Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
12
,
No.
3
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
1
282
~
1288
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
2
.i
3
.pp
1
282
-
1288
1282
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Sm
ar
t Walk
ing
S
tic
k f
or th
e V
is
ually Ch
allen
ge
d
Moham
med
A
hsa
n
K
ollatho
di
, R
is
h
av
Dr
olia,
Anan
da
Kum
ar
S
Depa
rtment
o
f
C
om
pute
r
Scie
n
ce a
nd
Engi
n
ee
rin
g,
Vel
lore Insti
tu
te
of
T
ec
hnolog
y
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
1
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
14
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
2
1
, 201
8
Inte
rne
t
of
thi
n
gs
m
ixe
d
with
Radi
o
Freque
n
c
y
id
ent
i
ficati
on
gene
ra
ti
o
n
per
m
it
a
whole
new
cont
ext
f
or
whole
new
devi
c
es
tha
t
ar
e
ca
pable
of
combining
th
e
ir
bodily
and
virt
u
al
exi
st
enc
es.
Rad
io
Freque
n
c
y
ide
nti
f
icati
on
,
pla
c
ing
an
ide
nt
i
fic
a
ti
on
la
b
el
i
nto
eve
r
y
objec
t,
allows
a
cl
ev
er
device
t
o
get
information,
both
a
ct
ua
l
-
ti
m
e
or
digi
t
al
-
conne
c
ted
stat
isti
cs,
witho
ut
an
y
ph
y
sic
al
t
ouch.
Inform
at
ion
ret
r
ie
ved
fr
om
such
an
obje
c
t,
turns
it
ri
ght
int
o
a
ca
p
aci
t
y
sm
art
object,
cl
e
arly
able
to
c
ar
pic
k
out
it
self
and,
if
pr
ote
c
ti
on
prob
lem
s
are
certainl
y
h
andled,
m
ax
imum
in
al
l
li
kelihood
c
apa
b
le
to
conne
c
t
to
the
worldwide
n
et
.
Thi
s
wa
y
,
on
e
ca
n
g
et
a
ubiqui
tous
fra
m
ework
to
get
ad
m
ission
to,
display
and
m
ani
pul
at
e
an
y
o
f
the
se
sm
art
item
s
over
a
web
of
l
inke
d
th
ings.
RF
ID
ta
gs
in
sci
entific
cont
ex
t
ena
bl
e
a
f
ast
an
d
spec
ific
id
ent
i
fic
a
ti
on
of
each
cl
ev
er
en
ti
t
y
,
p
ermitt
ing
a
ubiqui
tous
and
b
rie
f
ge
t
admiss
ion
to
per
sonal
fi
t
ness
d
at
a
over
a
n
int
ern
e
t
of
fac
tors
[1
-
2]
.
Pe
ople
hav
e
be
en
struggli
ng
with
sickne
ss
es
weir
d.
Visua
l
l
y
cha
l
le
nged
hum
an
bei
ngs
are
bli
nd
people
who
are
ver
y
co
m
m
on
and
diffi
cu
lt
to
cop
e
with
of
the
ir
wa
y
.
The
prin
c
ip
le
ai
m
of
thi
s
project
is
to
ai
d
the
visuall
y
chal
le
nged
hum
an
b
ei
ngs
with
a
better
navi
g
at
ion
d
evi
c
e.
Th
is
cl
ev
er
stroll
ing
stic
k
is
gre
ater
stat
e
-
of
-
the
-
art
d
evi
c
e
with
m
any
embedde
d
fea
tur
es.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ce
ll
ular
(
GS
M
)
In
te
r
net
of Th
i
ng
s
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
Visu
al
ly
Chall
eng
e
d
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Moh
am
m
ed
A
hs
a
n
K
ollat
hodi
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
o
m
pu
te
r
Scie
nce a
nd E
ng
i
ne
erin
g,
Vell
or
e
Insti
tute o
f
Tec
hnolog
y
,
I
nd
ia
.
Em
a
il
:
csweb
dvlp
r@gm
ai
l.com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
tr
ouble
of
su
r
veill
ance
a
nd
ta
r
get
detect
ion
ha
s
f
ound
it
s
vicinit
y
in
nu
m
ero
us
ci
vili
an
a
nd
arm
y
pack
a
ges
,
an
d
Io
T
is
pro
per
ly
desira
ble
to
co
pe
with
t
his
tro
ub
le
.
