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MA
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a
f
o
r
m
o
f
w
ir
eless
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
attr
ac
ted
u
t
m
o
s
t
at
ten
t
io
n
f
r
o
m
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
er
s
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es
i
n
a
M
A
NE
T
ar
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
l
y
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
v
er
w
ir
ele
s
s
l
in
k
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
ar
e
ab
le
to
d
ir
ec
tl
y
i
n
ter
ac
t
w
ith
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
f
all
in
th
eir
r
ad
io
r
an
g
e;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
in
t
er
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
b
ey
o
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
r
ad
io
r
an
g
es.
T
h
is
is
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
m
u
l
ti
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
E
v
er
y
n
o
d
e
w
o
r
k
s
as
an
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
r
o
u
ter
in
a
p
ee
r
-
to
-
p
ee
r
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
m
o
d
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
d
ata.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
ed
icate
d
r
o
u
ter
s
s
in
ce
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
o
p
er
ates a
s
a
r
o
u
ter
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
s
o
f
all
th
e
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
es to
en
ab
l
e
th
e
ex
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es [
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
b
en
e
f
it
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
M
ANE
T
s
in
cl
u
d
e
ea
s
y
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
ef
f
icie
n
t
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
a
n
d
f
lex
ib
il
it
y
in
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
-
less
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
5
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
p
r
o
s
,
M
A
NE
T
s
ar
e
n
o
t
d
ev
o
id
o
f
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
s
s
i
n
ce
th
eir
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
p
o
s
es
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
u
r
it
y
ch
al
len
g
es
th
at
ar
e
en
h
an
ce
d
b
y
m
u
lt
ip
le
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
ies
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
ce
n
tr
alis
ed
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
m
ed
iu
m
,
t
h
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
s
ec
u
r
it
y
o
f
M
ANE
T
m
e
m
b
er
s
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
m
a
k
e
MA
NE
T
s
o
p
en
to
in
tr
u
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
attac
k
s
[
1
8
]
-
[
21
].
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Mu
lti
-
h
o
p
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
in
M
ANE
T
s
2
.
1
.
H
is
t
o
r
y
T
h
e
ea
r
l
y
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
M
A
NE
T
s
g
o
es
b
ac
k
to
1
9
7
2
,
as
it
w
a
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
P
ac
k
et
R
ad
io
Net
w
o
r
k
s
o
r
P
R
NE
T
[
22
]
.
T
h
e
P
R
NE
T
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
s
h
ip
o
f
t
h
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
'
Dep
ar
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
Def
e
n
s
e.
B
y
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
A
r
ial
L
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
Haz
ar
d
o
u
s
A
t
m
o
s
p
h
er
es
(
AL
OH
A
)
an
d
C
ar
r
ier
Sen
s
e
Me
d
i
u
m
A
cc
e
s
s
(
C
SM
A
)
,
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
-
v
ec
to
r
r
o
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
m
ed
i
u
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
w
er
e
test
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
in
co
n
f
licted
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
P
R
NE
T
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
g
en
er
ati
o
n
o
f
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
w
h
ile
SUR
AN
i
s
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
en
er
atio
n
t
h
at
ca
m
e
in
to
e
x
is
te
n
ce
in
th
e
ea
r
l
y
8
0
s
[
23
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ai
m
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
-
les
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
c
an
w
it
h
s
tan
d
w
ar
,
an
d
co
m
p
eti
tiv
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
r
ad
io
d
ev
ices
w
a
s
i
m
m
e
n
s
el
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
as
th
e
y
b
ec
a
m
e
ch
ea
p
er
,
s
m
aller
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
i
m
m
u
n
e
to
n
et
w
o
r
k
attac
k
s
[
24
]
,
[
25
].
