TELKOM
NIKA Indonesia
n
Journal of
Electrical En
gineering
Vol. 12, No. 9, September
2014, pp. 66
2
2
~ 663
2
DOI: 10.115
9
1
/telkomni
ka.
v
12i9.514
9
6622
Re
cei
v
ed
No
vem
ber 1
5
, 2013; Re
vi
sed
May 10, 20
14
; Accepte
d
Ju
ne 5, 2014
Simulation Research o
n
Static and Dynamic Behavior
of M-STATCOM
Riz.Ja
fri
1
, Zha Xiaoming
1
, S
.
Al
i
2
1
High Vo
ltage
and Insu
lati
on
T
e
chnolog
y Ins
t
itute,
Schoo
l of Elect
r
ical En
gin
eeri
ng, W
uhan U
n
i
v
ersit
y
, W
u
h
a
n
4300
72, Ch
ina
2
Huazh
ong
uni
versit
y
of sci
en
ce and tec
hno
l
o
g
y
, coll
eg
e of Electrical
and
Electron
ic Engi
neer
ing,
W
uhan, P.R. 4300
74, Ch
ina
Corresp
on
idn
g
author, e-mai
l
: kame79
70@
yaho
o.
com, xmz
ha@
w
h
u.e
du.c
n
, 1441
94
89
25
@qq.com
A
b
st
r
a
ct
In this p
a
p
e
r, a nov
el static
synchro
nous
c
o
mpe
n
sator/co
nde
nsor
base
d
on th
e state-o
f
-the-art
mo
du
lar multil
evel co
nverter
called M-ST
A
T
C
OM is
introduce
d
. In order to support bus bar volta
g
e
,
ma
inta
in th
e st
abil
i
ty of
DC-l
i
n
k ca
pacit
or v
o
ltag
e,
o
b
tain
har
mo
nics fre
e
outp
u
t vo
ltag
e
an
d c
o
mpe
n
s
a
te
reactive p
o
w
e
r under u
n
b
a
la
nced o
per
ation
,
a novel d
i
rec
t
current control (DCC) tec
h
niq
ue is pr
opo
se
d
.
For high acc
u
r
a
cy and g
o
o
d
control syste
m
respo
n
se p
u
rp
ose Lev
el-sh
i
ft sine p
u
lse w
i
dt
h mo
du
latio
n
(
L
S-
PW
M) techni
q
ue
is se
lecte
d
as the
mo
dul
ati
on strate
gy. T
h
e M-ST
A
T
C
OM is si
mul
a
ted
in PS
CAD/EM
T
DC
envir
on
me
nt and its static
an
d dyna
mic res
pons
es are dis
c
ussed.
The ef
fectiveness a
n
d feasib
ility of the
prop
osed
mod
u
lati
on a
nd con
t
rol strategy
is valid
ated
by the simul
a
tion re
sults.
Ke
y
w
ords
: M-ST
A
T
C
OM, LS-PW
M
modu
lat
i
on strategy, va
r gener
atio
n, static and dy
na
mic respo
n
ses
Copy
right
©
2014 In
stitu
t
e o
f
Ad
van
ced
En
g
i
n
eerin
g and
Scien
ce. All
rig
h
t
s reser
ve
d
.
1. Introduc
tion
Industry l
oad
s
cau
s
e
increasi
ng p
o
wer quality p
r
obl
ems to
the
u
t
ility grids. A
m
ong
st
many com
p
e
n
satio
n
tech
nique
s only
static
syn
c
h
r
onou
s comp
e
n
sato
r (STA
TCOM
) is fo
und
to provid
e p
r
eci
s
e
a
nd
flexible
con
t
rol
to
mitigate
di
sturba
nce
s
and effectively
improve
power qualit
y [1]. The multilevel
converter base
d
STATCOM ea
sily reach up to medium or
high-volta
ge
high
-po
w
e
r
appli
c
ation
s
without
t
r
an
sformers
(a
s t
hey are u
n
rel
i
able).
The
m
o
st
comm
only used multilevel
conve
r
ters are: Neutra
l
point clam
pe
d (NP
C
), the
flying capa
citor
(FC), mo
dula
r
multilevel
converte
rs (M
MC).
NPC
an
d FC a
r
e di
scarde
d
d
ue to
their d
r
a
w
ba
cks
[2]. But the
MMC
is the
next-gen
eration m
u
ltilevel
converte
rs
so
its
op
erat
ing p
e
rfo
r
ma
nce,
PWM schem
e, experime
n
t are examine
d
in [3]. MMC pr
ovide
s
a viable appro
a
ch to con
s
t
r
uct
a relia
ble a
n
d
co
st effective STATCOM (calle
d
M-STATCOM
)
with in
crea
sed
numb
e
r
of
levels, ca
pa
ble of elimin
ating interfa
c
e tran
sfor
m
e
rs and
repl
a
c
e them
by che
ap rea
c
tors
to allo
w a
c
ti
ve and
rea
c
tive power
excha
nge
wi
th the
po
we
r
system. T
h
e a
c
tive p
o
wer
redi
strib
u
tes i
n
the inte
rn
al loop
s
can
b
e
u
s
ed fo
r n
egative sequ
ence bal
an
ci
ng p
u
rpo
s
e
[4].