Ra
dio
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(RF
)
se
ns
in
g
strat
e
gies
ar
e
the
f
ollow
i
ng
gen
e
rati
on
te
c
hnology,
wh
ic
h
offe
r
a
wes
om
e
adv
a
ntages
ov
e
r
c
onve
ntion
al
m
ann
er
of
sen
sin
g
us
e
d
for
surv
ei
ll
ance
and
ta
r
ge
t
detect
ion
ap
plica
ti
on
s
of
I
oT
.
But,
RF
sen
sing
te
ch
nique
s
hav
e
n'
t
beg
un
to
be
broa
dly
resear
ched
du
e
to
la
c
k
of
tra
ns
m
issio
n
a
nd
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
resou
rc
es
within
I
o
T.
Lat
est
adv
a
nce
m
ents
in
sensing,
c
om
pu
ti
ng
,
an
d
c
onve
rsati
on
te
c
hnology
ha
ve
m
ade
rad
io
det
ect
ion
ena
bled
sensing
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
to
be
had
to
I
oT.
H
ow
e
ver,
m
assive
stu
dies
a
re
ye
t
to
be
do
ne
in
de
velo
pi
ng
reli
able
a
nd
stren
gth
gree
n
goal
detect
ion
al
go
rithm
s
fo
r
us
e
fu
l
res
ource
re
strai
ned
Io
T
.
I
n
this
pa
per
,
we'
ve
pro
po
se
d
a
m
ulti
-
sens
or
RF
sensing
-
pri
m
ar
il
y
based
go
al
detect
ion
arc
hi
te
ct
ur
e
for
I
oT
[3
-
4].
The
pro
po
s
ed
ta
r
get
de
te
ct
ion
struct
ur
e
is
adap
ta
ble
to
interfe
re
nce,
t
ha
t'
s
ind
uce
d
due
to
the
co
-
li
fe
of
sens
or
node
s
insi
de
IoT
an
d
a
dopts
cl
ever
sensing
st
rateg
ie
s
to
reli
ably
hit
upon
the
presence
of
the
ta
rg
et
s.
A
waveform
sel
ect
io
n
crit
eri
on
has
be
e
n
pro
po
se
d
to
di
scov
e
r
the
m
os
t
ap
propriat
e
cho
ic
e
of
tr
ansm
it
wav
ef
orm
s
inside
a
giv
e
n
set
of
s
ensin
g
s
it
uations
t
o opt
i
m
iz
e the goal
d
et
ect
io
n
reli
a
bili
ty
an
d
el
ect
rici
ty
intake in
side the
IoT.
Trem
end
ous
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
bee
n
c
omm
it
te
d
t
o
th
e
e
xp
l
or
at
i
on
of
va
rio
us
t
echnolo
gies
t
oget
he
r
with
record
s
te
ch
no
log
y
(I
T
)
i
n
c
om
ple
m
enting
an
d
st
rengthe
ning
pr
ese
nt
he
al
thcare
offeri
ng
s
.
Pa
rtic
ula
rly
,
the
In
te
r
net
of
thi
ngs
(
I
oT)
has
be
en
br
oad
ly
car
r
ie
d
out
to
inte
r
connect
to
be
had
m
edical
re
so
urces
a
nd
pr
ov
i
de
reli
able,
eff
ect
ive
and
cl
ev
er
healt
hcar
e
pr
ov
i
der
to
the
el
der
ly
and
s
uffe
rer
s
wit
h
a
con
ti
nual
il
lness.
The
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Smart
W
alkin
g st
ic
k for the
Vi
su
ally C
ha
ll
e
nged
(
Mo
ham
m
ed
A
hsan K
oll
athod
i
)
1283
intenti
on
of
t
his
pap
e
r
is
to
s
umm
arize
the
pro
gr
am
s
of
I
oT
inside
the
he
al
thcare
in
du
s
try
and
disco
ve
r
the
feasible
tre
nd
and
di
recti
ons
of
destiny
stu
di
es
on
this
disc
ipli
ne.
