Indonesi
an
Journa
l
of El
ect
ri
cal Engineer
ing
an
d
Comp
ut
er
Scie
nce
Vo
l.
13
,
No.
3
,
Ma
rch
201
9
, p
p.
1
2
7
4
~
1
279
IS
S
N: 25
02
-
4752, DO
I: 10
.11
591/ijeecs
.v1
3
.i
3
.pp
1
2
7
4
-
1
279
1274
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core.c
om/j
ourn
als/i
ndex.
ph
p/ij
eecs
Volta
ge
i
nstabili
ty
a
nal
ysis
b
ased
on
m
odal
a
nal
ysis
t
ec
hn
iqu
e and
a
rtifi
cial
n
eu
ra
l
n
etwork
Ah
m
ad
Fa
teh Mo
hama
d No
r
1
,
M
ariz
an
S
ulaima
n
2
1
Gree
n
and
Sus
t
ai
nab
le
Ene
rg
y
(
GS
Ene
rg
y
)
Focu
s Group,
Depa
r
t
m
ent
of Electric
al
Pow
er Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Facul
t
y
of Electr
ic
a
l
and
E
le
c
tron
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
Univer
siti
Tun H
uss
ei
n
Onn Mal
a
y
s
ia,
Ma
lay
sia
2
Cent
er
for
Rob
oti
cs
and
Industr
ia
l
Autom
at
ion
,
Facul
t
y
of Electr
ic
a
l
Eng
ineeri
ng
,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
,
Ma
lay
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
S
ep
3
0
, 201
8
Re
vised Dec
22
, 2
018
Accepte
d
Ja
n
2
, 201
9
One
of
th
e
p
aram
ount
importan
ce
in
th
e
op
erati
on
of
e
lectr
i
cal
power
s
y
st
em
oper
ation
orde
r
t
o
sus
ta
in
the
equi
li
brium
of
the
sy
stem
is
the
stab
il
ity
of
the
loa
d
buses’
volt
age
s
.
If
the
lo
ad
buses
volt
age
s
are
not
stable,
th
is
ca
n
ca
use
serious
proble
m
espe
c
ia
l
l
y
pow
er
s
y
st
em
black
out.
Thi
s
pap
er
pre
sents
th
e
ana
l
y
sis
of
voltage
insta
bi
li
t
y
i
n
el
ectric
powe
r
sy
st
em
b
y
usin
g
m
odal
ana
l
y
sis
t
ec
hniq
ue
.
How
eve
r
,
on
e
of
th
e
ch
al
l
en
ges
of
m
odal
an
aly
s
is
is
th
e
int
en
ci
ve
and
co
m
ple
x
ca
l
culati
o
n
proc
edur
es.
In
orde
r
to
ov
erc
o
m
e
tha
t
,
this
pape
r
impleme
nts
Artifi
cial
Neura
l
Networ
k
(AN
N)
to
improve
the
implementa
t
ion
of
m
odal
anal
y
s
is
te
chn
ique.
AN
N
is
used
to
det
ermine
th
e
par
ticipation
f
actors
obta
in
ed
fro
m
the
m
odal
anal
y
sis
te
chn
ique.
The
r
esult
s
show
tha
t
m
od
al
anal
y
s
is
te
ch
nique
is
able
t
o
show
which
bus
is
cl
ose
towar
ds
expe
r
iencing
vol
ta
ge
in
stabi
lit
y
.
In
add
it
ion,
the
result
s
al
so
show
tha
t
AN
N
is
abl
e
to
pre
di
ct
th
e
val
ues
of
par
t
ic
i
pat
ion
fa
ct
ors.
A
loa
d
bus
is
conside
red
a
we
ak
bus
if
the
bu
s
has
high
te
nd
ency
towar
ds
ex
per
ie
n
ci
ng
volt
ag
e
inst
abi
l
i
t
y
.
I
EEE
-
14
bus
te
st
power
sy
st
em
has
bee
n
chose
n
as
the
te
st powe
r
s
y
st
e
m
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
ANN
IEEE
-
14
bus te
st sy
stem
MATLAB
Mod
al
a
naly
sis t
echn
i
qu
e
Vo
lt
age
insta
bili
ty
an
al
ysi
s
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ah
m
ad
Fate
h
Moh
am
ad
N
or,
Gr
ee
n
a
nd
S
us
t
ai
nab
le
E
ne
rg
y
(
G
SE
nergy)
F
ocus Gr
oup,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
Pow
er E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Fac
ulty
o
f
El
ect
rical
an
d El
ect
ronic E
ng
i
ne
erin
g,
Un
i
ve
rsiti
T
un
Hu
s
sei
n O
nn
Ma
la
ysi
a,
86400 Pa
rit R
aja,
Bat
u
Pa
hat,
Jo
ho
r,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: afat
eh@
ut
hm
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ele
ct
rical
po
w
er
black
out
ha
s
al
ways
bee
n
a
m
ajo
r
prob
le
m
no
t
on
l
y
to
the
el
ectr
ic
al
powe
r
eng
i
neer
s
,
but
al
so
t
o
t
he
c
on
s
um
ers.