Therefore, M
-
STATCOM
can wo
rk co
nt
inuou
sly
und
er the three
-
p
hase unb
alan
ce
conditio
n
s
,
cap
able of
surviving
symmetrical a
nd asymm
e
tri
c
al
faults
wi
thout increa
sing the ri
sk of
system
collap
s
e an
d it has
faul
t manage
ment cap
abili
ty too.
The topol
ogy
of M-STATCOM is expl
ain
ed in
sectio
n
two. Then,
se
ction three d
e
s
cribe
s
the Level
-shift sine
pul
se
width mod
u
lati
on (LS-P
W
M)
tech
niqu
e a
s
well
a
s
corre
s
po
ndin
g
di
re
ct
cur
r
e
n
t
co
nt
r
o
l s
c
he
me,
in se
ct
ion
f
our M
-
S
T
A
T
COM i
s
si
mulat
ed i
n
P
S
C
A
D
/
E
MT
DC
environ
ment
and its sta
t
ic and dyna
mic re
sp
on
ses are discu
s
sed while the se
ction fi
ve
con
c
lu
ded o
u
t
the paper.
2. Topolog
y
of M-STATCOM
Figure 1
de
monst
r
ate
s
t
he topol
ogy
stru
ctur
e of t
h
ree
ph
ase
MMC. In the
co
nverte
r,
each ph
ase
consi
s
ts of two leg
s
that
are nam
es a
s
positive le
g a
nd ne
gative l
eg respe
c
tively.
Each l
eg
co
ntains 50 i
denti
c
al, eve
n
ly a
nd
seri
ally
co
nne
cted sub
-
module
s
(SM
s
) alon
g with an
indu
ctor l
(tha
t limits fault
curr
ent). Ea
ch
sub
-
mo
dule
consi
s
t of
a flo
a
ting d
c
capa
citor C an
d t
w
o
insul
a
ted-gat
e bipola
r
tran
sisto
r
s
(Tu a
n
d
TL
) that form a bi-directi
onal chop
per
[5].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Sim
u
lation Rese
arch on S
t
atic and Dyn
a
m
i
c Behavi
o
r of M-STAT
COM (Ri
z
.Jaf
ri)
6623
The voltag
e
of ea
ch
cap
a
c
itor i
s
Vd/
N
(V
d i
s
the v
o
ltage of th
e
dc
bu
s). In
a sub-
module, whe
n
the uppe
r switch i
s
on (lo
w
er
swit
ch is
off), C is inse
rted in the circuit, in whi
c
h the
state of the sub-m
odul
e is
defined
“o
n
”
or “1”; when t
he upp
er
switch i
s
off (lo
w
er switch is
o
n
),
C is
bypa
sse
d
, here
the
sub-m
odul
e is
“off” o
r
“0’.
Then
by co
ntrolling
stat
es of the
s
e
sub
-
module
s
, the levels in th
e legs
can b
e
cha
nge
d.The termin
al voltage of ea
ch sub
-
mo
dule
can
be either its
capa
citor volta
ge or zero,de
pendi
ng
on th
e swit
chin
g st
ates a
s
sh
own in Table 1
Table 1. Swit
chin
g States of the Sub-M
odule
Mode
Tu
TL
State
1
1 0 ON
2
0 1 OF
F
3
0 0 BLOCK
Table 2. Swit
chin
g States of Single Pha
s
e
MMC
P+Q
P
Q
Lev
Diff
2+2 2
2
0
2+1 2
1
-1
2 2
0
-2
2+1 1
2
1
2 1
1
0
2-1
1
0
-1
2 0
2
2
2-1
0
1
1
2-2
0
0
0
Tab.2
sho
w
s
some
po
ssibl
e
state
s
of
a
singl
e ph
ase
MMC
with fifty sub
-
mo
dule
s
p
e
r l
eg.
Here P and Q
are the num
bers of the
“on
”
sub-mod
u
les in the p
o
sitive and n
egative legs
respe
c
tively.The output le
vel is decid
e
d
by
the differen
c
e
betwee
n
voltage
s of the posit
ive and n
egative leg
s
and the loa
d
curre
n
t.