base
d
on
a
com
plete
literat
ur
e
re
view
an
d
the
dialo
gu
e
of
the
achievem
ents
of
t
he
rese
arch
e
rs,
the
a
dvancem
ent
of
I
oT
in
healt
hca
re
syst
e
m
s
had
been
te
ste
d
from
th
e
per
s
pecti
ves
of
al
lo
wing
te
chnolo
gies
an
d
m
et
ho
do
l
og
i
es,
IoT
-
base
d
total
ly
cl
ever
dev
ic
e
s
and
syst
em
s,
a
nd
var
i
ou
s
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
of
I
oT
in
the
healt
hc
are
industries
.
s
ubseq
ue
ntly
,
the
chall
eng
e
s
an
d
pros
pects
of
t
he
d
e
velo
pm
ent o
f
IoT
base
d h
eal
thcare syst
e
m
s ar
e
m
entioned in elem
ent.
Visu
al
ly
i
m
paired
or
blin
dn
e
ss
is
the
incap
aci
ty
to
see
the
su
r
rou
nd
i
ngs
.
So
m
e
are
refe
rr
e
d
to
as
visu
al
ly
chall
e
ng
e
d,
desp
it
e
t
he
fact
that
th
ey
can
see
a
li
tt
le
.
As
a
w
ho
le
,
blin
dness
i
s
so
le
ly
tri
gg
e
red
by
m
al
nu
trit
ion
a
nd
sic
kn
e
ss.
D
ue
to
il
lness
or
acci
den
ts
th
e
hu
m
ans
ha
ve
beco
m
e
visu
a
ll
y
i
m
pa
ired.
WHO
est
i
m
at
es
that
ei
gh
ty
per
ce
nt
of
visu
al
im
pai
rm
ent
is
e
it
her
pr
e
ven
ta
ble
or
cur
a
bl
e
with
a
com
plete
so
luti
on
.
Tw
o hun
dr
e
d
a
nd eig
hty
-
fiv
e
m
illi
on
hum
an bein
gs
a
re e
xpect
ed
to
be
vis
ually
i
m
paired
in the w
or
l
d
.
The
ad
va
nced
sti
ck
giv
es
a
correct
decisi
on
of
obsta
cl
e
and
is
ve
ry
eff
ic
ie
nt
at
gu
idin
g
a
per
s
on.
Mi
cro
co
ntr
oller
is
a
sm
a
ll
lo
w
cost
si
ng
le
c
hip
pc.
It
is
m
ai
nly
us
ed
to
gove
r
n
al
te
rn
at
ive
el
ect
ronic
de
vice
s
and
act
s
as
a
n
inte
rf
aci
ng
un
it
.
Ultras
on
i
c
sens
ors
are
in
syst
em
s
wh
ic
h
e
xam
in
e
goal
s
by
m
eans
of
deci
pheri
ng
th
e
m
ediat
ed
ind
ic
at
or
s
.
T
he
bu
zze
r
is
O
N
wh
il
e
an
obsta
cl
e
is
detect
ed
thr
ough
a
n
ultraso
ni
c
sens
or
on t
his
dev
ic
e,
buzze
r i
s u
se
d for
var
i
es
en
vir
on
m
ent.
Trem
end
ous
stud
ie
s
ha
ve
bee
n
c
omm
it
te
d
t
o
th
e
e
xp
l
or
at
i
on
of
va
rio
us
t
echnolo
gies
t
oget
he
r
with
record
s
te
ch
no
log
y
(I
T
)
i
n
c
om
ple
m
enting
an
d
st
rengthe
ning
pr
es
e
nt
he
al
thcare
offeri
ng
s
.
Pa
rtic
ula
rly
,
the
In
te
r
net
of
thi
ngs
(
I
oT)
has
be
en
br
oad
ly
car
r
ie
d
out
to
inte
r
connect
to
be
had
m
edical
re
so
urces
a
nd
pr
ov
i
de
reli
able,
eff
ect
ive
and
cl
ev
er
healt
hcar
e
pr
ov
i
der
to
the
el
der
ly
and
s
uffe
rer
s
wit
h
a
con
ti
nual
il
lne
ss.
