Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
3
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
1
203
~
12
1
0
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
2
.i
3
.pp
1
2
03
-
12
1
0
1203
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Perform
ance of
Bidi
rectional
Convert
er
B
ased O
n Grid
Appl
ication
D.
Vidh
yalaks
hmi
,
K.
Bal
aj
i
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Ele
ct
roni
cs
Engi
n
eer
ing
St.
Pet
ers
Insti
tu
te
of
Higher
Edu
ca
t
ion
and
Rese
a
rch
,
Av
adi
,
Che
nnai
600054
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
ul
23
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
S
ep
2
,
201
8
Accepte
d
S
e
p
19
, 201
8
A
tra
nsform
er
le
ss
bidi
r
ection
al
inve
r
te
r
fed
grid
-
conne
c
te
d
s
y
st
em
ha
s
implemente
d
an
d
func
ti
on
as
bot
h
forward
and
re
ver
se
power
f
lo
w
b
y
b
at
t
e
r
y
and
photovoltaic
s
y
stem.
In
d
c
d
istri
bute
d
s
y
st
e
m
has
uti
li
z
ed
t
he
ren
ew
abl
e
ene
rg
y
su
ch
as
P
V, w
ind,
b
at
t
er
y
and fu
el
s
y
st
em.
In conv
ent
ion
al
m
et
hod
th
e
dc
bus
r
egul
a
ti
o
n
b
y
using
th
e
o
ne
li
ne
c
y
c
le
r
eg
ula
ti
on
m
et
hod
a
nd
one
-
six
th
li
ne
c
y
c
l
e
reg
ul
a
ti
on.
In
propose
d
m
et
hod
ut
il
i
ze
both
conve
rt
er
and
inve
rt
er
oper
ates
bidi
r
ec
t
iona
l
d
irecti
on
a
nd
uti
l
iz
e
both
so
la
r
and
PV
source
.
The
sol
ar
ene
rg
y
had
le
ss
cost,
pol
lut
ion
le
ss
ene
rg
y
ge
ner
ation
and
fe
d
int
o
t
h
e
bidi
re
ct
ion
al
con
ver
te
r
.
Th
e
PI
-
base
d
cont
ro
l
m
ethod
is
used
to
o
per
ate
both
forward
and
r
evers
e
direct
ion
.
Th
e
m
odel
pre
d
ic
t
i
ve
cont
ro
l
m
et
ho
d
is
used
in
the
bid
irecti
on
al
inve
rt
er
for
co
ntrol
th
e
cur
r
en
t
and
vol
ta
g
e
o
f
the
gr
id
-
conne
c
te
d
s
y
st
e
m
.
The
power
f
l
ow
cont
ro
l
in
th
e
d
istri
but
ion
s
ystem
b
y
the
consta
nt
power
loa
ds
such
as
d
c
/dc
conv
ert
er
b
e
ca
use
condu
ct
t
he
n
egativ
e
d
y
nami
c
im
pedance
.
Th
e
thr
ee
-
p
hase
bid
ire
c
ti
on
al
inv
erter
is
d
e
signed
an
d
implemente
d
in M
ATLAB/Simu
li
nk
envi
ronm
en
t.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ba
tt
ery
Bi
directi
on
al
C
onve
rter
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
Pr
op
or
ti
onal
Int
egr
al
Co
ntr
oller
Mod
el
Pr
e
dicti
ve
c
on
t
ro
l
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
D.
Vidhya
la
kshm
i
,
Re
search
Sc
hola
r,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
Elec
tric
al
an
d El
ect
ronics
En
gin
eer
i
ng
,
St. Peters
Insti
tute o
f Hig
her
Ed
ucati
on and
Re
search
,
Chen
nai
-
6000
5,
I
nd
ia
.
Em
a
il
:
vid
hya
phd
05@
gm
ai
l.c
om
,
kbal
aji26@gm
ai
l.
com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
recent
days
the
util
iz
at
ion
of
power
el
ect
ronic
co
nv
e
rter
is
inc
reasing,
an
d
the
bi
directi
onal
conve
rter
has
m
or
e
at
tract
ive.
T
he
bi
direct
ion
al
i
nverter
us
e
d
i
n
m
ediu
m
and
high
po
wer
a
pp
li
cat
io
n.
T
he
galva
nic
isolat
ion
base
d
t
ran
s
f
or
m
er
has
m
ore
at
tract
ive
an
d
util
iz
es
the
pul
se
widt
h
m
od
ul
at
ion
f
or
re
gu
l
at
ing
the
dc
li
nk
c
urren
t.
T
he
phas
e
s
hift
a
ng
le
in
bet
ween
pr
im
ary
a
nd
sec
onda
ry
c
on
tr
ol
is
us
e
d
t
o
m
ai
ntain
th
e
powe
r of
t
he bidirect
io
nal in
ve
rter
[1
-
2].
1.1
.
