S
a
n
g
-
Eu
n
Oh
,
"
Ca
rb
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
a
s
a
n
a
lt
e
rn
a
ti
v
e
c
a
th
o
d
e
su
p
p
o
rt
a
n
d
c
a
tal
y
st
f
o
r
m
i
c
ro
b
ial
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
s"
,
El
se
v
ier
,
Ap
p
li
e
d
En
e
rg
y
,
Vo
l
u
m
e
1
0
2
,
,
P
a
g
e
s 1
0
5
0
–
1
0
5
6
F
e
b
ru
a
r
y
2
0
1
3
”
[
5
]
“
Na
n
o
S
i
(
2
0
1
5
)
Dr.
M
u
n
ir
Na
y
fe
h
,
P
re
si
d
e
n
t/
C
h
ief
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Off
ice
r,
Av
a
il
a
b
le
a
t
Na
n
o
S
i:
:
Ho
m
e
.
2
0
1
5
.
Na
n
o
S
i:
:
Ho
m
e
1
9
th
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
.
”
[
6
]
Rit
u
Ra
n
i,
,
G
a
g
a
n
Ku
m
a
r,
Kh
a
li
d
M
u
jas
a
m
Ba
to
o
a
n
d
M
.
S
in
g
h
"
El
e
c
tri
c
a
n
d
Die
lec
tri
c
S
tu
d
y
o
f
Zi
n
c
S
u
b
stit
u
ted
Co
b
a
lt
Na
n
o
f
e
rrit
e
s
P
re
p
a
re
d
b
y
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
Co
m
b
u
stio
n
M
e
th
o
d
,
"
Ame
ric
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Na
n
o
m
a
ter
ia
ls
,
1,
p
p
9
-
1
2
,
2
0
1
3
.
”
[
7
]
S
h
a
m
s
T
a
b
re
z
Kh
a
n
,
M
a
q
u
s
o
o
d
A
h
a
m
e
d
,
A
b
d
u
laz
iz
A
l
-
Kh
e
d
h
a
iry
a
n
d
Ja
v
e
d
M
u
sa
rra
t,
"
Bio
c
id
a
l
e
ff
e
c
t
o
f
c
o
p
p
e
r
a
n
d
z
in
c
o
x
id
e
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
o
n
h
u
m
a
n
o
ra
l
m
icro
b
io
m
e
a
n
d
b
i
o
f
il
m
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
,
"
M
a
ter
ia
ls
L
e
tt
e
rs
(
El
se
v
ier
),
V
o
l
u
m
e
9
7
,
1
5
P
a
g
e
s 6
7
–
7
0
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4752
S
u
r
ve
y
o
n
N
a
n
o
Tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
A
d
el
A
lfo
u
d
ery)
513
[
8
]
A
.
De
Ho
n
a
n
d
M
.
J.
W
il
so
n
,
"
Na
n
o
w
ire
-
b
a
se
d
su
b
l
it
h
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
p
r
o
g
ra
mm
a
b
le
lo
g
ic
a
rr
a
y
s,"
T
h
e
2
0
0
4
A
CM
/S
I
G
D
A
1
2
th
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
s
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
F
iel
d
p
r
o
g
ra
m
m
a
b
le g
a
te arra
y
s,
2
0
0
4
.
”
[
9
]
M
a
q
u
so
o
d
A
h
a
m
e
d
,
Hish
a
m
A
.
A
lh
a
d
laq
,
Ja
v
e
d
A
l
a
m
,
M
.
A
.
M
a
jee
d
Kh
a
n
,
Da
o
u
d
A
li
a
n
d
S
a
u
d
A
lara
f
i
"
Iro
n
Ox
id
e
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
le
-
in
d
u
c
e
d
Ox
i
d
a
ti
v
e
S
tres
s
a
n
d
G
e
n
o
to
x
icity
in
Hu
m
a
n
S
k
in
Ep
it
h
e
li
a
l
a
n
d
L
u
n
g
Ep
it
h
e
li
a
l
Ce
ll
L
in
e
s,"
Cu
rr
e
n
t
Ph
a
rm
a
c
e
u
t
ica
l
De
sig
n
,
V
o
l
u
m
e
1
9
,
IS
S
UE
3
7
,
P
a
g
e
s 6
6
8
1
-
6
6
9
0
[
1
0
]
M
a
q
u
so
o
d
A
h
a
m
e
d
,
Hish
a
m
A
.
A
lh
a
d
laq
,
M
.
A
.
M
a
jee
d
Kh
a
n
,
M
o
h
d
.