The
intenti
on
of
t
his
pap
e
r
is
to
s
umm
arize
the
pro
gr
am
s
of
I
oT
inside
the
he
al
thcare
in
du
s
try
and
disco
ve
r
the
feasible
tre
nd
and
di
recti
ons
of
destiny
stu
di
es
on
this
disc
ipli
ne.
base
d
on
a
com
plete
literat
ur
e
re
view
an
d
the
dialo
gu
e
of
the
achievem
e
nts
of
t
he
rese
arch
e
rs,
the
a
dvancem
ent
of
I
oT
in
healt
hca
re
syst
e
m
s
had
been
te
ste
d
from
th
e
per
s
pecti
ves
of
al
lo
wing
te
chnolo
gies
an
d
m
et
ho
do
l
og
i
es,
IoT
-
base
d
total
ly
cl
ever
dev
ic
e
s
and
syst
em
s,
a
nd
var
i
ou
s
a
pp
li
cat
ion
s
of
I
oT
in
the
healt
hc
are
industrie
s
.
subseq
ue
ntly
,
the
chall
eng
e
s
an
d
pros
pects
of
t
he
d
e
velo
pm
ent o
f
IoT
base
d h
eal
thcare s
yst
e
m
s ar
e
m
entioned in elem
ent
[5
-
12]
.
In
buil
ti
ntegr
at
ed,
te
c
hnology
can
assist
buil
t
-
in
buil
t
-
ing
i
ntegr
at
e
d
m
any
ob
sta
cl
es
t
hat
i
s
buil
t
with
disabili
ti
es
face.
Th
os
e
buil
t
-
in
sty
le
s
of
te
chnolo
gy
a
re
re
f
err
e
d
to
as
as
sist
ive
ge
ner
at
i
on
(
AT
).
T
he
re
are
nu
m
erous
sty
le
s ofd
isa
bili
ti
es,
buil
t
-
in
bodily
disa
bili
ti
es,
integrate
d
-
im
paired
, a
nd
visu
al
l
y
-
i
m
paired
.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
Ultraso
nic
det
ect
or
transm
it
s
su
pe
rsonic
w
aves
into
the
ai
r
and
detect
s
m
irro
red
waves
fr
om
an
obj
ect
.
T
her
e
can
be
se
ver
al
app
li
cat
ion
s
f
or
s
up
e
rs
on
ic
sens
or
s
,
li
ke
in
intr
us
io
n
al
arm
s
yst
e
m
s,
a
uto
m
at
i
c
door
ope
ner
s
and
bac
kup
se
ns
ors
f
or
ca
rs.
Ra
te
of
wa
ve
pro
pag
at
i
on
is
ex
pr
esse
d
by
m
ulti
plica
t
i
on
of
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
an
d
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
an
d
this
is
at
tribut
able
to
higher
reso
l
ution,
it
'
s
po
te
ntial
to
induce
highe
r
m
e
asur
e
create
s
huge
a
ccur
acy
.
Me
ta
l,
w
ood,
c
oncre
te
,
glass,
r
ubbe
r
a
nd
pa
pe
r,
et
c.,
m
irro
r
cl
os
e
t
o
100
pe
r
cent
of
su
pe
rs
on
ic
w
a
ves, t
hese
obj
e
ct
s ar
e easi
ly
det
ect
ed.
A
bu
zze
r
is
a
n
a
ud
i
o
dev
ic
e
,
w
hich
can
be
a
m
echan
ic
al
de
vice,
or
el
ect
ronic.
Ty
pical
us
er
s
of
bu
zze
rs
a
nd
be
eper
s
em
br
ace
al
arm
s,
tim
ers
and
co
nf
i
rm
at
ion
of
us
er
i
nput
li
ke
a
cl
ic
k
or
keyst
r
ok
e
.
Ear
ly
dev
ic
es
w
e
re
s
upporte
d
as a
m
echan
ic
al
d
e
vice
syst
em
si
m
il
ar to
a ele
ct
rical
bell.
A
DC
m
oto
r
is
an
el
ect
ric
al
m
achine
that
co
nv
e
rts
e
le
ct
rical
ener
gy
into
m
echani
cal
po
we
r.
Most
ki
nds
of
m
oto
rs
offe
r
r
ot
at
ion
.
DC
m
oto
rs
are
oft
en
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
by
va
ried
powe
r
pro
vid
e
rs.
These
a
re
the
m
ai
n
com
po
ne
nts that a
re
require
d wit
hin
t
he
project
.
On
ce
we
ha
ve
the
basic
re
qu
i
rem
ents
we
go
creati
ng
the
re
qu
i
red
ci
rc
uit.