B
ackgro
und
The
th
ree
-
phas
e
bid
irect
io
nal
inv
e
rter
is
a
dir
ect
connecti
on
betwee
n
the
ac
-
ac
co
nverters
and
rem
ov
es
the
util
iz
at
ion
of
dc
li
nk
ca
pa
ci
tor
an
d
e
nh
ances
the
c
urr
ent
capa
bili
ty
at
dc
side.
The
inv
e
rter
has
t
he
hi
gh
nu
m
ber
of
s
witc
hes
an
d
use
s
transfo
rm
er,
a
nd
t
he
outp
ut
is
fed
int
o
the
ac
-
ac
co
nvert
er
at
low
-
f
requen
cy
inducta
nce
f
or
regulat
in
g
the
powe
r
flo
w
[
3
-
4].
T
he
tra
nsfo
rm
er
le
ss
phot
ovoltai
c
ha
s
high
-
f
reque
nc
y
le
g
m
et
ho
d
functi
on
has
both
c
onti
nuous
a
nd
di
scon
ti
nu
ou
s
c
urren
t
m
od
e
a
nd
ha
ving
m
or
e
reli
a
bili
ty
.
The
hi
gh
switc
hing
fr
e
quency
has
to d
ecrease th
e ri
pple
in
i
nduct
or
and u
ti
li
zat
ion
of p
assi
ve de
vice is l
ess [5]
.
1.
2
.
Pr
ob
le
m
The
sin
gle
sta
ge
po
wer
c
onve
rsion
f
or
batte
ry
stora
ge
app
li
cat
ion
and
desig
ne
d
by
m
ult
iple
bid
irect
io
nal
c
onve
rters
co
nn
e
ct
ed
in
casca
de.
T
he
powe
r
fl
ow
of
the
ba
tt
ery
is
re
gula
te
d
without
us
i
ng
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
203
–
12
1
0
1204
current
sens
or
[6
]
.
The
dc
bu
s
volt
age
c
ontr
ol
in
t
hr
ee
-
ph
a
se
in
ver
te
r
fe
d
distrib
utio
n
s
yst
e
m
util
iz
e
t
he
one
cy
cl
e
regulat
ion
an
d
one
-
sixth
li
ne
cy
cl
e
re
gu
la
ti
on
m
et
hod.
The
bo
os
t
co
nverter
is
us
e
d,
a
nd
it
i
s
un
i
directi
onal
,
and
the
i
nv
e
rte
r
is
bid
irect
io
na
l
and
fe
d
i
nto
t
he
gr
i
d
syst
em
[7
-
8].
The
dc
bus
has
us
e
d
in
va
rio
us
app
li
cat
io
n
s
uc
h
as
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
,
ai
r
co
ndit
ion
er
et
c.
T
he
input
photov
oltai
c
an
d
gr
i
d
-
ba
sed
c
onve
rte
r
s
yst
e
m
is
util
iz
ed
f
or
i
m
pr
ov
in
g
t
he
volt
age
regulat
ion
[
9].
T
he
tra
ns
f
or
m
er
-
base
d
bid
irect
io
nal
conve
rter
is
co
nn
ect
e
d
in
si
ng
le
phase
inv
e
rter
fe
d
gri
d
syst
e
m
.
The
s
ing
le
sta
ge
bid
i
recti
on
al
co
nve
rter
with
lo
w
in
pu
t
volt
age
util
iz
es
the
batte
ry,
a
nd
s
i
ng
le
c
on
tr
ol
m
e
tho
d
is
use
d
t
o
i
ncr
ease
the
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
[10
-
12]
.
T
he
bi
directi
on
al
co
nv
e
rte
r
has
to
util
iz
e
f
or
sa
ving
the
po
wer
t
o
batte
ry
and
can
util
iz
ed
f
or
back
up
s
ource.
The
bac
kup
c
onve
rter
us
e
d
as
a b
idi
recti
on
al
conve
rter
for
st
or
i
ng the elect
r
ic
it
y fr
om
the fuel cel
l [
13
-
14]
.
1.3
.
O
bj
ec
tiv
e
a)
In
pro
posed
bi
directi
onal
in
ve
rter
has
tra
nsf
er
the
powe
r
from
so
la
r
to
gr
i
d
a
nd
al
s
o
tra
nsfers
the
powe
r
from
gr
id
to
ba
tt
ery.
T
he
PV
i
s
no
t
prese
nt
t
he
batte
ry
is
us
e
d
has
a
s
ource
and
powe
r
fe
d
into
gri
d
syst
e
m
.
b)
The
m
od
el
pre
dicti
ve c
on
t
ro
l
te
chn
iq
ue
ha
s
us
e
d i
n t
he i
nverter
a
nd
PI
c
ontr
oller
has
us
e
d i
n
bid
i
recti
onal
conve
rter
for r
egu
la
ti
ng t
he d
c volt
age a
nd a
lso im
pr
ov
e
th
e volt
age
gain
.
2.