Figure 1. The
Structure of Thre
e-p
h
a
s
e
M-STATCOM
along with S
ub-M
odul
e
3. Modulatio
n and Direc
t
Curre
nt Con
t
rol Techniq
u
es
MMC mod
u
la
tion
st
rategy has
a si
gnificant
impact o
n
the output voltage, harmonics,
swit
chin
g lo
sses and
capa
citors’ vo
ltage bal
an
ci
ng. Multi-ca
rrier-ba
se
d P
W
M te
chni
q
u
e
(multicarrier
PWM mo
dula
t
ion) i
s
a
co
m
m
on m
odulati
on meth
od fo
r multi-l
e
vel
converte
r. Mul
t
i-
carrie
r mo
dul
ation techniq
ue u
s
e
s
a referen
c
e
or
m
o
dulating sign
al
(u
sually sin
u
soi
dal) whi
c
h
is
comp
ared a
n
d
sa
mpled
th
roug
h a
num
ber
of ca
rri
er
sign
al (u
su
all
y
triangula
r
waves) a
s
sho
w
n
in Figure 2.
For hig
h
a
c
cura
cy and g
o
od co
ntrol
system
re
sp
on
se pu
rp
ose L
e
vel-shift sin
e
pulse
width mo
dula
t
ion (LS-P
W
M)[6] tech
niq
ue is
sele
cte
d
as the m
o
dulation
strat
egy. It uses
two
reverse
d
sin
e
waves to co
mpare with some trian
gula
r
wave
s who
has the
sam
e
amplitude an
d
pha
se but th
e vertical p
o
sition shifts a l
e
vel one by
one, due to
whi
c
h the co
nverter
can
work
both in ba
sic-level-mo
de a
nd full-level
-
mode.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 9, September 20
14: 66
22 – 663
2
6624
t
p.
u.
t
p.
u.
p.
u.
t
-2
-1
-0
1
2
-2
-1
-0
1
2
-2
-1
-0
1
2
Figure 2. Multi-ca
rri
er PWM
Modulation
(a) Ba
sic lev
e
l mode
(b) F
u
ll-level
mode
Figure 3. Modulation Strat
egy for the MMC
For fa
ste
s
t a
nd p
r
e
c
ise
control, the
di
rect
cu
rrent control com
p
ensation sch
e
me[7]
is
selected.It is implemented
by vary
ing modulation index in order to
get variation in output voltage
of STATCOM
while keepin
g
cap
a
cito
r voltage con
s
ta
nt.
Applying KVL to Fig.1 the average of three-p
h
a
s
e sy
stem mathema
t
ical model i
s
:
11
1
22
2
aa
s
a
m
a
bb
s
b
m
b
cc
s
c
m
c
ii
u
u
d
L
iR
i
u
u
dt
ii
u
u
(1)
-2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.
00
2
0.
0
0
4
0.
0
0
6
0
.
008
0.
0
1
0.
01
2
0.
0
1
4
0.
0
1
6
0.
01
8
0.
0
2
-2
-1
0
1
2
-5
0
5
0
0.
002
0.
004
0.
006
0.
008
0.
01
0.
012
0.
014
0.
016
0.
018
0.
02
2
3
4
5
6
-2
-1
0
1
2
0
0.
0
0
2
0.
00
4
0.
006
0.
0
0
8
0.
0
1
0.
0
1
2
0.
0
1
4
0.
01
6
0.
0
1
8
0.
02
-2
-1
0
1
2
-5
0
5
0
0
.
005
0.01
0.0
1
5
0.0
2
0
.
025
0.
0
3
0.03
5
0.04
0.0
4
5
0.0
5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Sim
u
lation Rese
arch on S
t
atic and Dyn
a
m
i
c Behavi
o
r of M-STAT
COM (Ri
z
.Jaf
ri)
6625
Whe
r
e,
u
ma
~
mc
are th
e out
put voltage fo
r ph
ases a, b
and c re
spe
c
t
i
vely.
ia~c are
M-STAT
CO
M
output
cu
rre
n
t
s for ph
ases a, b
an
d
c
resp
ective
ly.
By tran
sferri
ng the
three
pha
se
grid
-si
d
e
voltages into
the synchro
n
ous d
-
q coo
r
d
i
nates a
s
:
22
co
s(
)
c
o
s
(
)
co
s(
)
3
2
33
22
3
0
si
n
(
)
s
i
n
(
)
s
i
n
(
)
33
sa
sd
sb
sq
sc
u
tt
t
u
v
u
u
tt
t
u
(2)
Whe
r
e, T is called the tran
sform
a
tion m
a
trix given by:
22
co
s(
)
c
o
s
(
)
c
o
s(
)
2
33
22
3
si
n
(
)
s
i
n
(
)
si
n
(
)
33
tt
t
T
tt
t
(3)
Accordi
ng to the defin
ition of instantaneous reactive
theory[8],the expr
essions of the
instanta
neo
u
s
active an
d reactive po
we
rs
in the dq
coordi
nate sy
stem are a
s
follows:
()
[
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
]
3
()
[
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
]
3
d
sd
sq
sd
s
q
q
sd
sq
sq
s
d
Pt
t
t
t
t
V
i
Qt
t
t
t
t
V
i
UU
II
UU
II
(4)
The in
stanta
n
eou
s a
c
tive p
o
we
r a
nd
rea
c
tive po
we
r e
x
chan
ge b
e
twee
n the
grid
and M
-
STATCOM
can be
co
ntrolled by a
d
justing i
d
an
d iq, se
parately. When i
d
is po
sitive, M-
STATCOM
a
b
so
rb
s a
c
tive po
we
r a
n
d
the
co
rr
espondi
ng cap
a
citors are cha
r
ge
d.