This
is
done
by
wiring
the
Ardu
i
no, we
use
the m
ini br
ea
dboa
rd to c
onne
ct
the u
lt
ra
son
ic
sen
s
or t
o
t
he
A
r
duin
o usin
g t
he
J
um
per
w
i
res.
So
m
e
of
the
pa
rts
will
hav
e
t
o
be
directl
y
connecte
d
t
o
th
e
Ardu
i
no
a
nd
these
inclu
de
pa
rts
su
c
h
as
the buzze
r.
Table
1
. Dif
fere
nt p
a
ram
et
ers
wh
ic
h
a
re
in
vo
lved wit
hin t
he
pro
t
oco
l
Techn
o
lo
g
y
Stan
d
ard
/Proto
co
l
Tr
an
s
m
iss
io
n
rate
Maxi
m
u
m
d
istan
ce
Frequ
en
cy
ban
d
s
Ch
arac
teristic
/
li
m
itatio
n
Cellu
lar
GSM
,
GPRS
,
HSPA +
,
LT
E
12
-
5
5
M
b
p
s
Max 1
0
0
K
m
(I
)
90
0
-
1
8
0
0
M
Hz
(I
I
)
8
0
0
-
2
6
0
0
M
Hz
Mos
tly
us
ed
,
h
ere th
e
wireless sp
ect
ru
m
is
li
m
ited
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
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4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
282
–
1288
1284
The Har
dware
requirem
ents are give
n
as:
a.
An U
lt
ra
sonic
sens
or
b.
A
m
ini br
ea
dboard
c.
A 9
Vo
lt
batte
r
y
d.
A 9
-
vo
lt
batte
r
y connect
or
e.
DC Mal
e P
ower Jac
k
f.
A
Bu
zzer
g.
So
m
e Ju
m
per
W
i
re
We m
ake con
ne
ct
ion
s
w
hich
i
nclu
de:
Ultras
on
ic
(
G
ND)
to
Arduin
o
(
GN
D)
.
Ultras
on
ic
TRIG to
Ar
du
i
no
D12.
Ultras
on
ic
ECHO
to Ard
uino
D11.
Buzz
er
RE
D
to
Arduin
o D
8.
Buzz
er
BLACK
to
Ar
duin
o G
ND.
Ultras
on
ic
VCC
to
Ar
duin
o 5
v.
9
-
v
olt b
attery
RED
t
o
T
oggle
swi
tc
h
pi
n 1.
9
-
v
olt b
attery
BLACK
to DC
ma
le
powe
r ja
ck (
-
)
.
Togg
le
swi
tc
h pin 2 t
o DC
m
ale power j
ack
(
+)
.
On
ce
we
are
done
with
the
w
iring,
we
pr
oce
ed
with
the
co
ding
a
nd
f
or
th
at
we
up
l
oad
the
c
od
e
int
o
the
A
r
du
i
no
I
DE
a
nd
the
n
s
ync
it
with
t
he
de
vice.
On
ce
we
hav
e
the
c
od
e
r
unni
ng
a
nd
w
orkin
g,
w
e
go
f
or
creati
ng the
ou
te
r
so
li
d b
ody
and brin
ging
out
the
final
pro
du
ct
.