P
ower
syst
em
bl
ackouts
will
gi
ve
m
assive
eff
ect
not
only
to
t
he
op
e
rati
on
of
t
he
el
ect
rical
power
syst
em
,
bu
t
al
so
t
o
t
he
day
to
day
business
th
at
can
le
ad
to
m
uch
w
or
s
e
pro
blem
s
su
ch
as
ec
onom
ic
losses
.
It
has
been
f
ound
ou
t
that
m
os
t
of
the
el
ect
rical
powe
r
black
outs
that
occurre
d
at
m
os
t
pa
rt
of
t
he
world
wer
e
c
ause
d
by
volt
age
insta
bili
ty
[1
]
-
[
3]
.
V
oltag
e
instabil
it
y
will
ta
ke
place
due
to
th
e
fail
ur
e
of
the
el
ect
rical
pow
er
syst
em
to
m
ai
ntain
the
bus
vo
lt
a
ges
rem
ai
n
the
s
am
e
after
the
el
ect
rical
pow
er
syst
em
is
being
s
ubj
ect
e
d
to
a
disturba
nc
e
[4
]
-
[
5]
.
F
or
ever
y
operati
on
of
el
ect
rica
l
power
syst
e
m
,
it
is
ver
y
i
m
po
rtant
th
at
the
syst
e
m
op
erates
within
the
al
lowa
ble
vo
lt
age
ra
ng
e
and
as
f
ar
a
s
possibl
e
from
the
vo
lt
age
crit
ic
al
po
in
t.
If
the
powe
r
syst
e
m
reaches
the
vo
lt
age
cri
ti
cal
po
int,
the
vo
lt
age
syst
em
will
enter
unsta
ble
reg
i
on
a
nd
he
nc
e,
le
ad
to
blackout.
H
oweve
r,
due
to
the
ra
pid
de
velo
pm
e
nt
that
occurre
d
al
l
ov
e
r
the
w
orl
d
especi
al
ly
in
dev
el
op
i
ng
c
ount
ries
,
has
re
su
lt
ed
in
the
i
ncr
easi
ng
of
el
ect
rici
ty
load
dem
and
per
ye
ar
[
6]
.
T
he
inc
rem
ental
value
of
l
oad
dem
and
especi
al
ly
reacti
ve
po
we
r
(
Q)
loa
d
dem
and
will
m
ake
the
el
ect
rical
po
w
er
syst
e
m
to
op
erate
cl
os
e
to
the
vo
lt
age
in
sta
bili
ty
lim
it
[
7]
.
Th
is
is
w
he
re
the
i
m
po
rt
ance
of
analy
sing
volt
age
in
sta
bili
ty
ta
ke
place
.
V
ol
ta
ge
instabil
it
y
analy
sis
is
ve
ry
im
po
rtant
in
order
to
m
ake
sur
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Volta
ge
inst
abil
it
y a
na
ly
sis
ba
sed o
n
m
od
al ana
ly
sis t
ec
hn
i
q
ue and …
.
(
Ah
mad Fate
h
M
oham
ad Nor)
1275
that
the
load
buses
in
the
po
wer
syst
em
op
erate
within
th
e
al
lowab
le
volt
age
range.
A
load
bus
is
c
onside
red
as
a
wea
k
bu
s
if
it
op
e
rates
near
t
he
vo
l
ta
ge
crit
ic
al
point.
M
od
al
a
naly
sis
te
chn
i
qu
e
is
ver
y
use
fu
l
to
determ
ine
the w
eak
loa
d
bus
es
[
8]
.
I
n
m
od
a
l
analy
sis
te
ch
nique,
t
he
l
oad
bus p
arti
ci
pati
on
fact
or
is
ide
ntifie
d.
The
loa
d
bus
with
the
highe
st
par
ti
ci
pation
factor
is
the
w
eakest
bus
in
t
he
syst
em
and
vice
-
ver
sa
.
H
oweve
r,
the
m
od
al
an
al
ysi
s
te
chn
iqu
e
involes
ve
ry
detai
l
and
intensive
m
ea
su
res
a
nd
cal
culat
ion
s
s
uch
as
the
determ
inati
on
o
f
re
du
ce
d
Ja
cob
ia
n
m
at
ric
es,
dete
rm
inatio
n
of
ei
ga
nval
ues
et
c.
T
o
overc
om
e
thi
s,
thi
s
researc
h
will
app
ly
A
rtific
ia
l
Neural
Net
wor
k
(
A
NN)
in
t
he
m
od
al
analy
sis
te
chn
iq
ue.
ANN
will
be
use
d
to
determ
ine the
value o
f
the
lo
ad buse
s
par
ti
c
ipati
on
facto
rs.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Modal
Analy
s
is T
echnique
The
m
od
al
a
na
ly
sis
te
chn
iq
ue
was
i
ntr
oduced
by
Ga
o,
Moriss
on
an
d
Kun
dur
i
n
1992
[
9]
.
