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m
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is i
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CC B
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SA
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C
o
r
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s
p
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A
uth
o
r
:
C
h
o
n
g
Gu
n
Yu
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
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r
in
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I
n
ch
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n
Natio
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al
Un
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s
ity
1
1
9
Aca
d
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m
y
-
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Yeo
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s
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-
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I
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ch
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Ko
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ail: c
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@
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.
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k
r
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
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en
tly
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v
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b
ien
t
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g
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wer
s
m
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ized
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tr
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h
a
s
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ac
ted
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ab
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ch
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est
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atter
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en
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s
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tem
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s
u
ch
as
wir
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s
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
[
1
]
-
[
6
]
an
d
wea
r
ab
le/im
p
l
an
tab
le
d
ev
ices
[7
]
-
[
9
]
.
Sev
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al
en
v
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m
e
n
tal
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g
y
s
o
u
r
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ch
as
l
ig
h
t,
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r
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th
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m
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n
d
r
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d
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r
eq
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(
RF
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d
f
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.
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ty
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te
d
in
to
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s
in
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r
an
s
d
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ce
r
s
s
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ch
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to
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ltaic
(
PV)
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lls
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tr
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(
PE)
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s
d
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s
,
th
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m
o
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tr
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(
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s
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d
r
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ten
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as.
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a
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watts
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less
f
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s
[
7
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.
Sin
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s
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s
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ed
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s
m
all
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tem
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s
ize,
th
e
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g
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h
ar
v
ested
is
f
u
r
th
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lim
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.
Als
o
,
th
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en
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r
g
y
s
o
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s
ca
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b
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u
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s
tab
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T
h
u
s
,
s
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g
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-
in
p
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h
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v
esti
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g
(
SIE
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s
y
s
tem
s
h
a
v
e
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ited
a
p
p
licatio
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a
r
ea
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ca
n
o
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ly
o
p
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ate
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n
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p
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atin
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m
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d
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s
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ch
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u
r
s
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m
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d
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r
ac
tiv
e/sl
ee
p
m
o
d
e
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
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.
I
n
th
is
m
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d
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
ate
s
wh
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th
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is
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o
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en
e
r
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y
a
n
d
g
o
es
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to
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leep
m
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wh
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n
th
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is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
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er
g
y
av
ailab
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
av
ailab
le
s
o
u
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ce
s
is
d
esira
b
le
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
o
v
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all
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
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an
d
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
c
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s
id
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a
p
r
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m
is
in
g
way
to
i
m
p
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o
v
e
en
e
r
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
[
1
2
]
-
[
2
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
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I
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J
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&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
13
79
-
1
3
9
1
1380
Mu
lti
-
in
p
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t
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g
y
h
ar
v
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n
g
(
MI
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H)
ca
n
b
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class
if
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t
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m
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HO
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MI
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HE
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e
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ch
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PV
ce
lls
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PVC
s
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[
1
2
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[
1
3
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,
PE
tr
a
n
s
d
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ce
r
s
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PZT
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[
1
4
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[
1
6
]
,
an
d
T
E
g
en
er
ato
r
s
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T
E
Gs)
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Ob
v
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s
ly
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HO
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H
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o
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tag
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Fo
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l
y
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
h
a
r
i
n
g
b
l
o
c
k
,
s
wi
t
c
h
ed
-
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
r
y
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
h
ar
i
n
g
b
lo
c
k
,
a
tim
e
-
m
u
ltip
lex
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
is
u
s
u
a
lly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
an
d
f
o
r
s
h
a
r
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
tag
e
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
co
m
p
lex
tim
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
d
r
iv
e
s
witch
es
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
tim
e
-
m
u
ltip
lex
ed
o
p
er
a
tio
n
,
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
is
in
ev
itab
le
to
c
h
an
g
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e,
wh
en
an
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
is
ad
d
ed
,
a
n
ew
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
m
u
s
t
b
e
allo
ca
ted
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ad
d
e
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
an
d
if
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
is
r
em
o
v
ed
,
en
er
g
y
is
n
o
t
h
ar
v
ested
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
tim
e
p
er
i
o
d
allo
ca
ted
to
th
e
r
em
o
v
e
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
a
h
o
t
-
p
lu
g
g
ab
le
s
y
s
tem
in
wh
ich
ad
d
iti
o
n
o
r
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
an
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
n
b
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
r
ec
e
n
t m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t e
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
[
1
9
]
[
2
4
]
[
2
5
]
[
2
6
]
Th
i
s
w
o
r
k
N
o
.