The Alg
or
it
hm
is g
i
ven as:
us
e
pin 1
3 as
t
rigPin
us
e
pin 1
2 as
e
choPi
n
us
e
pin 7
a
s
motor
us
e
pin 6
a
s
bu
zzer
fun
ct
io
n
set
up
{
set
tri
gPin
t
o OUTPU
T
set
ech
oPin
t
o INPUT
set
motor
t
o O
UT
P
UT
set
buzzer t
o O
UT
P
UT
}
fun
ct
io
n
l
oo
p
{
declare
dur
ation,
dista
nce;
wri
te
LO
W t
o
t
rigPin
delay 2
Mi
cros
econds
wri
te
H
I
GH to
tri
gPin
delay 1
0
Mi
cr
ose
co
nd
s
wri
te
LO
W t
o
t
rigPin
du
r
atio
n = re
ad
pu
lse
HIG
H of ech
oPi
n
dista
nce = (
du
ra
ti
on/2)
/ 2
9.1
if
(dist
an
ce
< 70
)
{
wri
te
H
I
GH to
mo
t
or
wri
te
H
I
GH to
bu
z
zer
}
el
se
{
wri
te
LO
W t
o mo
t
or
wri
te
LO
W t
o bu
z
zer
}
delay 5
00
}
The flo
w diag
r
a
m
f
or the
de
vi
ce is gi
ven to
be
as
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Smart
W
alkin
g st
ic
k for the
Vi
su
ally C
ha
ll
e
nged
(
Mo
ham
m
ed
A
hsan K
oll
athod
i
)
1285
Figure
1. O
veral
l sy
stem
lay
o
ut r
e
pr
e
sente
d as flo
wc
har
t
The flo
w diag
r
a
m
f
or the
Wa
r
ning m
essage
no
ti
ficat
io
n
sys
tem
is g
iven
as
:
Figure
2. The
Em
erg
ency fea
ture
i
ncorpo
rated
within t
he
s
yst
e
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
282
–
1288
1286
Figure
3. Bl
ue
pr
i
nt of th
e
pr
opose
d sy
ste
m
The flo
w
c
har
t
for
th
e
syst
em
as a
whole is
gi
ven
a
s
:
Fi
gure
4. En
ha
nced sy
ste
m
la
yout
represe
nted
as
f
lo
wc
har
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Smart
W
alkin
g st
ic
k for the
Vi
su
ally C
ha
ll
e
nged
(
Mo
ham
m
ed
A
hsan K
oll
athod
i
)
1287
Figure
5. The
fi
nal i
m
ple
m
ented
ci
rc
uit
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
The
ci
rc
uit wa
s su
ccess
f
ully
b
uilt
and c
reated to
ca
rr
y
ou
t
the r
e
qu
i
red
f
unct
ion
al
it
ie
s .
F
ro
m
m
any o
f
the
te
sts
that
wer
e
car
ried
out
it
was
fo
un
d
out
that
the
dev
ic
e
di
d
res
pond
well
to
the
us
e
r
surr
ound
i
ngs
pro
vid
e
d
opti
m
al
con
diti
on
s
wer
e
pro
vi
ded
.
An
em
erg
en
cy
sit
uation
wa
s
si
m
ulate
d
and
once
the
butt
on
wa
s
act
ivate
d
an
d
e
m
erg
ency
m
e
ssage
wa
s
sen
t
to
the
destin
at
ion
num
ber
.
The
buzze
r
w
as
found
to
be
ver
y
eff
ect
ive
in pr
oduci
ng sig
nals
wh
ic
h was
fine
tun
e
d
t
o pro
duce g
ood o
utput.
The
obse
rv
at
io
n
fro
m
the
tria
l
s
was
f
ound
ou
t
as
Table
2
.
Si
gn
al
s
wer
e
al
s
o
sent
to
the
pe
rson
in
us
e
as au
dio m
essa
ges
at
t
he
sam
e tim
e the buzze
r produce
d
a
vi
br
at
io
n.
Table
2
.
Final t
est
r
es
ult after
rep
eat
e
d
e
xp
e
ri
m
ents
Distan
ce (
c
m
)
Statu
s
E
m
e
rgen
cy
bu
tto
n
Messag
e (
At des
ti
n
atio
n
)
< 7
5
So
u
n
d
was prod
u
c
ed
ON
Receiv
ed
>7
5
So
u
n
d
was no
t pro
d
u
ced
OFF
No
t r
eceived
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
sm
art
wal
king
syst
e
m
c
an
be
ap
plied
in
any
kind
of
te
rr
ai
n
,
an
d
any
form
of
trai
l
.
Ho
we
ve
r
there
sho
uld
be
a
m
ini
m
u
m
sta
nd
a
rd
siz
e
that
shou
l
d
be
kep
t
f
or
the
sti
ck
an
d
this
shou
l
d
be
well
ha
nd
le
d
.
The
obsta
cl
es
will
be
s
uccess
fu
ll
y
be
detect
ed
a
nd
en
vir
on
m
e
ntal
change
s
will
be
i
den
t
i
fied
.
W
it
h
su
c
h
gr
eat
adv
a
ntage
people
would
be
a
ble
to
tra
vel
m
or
e
easi
ly
an
d
qu
ic
kly
reac
h
i
ng
the
de
sti
nation
with
ease
.