PROP
OSE
D MET
HO
D
A
bi
directi
onal
dc
-
dc
i
nv
e
rter
fed
gri
d
c
onne
ct
ed
syst
em
i
s
us
e
d
f
or
po
w
er
tra
ns
fe
r
in
both
for
ward
and re
ve
rse dir
ect
ion
i
ns
te
ad
of tw
o u
nid
irec
ti
on
al
c
onve
rters a
nd als
o
to
re
gu
la
te
t
he p
ower
f
l
ow. T
he batt
ery
is
us
e
d
for
stori
ng
the
re
ver
se
powe
r
from
the
gri
d
an
d
util
iz
es
i
n
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
a
ppli
cat
ion
as
w
el
l
as
act
as
the
sou
rce
w
he
n
P
V
is
not
pr
e
sent.
T
he
pro
pose
d
m
et
ho
d
ha
s
to
re
duce
th
e
curre
nt
rip
pl
e
in
batte
ry
si
de
.
The
PV
fed
gri
d
-
c
onnecte
d
in
ver
t
er
has
to
decr
e
ase
the
total
ha
rm
on
ic
distor
ti
on
a
cr
os
s
the
load
cu
rr
e
nt
an
d
al
s
o
i
m
pr
ove the
po
wer
facto
r
c
orr
ect
ion
. T
he PI
con
t
ro
l i
s
us
e
d i
n
the
bid
irect
i
on
al
c
onve
rter
for
re
gula
ti
ng
t
he dc
li
nk
volt
age.
T
he
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
a
nd
batte
ry
ba
sed
po
wer
ge
ner
at
io
n
is
fe
d
into
bi
directi
on
al
co
nverter
c
onnecte
d
in a
gr
i
d
syst
e
m
.
2.1
.
Im
plem
e
nt
ati
on Pre
-
pr
ocessin
g
S
teps
2.1.1
P
hotov
olta
ic
Sy
s
tem
The
phot
ovolta
ic
syst
e
m
has
an
im
po
rta
nt
i
n
distrib
uted
powe
r
ge
ner
at
io
n.
P
V
syst
em
consi
sts
of
a
nu
m
ber
of
s
olar
cel
ls
these
are
co
nn
ect
e
d
in
series
f
or
ge
ner
at
in
g
el
ect
ri
cal
power
with
high
pote
ntial
.
Th
e
photons
of
li
ght
fall
on
the
s
e
m
ic
on
duct
or
m
at
eri
al
and
th
e
P
N
jun
ct
io
n
abs
orbs
t
he
ra
diati
on
an
d
f
orm
s
the
el
ect
ro
n
-
hole
pa
ir
cau
ses
t
he
e
le
ct
ro
ns
fl
ow
i
n
th
e
m
at
erial
.
The
pro
posed
s
olar
powe
r
ge
ne
rati
on
ha
s
nonl
inear
powe
r
ca
n
c
ha
ng
e
with
the
e
nvir
on
m
ental
co
nd
it
io
n,
le
ss
m
ai
ntenance
a
nd
cost
-
e
ff
ect
i
ve
.
The
volt
age
produce
d
from
the
PV
cel
l
dep
en
ds
on
the
sem
ic
on
duct
or
use
d
a
nd
a
lso
va
ryi
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e,
ins
olati
on
et
c.
[15
]
.
Thus
the li
gh
t
ene
rgy
is co
nv
e
rted
t
o
el
ect
rical
en
e
rg
y.
Th
e
tw
o d
iod
e
PV m
od
ul
e is sho
wn in F
igure
1
.
Figure
1
.
P
ho
t
ovoltai
c
cel
l
Ba
sed on t
w
o dio
de
m
od
el
s,
t
he non
-
ideal
P
V
a
rr
ay
ou
t
pu
t
current ca
n be
expresse
d
as
,
s
h
u
n
t
I
D
io
d
e
I
D
io
d
e
I
P
h
o
to
I
o
u
tp
u
t
I
2
1
(
1)
By
u
sin
g
ph
ysi
cs c
har
act
erist
i
c of
p
-
n j
un
ct
io
ns
,
a
P
V
a
rr
ay
cou
l
d be
desig
ned
by a
DC s
ource
in
p
a
rall
el
w
it
h
two
diod
es
a
nd
the
c
urren
t
is acqu
i
rin
g
a
wa
y
from
du
e
to
t
he
rea
son o
f
di
ffusio
n
a
nd
rec
om
bin
at
ion
o
f
charge
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
of
Bidirect
ional
Con
vert
er
Bas
ed On Gri
d
A
ppli
cation
(
D.
V
idh
y
ala
ks
hmi
)
1205
m
echan
ism
s.