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
s
3
9
3
2
3
Ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
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r
c
e
s
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g
h
t
,
V
i
b
r
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t
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g
h
t
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e
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m
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l
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g
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mal
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g
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b
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l
En
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r
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B
Q
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d
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sh
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t
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me
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x
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n
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me
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3
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(
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5
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1
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r
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2
0
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2
6
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5
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19
W
I
M
:
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
ma
t
c
h
i
n
g
,
mx
:
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
x
i
n
g
,
P
B
Q
:
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
-
b
a
se
d
q
u
e
u
e
,
H
V
:
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
D
C
,
LV
:
l
o
w
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
D
C
,
B
F
:
b
i
o
f
u
e
l
,
N
.
A
.
:
n
o
t
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
MI
E
H
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
an
in
d
u
ct
o
r
s
h
ar
in
g
b
lo
ck
Fo
r
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
i
n
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
s
h
ar
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
m
ain
ly
b
o
o
s
t
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
6
]
o
r
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
ty
p
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
So
m
etim
es,
two
ty
p
es
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
e.
g
.
,
b
o
o
s
t
a
n
d
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
[
2
2
]
,
b
o
o
s
t
an
d
b
u
ck
[
2
3
]
)
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
g
eth
er
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
e
g
u
lated
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ex
t
r
ac
tio
n
in
s
u
c
h
a
s
in
g
le
-
i
n
d
u
cto
r
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e,
a
n
im
p
e
d
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
u
ally
u
tili
ze
d
as
a
s
im
p
le
an
d
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
th
is
s
ch
em
e,
th
e
in
p
u
t
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
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ter
is
ad
ju
s
ted
to
m
atch
th
e
in
ter
n
al
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
tr
a
n
s
d
u
ce
r
s
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
o
r
d
u
ty
cy
cle
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fo
r
a
s
im
p
le
MPPT
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
a
o
n
e
-
tim
e
s
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d
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r
i
n
g
in
s
tallatio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
s
et
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
r
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e,
ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
tr
an
s
d
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r
’
s
in
ter
n
al
im
p
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d
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ce
is
k
n
o
wn
in
a
d
v
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.
Ho
wev
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,
th
e
in
ter
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al
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p
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a
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f
a
tr
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s
d
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ca
n
ch
a
n
g
e
with
en
v
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o
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m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
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n
s
.
Fo
r
ex
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p
le,
th
e
T
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G'
s
in
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n
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im
p
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an
ce
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with
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at
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if
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ce
s
an
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ca
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d
ev
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e
b
y
1
2
%
f
r
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m
in
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v
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[
3
2
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.
Als
o
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ty
p
ical
in
d
u
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r
h
as
an
in
d
u
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I
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d
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e
f
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en
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ated
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y
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cl
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s
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ig
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ly
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t
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s
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F
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HB
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G.
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MPP
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r
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5
.
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k
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3
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1
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k
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s
ed
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u
late
th
e
T
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G
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ev
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p
r
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in
[
3
8
]
.
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t
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Gs
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T
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TM
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[
3
9
]
co
n
n
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ted
in
p
ar
allel
at
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d
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d
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(
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Fig
u
r
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.
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Fi
g
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r
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o
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tc
h
p
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m
,
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tiv
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/
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p
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c
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n
i
q
u
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is
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p
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d
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g
a
s
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p
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B
B
C
f
u
n
c
tio
n
[
3
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
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-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
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er
2
0
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:
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79
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1
1384
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Ar
c
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itectu
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o
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lti
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3
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2
.
AC
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DC
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nv
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AD
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o
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m
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r
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m
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r
atio
n
e
n
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g
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h
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to
th
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lo
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d
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e
ADC
in
th
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PEE
I
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
esig
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h
ig
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n
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icien
c
y
.
I
n
c
o
n
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tio
n
al
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ADCs
u
s
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4
d
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n
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d
M
O
SF
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T
s
[
4
0
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a
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s
s
-
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p
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A
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M
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[
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0
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,
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av
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ce
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.
I
n
t
h
is
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ap
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h
e
ac
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[
4
1
]
s
h
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in
Fig
u
r
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9
is
em
p
lo
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e
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f
o
r
AC
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d
e
is
im
p
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en
ted
as a
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
an
d
a
PMOS switch
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
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ter
f
o
r
PEE
I
3
.
3
.