"
S
e
lec
ti
v
e
k
il
li
n
g
o
f
c
a
n
c
e
r
c
e
ll
s
b
y
iro
n
o
x
id
e
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
m
e
d
iate
d
th
ro
u
g
h
re
a
c
ti
v
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
sp
e
c
ies
v
ia
p
5
3
p
a
th
w
a
y
"
,
J
a
v
e
d
Ak
h
tar,
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Na
n
o
p
a
rt
icle
Res
e
a
rc
h
(
S
p
rin
g
e
r),
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
2
[
1
1
]
Jia
n
p
in
g
Ya
n
g
,
De
n
g
k
e
S
h
e
n
,
L
e
i
Zh
o
u
,
W
e
i
L
i,
X
ia
o
m
in
L
i,
Ch
i
Ya
o
,
Ru
i
W
a
n
g
,
A
h
m
e
d
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
El
-
T
o
n
i
,
F
a
n
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
Do
n
g
y
u
a
n
Zh
a
o
,
S
p
a
ti
a
ll
y
Co
n
f
in
e
d
F
a
b
rica
ti
o
n
o
f
Co
r
e
–
S
h
e
ll
G
o
ld
S
i
li
c
a
f
o
r
Ne
a
r
-
In
f
r
a
re
d
Co
n
tro
ll
e
d
P
h
o
t
o
t
h
e
rm
a
l
Dru
g
Re
l
e
a
se
"
,
Am
e
ric
a
n
Ch
e
mic
a
l
S
o
c
iety
,
Ch
e
mistry
o
f
M
a
ter
ia
ls
,
2
5
(1
5
),
p
p
:
3
0
3
0
–
3
0
3
7
1
6
Ju
ly
2
0
1
3
[
1
2
]
Kh
a
led
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
a
n
d
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
Zo
u
r
o
b
,
"
Fe
3
O
4
/A
u
n
a
n
o
p
a
rti
c
les
/l
ig
n
in
m
o
d
if
ied
m
icro
sp
h
e
re
s
a
s
e
ff
e
c
tu
a
l
su
rf
a
c
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
Ra
m
a
n
sc
a
tt
e
rin
g
(S
ERS
)
s
u
b
stra
tes
f
o
r
h
ig
h
ly
se
le
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
se
n
siti
v
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
2
,
4
,
6
-
tri
n
it
r
o
to
lu
e
n
e
(T
NT
)"
,
An
a
lys
t
,
2
0
1
3
,
1
3
8
,
2
7
1
2
-
2
7
1
9
,
Im
p
a
c
t
F
a
c
to
r:
3
.
9
6
9
[
1
3
]
S
u
n
g
h
o
Kim
,
Bo
n
g
sik
Ch
o
i,
M
e
e
h
y
u
n
L
i
m
,
Jin
su
Yo
o
n
,
Ju
h
e
e
Le
e
,
He
e
-
Do
n
g
Ki
m
,
a
n
d
S
u
n
g
-
ju
n
Ch
o
i,
"
Pa
tt
e
r
n
Rec
o
g
n
it
io
n
Us
in
g
Ca
r
b
o
n
Na
n
o
tu
b
e
S
y
n
a
p
t
ic
T
ra
n
sisto
rs
wit
h
a
n
Ad
j
u
sta
b
le
W
e
ig
h
t
U
p
d
a
te
Pro
to
c
o
l
,"
A
CS
P
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
4
]
M
a
h
e
sh
S
,
Ka
rth
ick
Ra
ja
A
,
E
z
h
il
Ku
m
a
r
M
a
n
d
Ha
rish
V
,
A
Re
v
i
e
w o
n
Ex
p
lo
siv
e
De
te
c
ti
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
s f
o
r
S
e
c
u
rit
y
En
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ho
m
e
se
c
u
rit
y
s
y
ste
m
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
T
ra
n
sf
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Res
tru
c
tu
rin
g
,
V
o
l
.
1
,
Iss
u
e
1
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
6
,
p
3
5
-
41.
[
1
5
]
G
u
o
x
in
g
L
i,
Jin
h
u
a
S
u
n
,
W
e
n
p
e
n
g
Ho
u
,
S
h
id
o
n
g
Jia
n
g
,
Yo
n
g
Hu
a
n
g
a
n
d
Jia
n
x
in
G
e
n
g
,
"
T
h
r
e
e
-
Di
m
e
n
sio
n
a
l
P
o
ro
u
s
Ca
rb
o
n
Co
m
p
o
sites
Co
n
t
a
in
in
g
Hig
h
S
u
lf
u
r
Na
n
o
p
a
rti
c
le
Co
n
ten
t
f
o
r
Hig
h
-
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
L
it
h
iu
m
-
S
u
lf
u
r
Ba
tt
e
ries
,"
Na
tu
re
Co
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
6
,
DO
I:
1
0
:1
0
3
8
/n
c
o
m
m
s 1
0
6
0
1
.
[
1
6
]
L
iu
q
i
Z
h
a
n
g
,
X
ia
o
lei
Ya
n
g
,
Qi
Jia
n
g
,
P
e
n
g
y
a
n
g
Wan
g
,
Zh
ig
a
n
g
Yin
,
Xin
g
w
a
n
g
Zh
a
n
g
,
Ha
iren
T
a
n
,
Yo
n
g
(M
ich
a
e
l)
Ya
n
g
,
M
in
g
y
a
n
g
Wei,
Bra
n
d
o
n
R.
S
u
th
e
rlan
d
,
Ed
w
a
rd
H.
S
a
rg
e
n
t
a
n
d
Jin
g
b
i
Yo
u
,
"
U
n
tra
-
Brig
h
t
a
n
d
Hig
h
ly
E
ff
icie
n
t
In
o
rg
a
n
ic
Ba
s
e
d
P
e
ro
v
sk
it
e
L
ig
h
t
-
Em
it
ti
n
g
Dio
d
e
s"
,
N
a
t
u
re
Co
mm
u
n
ica
t
io
n
,
2
0
1
7
,
DO
I:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
n
c
o
m
m
s1
5
6
4
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.