T
h
e
id
ea
o
f
co
m
m
er
cial
(
n
o
n
-
m
ilit
ar
ized
)
M
A
NE
T
s
f
ir
s
t
a
r
o
s
e
in
t
h
e
9
0
s
as
lap
to
p
s
,
h
a
n
d
p
h
o
n
es
,
an
d
o
th
er
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ice
s
ca
m
e
ab
o
u
t
[
2
6
]
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
at
ti
m
e,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
p
ap
er
s
h
ad
alr
ea
d
y
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
m
o
b
i
le
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
E
v
er
s
i
n
ce
th
e
m
id
-
9
0
s
,
t
h
er
e
wer
e
a
lo
t
o
f
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
to
r
eg
u
late
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
;
h
en
ce
a
M
A
NE
T
w
o
r
k
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
e
m
er
g
ed
w
it
h
a
g
o
al
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
MA
NE
T
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
at
to
ler
ated
h
i
d
d
en
ter
m
i
n
als
to
cr
ea
te
m
o
b
ile
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
o
u
t
o
f
lap
to
p
s
an
d
8
0
2
.
1
1
P
C
MCIA
ca
r
d
s
,
w
h
ic
h
also
w
a
s
b
ased
o
n
av
o
id
in
g
co
llis
io
n
s
w
a
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
ed
b
y
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
s
u
b
co
m
m
ittee.
B
lu
eto
o
th
w
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
t
h
at
w
er
e
r
esear
ch
e
d
,
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
ANE
T
s
,
an
d
s
o
d
id
H
y
p
er
lan
[
2
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
8
3
2
–
8
4
2
834
T
h
e
er
a
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
w
o
u
ld
f
o
r
m
w
h
at
w
as
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
is
ed
as
th
e
t
h
ir
d
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
also
in
c
lu
d
es p
r
ese
n
t d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
o
n
MA
NE
T
s
[
2
9
]
.
2
.
2
.
M
ANET
Appl
ica
t
io
ns
C
o
n
v
en
t
io
n
all
y
,
M
A
NE
T
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
i
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
w
er
e
ca
teg
o
r
is
ed
as
r
o
u
g
h
,
an
d
tr
a
g
ic
w
h
er
e
it
i
s
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
to
s
et
u
p
a
co
m
p
lete
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
co
m
b
at
zo
n
es,
d
is
a
s
ter
r
ec
o
v
er
y
,
r
esc
u
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
d
ese
r
ted
ar
ea
s
an
d
m
o
r
e
[
3
0
]
.
As
M
A
NE
T
s
ar
e
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
f
o
r
m
ed
m
ea
n
i
n
g
th
er
e
is
n
o
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
ic
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
o
r
ce
n
tr
alis
ed
b
ase/s
tatio
n
s
in
c
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
l
y
o
n
th
e
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
M
A
N
E
T
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
ac
t
as
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
s
,
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
y
ca
n
tr
an
s
m
it
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
d
ata
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
as
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
[
4
]
.
Var
io
u
s
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
o
f
m
o
b
ile
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
e
n
u
m
er
ated
b
elo
w
[
3
1
]
-
[
3
4
]
:
a)
T
ac
tical
Net
w
o
r
k
s
:
Au
to
m
ate
d
b
attlef
ield
s
,
m
i
litar
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
etc.
b)
L
o
ca
tio
n
Aw
ar
e
Ser
v
ices:
A
d
v
er
tis
i
n
g
lo
ca
tio
n
-
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
s
er
v
ices,
a
u
to
m
atic
ca
l
l
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
,
L
o
ca
tio
n
-
b
ased
tr
av
el
g
u
id
e,
etc.
c)
Sen
s
o
r
N
et
w
o
r
k
s
: Re
m
o
te
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
w
ea
t
h
er
,
ea
r
th
ac
ti
v
iti
es,
etc.
d)
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
A
p
p
licatio
n
s
: Sett
in
g
u
p
v
ir
t
u
al
co
n
f
er
en
ce
s
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
e)
E
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
Ser
v
ices:
C
o
m
m
an
d
o
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
cr
o
w
d
co
n
t
r
o
l,
d
is
aster
r
ec
o
v
er
y
(
i
n
ti
m
es
o
f
f
lo
o
d
s
,
ea
r
th
q
u
a
k
es,
etc.
)
,
etc.
f)
En
ter
tain
m
e
n
t:
R
o
b
o
tic
p
ets,
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
g
a
m
es,
etc.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
MA
NE
T
’
s
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
3.
SE
CUR
I
T
Y
I
S
SUE
S IN M
ANET
S
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
t
f
ield
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
i
n
t
h
e
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
in
v
o
l
v
es
Mo
b
ile
A
d
Ho
c
Net
w
o
r
k
,
also
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
M
A
NE
T
.