M
P
P
T
co
ntr
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ller
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h
e
M
PP
T
c
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t
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r
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ch
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r
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1
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h
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t
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e
d
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n
o
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r
p
r
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v
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u
s
w
o
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k
[
4
2
]
.
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h
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c
a
n
b
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f
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u
n
d
i
n
[
4
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
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mu
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(
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1385
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ed
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
T
h
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ato
r
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
clo
ck
g
en
er
ato
r
an
d
a
7
-
b
it
co
u
n
ter
.
T
h
e
clo
c
k
g
en
er
ato
r
is
a
r
in
g
-
ty
p
e
o
s
cillato
r
an
d
g
e
n
er
ates
a
clo
ck
s
ig
n
al
C
LK
w
ith
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
ab
o
u
t
1
2
5
Hz.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
th
e
MPPT
p
u
ls
e
MC
is
g
en
er
ated
o
n
ce
ev
e
r
y
1
2
8
cy
cl
es
o
f
C
L
K
.
Fo
r
lig
h
t
o
r
th
er
m
al
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
v
esti
n
g
,
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
o
f
th
e
MC
s
ig
n
al
is
s
et
to
1
cy
cle
(
ab
o
u
t
8
m
s
)
o
f
C
L
K
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
v
ib
r
atio
n
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
it sh
o
u
ld
b
e
s
et
to
a
lo
n
g
er
tim
e.
T
o
m
in
im
ize
th
e
r
ip
p
le
o
f
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
o
u
tp
u
t
wh
en
SW
1
is
o
p
en
,
th
e
PEG’
s
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
PEG
is
s
et
to
a
v
alu
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
C
PVC
o
r
C
TEG
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
wh
en
th
e
MC
s
ig
n
al
is
h
ig
h
,
th
e
tim
e
it
tak
es
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
PEG
to
s
ettle
to
th
e
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
V
PEG,
OC
b
ec
o
m
es
lo
n
g
er
.
I
n
th
is
d
esig
n
,
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
o
f
th
e
MC
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
t
h
e
PEG
is
s
et
to
1
2
cy
cles o
f
C
L
K
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
im
in
g
d
iag
r
am
o
f
C
L
K
an
d
MC
3
.
4
.
Cha
r
g
e
pu
m
p
(
CP
)
T
o
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MI
E
H
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
ested
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
in
ter
f
ac
e
ch
an
n
el
is
co
m
b
in
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
ty
p
e
C
P
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
C
P
u
s
in
g
d
y
n
am
ic
ch
ar
g
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
witch
es
[
4
3
]
is
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
tu
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
th
e
s
witch
es
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
th
e
d
io
d
e
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
MO
SF
E
T
s
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
e
p
u
m
p
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
C
P c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
5
s
tag
es,
an
d
th
e
s
tag
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
C
CP
is
2
0
p
F.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
C
h
ar
g
e
p
u
m
p
s
ch
e
m
atic
3
.
5
.
P
o
wer
ma
na
g
e
m
ent
un
it
(
P
M
U)
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
PMU
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
C
ST
O
to
th
e
lo
ad
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
B
B
C
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
PMU
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
p
o
wer
-
o
n
r
eset
(
POR
)
,
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
g
en
er
ato
r
(
B
GR
)
,
two
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
,
a
latch
,
an
d
a
PMOS
s
witch
(
SW
3
)
.
W
h
en
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
V
ST
O
,
r
ea
ch
es
a
p
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
m
a
x
im
u
m
lev
el
V
ST
O,
MAX
,
SW
3
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
an
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
in
C
ST
O
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
No
r
m
ally
,
th
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
is
g
r
ea
te
r
th
an
t
h
e
h
ar
v
ested
p
o
wer
,
s
o
V
ST
O
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
W
h
en
V
ST
O
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
to
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
m
in
im
u
m
lev
el
V
ST
O,
MIN
,
SW
3
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci,
Vo
l.
24
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
1
:
13
79
-
1
3
9
1
1386
C
ST
O
s
tar
t
s
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
C
ST
O
is
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
ch
ar
g
ed
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
,
an
d
V
ST
O
is
b
an
d
-
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
etwe
en
V
ST
O,
MAX
a
n
d
V
ST
O,
MIN
.
T
h
is
s
im
p
le
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
co
n
ce
p
t
h
as
b
e
en
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
o
u
r
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
[
3
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
PMU
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
RE
SUL
T
S
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
M
I
E
H
s
y
s
tem
h
as
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
e
d
an
d
f
a
b
r
ic
ated
in
a
0
.