If
id
i
s
negative, M
-
STATCOM
re
leases a
c
tive po
we
r to t
h
e
gri
d
a
nd th
e
corre
s
p
ondin
g
capa
citors
are
discha
rge
d
. T
he M-STAT
COM rel
e
a
s
e
s
leadin
g
re
acti
ve power
wh
en iq is
po
si
tive, and lagg
ing
rea
c
tive power wh
en iq is
negative [9].
4. Simulation Stud
y
4.1. Static M
ode
To prove th
at the M-STATCOM, ba
sed
o
n
pro
p
o
se
d co
ntrol
strategy, provides the
desi
r
ed
com
pen
sation
effects a
thre
e
pha
se,
M-STATCOM
o
f
Figure
1 i
s
simul
a
ted
in
Matlab/Simuli
nk environm
e
n
t. Simulation and load
s’
paramete
r
s
are summa
ri
zed in Table 3.
Table 3. Simulation an
d L
oad Paramet
e
rs
Name
S
y
mbol
Parameters
Active pow
er
P
5MW
inductive reactive
po
w
e
r
Q
L
5MVar.
Capacitive reactive
po
w
e
r
Q
c
0
Load inductance
L
d
10mH
Load resistance
R
d
24
Ω
DC capacitance
C
2.2nF
3-ph sour
ce
voltage
V
rm
s
10kv
Carrier f
r
eq.
f
c
5kHz
Dc resistance
r
d
0.1
Ω
Dc voltage
V
d
540v
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 9, September 20
14: 66
22 – 663
2
6626
In Figure 4, a
singl
e ph
ase
of voltage an
d cu
rr
ent at the poi
nt of a
power sup
p
ly
netwo
rk
are a
nalyzed
(in the time i
n
terval rangin
g
from
0 to
0.1S) with
out the M-STAT
COM actio
n
. Due
to inductive l
oad the
current lags th
e
voltage by 45°. The a
c
ti
ve powe
r
is
5MW
while t
h
e
indu
ctive rea
c
tive po
wer i
s
5MVa
r. Th
e pha
se
RM
S volage is
5.3kv while the pha
se
RMS
curre
n
t is 41
2A. Due to the large in
du
ctive r
eactive power, the lo
ss of line volt
age is la
rge
and
the load
-si
de
voltage drop i
s
al
so o
b
viou
s (5%
of
the
rated voltag
e
)
, hen
ce the
power q
uality is
also p
oor. Th
us, in ord
e
r to
improve the
volt
age level the eno
ugh
ca
pacitive re
acti
ve powe
r
mu
st
be given to the system thro
ugh M-STAT
COM a
c
tion.
Figure 4. A Single Pha
s
e of
Voltage and
Curre
n
t witho
u
t the M-STACOM Actio
n
In Figure 5,
M-STATCOM
action i
s
sh
o
w
n a
nd
a
sin
g
le ph
ase of
voltage an
d current at
PCC
are
an
al
ysed. As soo
n
a
s
, the M
-
S
T
ATCOM
is
put into o
p
e
r
ation, the p
h
a
se
RMS volt
ag
e
is in
cre
a
sed t
o
5.8kV
while
the pha
se
RMS curre
n
t is redu
ce
d to 3
46A. It is also evident fro
m
the Figure 5 that the curre
n
t and voltag
e are in
ph
ase. The load h
a
ve become
almost resi
sti
v
e
becau
se M
-
S
T
ATCOM
ge
nerate
d
the
cap
a
citive
re
active po
we
r in order to
comp
en
sate
the
indu
ctive rea
c
tive power. Thus, M
-
STATCOM im
pro
v
ed the powe
r
factor.
Figure 5. A Single Pha
s
e of
Voltage and
Curre
n
t at PCC with M-ST
ATCOM Actio
n
Figure 6(a
-
b
)
sho
w
s the M-STATCOM output
voltage and
current wa
veforms
respe
c
tively. Both the out
put voltage a
nd current waveform
s hav
e better q
uali
t
y becau
se t
hey
have rea
c
he
d si
nwave a
pproxim
ation
with l
east
THDs. T
he
M-STATCOM
output volt
age
althoug
h gre
a
t
er in amplitu
de with the grid volt
age but
both are in p
hase. As the M-STATCOM
is
in capa
citive mode he
nce its current le
ads the
gri
d
voltage. However, the M-STATCOM o
u
tput
curre
n
t doe
st not lead the grid voltage b
y
90°becau
se there a
r
e some losse
s
o
f
M-STATCO
M
and a
c
tive cu
rre
nt.