T
his
te
chn
iq
ue
i
ntend
s
to
determ
i
ne
the
par
ti
ci
pa
ti
on
fact
or
s
of
the
loa
d
bus
es.
The
pa
rtic
ipati
on
facto
rs
can
be
determ
ined
f
rom
the
values
of
ei
ge
nv
al
ue
and
ei
ge
nvect
or
of
t
he
redu
ced
Jac
obia
n
m
at
rix.
T
he
hig
he
r
t
he
value
of
par
ti
ci
pation
fact
or,
the
cl
os
e
r
t
he
l
oad
buses
towa
r
ds
e
xp
eriencin
g
volt
age
i
ns
ta
bili
ty
.
T
he
proce
dures of
the m
od
al
ana
ly
sis t
echn
i
qu
e
a
re e
xp
la
ine
d
a
s
foll
ow
s:
2.1.1.
Red
uced
Jac
ob
ia
n
Matrix
(J
r
)
The
first
ste
p
i
n
the
m
od
al
an
al
ysi
s
te
chn
iq
ue
the
determ
inati
on
of
the
re
du
ce
d
Jaco
bia
n
Ma
trix
(
Jr
).
The
Jac
ob
ia
n
m
at
rix
that
is
ob
ta
ina
ble
f
orm
the
New
to
n
Ra
ph
s
on
powe
r
flo
w
m
et
ho
d
represe
nts
the
inj
ec
t
e
d
real p
ower
(P)
and reacti
ve
po
wer (
Q)
.
T
he r
el
at
i
on
sh
i
p
is s
how
n
in
E
qu
at
i
on (1)
[2
]
,
[
10
]
,
[
11]
.
[
∆
∆
]
=
[
]
[
∆
∆
]
(1)
wh
e
re
∆P
is t
he
i
ncr
e
m
ental
ch
an
ge i
n
bus
r
eal
pow
er
∆Q
is t
he
inc
re
m
ental
ch
an
ge i
n
bus
r
eact
ive
powe
r
∆δ
is t
he
inc
re
m
ental
ch
an
ge i
n
bus
volt
age
ang
le
∆V
is t
he
i
ncr
e
m
ental
ch
an
ge i
n
bus
volt
age
m
agn
it
ud
e
In
ord
er
to
i
de
ntify
the
re
du
c
ed
Jac
obia
n
m
at
rix
(Jr),
the
value
of
∆P
is
bei
ng
s
ub
sti
tu
te
with
0.
Eq
u
at
ion (
2) e
xp
la
in
s it
.
[
0
∆
]
=
[
]
[
∆
∆
]
(2)
Fr
om
Equati
on (2)
,
the
f
ollowi
ng
Eq
uatio
n (
3) an
d
E
quat
io
n (4) ca
n be
obta
ined.
∆
=
−
−
1
∆
(3)
∆
=
∆
+
∆
(4)
Eq
uation (
5) be
low
is
for
m
ed
by s
ubsti
tuti
ng
E
quat
ion (
3)
into E
quat
ion (
4)
∆
=
∆
[
−
−
1
]
∆
=
∆
(5)
wh
e
re
=
[
−
−
1
]
.
E
qu
at
i
on (6) i
s fo
rm
e
d by re
orga
nizing E
qu
at
io
n (5).
∆
=
−
1
∆
(6)
Eq
uation
(
6)
s
hows
t
he
relat
i
on
s
hi
p
bet
wee
n
the
i
ncr
em
ental
changes
of
vo
lt
age
an
d
re
act
ive
powe
r.
This
pro
of
s
tha
t t
he
inc
rem
ent
al
v
al
ue o
f
r
eac
ti
ve
powe
r wil
l affect t
he valu
e of
vo
lt
ages
.
2.1.2.
Det
ermi
n
ati
on o
f the
M
os
t
Critical
M
od
e
The
sec
ond
ste
p
in
m
od
al
a
na
ly
sis
is
the
de
te
rm
inati
on
of
the
m
os
t
crit
ical
m
od
e.
T
he
ei
genvalue
s
and
ei
ge
nvect
or
s
of
ca
n
be
us
e
d
to
deter
m
ine
the
m
odes
of
t
he
pow
er
netw
ork.
T
he
l
ow
est
val
ue
of
ei
genvalue
of
determ
ines
the
m
os
t
crit
ic
al
m
od
e
of
the
powe
r
syst
em
[9
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
13]
.
Eq
uation
(
7)
de
picts
their r
el
at
io
nsh
ip
[2
]
,
[
9
]
-
[
11]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1
2
7
4
–
1
2
7
9
1276
=
∆
(7)
wh
e
re
ξ
is t
he
ri
gh
t ei
genvecto
r of
∆
is t
he diag
on
al
eigenval
ue
of
η
is t
he
left ei
ge
nv
ect
or of
2.1.3.