T
h
e
in
ter
est
i
n
Mo
b
ile
A
d
Ho
c
Net
w
o
r
k
s
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
ed
icam
en
ts
it
p
r
esen
t
s
to
r
elate
d
p
r
o
to
co
ls
[
25
]
.
I
n
ad
d
i
tio
n
to
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
it
a
d
d
s
to
w
ir
ele
s
s
i
n
f
r
as
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
-
less
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
[
11
].
I
n
co
n
tr
a
s
t
to
ce
n
tr
e
b
a
s
ed
w
ir
eless
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
w
h
er
e
all
n
o
d
es
h
av
e
to
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
m
i
d
d
le
p
o
in
t
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
it
h
ea
c
h
o
t
h
er
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
,
M
A
NE
T
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
n
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
o
r
a
ce
n
tr
ali
s
ed
s
tatio
n
f
o
r
i
ts
n
o
d
es
to
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te.
Mo
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
r
M
A
NE
T
is
a
n
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
-
le
s
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
er
e
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
a
s
a
r
o
u
ter
allo
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
p
o
s
s
ess
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
to
p
o
lo
g
y
w
h
er
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
n
o
d
es
h
a
v
e
th
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
to
m
o
v
e
f
r
ee
l
y
.
T
h
e
u
p
s
u
r
g
e
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le,
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le,
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
icall
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
d
ev
ices i
n
m
ar
k
ets
m
a
k
e
A
d
Ho
c
Net
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
a
s
te
s
t g
r
o
w
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
25
]
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
o
r
g
an
is
at
io
n
m
ak
e
s
M
A
NE
T
p
r
o
n
e
to
m
alicio
u
s
attac
k
s
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
b
r
ea
ch
e
s
[
3
5
]
-
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
attac
k
s
ca
n
eit
h
er
b
e
in
ter
n
al
o
r
ex
ter
n
al
[
3
8
]
.
E
x
a
m
p
les
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
at
tack
s
ar
e
th
e
d
en
ial
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
co
n
g
e
s
t
ed
lin
k
s
,
as
w
ell
a
s
f
a
ls
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
attac
k
s
,
w
h
ile
in
ter
n
a
l
attac
k
s
ar
e
ex
e
m
p
li
f
ied
i
n
m
alic
io
u
s
n
o
d
es
m
i
m
ic
k
i
n
g
r
eg
u
lar
n
o
d
es
to
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
f
id
en
tia
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
af
ter
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
u
lti
m
atel
y
s
ettle
s
in
a
n
et
wo
r
k
as
in
itia
l
l
y
,
it
w
il
l
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
ac
tiv
itie
s
as a
g
e
n
u
i
n
e
n
o
d
e.
T
h
ese
ar
e
f
e
w
at
tack
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
a
M
A
NE
T
.
a)
Den
ial
o
f
Ser
v
ice
attac
k
T
h
e
attac
k
er
s
ai
m
i
n
th
is
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ca
s
e
to
j
a
m
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
o
r
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
as
a
w
h
o
le,
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
th
e
u
n
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
atta
ck
ed
n
o
d
e
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
R
ad
io
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
e
x
p
lo
ited
to
b
lo
ck
th
e
v
icti
m
n
o
d
e
ca
u
s
i
n
g
u
n
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
in
ad
d
i
t
io
n
to
b
atter
y
d
r
ain
a
g
e
[
3
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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n
d
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J
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p
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N:
2502
-
4752
A
S
u
r
ve
y
o
n
MANETs
:
A
r
ch
ite
ctu
r
e,
E
vo
lu
tio
n
,
A
p
p
lica
tio
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s
,
S
ec
u
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ity
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s
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835
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p
p
in
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s
co
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id
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in
ac
tiv
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ttack
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e
all
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ata
p
ac
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t
h
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o
u
g
h
i
t
to
g
ain
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
in
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
4
0
]
.
Usu
all
y
,
attac
k
er
s
ar
e
i
n
t
er
ested
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
t
y
p
es o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
c
h
as l
o
ca
tio
n
s
,
p
ass
co
d
es,
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
c)
I
m
p
er
s
o
n
atio
n
I
m
p
er
s
o
n
atio
n
ta
k
es
p
lace
wh
en
a
n
attac
k
er
n
o
d
e
ac
ts
as
a
g
en
u
in
e
n
o
d
e
in
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
g
ai
n
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
an
d
tr
u
s
t
[
4
1
]
.