The
a
bove
outp
ut
c
urren
t
e
qua
ti
on
is
co
ns
ist
s
of
th
e
li
ght
ge
ner
at
e
d
photo
current,
s
hunt
current
and d
i
od
e
acti
on
resp
ect
ively
[16
-
18]
. T
his a
ll
co
rr
e
spo
nd
i
ng e
qu
at
io
n
is
g
i
ven b
el
ow,
G
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
T
C
e
ll
T
I
K
S
h
r
tC
r
t
I
P
h
o
to
I
(
2)
P
N
S
N
P
R
P
N
S
N
S
IR
V
T
V
S
N
P
N
S
N
S
IR
V
I
P
N
T
V
S
N
P
N
S
N
S
IR
V
I
P
N
P
h
o
t
o
I
P
N
o
u
t
p
u
t
I
1
2
e
x
p
02
1
1
e
x
p
01
(
3)
2.1.2
Bi
dire
ct
iona
l
C
onvert
er
The pr
opos
e
d bidirecti
onal
c
onve
rter
has
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
the a
m
ou
nt
of
swit
chin
g
de
vice a
nd
re
du
ce t
he
THD.
I
n
orde
r
to
im
pr
ove
t
he
po
wer
f
act
or
by
tw
o
-
switc
h,
the
sin
gle
in
duct
or
base
d
bu
ck
-
boos
t
co
nve
rter
is
us
e
d.
T
he
bid
ir
ect
ion
al
DC
-
A
C
inv
e
rter
m
ain
ly
us
e
d
to
po
wer
bala
nce
th
e
ci
rcu
it
.
In
bi
directi
onal
co
nverte
r
s
are
us
e
d
i
n
m
any
ap
plica
ti
on
s
s
uch
as
hy
br
i
d
el
ect
ric
ve
hicle
s,
distri
buti
on
syst
em
s,
el
ect
ric
ai
rcr
a
fts
an
d
un
i
nterru
ptable
power
s
uppli
es.
The
bid
ire
ct
ion
al
co
nv
e
r
te
r
has
tw
o
s
witc
hes.
On
e
switc
h
is
us
e
d
f
or
forw
a
r
ding
dir
ect
ion
a
nd
oth
e
r
f
or
re
ver
se
dir
ect
ion
power
fl
ow.
T
he
bi
dire
ct
ion
al
co
nvert
er
has
us
e
d
to
tr
ansf
e
r
the
power
fro
m
so
ur
ce
to
gr
id
a
nd
al
so
gr
i
d
t
o
t
he
s
ource
by
us
i
ng
the
s
witc
h
i
n
se
ries
with
the
batte
ry,
a
nd
ano
t
her
switc
h
is
co
nnect
ed
i
n
se
ries
betwe
en
the
photov
oltai
c
an
d
bid
i
recti
on
al
c
onve
rter.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
ci
rcu
it
d
ia
gr
am
is sho
wn in
Figure
2
.
Figure
2
.
Pro
pose
d
Ci
rc
uit di
agr
am
o
f bidi
r
ect
ion
al
c
onvert
er f
e
d gr
i
d
c
onnected
syst
em
In
the
bid
i
recti
on
al
c
onve
rter
,
the
P
V
in
pu
t
i
s
fe
d
to
the
gri
d
-
c
onnecte
d
sy
stem
the
switc
h
ac
ro
s
s
the
batte
ry
is
off.
Wh
e
n
the
batte
ry
is
us
e
d
as
th
e
sou
rce,
the
s
witc
h
will
be
on,
an
d
it
will
c
onduct
bo
t
h
for
ward
a
s
well
as r
e
ve
rse
d
irect
io
n p
ower f
l
ow.
2.1.3
Model
P
redi
ctive
C
on
t
rol
The
m
od
el
pr
e
dicti
ve
co
ntr
ol
m
e
tho
d
is
us
e
d
in
a
bid
irect
ion
al
in
ve
rter
t
o
c
on
t
ro
l
t
he
c
urren
t
a
nd
vo
lt
age
. T
he i
nput
of
t
he c
ontr
ol
is
curre
nt
an
d t
he
n p
r
ocess
ed t
o
gen
e
rate
the
pulse
of
the
inv
e
rter. T
he
m
od
el
pr
e
dicti
ve
c
on
t
ro
l
(MPC)
ha
s
been
a
pp
li
ed
f
or
the
c
ontr
ol
of
po
wer
co
nv
erters
due
to
it
s
seve
ral
a
dv
a
ntages
,
li
ke
a
fast
dyna
m
ic
respon
se
,
easy
inclusi
on
of
no
nlinearit
ie
s
an
d
co
ns
trai
nts
of
the
syst
em
,
and
t
he
flex
ibil
it
y
to
incl
ude
oth
e
r
syst
em
requir
e
m
ents
in
the
c
on
t
ro
ll
er.
MPC
co
ns
i
der
s
a
m
od
el
of
t
he
syst
e
m
in
order
t
o
pr
e
dict
the
f
uture
be
ha
viour
of
t
he
sy
stem
ov
e
r
a
ho
rizo
n
in
ti
m
e.
The
pro
posed
con
t
ro
l
m
et
ho
d
is
use
d
to
cal
culat
e
the
direct
an
d
qu
a
drat
ur
e
a
xi
s
current.