Det
ermi
n
ati
on o
f the
Par
tici
pa
ti
on
F
ac
to
r
The
final
an
d
m
ai
n
pr
ocedur
e
of
the
m
od
al
analy
sis
te
chn
iq
ue
is
the
determ
inatio
n
of
th
e
par
ti
ci
patio
n
fa
ct
or
s
of
the
loa
d
bu
s
es.
The
bus
par
ti
ci
patio
n
factor
is
a
n
i
nd
ic
at
or
t
hat
s
hows
t
he
te
nd
e
ncy
of
a
par
ti
cula
r
bu
s
towa
rds
volt
age
insta
bili
ty
.
It
sh
oul
d
be
cal
culat
ed
at
the
bu
s
that
ha
s
th
e
m
os
t
crit
ic
al
m
od
e.
The b
us
par
ti
ci
pation fact
or is cal
culat
ed by
us
in
g
E
quat
ion (
8)
[9
]
,
[
11
]
,
[
13]
.
=
(8)
wh
e
re
is t
he parti
ci
pa
ti
on
factor o
f b
us
k
t
o
m
od
e
s the
it
h
colum
n rig
ht eige
nv
e
ct
or
of
is t
he
i
th
r
ow of
left ei
ge
nv
ect
or of
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
t
he
bu
s
pa
rtic
ipati
on
fact
or
ob
t
ai
ned
from
Equ
at
ion
(
8)
is
s
how
n
in
m
at
ri
x
f
or
m
.
The
row
of
the
m
at
rix
in
dicat
es
th
e
nu
m
ber
of
t
he
bus.
T
he
col
um
n
of
the
m
at
rix
sho
ws
the
m
od
e
of
the
powe
r
netw
ork.
T
he
la
rg
er
t
he
val
ue
of
bus
pa
r
ti
ci
pation
fac
t
or
of
a
bus,
t
he
cl
os
e
r
the
bu
s
t
ow
a
rds
volt
age
instabil
it
y and
vice v
e
rsa.
2.2.
Appl
ic
at
i
on
of Ar
tifici
al
Ne
ural
Net
w
ork (ANN
)
In
this
resea
rc
h,
A
N
N
will
be
us
e
d
to
pr
edict
the
valu
e
of
pa
rtic
ipati
on
fact
or
that
has
been
determ
ined
f
rom
Su
b
-
sect
io
n
2.1.
I
n
orde
r
to
achie
ve
t
ha
t,
the
ANN
m
od
el
m
us
t
be
trai
ned
to
le
a
r
n
the
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
t
he
in
put
qu
a
ntit
ie
s
an
d
the
outp
ut
[
14
]
.
For
this
pur
pose,
a
ppr
oxi
m
at
ely
50
0
t
r
ai
nin
g
data
we
re
generate
d.
The
m
ulti
la
ye
r
per
ce
ptr
on
with
bac
kpr
op
a
gatio
n
(
ML
PBP)
ANN
m
od
el
is
th
e
m
os
t
widely
us
e
d
of
ANN
m
od
el
[15
]
,
[
16]
.
I
n
this
researc
h
the
MLPB
P
ANN
m
od
el
will
be
op
ti
m
iz
ed
in
or
de
r
to
pr
e
dict
the
par
t
ic
ipat
ion
facto
r
s.
The
inputs
of
the
op
ti
m
iz
ed
MLPB
P
AN
N
are
the
vs
lues
of
real
an
d
rea
ct
ive
powe
r of
l
oads
(
P
an
d Q l
oads).
Figure 1
de
picts t
he
co
nf
i
gura
ti
on
MLPBP
A
NN
netw
ork
th
at
is b
ei
ng
m
ade u
p of
i
nput lay
er (
P a
nd
Q
loa
d
in
pe
r
un
it
)
,
hidde
n
la
ye
r
and
t
he
outp
ut
la
ye
r
(v
a
lues
of
pa
rtic
ipati
on
facto
rs
).
The
pre
dicti
on
ou
t
put
values
will
then
be
bei
ng
c
om
par
ed
with
the
pa
rtic
ipati
on
facto
rs
deter
m
ined
in
Sub
-
sect
ion
2.1
in
order
t
o
fin
d
the
e
rror
s
.
The
e
rror
is
i
m
po
rtant
in
order
t
o
im
pr
ov
e
the
A
N
N’
s
pred
ic
ti
on
s
valu
e
s.
MATL
AB
Neural
Netw
ork
T
oolbox
is
us
e
d
to
run
t
he
opti
m
iz
ed
A
N
N
m
od
el
.
T
he
op
ti
m
iz
ed
ANN
m
od
el
in
MA
TLAB
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
2.
In
this rese
arch,
the num
ber
s o
f
ne
uron
in
the h
id
de
n
la
ye
r
is
10 w
hic
h
is
the d
e
fau
lt
value
in to
olbox.
2.3.
IEE
E 14
-
bu
s
Sy
s
tem
The
IE
EE
14
-
bu
s
syst
em
has
been
c
hosen
as
the
te
st
power
syst
em
this
pap
e
r.
T
he
m
od
al
analy
sis
te
chn
iq
ue
will
be
ap
plied
upon
this
te
st
po
w
er
syst
em
.