I
n
s
u
ch
ca
s
e
w
h
er
e
th
e
v
er
i
f
ic
atio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
n
o
t
s
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
attac
k
er
ca
n
b
y
p
as
s
it
w
h
ic
h
en
ab
les ac
ce
s
s
to
co
n
f
id
en
tia
l d
ata,
as
w
el
l a
s
a
ch
an
ce
to
m
o
n
ito
r
tr
af
f
ic
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
t
h
es
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
b
r
ea
c
h
es
ca
n
l
ea
d
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
i
n
ter
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
an
y
n
et
wo
r
k
.
Su
c
h
a
s
e
tb
ac
k
ca
n
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
-
les
s
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
MA
NE
T
,
w
h
ich
r
aise
s
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
M
A
NE
T
in
r
eg
ar
d
to
au
th
en
ticatio
n
an
d
au
t
h
o
r
is
atio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es.
As
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e,
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
in
M
ANE
T
o
cc
u
r
s
in
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
as
h
io
n
,
w
h
ic
h
in
f
er
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
ta
k
en
b
y
s
e
n
t
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
s
o
u
r
ce
to
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
th
at
co
n
n
ec
t
b
o
t
h
en
d
s
.
Hen
ce
,
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
atio
n
o
f
th
e
u
s
ed
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
less
en
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
b
r
ea
ch
e
s
an
d
m
al
icio
u
s
attac
k
s
o
n
a
M
A
NE
T
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
n
o
d
es
ca
n
b
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ed
in
to
f
o
u
r
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
r
eg
u
lar
n
o
d
e,
s
elf
is
h
n
o
d
e,
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
n
o
d
e,
an
d
m
alic
io
u
s
n
o
d
e.
A
r
e
g
u
lar
n
o
d
e
is
a
n
o
d
e
th
at
is
o
p
en
to
f
o
r
m
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
ith
an
y
o
t
h
er
n
o
d
es
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
o
r
r
ec
eiv
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
a
s
elf
i
s
h
n
o
d
e
is
a
n
o
d
e
th
at
s
a
v
es
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
y
n
o
t
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
a
n
y
d
ata.
E
r
r
o
n
eo
u
s
n
o
d
e,
h
o
w
ev
er
,
is
a
n
o
d
e
th
at
h
as
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
d
ef
icie
n
cie
s
th
at
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
d
i
f
f
icu
l
ties
f
o
r
r
eg
u
lar
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
L
ast
l
y
,
t
h
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ed
b
y
d
estr
u
cti
v
e
ten
d
en
cies
to
s
teal
v
al
u
ab
le
d
ata
o
r
d
is
r
u
p
t
tr
af
f
ic
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
h
as
al
w
a
y
s
b
ee
n
k
ee
n
o
n
r
esear
c
h
in
g
M
A
NE
T
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
ir
o
u
ts
ta
n
d
i
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
o
u
ter
s
i
s
w
h
o
ll
y
eli
m
i
n
at
ed
s
in
ce
n
o
d
es
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
ic
ate
w
ith
ea
ch
o
t
h
er
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
d
o
w
n
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
a
f
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
i
s
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ec
u
r
it
y
is
s
u
es
t
h
at
ar
is
e
i
n
M
A
NE
T
s
.
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
er
e
w
a
s
a
lo
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
i
n
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
Qo
S
(
Qu
alit
y
o
f
s
er
v
ice)
,
w
h
ich
i
n
c
lu
d
e
s
t
u
d
y
in
g
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
atio
,
laten
c
y
,
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
etc.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
s
ec
u
r
it
y
is
s
u
es,
i
n
g
e
n
er
al,
h
av
e
n
o
t
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
an
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
tr
id
es
w
h
en
it
c
o
m
e
s
to
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
o
u
ts
ta
n
d
in
g
r
esu
l
ts
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
i
n
MA
NE
T
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
in
ter
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
th
at
d
is
t
u
r
b
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tr
e
m
en
d
o
u
s
l
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
M
ANE
T
s
p
o
s
s
ess
.