T
his
con
tr
oller
generate
s
the
volt
age
re
fer
e
nce
vecto
r
an
d
fe
d
to
the
si
m
ple
boos
t
c
on
t
ro
l
te
c
hniq
ue
for
re
gu
la
ti
ng
the
power
f
low
an
d
has
e
nh
a
nce
d
t
he
s
yst
e
m
eff
ic
ie
nc
y.
Th
e
direct
a
nd
qua
dr
at
ur
e
a
xis vo
lt
age
is
cal
cula
te
d
by u
si
ng
th
e
pro
posed
co
nt
ro
ll
er.
The
re
f
e
ren
ce
gri
d
cu
r
ren
t
is
giv
e
n
in
E
q
uati
on
4 an
d 5.
I
p
h
i
d
1
i
d
2
Rp
Rs
C1
L1
S
_
B
u
ck
2
3
1
4
S
_
B
o
o
st
2
3
1
4
C0
S1
2
3
1
4
S2
2
3
1
4
S3
2
3
1
4
S4
2
3
1
4
S5
2
3
1
4
S6
2
3
1
4
B
A
T
T
E
R
Y
1
2
Photovoltaic Circuit
Bidirectional
Buck-Boost
Bidirectional DC-AC
A
B
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
203
–
12
1
0
1206
d
v
b
d
i
a
d
r
e
f
i
*
*
(
4)
q
v
b
q
i
a
q
r
e
f
i
*
*
(5)
The
a
and
b va
lue is
giv
e
n
in
E
q
uation
6 an
d 7. T
he
d
v
and
q
v
is give
n by the
sinu
s
oi
dal w
a
vefor
m.
L
L
s
T
L
R
e
a
(
6)
L
R
L
L
s
T
L
R
e
b
1
(7)
The o
utput o
f
t
he pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
predict
ive
contr
ol is g
i
ve
n
in
E
q
uatio
n
8 an
d 9.
b
d
ai
d
r
ef
i
d
o
u
t
V
(8)
b
q
ai
q
r
ef
i
q
o
u
t
V
(9)
The
outp
ut
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
is
fe
d
to
the
dq
t
o
a
bc
tra
nsfo
rm
at
i
on.
T
he
sim
ple
boos
t
P
W
M
c
on
t
ro
l
m
et
ho
d
is
u
se
d t
o pro
du
ce
the
pulse
of
t
he bidirect
io
nal in
ve
rter.
2.2
.
M
od
es
of O
pera
tion
The
propose
d
bid
irect
io
nal
ba
sed
c
onver
te
r
fed
gr
i
d
-
c
onne
ct
ed
syst
e
m
has
to
operate
in
var
i
ous
m
od
es.
T
he
op
erati
on of
phot
ovoltai
c fe
d bidirecti
onal
con
ver
te
r
f
e
d gr
i
d.
In
m
od
e
1
the
su
pply
of
t
he
pro
posed
ci
rc
uit
is
phot
ovoltai
c
a
nd
f
ed
int
o
the
bid
irect
i
onal
co
nvert
e
r
in
gr
i
d
co
nnect
ed
syst
em
.
The
s
witc
h
S1
t
urned
off,
a
nd
S
2
is
s
witc
he
d
on,
the
in
duct
or
ch
ar
ges
an
d
c
urren
t
flo
ws
in
a
f
or
ward
di
recti
on
from
PV
to
loa
d
thr
ough
the
S2
a
nd
bid
ire
ct
ion
al
in
ver
te
r
.
Fig
ure
3
(a
)
shows
t
he
PV
base
d forw
ard directi
on a
nd f
e
d
i
nto
t
he l
oad
.
Figure
3
(a
)
.
P
ower
Flo
w fr
om PV
to Gri
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
of
Bidirect
ional
Con
vert
er
Bas
ed On Gri
d
A
ppli
cation
(
D.
V
idh
y
ala
ks
hmi
)
1207
In
M
od
e
2
the
switc
h
S
2
is
tu
rn
e
d
on,
an
d
S
1
off
t
he
po
wer
flo
ws
f
ro
m
the
batte
ry
to
gri
d
thr
ough
th
e
bid
irect
io
nal
i
nverter
.
T
he
P
V
is
disco
nn
ect
e
d
from
the
pr
opose
d
ci
rc
uit.
The
batte
ry
is
us
e
d
as
the
sou
rce
of
the pr
opos
e
d n
et
work, a
nd it
is d
isc
hargin
g.
Figure
3
(
b) s
hows
the
po
wer
fl
ow fr
om
the b
at
te
ry to t
he g
rid
.
Figure
3
(b)
.
Power
Flo
w fr
om B
at
te
ry to Gri
d
In
M
od
e
3
the
PV
is
disc
onne
ct
ed
from
the
bid
irect
io
nal
ci
rcu
it
.