IEEE
14
-
bus
te
st
powe
r
syst
em
c
on
sist
s
of
one
sla
ck
bu
s
(Bus 1
),
fo
ur
vo
lt
a
ge
co
nt
ro
ll
ed b
us
es (
B
us
2, Bus 3,
B
us 6
an
d
B
us
8)
and
nin
e l
oad
bu
s
es (
B
us
4,
Bus 5,
Bus
7
a
nd Bus
9 un
ti
l B
us 1
4)
[
17
]
.
Fig
ur
e
3
[17
]
-
[
20]
de
pic
ts t
he diagram
o
f
this test
pow
er s
yst
em
.
Figu
re
1.
Co
nf
i
gurati
on
of
t
he M
LPBP AN
N netw
ork
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Volta
ge
inst
abil
it
y a
na
ly
sis
ba
sed o
n
m
od
al ana
ly
sis t
ec
hn
i
q
ue and …
.
(
Ah
mad Fate
h
M
oham
ad Nor)
1277
Figure
2
.
Co
nf
i
gurati
on
of
A
N
N
m
od
el
in
M
ATL
AB
Figure
3. IEE
E
14
-
B
us
Te
st P
ow
e
r
Syst
em
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
Modal
analy
sis resul
t
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
the
resu
lt
s
ob
ta
ined
from
per
f
or
m
ing
the
m
od
al
analy
sis
te
chn
i
qu
e
on
the
te
st
bus
syst
e
m
are p
re
sented
in
Fig
ure 4.
Figure
4. Parti
ci
pation Fact
or
s for
The
I
E
EE
14
-
B
us
P
ower
Syste
m
As
can
be
see
n
in
Figu
re
4,
B
us
14,
Bus
10
and
Bu
s
9
ha
ve
hig
h
par
ti
ci
pa
ti
on
facto
r
wi
th
Bus
14
is
the h
i
gh
e
st w
hi
ch
is
0.3
190.
T
his m
eans th
at
Bus
14 h
as
the
highest t
en
de
nc
y t
ow
a
rd
s
vol
ta
ge
insta
bili
ty.
O
ne
m
or
e
i
m
po
rtan
t
inf
or
m
at
ion
that
can
be
le
ar
ned
f
ro
m
Figur
e
4
is
t
hat
Bu
s
5
a
nd
Bus
4
ar
e
the
tw
o
m
os
t
sta
ble
load
bu
se
s
in
this
powe
r
syst
e
m
.
It
is
al
so
noti
ceable
from
the
res
ults
pr
es
ented
in
Fig
ur
e
4
th
at
only
the
lo
a
d
bu
s
es
that
pos
sess
the
par
ti
c
ipati
on
facto
r.
This
is
beca
use
this
m
od
al
analy
sis
te
chn
i
qu
e
f
ocu
se
s
on
the
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
t
he
in
cr
e
m
ental
chang
es
of
vo
lt
age
a
nd
reacti
ve
po
wer
as
sta
te
d
in
E
quat
ion
(
6).
Sinc
e
0
.00
3
9
0
.00
8
1
0
.01
8
8
0
.03
2
4
0
.07
0
.11
0
2
0
.19
9
0
.23
9
5
0
.31
9
0
0
.05
0
.1
0
.15
0
.2
0
.25
0
.3
0
.35
5
4
12
13
7
11
9
10
14
PARTICI
PATION
FACTO
R
LOAD
BUS NUM
BE
R
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
13
, N
o.
3
,
Ma
rc
h 201
9
:
1
2
7
4
–
1
2
7
9
1278
the
volt
ages
of
the
sla
c
k
and
volt
age
-
c
on
t
ro
ll
ed
buse
s
are
fixe
d
pri
or
t
o
the
lo
ad
flo
w
a
naly
sis,
no
par
ti
ci
patio
n fa
ct
or
is a
vaila
bl
e on the
se
bu
se
s.
3.2.
Predi
ction
of
Part
ic
ip
at
i
on
Factors
b
y A
NN
In
t
his
pa
pe
r,
ANN
is
us
e
d
to
determ
ine
the
pa
rtic
ip
at
ion
fa
ct
ors
as
show
n
i
n
Figure
4
.
T
he
par
ti
ci
patio
n
f
act
or
s
from
bo
th
m
et
ho
ds
wer
e
c
om
par
e
d
a
nd
a
naly
se
d.
Fi
gure
5
de
picts
the
par
ti
ci
pation
factors
ob
ta
ine
d from
A
NN a
nd the c
om
par
ison wit
h
the
d
a
ta
in
Fig
ure
4.
Figure
5. Parti
ci
pation Fact
or
s Obtai
ne
d
f
r
om
A
NN
a
nd
t
he
Com
par
iso
n w
it
h
T
he Dat
a
in Figu
re
4
As
can
be
see
n
in
Fi
gure
5,
ANN
has
the
abili
ty
to
pr
e
dict
the
pa
rtic
ipati
on
facto
rs
cl
os
e
to
the
par
ti
ci
patio
n
f
act
or
in
Fig
ur
e
4.