B
esid
es,
MA
NE
T
s
ec
u
r
it
y
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
a
lo
t
o
f
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
al
ch
alle
n
g
es
w
h
e
n
it
co
m
es
t
o
au
th
e
n
tica
tio
n
a
n
d
a
u
t
h
o
r
is
a
tio
n
t
h
at
i
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e
-
le
s
s
n
atu
r
e
o
f
MA
NE
T
s
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
a
n
al
y
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
w
h
er
e
n
o
d
es
ca
n
b
e
p
ictu
r
ed
as
p
h
o
n
e
s
,
lap
to
p
s
,
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
o
r
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
d
ev
ice
s
,
i
n
g
e
n
er
al,
is
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t c
h
a
llen
g
i
n
g
tas
k
s
i
n
s
o
lv
in
g
s
ec
u
r
it
y
is
s
u
e
s
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
[
4
]
.
T
o
d
etec
t
m
i
s
b
eh
a
v
i
n
g
n
o
d
es,
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
r
p
ee
r
b
eh
av
io
u
r
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
t
an
ce
,
r
ep
u
tatio
n
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
u
s
e
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
ea
v
e
s
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
t
h
at
m
a
k
es
u
s
e
o
f
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
v
er
h
ea
r
i
n
g
,
b
u
t
th
i
s
ca
n
b
e
co
s
tl
y
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
a
t
it
ac
q
u
ir
es
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
o
v
er
h
ea
d
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
tio
n
w
il
l
s
h
ed
li
g
h
t
o
n
f
e
w
p
o
p
u
lar
s
ec
u
r
it
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
h
a
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
p
ast
to
m
i
tig
a
te
th
e
s
e
v
er
al
s
ec
u
r
i
t
y
is
s
u
e
s
M
A
NE
T
s
p
o
s
s
ess
[
4
6
]
.
4.
VARIO
US
SE
CU
RI
T
Y
SO
L
UT
I
O
N
S
4
.
1
.
Securit
y
T
hro
ug
h Cr
y
pto
g
ra
ph
y
T
h
e
id
ea
b
eh
in
d
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
is
to
en
cr
y
p
t i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
to
s
tr
in
g
s
o
f
u
n
r
ea
d
ab
le
d
ata,
w
h
ich
m
ak
e
s
it
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
in
ter
ce
p
tin
g
en
titi
e
s
to
g
ai
n
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
r
iv
ate
d
ata
[
4
7
]
.
Dec
r
y
p
tio
n
is
t
h
e
r
ev
er
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
w
o
u
ld
n
ee
d
a
k
ey
to
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
r
ea
d
ab
le
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
ed
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
w
a
y
s
to
en
cr
y
p
t
d
ata
eit
h
er
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
all
y
w
h
ic
h
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
s
i
n
g
le
k
e
y
to
e
n
cr
y
p
t/d
ec
r
y
p
t,
o
r
as
y
m
m
etr
icall
y
w
h
ic
h
also
n
ee
d
s
a
k
e
y
to
en
cr
y
p
t/d
ec
r
y
p
t
d
ata;
h
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
c
e
i
s
t
h
at
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
k
e
y
s
ar
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
e
n
d
er
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
tin
ctio
n
h
as b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
S
y
m
m
e
tr
ic
v
s
As
y
m
m
etr
ic
C
r
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4752
I
n
d
o
n
esia
n
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
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m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
er
2
0
1
8
:
8
3
2
–
8
4
2
836
4
.
2
.
Cre
dit
-
ba
s
ed
M
et
ho
ds
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
cr
ed
it
b
ased
m
o
d
el
s
r
ev
ie
w
ed
b
y
[
4
9
]
,
th
ese
ar
e
P
ac
k
et
P
u
r
s
e
Mo
d
el
an
d
P
ac
k
et
T
r
a
d
e
Mo
d
el.
T
h
e
P
ac
k
et
P
u
r
s
e
Mo
d
el
i
n
itia
ll
y
co
n
tai
n
s
all
cr
ed
it
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
p
ac
k
et
its
el
f
,
b
u
t
ev
er
y
ti
m
e
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
p
a
s
s
es
b
y
a
n
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e,
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
ed
cr
ed
it
is
g
i
v
e
n
to
t
h
at
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
o
d
e.