T
he
gr
id
is
us
ed
a
s
the
s
upply,
a
nd
bid
irect
io
nal in
ver
te
r
func
ti
on h
as a
r
e
ver
se
directi
on. T
he c
urren
t
flo
ws f
ro
m
g
rid
to batt
ery. Thus t
he batt
ery
was
c
hargin
g
and
us
e
d
for
e
xter
nal
ap
plica
ti
on
.
In
re
ver
s
e
directi
on,
t
he
bid
irect
io
nal
inv
e
rter
worked
as
recti
fier
beca
use
of
i
nput
from
gri
d
s
upply
an
d
tra
nsfer
re
d
to
the
batte
ry.
T
he
pulse
of
t
he
bi
directi
on
al
in
ve
rter
is
zero
w
he
n
the
in
ver
te
r
perform
s
recti
fier.
The
dc
is
co
nverte
d
to
a
bi
directi
on
al
c
onve
rter
an
d
sto
re
d
in
th
e
batte
ry.
Th
us
t
he
batte
ry
c
hargin
g
duri
ng
thi
s
m
od
e.
Fi
g
ure
3
(c
)
sho
w
s
th
e
power
flo
w
f
ro
m
the
gr
id
t
o
the
batte
ry.
Figure
3
(c
)
.
P
ower
Flo
w fr
om Gr
i
d
t
o
Ba
tt
er
y
3.
Simul
at
i
on
Re
sults
The
pr
opos
e
d
r
enew
a
ble
ene
r
gy
base
d
bi
dire
ct
ion
al
i
nv
e
rter
fe
d
gri
d
-
c
onne
ct
ed sy
ste
m
co
nf
i
gurati
on
is
i
m
ple
m
ente
d,
a
nd
res
ults
are
ve
rified
i
n
MATLAB/S
I
MULI
NK.
T
he
power
flo
w
con
t
ro
l
of
phot
ovoltai
c
gen
e
rati
on
bas
ed
on
bi
directi
on
al
in
ver
te
r
f
ed
gri
d
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
is
analy
zed
an
d
ve
rifie
d
with
res
ults
of
PI
a
nd
m
od
e
pr
e
dicti
ve
co
ntr
ol
te
c
hniqu
es
un
der
nonlinear
loa
d
co
nd
it
io
n.
T
he
P
V
outp
ut
vo
lt
a
ge
wa
vefor
m
is
sho
w
n
in Figu
re
4
. T
he
PV outp
ut c
urre
nt w
a
ve
for
m
is show
n
in
Figure
5.
Figure
6
sho
w
s
the
sta
te
of
c
harge
in
t
he
ba
tt
ery
syst
e
m
.
The
ti
m
e
0
-
1
the
ph
otovo
lt
ai
c
is
us
ed
a
s
so
urce
an
d
bi
directi
on
al
co
nve
rter
f
un
ct
io
n
as
the
f
orwa
rd
directi
on.
T
he
ti
m
e
1
-
1.4
batte
r
y
act
as
a
s
ourc
e
a
nd
the b
i
di
recti
onal
co
nverter
ha
s w
or
ked
as t
he
f
orwa
r
d
direc
ti
on
. T
he
ti
m
e
1.14
-
2.5 th
e
gri
d
act
as a s
our
ce an
d
bid
irect
io
nal
c
onve
rter
f
unct
ion
has
re
vers
e
power
flo
w
directi
on.
I
n
forw
a
rd
i
ng
di
recti
on
,
t
he
ba
tt
ery
discha
rg
e
s
the
powe
r
a
nd
sup
ply
to
bid
irect
i
on
al
i
nv
e
rter
fe
d
loa
d
syst
e
m
.
In
re
ver
se
di
rec
ti
on
batte
ry
cha
rg
i
ng.
The
DC
li
nk
volt
age
wa
ve
for
m
of
the
bi
dire
ct
ion
al
co
nv
e
rt
er
is
show
n
in
Figure
7
.
T
he
bid
irect
io
nal
in
ver
te
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
203
–
12
1
0
1208
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lt
age
wav
e
f
or
m
is
sh
own
in
Fi
gure
8
.
T
he
bi
directi
on
al
in
ve
rter
outp
ut
curre
nt
w
aveform
is
sh
own
i
n
Figure
9
.
Th
e
total
h
a
rm
on
ic
d
ist
or
ti
on is
shown i
n
Fi
gure
10
.
Figure
4
.
P
V
V
oltage
wav
e
f
orm
Figure
5
.
P
V
c
urren
t
wa
veform
Figure
6
.
Stat
e
of cha
rg
e
con
di
ti
on
in batt
ery
Figure
7
.
DC
L
ink
volt
age
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Perf
orma
nce
of
Bidirect
ional
Con
vert
er
Bas
ed On Gri
d
A
ppli
cation
(
D.
V
idh
y
ala
ks
hmi
)
1209
Figure
8
.
O
utput v
oltage
wa
ve
form
o
f bidire
ct
ion
al
in
ver
te
r
Figure
9
.