0
0.
01
0.
0
2
0.
0
3
0.
04
0.
05
0.
06
0.
07
0.
0
8
0.
0
9
0.
1
-
8
000
-
6
000
-
4
000
-
2
000
0
2
000
4
000
6
000
8
000
t(
s)
u(
V
)
,
i
(
A
)
u
i
0
0.
01
0.
0
2
0.
03
0.
04
0.
05
0.
06
0.
07
0.
08
0.
09
0.
1
-
800
0
-
600
0
-
400
0
-
200
0
0
200
0
400
0
600
0
800
0
t(
s)
u(
V
)
,
i
(
A
)
u
i
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Sim
u
lation Rese
arch on S
t
atic and Dyn
a
m
i
c Behavi
o
r of M-STAT
COM (Ri
z
.Jaf
ri)
6627
(a) M
-
STATCOM output vo
ltage
(b) M
-
STATCOM output cu
rre
nt
Figure 6. M-S
T
ATCOM O
u
tput Voltage a
nd Cu
rrent
The FF
T an
al
ysis of M
-
ST
ATCOM
outp
u
t voltage a
n
d
cu
rrent a
r
e
sho
w
n i
n
Fig
u
re
7(a
-
b) re
spe
c
tive
ly.The output voltage has higher
h
a
rmonics (T
HD=4.95%
) as
comp
are to the
harm
oni
c co
n
t
ents of the o
u
tput
cu
rrent (THD=1.45%
) beca
u
se t
he
con
n
e
c
ted im
peda
nce filters
the most of the harm
oni
cs.
So,
any other filter is not nece
s
sa
ry thus
it is
c
o
s
t
s
a
ving.
(a) Voltag
e
(b) Cur
r
e
n
t
Figure 7. M-S
T
ATCOM o
u
tput volt
age a
nd cu
rrent ha
rmoni
c conte
n
ts
M-STATCOM
DC bu
s voltage and its F
FT analysi
s
shown in Figure 8. As can b
e
see
n
from Figu
re
8(a
)
, the DC bus voltage
fluctuat
ion i
s
small a
nd
has the d
oub
le freque
ncy
viz
.
100
HZ ha
rm
onic
waves,
with least ha
rmonic
co
m
p
o
nents (THD=47.94%).Thi
s
proves that the
DC b
u
s volta
ge reg
u
lato
r control st
rateg
y
is good.
(a) M
-
STATCOM DC bu
s voltage
(b)FFT an
alyse
s
of M-STA
T
COM
DC b
u
s
voltage
Figure 8. M-S
T
ATCOM
DC Bus Voltage
and Harm
oni
c Co
ntent
0.0
2
0.
0
3
0.0
4
0.0
5
0.0
6
0.
0
7
0.
0
8
0.0
9
0.1
-1
.
5
-1
-0
.
5
0
0.5
1
1.5
x 1
0
4
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
(
V)
0.
0
2
0.
0
3
0.
0
4
0.
0
5
0.
0
6
0.
0
7
0.
0
8
0.
0
9
0.
1
-6
0
0
-4
0
0
-2
0
0
0
20
0
40
0
60
0
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
C
u
rre
n
t
(A
)
I
c
I
a
I
b
0
0.
0
1
0.
0
2
0.
0
3
0.0
4
0.0
5
0.
0
6
0.
0
7
0.
0
8
0.
0
9
0.
1
2
2.
1
2.
2
2.
3
2.
4
2.
5
x 1
0
4
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
V
o
l
t
ag
e(
v
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 9, September 20
14: 66
22 – 663
2
6628
The M
-
STAT
COM’S
cap
a
c
itor m
odul
es voltages fo
r
uppe
r an
d lo
wer
bri
dge
s a
r
e
sho
w
n
in Figure 9. As
it can
be
se
en
from
Figu
re 9 that
the 14 cap
a
cito
rs’
voltage fluctu
ations b
o
th for
lowe
r a
nd u
p
per
arm
are
same
an
d of
very sm
a
ll value a
r
o
und
0.1%.Thus,it
verifies th
at the
cap
a
cita
nce voltage control
st
rategy
is succe
ssful.
(a)
Upp
e
r b
r
i
dge arm Vc1
~
14
(b) L
o
wer b
r
i
dge arm Vc1
5
~2
8
Figure 9. M-S
T
ATCOM
Ca
pacito
r
s’ Volt
age
s for Up
p
e
r and L
o
wer
Leg
4.2. D
y
namic
Mode
No
wad
a
ys m
o
stly city g
r
i
d
are
con
s
truc
ted
by the
unde
rg
rou
n
d
cable
s
in
stead of
overhe
ad line
s
. The un
dergrou
nd cable
s
’ ca
pa
citan
c
e to earthis hi
gher tha
n
the
overhea
d on
e.