W
it
h
this
pro
j
ect
we
intend
to
c
reat
e
a
ver
y
sm
all
scal
e
at
the
sam
e
tim
e
ver
y
m
uch
eff
ect
ive
dev
ic
e
w
hich
i
s
cheap
and is
us
er
frie
nd
ly
inte
rf
ace
wh
ic
h
is sm
oo
t
h wit
h very les
s erro
rs
e
nsuri
ng h
i
gh r
el
ia
bil
it
y and
e
ff
ic
ie
nc
y.
In
f
utu
re
w
ork
m
any
m
or
e
featur
es
ca
n
be
ad
ded
su
c
h
a
s
insta
ll
ing
a
narrato
r
an
d
a
lso
a
GPS
.
Howe
ver
, th
is
syst
e
m
w
il
l be v
ery m
uch
be
a
dequate a
nd ef
fici
ent for
the
us
er
and it i
s
w
el
l im
ple
m
ente
d
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
This
pro
j
ect
w
as
pa
rtia
ll
y
su
pport
ed
by
our
insti
tute
an
d
it
'
s
m
anag
em
ent
,
ass
ociat
ed
m
e
m
ber
s
a
nd
we wo
uld l
ike
to tha
nk them
f
or h
el
ping
us
t
hro
ughout t
he pr
oject
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
S.
K.
Boli
se
tt
i
,
M.
Patwar
y
,
A.
H.
Solim
an,
and
M.
Abdel
-
Mag
uid,
“
RF
sensing
base
d
t
arg
et
d
et
e
ct
or
for
sm
art
sensing
withi
n
i
nte
rne
t
of
thi
ngs
in
har
sh sensing
envi
ronm
ent
s,”
I
EE
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Acce
ss
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vol
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,
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2017
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Z.
Zou,
K
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J.
Li,
R.
Li
,
and
S.
W
u,
“
Sm
art
hom
e
s
y
stem
base
d
on
IPV
6
and
ZIGB
EE
t
ec
hno
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y
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T.
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Jism
i
Jo
hnson,
Nikhal
Raj
an
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y
a
M
Thomas,
Rake
ndh
C
S,
“
S
m
art
W
al
king
Stic
k
f
or
Viual
l
y
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2017
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Y.
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ng,
X.
Chen,
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ern
et
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ngs
in
hea
lt
hc
a
re
:
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vie
w,”
J
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Ind.
Inf.
Inte
gr.
,
vol
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pp
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3
–
13
,
201
6.
[5]
M.
Pinto,
R.
D.
Stanl
e
y
,
S.
Malagi,
V.
P.
K,
and
A.
K.
M.
K,
“
S
m
art
Cane
for
the
Visually
Im
paired,
”
vol
.
7,
no.
3,
pp.
73
–
76
,
2017
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
12
, N
o.
3
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
1
282
–
1288
1288
[6]
A.
Santos,
J.
Ma
ce
do,
A.
Costa
,
and
M.
J.
Nicola
u,
“
Inte
rne
t
of
T
hings
and
Sm
art
Objec
ts
for
M
-
hea
l
th
Monitori
ng
and
Contro
l,”
Pr
oce
dia
Technol.
,
vol. 16, pp. 135
1
–
1360,
2014
.
[7]
S.
Li, L.
Da
Xu,
and
S.
Zha
o
,
“
T
he
in
te
rne
t
of
th
i
ngs:
a
surve
y
,
”
I
nf.
S
yst. F
ront
.
,
vol.
17
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
243
–
259
,
2015
.
[8]
S.
K.
Boli
se
tt
i
,
M.
Patwar
y
,
A.
H.
Solim
an,
and
M.
Abdel
-
Mag
uid,
“
RF
sensing
base
d
t
arg
et
d
et
e
ct
or
for
sm
art
sensing
withi
n
i
nte
rne
t
of
thi
ngs
in
har
sh sensing
envi
ronm
ent
s,”
I
EE
E
Acce
ss
,
vol
.
5
,
pp
.
13346
–
1
3363,
2017
.
[9]
F.
Raz
z
ak,
“
Spa
m
m
ing
the
Inte
r
net
of
Thi
n
gs:
A
poss
i
bil
ity
and
i
ts
proba
ble
solut
ion,
”
Proce
dia
Comput.
Sci.
,
vo
l.
10,
pp
.
658
–
665
,
2012.
[10]
Rashida
h
Funke
Olanr
ewa
ju
,
Muham
m
ad
Luqma
n
Azz
aki
Mohd
Radz
i
,
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