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n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
2.
DIM
M
I
NG
T
E
CH
NI
Q
U
E
S
O
F
L
E
D
Ma
n
y
li
g
h
tin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
s
a
v
in
g
s
a
n
d
ae
s
t
h
etic
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
Sin
ce
L
E
D
e
m
i
ts
i
n
co
h
er
e
n
t
l
ig
h
t
w
h
ic
h
is
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
c
u
r
r
en
t,
t
h
e
e
m
itted
i
n
te
n
s
it
y
o
f
L
E
D
lig
h
t
s
h
a
s
to
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
an
d
ad
j
u
s
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
u
s
to
b
e
ab
le
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
d
i
m
m
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
t o
f
an
alo
g
d
im
m
in
g
a
n
d
d
ig
ital d
i
m
m
i
n
g
[
1
]
T
h
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
s
ch
e
m
e
o
v
er
L
E
Ds,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e1
th
at
ar
e
an
alo
g
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
d
i
m
m
in
g
.
E
ac
h
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
o
f
d
im
m
in
g
h
as
its
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
a
n
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
.
W
e
s
elec
t th
e
a
n
alo
g
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
f
o
r
ev
alu
a
tio
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
co
m
p
lex
cir
cu
itr
y
,
a
lth
o
u
g
h
it c
a
n
ca
u
s
e
c
h
r
o
m
aticit
y
s
h
i
f
t
w
h
er
ea
s
,
i
n
d
i
g
ital
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
,
c
h
r
o
m
atic
it
y
is
n
o
t
a
n
is
s
u
e
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
m
a
in
tai
n
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
ata
s
p
ee
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
p
u
l
s
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
(
P
W
M)
s
ig
n
al
is
lo
w
[
3
]
.
I
t is i
m
p
er
ati
v
e
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
cr
itical
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
ea
ch
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
ea
ch
ap
p
licati
o
n
.
2
.
1
.
Ana
lo
g
Di
mm
ing
An
alo
g
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
i
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
(
C
C
R
)
w
h
ic
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
L
E
D.
W
e
ca
n
ad
j
u
s
t
t
h
e
i
n
te
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
e
m
itted
li
g
h
t
L
E
D
b
y
v
ar
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
cu
r
r
en
t
a
t
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
lo
w
es
t
le
v
el
to
a
ttai
n
t
h
e
d
es
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
is
ea
s
y
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
r
iv
er
cir
cu
itr
y
is
n
o
t
co
m
p
lex
,
b
u
t
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
ac
cu
r
ate
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ef
f
icie
n
t
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
L
E
D
is
v
ar
ied
d
ir
ec
tl
y
i
n
an
al
o
g
d
i
m
m
in
g
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
c
h
r
o
m
aticit
y
s
h
i
f
t.
2
.
2
.
Dig
it
a
l D
i
mm
ing
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
is
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M)
w
h
er
e
p
u
ls
e
s
ar
e
m
o
d
u
lated
d
ig
itall
y
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
L
E
D
at
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
cu
r
r
en
t
le
v
el.
P
W
M
m
o
d
u
lat
es
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
l
s
e
w
h
ic
h
is
th
e
ti
m
e
in
ter
v
a
l
w
h
en
th
e
p
u
l
s
e
is
„
o
n
‟
s
tate,
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
s
tate
th
e
d
ata
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
[
4
]
.
A
ll
th
e
L
E
D
l
ig
h
t
is
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Sci,
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1
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260
w
it
h
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
w
h
e
n
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
is
„
1
‟
.
W
e
ca
n
ac
h
ie
v
e
d
esire
d
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
f
P
W
M
s
ig
n
al
.
Di
g
ital
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
e
f
er
ab
le
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
VL
C
d
u
e
to
it
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
d
i
m
m
i
n
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
I
t
a
ls
o
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
lig
h
t
i
n
te
n
s
i
t
y
o
f
L
E
D
m
o
r
e
li
n
ea
r
l
y
th
a
n
an
alo
g
d
i
m
m
in
g
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
i
g
h
er
d
i
m
m
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
at
lo
w
er
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
lev
el
[
5
]
.
3.
M
O
DULAT
I
O
N
T
E
CH
NI
Q
UE
T
h
e
d
ata
is
m
o
d
u
la
ted
o
n
to
a
ca
r
r
ier
s
i
g
n
al
b
y
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it
t
h
e
d
at
a
th
r
o
u
g
h
L
E
D.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
v
ar
ia
n
ts
o
f
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
th
at
w
e
ca
n
e
v
alu
a
te
b
y
an
al
y
zi
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
c
h
e
m
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
c
h
an
g
es
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
I
n
o
u
r
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
an
al
y
ze
d
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
NR
Z
-
OOK,
M
-
ar
y
P
A
M
a
n
d
M
-
Q
A
M
-
OFDM
s
ch
e
m
es
b
ased
o
n
b
it
r
ate,
b
ea
m
d
iv
er
g
en
ce
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
r
d
i
m
m
in
g
.