I
t
p
er
s
is
ts
u
n
til
it
r
ea
ch
e
s
its
d
esti
n
atio
n
,
o
r
u
n
til
all
t
h
e
cr
ed
it
f
in
is
h
e
s
.
I
n
ca
s
e
all
cr
ed
it
w
as
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
tar
g
e
t,
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
w
il
l
b
e
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
d
el
is
P
ac
k
e
t
T
r
a
d
e;
h
er
e
th
e
in
ter
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
es
ac
t
as
tr
ad
er
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
w
o
u
ld
b
u
y
p
ac
k
ets
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
es
b
y
g
i
v
in
g
u
p
s
o
m
e
cr
ed
it,
in
o
r
d
er
to
s
ell
it
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
cr
ed
it.
T
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
w
h
o
le
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
d
esti
n
atio
n
i
s
b
o
r
n
e
b
y
th
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
n
o
d
e
[
5
0
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
4
5
]
,
th
is
k
in
d
o
f
a
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
u
s
u
all
y
u
s
ed
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
n
o
d
es
ex
h
ib
it
in
g
s
el
f
i
s
h
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
b
y
in
ce
n
ti
v
es to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
er
v
ice
s
o
r
s
i
m
p
l
y
f
o
r
w
ar
d
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets.
4
.
3
.
Reput
a
t
io
n
-
ba
s
ed
M
et
h
o
ds
Her
e
th
e
r
ep
u
tatio
n
i
s
co
m
p
u
ted
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
i
r
ec
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
w
i
th
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
i
n
g
n
o
d
es,
o
r
in
d
ir
ec
t
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
u
ch
as
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
s
en
t
b
y
ad
j
ac
en
t
n
o
d
es
ab
o
u
t
o
th
er
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
r
ep
u
tatio
n
is
th
e
n
u
s
ed
to
d
ec
id
e
w
h
et
h
er
it
is
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
ath
o
r
n
o
t,
it
ca
n
also
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
m
i
s
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
s
u
s
p
i
cio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
g
at
h
er
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
s
later
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
ted
to
eli
m
i
n
ate
s
u
c
h
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
m
o
d
el
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
n
d
er
th
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
;
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
W
atch
d
o
g
w
h
ic
h
i
s
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
m
is
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
i
n
M
ANE
T
s
(
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
)
,
w
h
il
e
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
is
P
ath
r
ater
w
h
ich
i
s
u
s
u
al
l
y
u
s
e
d
to
m
iti
g
ate
r
o
u
ti
n
g
m
is
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
in
M
A
NE
T
s
[
4
5
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
W
atch
d
o
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
o
v
er
h
ea
r
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
in
g
n
o
d
es
4
.
4
.
O
t
her
Securit
y
Str
a
t
eg
i
es
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
s
ec
u
r
it
y
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
m
o
d
els
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
p
ast,
to
w
ar
r
an
t
t
h
e
s
af
et
y
o
f
a
M
A
NE
T
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
d
etec
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
u
n
ter
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
w
ar
d
s
an
y
m
alicio
u
s
th
r
ea
t
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
ey
la
y
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
b
eh
in
d
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
m
o
d
els
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
,
w
h
ich
i
n
clu
d
e
ce
r
tific
atio
n
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
w
ar
m
in
telli
g
e
n
ce
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
etc.
[
5
3
]
.
5.
G
AM
E
T
H
E
O
RY
W
h
ile
s
tu
d
y
in
g
s
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
s
e
cu
r
it
y
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
i
n
M
A
NE
T
s
,
it
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
g
a
m
e
th
eo
r
y
h
a
s
an
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
en
ted
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
t
h
e
r
ec
en
t
p
ast
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
i
n
i
ts
co
m
p
u
tat
i
o
n
al
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Ga
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
a
m
ath
e
m
at
ical
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
an
al
y
s
es
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
i
n
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
it
u
atio
n
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ca
lled
a
g
a
m
e
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
g
a
m
e
m
o
d
els,
co
o
p
er
ativ
e,
an
d
n
o
n
-
co
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ativ
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[
5
4
]
.
T
h
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f
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is
u
s
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u
r
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5
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ap
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r
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ate
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5
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.