The Fe
rranti
effect [10]
(an in
crea
se
in vo
ltage
occurrin
g at
the re
ceiving
end of a l
ong
transmissio
n
line, to
the
voltage
at
the sendi
ng
end,
when
load
i
s
lig
h
t
or th
e l
o
a
d
is
discon
ne
cted
) i
s
mu
ch
mo
re p
r
ono
un
ced
in u
nde
rg
rou
nd
cabl
es,
even in
short
le
ngths,
be
cau
s
e
of their high capa
citan
c
e.
That’s
why
M-STATCOM
is u
s
e
d
. In
or
d
e
r to
verify the M
-
STATCOM
d
y
namic
comp
en
satio
n
effect, the
load i
s
set variabl
e.The l
oad a
c
tive p
o
we
r con
s
tan
t
equal
s to 5
M
W
while th
e lo
ad re
active
power Q va
ries f
r
om
+5
MVar to -5
MVar at 0.1
s
.The
simul
a
tion
para
m
eters a
r
e sh
own in T
able 4.
Table 4. M-S
T
ATCOM’
s Si
mulation Parameters
Name
S
y
mbols
Parameters
3-phase source v
o
ltage
V
rm
s
10kv
DC po
w
e
r suppl
y
V
dc
22.7kV
Active pow
er
P
5MW
inductive reactive po
w
e
r
Q
L
5MVar
Capacitive reactive power
Q
c
-5Mv
ar
Dc capacitance
C
4.7nF
Dc capacitance
Zs
a
70
Ω
+10mH
Oper
ating Fr
equ
enc
y
f
50Hz
Triangular car
r
ier
frequenc
y
f
c
5kHz
DC equivalent re
sistance
R
dc
0.5
Ω
In Figure
9, in the time pe
riod fro
m
0 to 0.
2 S, a sing
le pha
se of voltage an
d cu
rre
nt at
the Point of Commo
n Couplin
g (PCC) a
r
e a
naly
z
ed b
e
fore a
nd after 0.1
s
, without the
M-
STATCOM a
c
tion. The
r
e
are two mod
e
s: Indu
ctiv
e mode rang
e i
s
from 0 to
before
0.1S and
cap
a
citive m
o
de rang
e sta
r
ts from
0.1S to 0.2S.
Before 0.1s, i
n
ind
u
ctive mo
de,
the cu
rrent la
gs
the voltage b
y
a certain a
ngle. Besid
e
s
this the
r
e i
s
large ind
u
ctive reactive
power an
d hi
gh
voltage d
r
op.
These fa
ctors made
po
wer
quality poo
r.
As the lo
ad i
s
variabl
e so
after 0.1
s
,in the
cap
a
citive m
ode, the
cu
rrent lead
s the
voltage by
a
ce
rtain a
ngl
e. Due t
o
excessive capa
ci
tive
rea
c
tive power, voltage ri
ses 5% high
er
than the ra
te
d voltage, whi
c
h is al
so u
n
w
ante
d
situati
on.
So, in both the ca
se
s for the stable a
nd effici
ent g
r
id ope
ration
M-STATCO
M is absolut
ely
necessa
ry.
0
0.
0
1
0.
0
2
0.
0
3
0.
0
4
0.
0
5
0.
0
6
0.
0
7
0.
0
8
0.
0
9
0.
1
14
50
15
00
15
50
16
00
16
50
17
00
17
50
18
00
18
50
19
00
19
50
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
V
o
l
t
ag
e(
v
)
0
0.
0
1
0.
0
2
0.
0
3
0.
0
4
0.
0
5
0.
0
6
0.
0
7
0.
0
8
0.
0
9
0.
1
13
00
14
00
15
00
16
00
17
00
18
00
19
00
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
g(
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Sim
u
lation Rese
arch on S
t
atic and Dyn
a
m
i
c Behavi
o
r of M-STAT
COM (Ri
z
.Jaf
ri)
6629
Figure 9. A Single Pha
s
e of
Voltage and
Curre
n
t witho
u
t the M-STACOM Actio
n
In Figure
10, a singl
e pha
se of voltage and current a
t
PCC with M
-
STATCOM a
c
tion i
s
sho
w
n. As can be se
en from the Figu
re 10 that
after the M-ST
ATCOM is p
u
t into operat
ion,
either befo
r
e
or after the 0.1s, curren
t and
voltage are su
bsta
ntially in phase and the l
oad
became
equi
valent to a
resi
stive load.
Before
0.1
s
, M-STAT
CO
M ope
rate
d i
n
the
ca
pa
citive
mode. It generated
cap
a
ci
tive reactive power, red
u
ced the indu
ctive current
flowing throug
h the
lines,
redu
ce
d line lo
sse
s
, improve
d
th
e voltage
reg
u
lation at the
load
side
an
d hen
ce
provide
d
a high
po
we
r factor. After 0.1s, M
-
STA
T
COM
ope
ra
ted in the i
n
ductive m
ode
so it a
b
sorb
ed
indu
ctive rea
c
tive po
wer
o
f
the cha
r
gin
g
po
wer
ca
bl
e, redu
ce
d lin
e losse
s
, re
d
u
ce
s the volt
age
regul
ation at PCC an
d hen
ce imp
r
oved t
he po
wer fa
ctor.