O
utput cu
rr
e
nt
waveform
o
f bidire
ct
ion
al
In
ver
te
r
Figure
1
0
.
T
ot
al
H
arm
on
ic
D
ist
or
ti
on
4
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
th
ree
-
pha
se
bid
irect
io
na
l
inv
erter
base
d
on
m
od
el
predict
ive
co
ntr
ol
has
bee
n
de
sign
e
d
a
nd
i
m
ple
m
ented.
The
i
nv
e
rter
fe
d
gr
i
d
-
c
onnect
ed
syst
em
has
us
e
d
to
co
ntr
ol
the
power
fl
ow
betw
een
P
V
a
nd
gri
d.
In
f
orwa
rd
i
ng
directi
on,
the
bid
irect
io
nal
c
onve
rter
w
orks
ha
ve
a
boost
conve
rter,
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
is
fed
i
nto
the
bid
irect
io
nal
in
ver
te
r
util
iz
e
t
he
m
od
el
pr
e
di
ct
ive
con
t
ro
l
to
regulat
e
the
powe
r
an
d
e
nh
a
nce
the
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
the
syst
e
m
.
The
gr
id
c
onne
ct
ed
syst
em
Fo
r
the
util
it
y
gr
id
i
nterf
ace bidi
re
ct
ion
al
ap
pl
ic
at
ion
,
the pho
t
ovoltai
c
with
batte
ry
en
erg
y
sto
rag
e
sy
stem
is
esse
ntial
not
only
f
or
c
on
t
ro
ll
in
g
a
nd
m
anag
in
g
the
e
nergy
dem
and
acro
s
s
util
it
y
gr
id
in
f
orward
c
onduc
ti
on
,
In
t
he
re
ver
se
directi
on
,
a
batte
ry
is
charge
d
w
hile
abse
nt
of
phot
ovoltai
c
un
it
i
n order
to
d
em
and
of
power i
n
t
he dif
fe
ren
t
area
. T
he
eff
ic
ie
ncy a
nd
powe
r
fl
ow c
ontr
ol ar
e
r
e
gula
te
d
in
gr
i
d
-
base
d bidi
recti
on
al
i
nv
e
rt
er f
e
d PV
syst
em
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
203
–
12
1
0
1210
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Sa
y
ed
et
al.,
"P
W
M
S
witc
hing
Te
chn
ique
for
T
hre
e
-
Phase
Bid
ir
ec
t
iona
l G
rid
-
Tie
DC
–
AC
–
AC
C
onver
te
r
w
i
th H
i
gh
-
Freque
nc
y
Isol
ation
,
"
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on Pow
er
Elec
troni
cs
,
v
ol.
33
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
845
-
858,
2018
.
[2]
Xuewei
e
t
a
l.,
"C
urre
nt
-
fed
soft
-
sw
it
chi
ng
push
-
p
ull
front
-
end
con
ver
te
r
-
b
ase
d
bid
i
rec
t
iona
l
inve
r
te
r
for
the
resid
ent
i
al
photovol
taic
po
wer
s
y
st
em
,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Pow
er
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
vo
l.
29,
n
o.
11
,
pp
.
6041
-
6051,
2014
.
[3]
W
al
tri
ch
e
t
al
.
,
"Three
-
phase
b
idi
re
ct
ion
al
dc/a
c
conv
erter
usi
ng
a
six
-
le
g
in
ver
te
r
conn
ec
t
e
d
to
a
d
irect
ac/a
c
conve
rt
er
,
"
IET
Powe
r E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
8,
no.
1
1
,
pp
.
2214
-
222
2,
2015
.
[4]
Kouro
et
al
.
,
"G
rid
-
connect
ed
p
hotovol
taic
s
y
s
t
ems
:
An
ove
rvi
ew
of
re
ce
nt
r
ese
arc
h
and
emer
ging
PV
conve
r
te
r
te
chno
log
y
,
"
I
E
EE
Industria
l
E
l
ec
troni
cs
Magazine
,
v
ol
.
9
,
no
.
1
,
pp.
47
-
61,
2015
.
[5]
Jabe
r
Fa
ll
ah
Ard
ashir
et
a
l.,
"A
Si
ngle
-
Phase
T
ran
sform
erl
ess
Inve
rte
r
with
Charg
e
Pum
p
Circ
u
it
C
once
pt
for
Grid
-
Ti
ed
PV
Applica
ti
ons
,
”
Industri
al
Elec
troni
cs
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
,
vol.
64
,
pp
.
5403
-
5415,
2017
.
[6]
Lo
e
t
a
l.,
"Bid
ire
c
ti
ona
l
Singl
e
-
Stage
Grid
-
C
onnec
t
ed
Inv
erter
for
a
B
at
t
er
y
Ene
rg
y
S
torage
S
y
st
em
,
"
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Indus
trial
E
le
c
tronic
s
,
vo
l.
64
,
n
o.
6
,
pp
.
4581
-
4
590,
2017
.