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el
also
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o
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co
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elf
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n
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es in
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
5
6
]
,
au
t
h
o
r
s
d
ep
lo
y
m
i
s
b
eh
a
v
io
u
r
d
etec
tio
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ap
p
r
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ac
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o
f
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o
d
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a
M
A
N
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T
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is
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d
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e
w
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
t
w
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tec
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ited
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m
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ticu
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latter
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et
h
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w
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ased
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m
2
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K.
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w
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v
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it
w
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ld
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t
h
m
en
tio
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i
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th
at
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esear
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m
is
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eh
a
v
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as
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e
en
tit
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.
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ed
in
th
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tak
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to
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co
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s
h
,
m
alicio
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an
d
er
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o
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S
A
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A
CK
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T
1
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CK
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W
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Fig
u
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6
.
2
A
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s
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e
T
h
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s
e
o
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in
th
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o
f
s
e
lf
is
h
n
o
d
es.
As
a
u
th
o
r
s
o
f
[
5
7
]
elab
o
r
ated
o
n
t
h
e
w
atch
d
o
g
m
ec
h
a
n
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m
,
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ased
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elate
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te
m
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g
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s
p
ec
if
ical
l
y
to
an
al
y
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e
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f
is
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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2
5
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p
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Au
t
h
o
r
s
in
[
5
8
]
p
r
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ted
a
m
o
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el
t
h
at
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s
ed
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u
n
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;
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e
m
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a
ted
b
y
o
t
h
er
m
o
tiv
e
s
b
esid
es sa
v
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
o
w
er
.
I
n
th
eir
s
t
u
d
y
[
5
9
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
a
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
ex
p
l
o
its
ac
r
o
s
s
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
o
f
t
h
e
W
atch
d
o
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
an
d
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
co
n
tact
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
C
O
C
OW
A
)
.
Fe
w
w
o
r
k
s
u
tili
ze
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
w
a
tch
d
o
g
alo
n
e;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
e
w
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
to
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
w
a
tch
d
o
g
alo
n
e.
First,
it
ca
n
f
ai
l
in
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
f
alse
p
o
s
iti
v
e
a
n
d
f
a
l
s
e
n
e
g
at
iv
es.
Seco
n
d
,
it
m
a
y
in
ac
c
u
r
atel
y
d
etec
t
s
el
f
i
s
h
n
o
d
es
e
s
p
ec
iall
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
i
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
lo
ca
l
s
elf
i
s
h
n
o
d
es
b
et
w
ee
n
r
e
g
u
lar
n
o
d
es
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
y
co
m
e
i
n
co
n
t
ac
t.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
a
w
ar
en
e
s
s
o
f
s
elf
is
h
n
o
d
es
i
n
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
s
p
r
ea
d
ef
f
ici
en
tl
y
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
ti
m
e
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
in
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
o
n
l
y
is
s
u
e
w
as
t
h
at
th
eir
r
o
le
w
as
li
m
ite
d
to
s
p
r
ea
d
in
g
f
alse
n
eg
at
iv
e
s
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
es.
T
h
e
C
O
C
OW
A
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ill
u
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
I
nf
or
ma
ti
on U
pda
te
L
oc
a
l W
a
tc
hdog
D
if
f
us
ion
N
e
twor
k I
nte
r
f
a
c
e
W
a
t
c
hdog e
ve
nt
D
i
ffus
i
on e
ve
nt
N
e
w
c
ont
a
c
t
M
oni
t
ori
ng
S
e
nd di
ffus
i
on
m
e
s
s
a
ge
Re
c
e
i
ve
di
ffus
i
on
m
e
s
s
a
ge
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
OC
OW
A
A
r
c
h
itect
u
r
e
A
m
o
d
er
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
as
p
r
es
en
ted
b
y
au
t
h
o
r
s
in
th
e
ir
r
ese
ar
ch
[
6
0
]
,
th
eir
m
et
h
o
d
u
ti
lis
e
d
th
e
tr
u
s
t
b
ased
ce
r
tif
icate
as
w
e
ll
as
watc
h
d
o
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
.
T
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
s
h
o
w
ed
t
w
o
w
a
y
s
o
f
d
etec
tin
g
m
al
icio
u
s
n
o
d
es;
th
e
s
e
ar
e
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t
a
n
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t.