The
‘error’
in
Fi
gure
5
is
the
diff
ere
nce
(a
bs
ol
ute
value
)
betwee
n
th
e
par
ti
ci
patio
n
f
act
or
i
n
Fi
gur
e
4
with
the
va
lues
pr
e
dicte
d
from
AN
N
.
The
highest
va
lue
of
e
rro
r
i
s
only
0.000
9
rec
orde
d
at
Bus
5.
Thi
s
show
s
that
th
is
config
ur
at
io
n
of
ANN
ca
n
be
us
ed
t
o
pr
e
dict
the
pa
rtic
ipati
on
factors a
nd h
e
nc
e, h
el
p
in
im
pr
ovin
g
t
he vo
lt
age inst
abili
ty
m
o
dal an
al
ysi
s techn
i
qu
e
.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
re
searc
h
ha
s
show
n
the
im
po
rtance
of
analy
zi
ng
volt
age
insta
bili
ty
in
el
ect
ric
po
wer
syst
em
.
The
m
od
al
ana
ly
sis
te
chn
iqu
e
is
ver
y
val
uabl
e
in
determ
ini
ng
w
hich
loa
d
bu
s
is
pro
ne
to
wards
e
xp
e
rien
ci
ng
vo
lt
age
insta
bili
ty
.
The
re
su
lt
s
ha
ve
al
s
o
s
how
n
t
hat
ANN
has
the
abili
ty
to
pr
e
dict
loa
d
buses
par
ti
ci
patio
n
factors
that
can
be
us
ed
for
determ
ining
w
eak
buses
.
O
nc
e
the
weak
l
oa
d
buses
is
dete
rm
ined,
the
en
gin
ee
rs
and
powe
r
sy
stem
plann
er
s
can
us
e
t
he
inf
or
m
at
i
on
to
plan
a
nd
m
anag
e
t
he
inc
re
ased
of
loa
d
dem
and
pro
per
ly
in
order
t
o
av
oid
volt
age
insta
bili
ty
fr
om
ta
kin
g
place.
Vo
lt
ag
e
instabil
it
y
m
us
t
be
a
voide
d
from
ta
kin
g
place
be
cause
t
he
c
onseq
uen
ces
of
volt
age
in
sta
bili
ty
are
fatal
.
T
he
powe
r
syst
e
m
s
blacko
ut
s
t
hat
ar
e
cause
d
by
volt
age
instabil
it
y
m
igh
t
sp
rea
d
to
the
entire
co
un
t
ry.
Asid
e
from
po
wer
distr
ibu
ti
on
pro
ble
m
s,
the
powe
r
syst
em
s
black
ou
ts
t
ha
t
are
cause
d
by
vo
lt
age
i
ns
ta
bili
ty
will
ca
us
e
m
uch
w
orse
su
c
h
as
ec
onom
ic
losses.
It
is
s
ugge
ste
d
i
n
f
ut
ure
re
searc
h
t
o
consi
der
the
af
fect
of
distrib
ut
ed
ge
ne
rato
r
s
uch
as
s
olar
pa
nels
or
wind tu
r
bin
e t
owar
ds
t
he
sta
bili
ty
o
f
the
volt
age.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
rs
are
gr
at
ef
ul
t
o
t
he
Fac
ulty
of
Ele
ct
rical
an
d
Ele
ct
ron
ic
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
Re
searc
h
Ma
nag
em
ent
Ce
ntre
of
U
niv
ersit
i
Tu
n
H
us
sei
n
O
nn
Ma
la
ysi
a
(U
TH
M)
f
or
t
he
s
uppo
rt
an
d
benefici
al
researc
h plat
f
orm
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
A
.
F
.
M
.
Nor
,
et
al
.
,
“
Volta
g
e
In
stab
il
i
t
y
Anal
y
si
s
for
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Pow
er
Sy
st
em
Us
ing
Volta
ge
Sta
bil
t
y
Marg
in
and
Modal
Anal
y
sis
,
”
Indone
sian
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
Eng
ine
ering
a
nd
Computer
Sc
i
enc
e
,
3(3)
,
pp
.
6
55
–
62
,
2016
.
0
.00
3
9
0
.00
8
1
0
.01
8
8
0
.03
2
4
0
.07
0
.11
0
2
0
.19
9
0
.23
9
5
0
.31
9
0
.00
3
0
.00
9
4
0
.01
8
8
0
.03
2
2
0
.06
9
2
0
.10
9
5
0
.19
9
0
.24
0
2
0
.31
9
1
0
.00
0
9
0
.00
1
3
0
0
.00
0
2
0
.00
0
8
0
.00
0
7
0
0
.00
0
7
1E
-
04
0
0
.05
0
.1
0
.15
0
.2
0
.25
0
.3
0
.35
5
4
12
13
7
11
9
10
14
PARTICI
PATION
FACTO
R
LOAD
BUS NUM
BE
R
PART
ICI
PATI
ON
FACTO
R
AN
N_
P
ARTI
CIPAT
ION
FACT
OR
ERRO
R
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Ind
on
esi
a
n
J
E
le
c Eng &
Co
m
p
Sci
IS
S
N:
25
02
-
4752
Volta
ge
inst
abil
it
y a
na
ly
sis
ba
sed o
n
m
od
al ana
ly
sis t
ec
hn
i
q
ue and …
.