[7]
Wu
et
al.,
"DC
-
bus
volt
age
con
trol
with
a
thr
ee
-
phase
bidi
r
ecti
onal
inv
ert
er
for
D
C
distri
buti
on
s
y
stems
,
"
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
28
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
1890
-
1899
,
2013.
[8]
Yang
et
al
.
,
"D
esign
and
an
alys
is
of
a
grid
-
co
nnec
t
ed
photovo
lt
aic
power
s
y
st
em
,
"
IEE
E
transacti
ons
on
pow
er
el
e
ct
ronics
,
vol
.
25,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
99
2
-
1000,
20
10
.
[9]
Wu
et
al.,
"In
tegrat
ion
and
oper
at
ion
of
a
singl
e
-
phase
bidi
r
ectio
nal
inv
ert
e
r
with
two
buck/
boost
MP
PTs
for
DC
-
distri
buti
on
app
l
ic
a
ti
ons
,
"
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
E
le
c
troni
cs
,
vol
.
28,
no.
11
,
pp
.
5098
-
51
06,
2013
.
[10]
Jang
et
a
l.,
"A
m
ini
m
um
power
-
proc
essing
-
stage
f
uel
-
c
el
l ene
rg
y
s
y
stem ba
sed
on
a
boost
-
inve
r
te
r w
it
h
bidi
r
ec
t
ional
bac
kup
b
at
t
er
y
s
tora
ge
.
"
IE
EE Tr
ansacti
ons on P
ower
Elec
troni
cs
,
vol
.
26
,
no
.
5
,
p
p.
1568
-
1577
,
2
011.
[11]
Wu
et
al.,
"Tw
o
-
phase
m
odula
t
ed
digital
cont
r
ol
f
or
th
e
thr
ee
-
phase
bidi
r
ectio
nal
inv
erter
wit
h
wide
indu
ct
an
c
e
var
iation
,
"
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Powe
r
Elec
tron
ic
s
,
vo
l.
28,
no.
4
,
pp
.
1598
-
160
7,
2013
.
[12]
Raj
ak
aru
na
et
al.
,
"D
esign
and co
ntrol
of
a b
idi
r
ectiona
l
Z
-
sourc
e
i
nver
te
r
,
"
In
Pow
er
Engi
n
ee
ring
Confe
renc
e,
200
9.
AUPE
C
2009
.
A
ustralas
ian
Univ
ersiti
es
,
pp.
1
-
6.
IEE
E
,
2009
.
[13]
Kw
on
et
al
.
,
"Bi
dire
c
ti
ona
l
Grid
-
Connec
t
ed
Singl
e
-
Pow
er
-
Conver
sion
Converter
with
Low
-
Inpu
t
Bat
ter
y
Vol
ta
ge
,
"
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Industrial Elect
ronics
,
vo
l
.
65
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
3
1
36
-
3144,
2018
.
[14]
Peng
et al
.
,
"A
new
ZVS
bidi
r
ec
t
iona
l
DC
-
DC c
o
nver
te
r
for
fu
el
c
el
l
and
b
at
t
er
y
a
ppli
c
at
ion
.
"
IE
E
E
Tr
ansacti
ons on
power
elec
troni
c
s
,
v
ol.
19,
no.
1
,
pp.
54
-
65
,
2004
.
[15]
Chin
et
al.,
"A
n
Acc
ura
te
and
Fast
Com
puta
ti
on
al
Algori
thm
for
the
Two
-
diode
Model
of
PV
Module
Based
on
a
H
y
brid
Method
,
"
IEE
E
Tr
ansact
ions o
n
Industri
al
E
le
c
tronic
s,
v
ol.
64
,
no
.
8
,
pp
.
6212
-
6222,
201
7.
[16]
A.
Rahn
amae
i
e
t
al.,
“
A
Novel
Grid
Conne
ct
e
d
Photovol
ta
i
c
S
y
stem,”
Bul
l
et
i
n
of
Elec
tri
cal
Engi
ne
ering
an
d
Informatic
s
,
vo
l. 5, pp. 133
-
143,
2017.
[17]
V.
Vasudeva
n
a
nd
K.
Balaji
,
"P
erf
orm
anc
e
o
f
Cuk
-
KY
Conver
te
r
Fed
Mul
ti
l
e
vel
Inve
rt
er
for
H
y
brid
Source
s
,
"
Indone
sian J
our
nal
of
Elec
tric
al
Engi
ne
ering
and
Computer
Sc
ie
n
ce
,
vol
.
10
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
2018
.
[18]
R.
B
al
amurugan
and
R.
Nith
y
a
,
"F
C/PV
Fed
S
AF
with
Fuzz
y
Logi
c
Control
f
or
Pow
er
Qua
li
t
y
Enha
n
ce
m
ent
,
"
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Powe
r
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Dr
iv
e
Syst
ems
,
v
ol
.
5
,
no
.
4
pp.
4
70
-
476
,
2015
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.