Figure 10. A Single Pha
s
e
of Voltage and Cu
rrent at PCC with M
-
STATCOM A
c
tion
Figure 1
1
(a
-b)
sho
w
s t
he M
-
STAT
COM
3-pha
se output voltage
a
n
d
cu
rrent
respe
c
tively. Before th
e 0
.
1s, the M
-
S
T
ATCOM
de
tected i
ndu
ct
ive load, th
e
M-STAT
CO
M
output voltag
e (Vc=1
k
v) is gre
a
ter tha
n
the gr
id voltage (Vl
=
0.
8kv) while af
ter 0.1s the
M-
STATCOM
d
e
tected
ca
pa
citve load, n
o
w the
M-
ST
ATCOM
outp
u
t voltage (V
c=0.8kv
)
is l
e
ss
than the
gri
d
voltage
(V
l=1
k
v). The
r
efore,
whet
h
e
r the l
oad i
s
ind
u
ctive
or
cap
a
citive
the
prop
osed rea
c
tive cu
rre
nt detectio
n
techniqu
es
can
corre
c
tly sen
s
e natu
r
e of t
he load
and t
hen
cal
c
ulate
s
the
requi
red q
u
a
n
tity of
the co
mpen
sa
tion
current (eithe
r
cap
a
citive or i
ndu
ctive).
0
0.
02
0.
04
0.
06
0.
08
0.
1
0.
12
0.
14
0.
16
0.
1
8
0.
2
-1
-0
.
8
-0
.
6
-0
.
4
-0
.
2
0
0.
2
0.
4
0.
6
0.
8
1
x 1
0
4
t(
s
)
u(
V
)
,
i
(
A
)
u
i
0
0.
02
0.
0
4
0.
0
6
0.
08
0.
1
0.
12
0.
14
0.
16
0.
18
0.
2
-1
-0
.
8
-0
.
6
-0
.
4
-0
.
2
0
0.
2
0.
4
0.
6
0.
8
1
x 1
0
4
u
i
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
ISSN: 23
02-4
046
TELKOM
NI
KA
Vol. 12, No. 9, September 20
14: 66
22 – 663
2
6630
(a) 3
-
ph
ase M-STATCOM
output voltage
(b) 3
-
ph
ase M-STATCOM
output cu
rre
nt
Figure 11. 3-pha
se M-STA
T
COM O
u
tpu
t
Voltage and
Current
Figure 12 de
picts that by usin
g
dire
ct current co
ntrol
techniqu
e, the output cu
rrent is in
good
tra
c
k with
the comm
and cu
rrent,
the resulting er
ror is so
small that it
can b
e
n
egligi
b
le.
Hen
c
e fa
stest
resp
on
se is
obtaine
d.
Figure 12. Direct Cu
rr
ent Control Strateg
y
In Figure 13
M-STATCOM
’
s capa
citor
voltages fo
r
uppe
r an
d lowe
r b
r
idge
arm a
r
e
sho
w
n respe
c
tively. As can be see
n
fro
m
Figure
1
0
that voltage fluctuatio
ns of uppe
r arm’
s 14
cap
a
cito
rs is
in go
od track and
simil
a
r
with the
lowe
r a
r
m’s 14
ca
pacito
r
s an
d
uppe
r a
r
m. T
h
is
illustrate
s tha
t
the pro
p
o
s
e
d
ca
pa
citan
c
e voltage b
a
l
anci
ng al
gorit
hm can a
c
hi
e
v
es the d
e
si
red
purp
o
se.
Figure 13. M-STATCOM
Capa
citor Volta
ge Up
per a
n
d
Lowe
r
Leg
0
0.
0
2
0.
0
4
0.
0
6
0.
0
8
0.
1
0.
1
2
0.
1
4
0.
1
6
0.
1
8
0.2
-1
.
5
-1
-0
.
5
0
0.5
1
1.5
x 1
0
4
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
V
o
l
t
ag
e(
V
)
U
a
U
b
U
c
U
a
U
b
U
c
0
0.
0
2
0.
0
4
0.
0
6
0.
0
8
0.
1
0.
1
2
0.
1
4
0.
1
6
0.
1
8
0.
2
-8
0
0
-6
0
0
-4
0
0
-2
0
0
0
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
C
u
rre
n
t
(A
)
I
a
I
b
I
c
I
b
I
c
I
a
-
1
000
0
10
0
0
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
Ir
e
f
(
A
)
-
1
000
0
10
0
0
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
Ir
e
a
l
(
A
)
0
0.
0
2
0.
0
4
0.
0
6
0.
0
8
0.
1
0.
1
2
0.