(
Ah
mad Fate
h
M
oham
ad Nor)
1279
[2]
Mobara
k
Y
.
A.
,
“
Volta
ge
Coll
a
pse
Predic
ti
on
f
or
Eg
y
p
ti
an
In
te
rco
nnecte
d
E
lec
tri
c
al
Grid
EI
E
G
,
”
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Journal
on
Elec
t
rical
Engi
ne
erin
g
and
Informati
c
s
,
vol/is
sue:
7(1)
,
pp
.
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ar
y
an
B
.
,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
Optima
l
Allo
ca
t
ion
and
Sizi
ng
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DG
Units
Conside
ri
ng
Volta
g
e
St
ab
il
ity
,
Losses
and
Loa
d
Var
iations
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
J
ournal
of El
e
ct
ri
cal
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al
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Volta
ge
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abi
lit
y
Ana
l
y
s
is
of
Loa
d
Buses
in
El
ec
t
ric
Pow
er
Sy
st
em
Us
ing
Adapti
ve
Neuro
-
fuz
z
y
Infe
r
enc
e
S
y
stem
(AN
FIS)
and
Probabil
is
ti
c
Neura
l
Network
(PN
N)
,
”
AR
PN
Journal
of
Engi
ne
ering
and
Appl
ie
d
Sc
ie
n
ce
s
,
vol
/i
ss
ue:
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,
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10
,
2
017
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[5]
A
.
F
.
M
.
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an
d
M
.
Sula
iman.
“
Com
par
ison
of
AN
FIS
and
ANN
-
BP
Approac
hes
in
Vol
ta
ge
St
abi
lit
y
Ana
l
y
s
is
of
Loa
d
Buses
in
El
e
ct
ri
c
Pow
er
S
y
stem
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
El
ectric
a
l
and
Computer
Engi
nee
ring
(
IJE
C
E)
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[6]
Rahmat
N
.
A
.
,
et
al.,
“
Optimizi
ng
Ec
onom
ic
Loa
d
Dispatc
h
with
Rene
wabl
e
Ene
rg
y
Source
s
via
Diffe
ren
tial
Evol
uti
on
Im
m
uniz
ed
An
t
Colon
y
Optimiz
at
i
on
Te
chni
qu
e
,
”
Inte
rnational
Journal
on
Adv
ance
d
Sc
ie
n
ce
,
Engi
ne
ering
and
Information
Te
c
hnology
,
vol/is
sue:
7(6)
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2
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[7]
Pere
z
-
Londono
S
.
M
.
,
e
t
al.
,
“
Online
Det
erminat
ion
of
Vol
ta
g
e
Stabi
l
ity
W
eak
Area
s
for
Si
tu
at
ion
al
Aw
are
n
e
ss
Im
prove
m
ent
,
”
El
e
ct
ric
Pow
er
S
yste
ms
Re
sear
ch
,
vol
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2
–
21
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[8]
A
.
F
.
M
.
Nor
an
d
M.
Sulai
m
an
,
“
Volta
ge
Stab
il
i
t
y
As
sess
m
ent
of
Pow
er
S
y
stem
Network
using
QV
and
PV
Modal
Anal
y
sis
,
”
Journal
of
Tel
ec
omm
unic
ati
on
,
E
lectro
nic
and
Comput
er
Engi
ne
ering
(
JTEC)
,
vol/
issue
:
8(7)
,
pp
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7
–
11
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2016
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[9]
Gao
B
.
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Volta
ge
Stabili
t
y
Eva
lu
ation
using
Modal
Anal
y
s
is
,
”
I
EE
E
T
rans
act
ions
on
Powe
r
Syste
ms
,
vol/
issue:
7(4)
,
p
p.
1529
–
42
,
199
2
.
[10]
Saada
t
H.
,
“
Pow
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S
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s
te
m
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ysis
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”
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e
,
McGraw
-
Hill
In
c.
,
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[11]
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l
ang
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.
and
Kham
par
i
y
a
P.
,
“
Volta
ge
Stabil
ity
Evalua
ti
o
n
Us
ing
Modal
Anal
y
s
is
,
”
In
te
rn
ati
onal
Journal
of
Sci
en
ti
fic
Re
sear
ch
Eng
ine
ering
&
Technol
ogy
(
IJS
RE
T)
,
vol/is
sue:
4(4)
,
pp
.
408
–
11
,
2015
.
[12]
Sharm
a
C
.
and
Ganne
ss
M
.
G.