3
5
μ
m
C
MO
S
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
o
cc
u
p
ies
a
d
ie
ar
ea
o
f
3
.
9
1
m
m
2
.
T
h
e
ch
i
p
p
h
o
to
g
r
a
p
h
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
p
ass
iv
e
elem
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
C
DD
=
4
7
μ
F,
C
ST
O
=
1
m
F,
C
PVC
=
C
TEG
=
1
n
F,
C
PEG
=
1
μ
F,
an
d
R
Load
=
1
0
k
Ω
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
PV
en
er
g
y
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
a
So
lar
b
o
tics
s
o
lar
ce
ll
(
SC
C
2
4
2
2
)
at
a
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
6
.
5
k
lu
x
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
illu
m
in
an
ce
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
V
PVC,
O
C
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
.
3
V,
an
d
P
PVC,
MAX
is
5
0
0
μ
W
.
T
o
h
ar
v
est
PE
en
er
g
y
,
a
co
m
m
er
cial
PZT
(
Q
P2
0
W
)
f
r
o
m
Mo
u
s
er
E
lectr
o
n
ics
is
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
a
s
h
a
k
er
(
B
r
ü
e
l
&
Kjæ
r
4
8
1
0
)
,
an
d
th
e
s
h
ak
er
is
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
a
p
o
we
r
am
p
lifie
r
(
B
r
ü
el
&
Kjæ
r
2
7
1
8
)
with
th
e
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
ig
n
als
f
r
o
m
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
g
en
e
r
ato
r
.
I
n
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
th
e
PE
G
is
s
et
to
o
u
tp
u
t
a
V
PEG,
OC
o
f
3
V,
a
nd
P
PEG,
MAX
is
3
0
0
μ
W
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
ts
f
o
r
T
E
en
er
g
y
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
an
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
3
-
V
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
a
1
5
-
k
Ω
s
er
ies
r
esis
to
r
to
em
u
late
th
e
T
E
G
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
I
ts
P
TEG,
MAX
is
1
5
0
μ
W
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
Ph
o
to
g
r
ap
h
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
ch
ip
Fig
u
r
e
s
15
-
1
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
wh
en
o
n
ly
PV
en
er
g
y
is
h
a
r
v
ested
.
T
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
E
I
i
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
3
-
k
Ω
r
e
s
i
s
t
o
r
i
n
s
t
ea
d
o
f
t
h
e
C
P
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
5
.
W
h
en
th
e
MC
PVC
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ated
at
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
1
s
ec
o
n
d
is
h
ig
h
,
SW
1
PVC
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
a
n
d
th
e
o
p
e
n
-
cir
cu
i
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
PVC,
OC
o
f
2
.
2
3
V
is
g
en
er
ated
.
W
h
ile
th
e
MC
PVC
s
ig
n
al
is
‘
0
’
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
o
f
th
e
PVC
is
m
ain
tain
ed
b
etwe
en
1
.
6
7
V
an
d
1
.
4
V,
an
d
its
av
er
ag
e
v
alu
e
is
1
.
5
4
V,
s
h
o
win
g
a
s
lig
h
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
MPP
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
.
5
6
V
(
0
.
7
t
im
es
V
PVC,
OC
)
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
t
h
e
P
VC
o
p
er
ates
in
t
h
e
v
icin
ity
o
f
th
e
MPP
b
y
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
CP
,
PVC
f
o
llo
ws
V
PVC
wh
ile
SW
2
PVC
is
o
n
,
wh
ich
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
ac
tiv
e
tim
e
th
e
C
P c
an
o
p
er
ate.
T
h
e
clo
ck
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
wh
en
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
PVEI
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
C
P
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
wh
ile
p
o
wer
is
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
th
e
PVEI
to
th
e
C
P,
th
at
is
,
w
h
ile
V
CP
,
PVC
is
h
ig
h
,
th
e
o
s
cillato
r
in
th
e
C
P
o
p
er
at
es
to
g
en
e
r
ate
clo
ck
s
ig
n
als
(
C
L
K
1
PVC
,
C
LK
2
PV
C
)
o
f
3
.
6
7
M
Hz.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
(
a)
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
V
ST
O
o
f
t
h
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
C
P
an
d
th
en
b
an
d
-
b
an
d
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
PMU.
T
h
e
s
tar
t
-
u
p
tim
e
it
ta
k
es
to
ch
ar
g
e
C
ST
O
to
V
ST
O,
MAX
(
2
V)
th
r
o
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