1
4
0.
1
6
0.1
8
0.2
-1
0
0
0
10
0
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
Ir
e
s
u
l
t
a
n
t
(
A
)
15
0
0
16
0
0
17
0
0
18
0
0
19
0
0
Ti
m
e
(
S
)
V
o
l
t
ag
e(
V
)
0.
1
2
0.
13
0.
14
0.
15
0.
16
0.
17
0.
18
0.
19
0.
2
14
0
0
16
0
0
18
0
0
Ti
m
e
(
S
)
V
o
l
t
ag
e(
V
)
Up
pe
r
ar
m
Lo
w
e
r
ar
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
TELKOM
NIKA
ISSN:
2302-4
046
Sim
u
lation Rese
arch on S
t
atic and Dyn
a
m
i
c Behavi
o
r of M-STAT
COM (Ri
z
.Jaf
ri)
6631
In Figure
14
M-STATCOM
DC b
u
s volta
ge is
sho
w
n.
As ca
n be
se
en from Fi
gure14, the
DC b
u
s volta
ge fluctuatio
n
is small with
least ha
rmo
n
i
c
co
mpon
ent
s.
Figure 14. M-STATCOM
DC Bus Voltag
e
In Figu
re
15,
the re
al p
o
we
r P i
s
p
r
ovide
d
in
both th
e
mode
s
(ind
uctive and
ca
pa
citive).
The differe
nce is that befo
r
e 0.1s
(ind
u
c
tive
mode
) P is provide
d
more ab
out 0.5MW a
nd a
fter
0.1s P is pro
v
ided less i.e
about half of the inductive
mode po
we
r 0.25MW. Similarly rea
c
ti
ve
power
Q i
s
provide
d
in
both the
mo
des (in
d
u
c
ti
ve an
d
capa
citive). In ind
u
ctive mo
de
Q=-
4.9MVAr are
given to the
system
whil
e after 0.
1
s
that is ca
pa
citive mode Q
=
+3.9Mvar
a
r
e
absorb
ed fro
m
the system
.
Figure 15. M-STATCOM’
s
Con
s
um
ption
of Active Po
wer a
nd Rea
c
tive Powe
r
5. Conclusio
n
The
comp
ute
r
sim
u
lation
in the PSCA
D
/EMTDC e
n
vironm
ent confirme
d the
pro
per
operation of the three
-
ph
a
s
e M-STAT
COM.Direct
cu
rre
nt control(DCC)
strate
g
y
along with LS-
PWM validat
es a qui
ck re
spo
n
se meth
od with e
s
pe
cial context to the followin
g
points:
1)
Voltage sa
g mitigation.
2)
Rea
c
tive po
wer co
mpe
n
sation in indu
ctive as well as
capa
citive mode.
3)
maintain the
stability of
DC-link capaci
t
o
r voltage
4)
The line lo
sses ,voltage drops
a
nd Harmonic
can
c
ell
a
tion, and
5)
Simultaneo
us load balan
ci
ng pro
c
e
dure
,
while
cont
ro
lling and bala
n
cin
g
all of the DC me
an
voltages eve
n
durin
g the tran
sient state
s
, etc.
Referen
ces
[1]
Acha E. A New
ST
AT
COM
Mode
l for Pow
e
r F
l
o
w
s Usi
ng the Ne
w
t
o
n–R
aphs
on M
e
thod Po
w
e
r
S
y
stems.
IEEE Transactions
on Power Elect
r
onics
. 20
13; 2
8
(3): 245
5-2
4
6
5
.
[2]
Réd
ha C
H
IBA
N
I, ElMadj
id B
E
RKOUK, Mo
hame
d
Se
ghir,
BOUCHERIT
.
Stud
y of
a n
e
w
D
C
v
o
lta
g
e
equ
alis
ing
circ
uit for F
i
ve-
Lev
el N
eutral
Poi
n
t Clamp
ed-V
o
lt
age S
ourc
e
In
verter.
Journ
a
l
of Electric
al
System
s
. 20
11
; 7-2: 131-1
4
8
[3]
S Rohner, S Bernet,
Mo
d
u
lati
on, L
o
sse
s. Semicon
d
u
c
tor Req
u
irem
ents of Mo
du
lar Mu
ltilev
e
l
Conv
erters.
IEEE transactions on industrial
electronics
. 20
10; 57(8): 2
633
-264
2.
0
0.
0
2
0.
0
4
0.
0
6
0.
0
8
0.
1
0.
1
2
0.
1
4
0.
1
6
0.
1
8
0.
2
2
2.
1
2.
2
2.
3
2.
4
2.
5
x 1
0
4
Ti
m
e
(
s
)
Vo
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
0
0.
0
2
0.
04
0.
0
6
0.
0
8
0.
1
0.
1
2
0.
14
0.
1
6
0.
1
8
0.
2
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
x 1
0
6
P(
W
),
Q
(V
a
r
)
P
Q
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.