,
“
Dete
rm
ina
ti
on
of
the
Appl
ic
ab
i
li
t
y
of
using
Modal
Anal
y
sis
for
the
Predi
ct
ion
of
Volt
age Sta
bi
li
t
y
,
”
Tr
ansm
ission and
Distributi
on
Confe
ren
ce and
Ex
posi
ti
on,
Chi
cago
,
I
EEE
,
p
p.
1
–
7
,
2008
.
[13]
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m
uoh
F
.
O
.
,
et
al
.
,
“
Modal
Based
Anal
y
si
s
and
Eva
lu
at
io
n
of
Volta
ge
St
abi
lit
y
of
Bulk
Pow
er
Sy
st
em
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Engi
ne
e
ring R
ese
arch
a
nd
Dev
e
lopment
,
vol/
issue:
6(12)
,
pp.
71
–
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,
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.
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A
.
F
.
M
Nor
,
et
al.
,
“
Stud
y
of
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g
e
and
Pow
er
Stabi
li
t
y
Margi
ns
of
El
ec
tri
c
al
Pow
er
Sy
stem
Us
ing
ANN
,
”
IET
Confe
renc
e
P
ubl
ic
ati
ons
.
Kuala
Lum
pur
,
p
p.
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–
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,
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Q
.
,
e
t
al.
,
“
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ng
of
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ge
Stabi
l
ity
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Us
ing
an
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c
ia
l
Neura
l
Network
,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Power
Syst
ems
,
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isue:
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,
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.
H
.
,
et
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l.
,
“
Eva
lu
ation
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ge
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y
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in
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ower
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st
em
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ng
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cial
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l
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”
Proce
dia
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n
e
ering.
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se
vi
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“
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w Del
hi
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at
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cGra
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Hill
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Pai
M
.
A.
,
“
Ene
r
g
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on
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l
y
sis fo
r
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er S
y
stem Stability
,
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ht
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uwer
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ubli
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N
.
,
et
a
l.
,
“
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t
ric
V
ehicle
Ch
arg
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Sm
art
Grid
:
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t
y
and
V
al
l
e
y
-
Fill
ing
Al
gorit
hm
s
,
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IE
E
E
Journal
of
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ed
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in
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ig
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D
.
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,
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ase
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IE
EE
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ansacti
ons
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,
20
17
.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ahm
ad
Fate
h
bin
Moham
ad
Nor
was
born
in
Ku
al
a
Lumpur,
Mal
a
y
si
a
on
the
16t
h
of
June
1988.
He
obta
ine
d
Ba
c
hel
or
of
El
e
ct
r
ical
Engi
n
ee
ring
(
Pow
er
El
ec
tron
i
cs
and
Drive
s)
in
2011,
Master
of
El
ectrical
En
gine
er
ing
(Industria
l
Pow
er)
in
2013
and
Ph.D.
in
El
ectrical
Pow
er
Engi
ne
eri
ng
i
n
2017
from
U
nive
rsiti
T
ekni
k
al
Malay
si
a
Mel
aka
(UTe
M).
C
urre
ntly
he
is
a
le
c
ture
r
at
th
e
Depa
rtment
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Pow
er
Engi
ne
eri
ng
,
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
E
lectr
i
ca
l
and
El
e
ct
ron
ic
Eng
ineeri
ng,
Univer
siti
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn
M
al
a
y
si
a.
His
area
of
rese
arc
h
intere
sts
inc
lu
d
es
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
power
engi
ne
eri
ng,
vol
ta
ge
insta
bi
li
t
y
ana
l
y
sis,
sol
ar
e
le
c
tri
c
ity
,
artificia
l
n
eur
al
n
et
wo
rk
(AN
N)
and
ada
pt
ive
n
eur
o
-
f
uzzy
infe
r
enc
e
s
y
stem (ANF
IS).
Mariz
an
Sulai
m
an
was
born
in
Kuala
Besut
,
Te
ren
gg
anu,
Malay
si
a
on
Apri
l
16,
1962.
He
obta
in
ed
B.
Sc.
i
n
El
ectrical
Eng
ine
er
ing
in
1984,
M.Sc.
in
Elec
t
ric
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
in
1985
and
Ph.D.
in
El
ectri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
in
1989
from
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Mi
ss
ouri
-
Colum
bia
,
Miss
ouri,
USA.
At
pre
se
nt
he
holds
the
post
as
Dire
ct
or
of
Cent
re
for
Resea
rch
Innova
ti
on
and
Mana
gement
(C
RIM),
Univer
siti
Te
knik
al
Mal
a
ysia
Mela
k
a
(UTe
M).
He
is a
seni
or
profe
ss
or
at
the
Facu
lty
of
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
UTe
M.
H
is
area
of
r
ese
ar
ch
intere
sts
in
cludes
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
power
s
y
stems
a
nd
cont
rol
&
au
t
om
at
ion.
He
h
as
publi
s
hed
8
bo
oks,
aut
hor
ed
an
d
co
-
aut
hor
ed
m
ore
tha
n
100
jo
urna
l art
i
cles a
n
d
aut
hor
ed and c
o
-
aut
hore
d
m
ore
tha
n
100
conf
er
enc
e
pap
ers.
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