A
ll
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
w
er
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
co
n
s
tan
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
f
o
r
all
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
i
n
t
h
is
p
r
eli
m
in
ar
y
s
tu
d
y
,
w
e
ar
e
g
o
i
n
g
to
p
r
ese
n
t
th
e
d
ata
a
n
al
y
ze
d
w
it
h
N
R
Z
-
OOK
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
n
l
y
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
i
n
g
Op
ti
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e.
T
h
e
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
cir
cu
i
t is as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
V
L
C
s
i
m
u
latio
n
d
esi
g
n
T
h
e
VL
C
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
VL
C
tr
an
s
m
itter
,
a
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
o
p
tical
ch
an
n
el
a
n
d
VL
C
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
I
t
u
s
es
in
te
n
s
it
y
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
an
d
d
ir
e
ct
d
etec
tio
n
(
I
M/D
D)
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
L
E
D.
T
r
an
s
m
itted
d
ata
i
s
m
o
d
u
lated
b
y
i
n
ten
s
it
y
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
i
n
s
ta
n
ta
n
e
o
u
s
p
o
w
er
o
f
L
E
D
an
d
co
n
v
e
r
ts
th
e
elec
tr
ical
to
o
p
tical
p
o
w
er
.
P
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ir
ec
t
d
etec
tio
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
w
h
ich
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
t
h
e
r
ec
e
iv
ed
o
p
tical
p
o
w
er
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
em
o
d
u
lato
r
d
e
m
o
d
u
late
s
t
h
e
d
ata
an
d
tr
an
s
m
i
ts
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
f
ilter
an
d
a
m
p
li
f
ier
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
u
s
ed
to
r
e
m
o
v
e
t
h
e
u
n
d
esire
d
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
ig
n
a
l
an
d
a
m
p
li
f
ier
a
m
p
lifie
s
(
T
r
an
s
i
m
p
ed
en
ce
Am
p
li
f
ie
r
,
T
I
A
)
th
e
w
ea
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e.
T
h
en
th
e
b
it
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
r
eg
en
er
ato
r
r
ec
o
v
er
s
b
ac
k
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
a
l
d
ata.
T
h
ese
ar
e
th
e
en
tire
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
tr
a
n
s
m
itt
in
g
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
a
V
L
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
ab
le
2
illu
s
tr
ated
th
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
al
o
n
g
w
it
h
th
e
as
s
i
g
n
ed
v
al
u
e
s
f
o
r
th
e
Op
tis
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Sim
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
Op
tis
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
W
h
i
t
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[2
]
F.
Zaf
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Di
m
m
in
g
sc
h
e
m
e
s
f
o
r
v
isib
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
:
th
e
sta
te
o
f
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
,”
I
EE
E
W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
2
2
(2
)
,
p
p
.
29
-
35
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
S.
Uc
a
r,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Dimm
in
g
su
p
p
o
r
t
fo
r
v
isi
b
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
in
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n
telli
g
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n
t
tr
a
n
sp
o
rta
ti
o
n
a
n
d
t
ra
ff
ic
sy
ste
m
,”
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
IEE
E/
IF
I
P
Ne
tw
o
rk
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
m
p
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siu
m
,
Ista
n
b
u
l
,
(
NO
M
S
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
3
-
1
1
9
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
]
Z.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
d
imm
in
g
c
o
n
tro
l
sc
h
e
m
e
in
a
v
is
ib
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
,”
Op
ti
c
s
Exp
re
ss
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
2
0
(1
7
)
,
p
p
.
1
8
8
6
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
J.
Y.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Dimm
in
g
sc
h
e
me
a
n
a
lys
is
f
o
r
p
u
lse
a
mp
l
it
u
d
e
m
o
d
u
la
ted
v
isi
b
le
li
g
h
t
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,”
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s an
d
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
2
0
1
3
.
[6
]
Ullah
J
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
n
d
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
DIPP
M
:
A
Ne
w
M
o
d
u
lati
o
n
S
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
V
isib
le
L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
e
n
so
rs
,
2
0
1
5
.
[7
]
S.
A
rn
o
n
,
“
V
isi
b
le L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
,”
U.K.:
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
.
P
re
ss
,
2
0
1
5
.
[8
]
S.
F
u
a
d
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
No
ise
A
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
T
r
a
n
s
-
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
Am
p
li
f
ier
(
TIA
)
in
V
a
riet
y
Op
Am
p
f
o
r
u
se
i
n
V
isi
b
le
L
ig
h
t
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l/
iss
u
e
:
8
(1
)
,
2
0
1
7
.
[9
]
S
in
d
h
u
b
a
la
K
.
a
n
d
V
ij
a
y
a
la
k
sh
m
i
B.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f
Vi
sib
le
L
ig
h
t
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
th
ro
u
g
h
simu
l
a
ti
o
n
,”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
of
IEE
E
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
p
p
.
2
1
5
–
220
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
A
.
Ja
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
mo
n
stra
ti
o
n
o
f
R
Z
-
OO
K
mo
d
u
l
a
ti
o
n
sc
h
e
m
e
fo
r
h
i
g
h
sp
e
e
d
o
p
t
ica
l
d
a
t
a
tra
n
sm
issio
n
,”
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
1
1
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
W
irele
ss
a
n
d
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
pp.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
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