Dir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t
m
ak
e
s
u
s
e
o
f
w
atch
d
o
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
o
v
er
h
ea
r
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
an
y
p
o
s
s
ib
le
m
is
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
.
I
n
d
ir
ec
t
tr
u
s
t
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
as
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
m
al
icio
u
s
n
o
d
es
i
s
d
i
f
f
u
s
ed
b
et
w
ee
n
tr
u
s
ted
n
o
d
es.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
to
in
s
u
late
m
a
l
icio
u
s
n
o
d
es
in
a
M
A
NE
T
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
lo
w
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
m
al
icio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
No
n
eth
e
less
,
t
h
e
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
m
is
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es,
b
u
t sel
f
is
h
,
an
d
er
r
o
n
eo
u
s
n
o
d
es
w
er
e
n
o
t st
u
d
ied
.
Au
t
h
o
r
s
in
[
6
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
th
a
t
h
elp
s
in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
b
y
m
is
b
e
h
av
in
g
n
o
d
es;
t
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ca
lled
P
ac
k
et
Dr
o
p
p
in
g
Dete
ctio
n
(
P
DA
)
.
F
o
r
a
MA
NE
T
to
b
e
f
u
ll
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
t
h
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
p
o
in
t
to
t
h
e
o
th
er
.
T
h
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
n
ec
ess
itates
t
r
u
s
ted
r
o
u
tes
w
h
er
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
w
o
n
'
t
b
e
d
r
o
p
p
ed
o
r
tam
p
er
ed
w
i
th
b
y
n
o
d
es
ex
h
ib
itin
g
m
alicio
u
s
te
n
d
en
cie
s
.
No
d
es
w
h
ich
ar
e
willin
g
to
co
o
p
er
ate
m
a
y
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
o
if
th
e
y
w
er
e
b
ein
g
attac
k
ed
b
y
m
alic
io
u
s
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
is
m
a
y
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
m
to
p
ar
tially
co
o
p
er
ate
o
r
b
e
e
n
tire
l
y
i
n
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
co
o
p
er
atin
g
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
al
g
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
r
e
p
o
r
ts
attac
k
er
b
y
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
n
e
w
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
in
ter
ac
ti
n
g
w
i
th
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es a
s
w
ell
as b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
g
lo
b
al
alar
m
to
n
o
tify
o
th
er
n
o
d
es in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
et
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
v
al
o
f
m
is
b
eh
a
v
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
er
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
in
[
6
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
eq
u
ir
es
all
n
o
d
es
to
p
ar
tak
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
etec
tin
g
n
o
d
es
th
at
e
x
h
ib
it
i
n
clin
a
tio
n
s
to
m
is
b
eh
a
v
e.
No
d
es
i
n
a
M
A
NE
T
ar
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
s
h
ar
e
t
h
eir
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
f
o
th
er
n
o
d
es th
at
i
n
cl
u
d
es c
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
n
o
d
es a
n
d
m
i
s
b
eh
a
v
in
g
n
o
d
es a
s
it
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
f
ac
il
itate
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
in
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
ein
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
f
alse
l
y
d
etec
ted
n
o
d
e
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
i
n
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
;
h
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
is
ca
n
b
e
a
d
o
u
b
le
-
ed
g
ed
s
w
o
r
d
as
it
ca
n
b
e
tak
en
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
b
y
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
to
r
ee
n
ter
a
MA
NE
T
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
i
t
is
ev
id
e
n
t
t
h
at
t
h
e
en
d
to
en
d
d
elay
w
o
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
n
s
id
e
r
ab
ly
o
n
to
p
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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tr
y
to
n
o
d
es th
at
s
h
ar
e
s
i
m
ilar
i
n
te
n
ti
o
n
s
.
Ga
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
w
as
u
s
ed
as
an
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
iti
g
ate
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
is
s
u
e
s
i
n
a
M
A
NE
T
b
y
h
elp
in
g
in
t
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
m
is
b
eh
a
v
i
n
g
n
o
d
es.
I
n
[
6
3
]
,
au
t
h
o
r
s
p
u
t
f
o
r
th
a
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
u
s
ed
r
ep
ea
ted
g
a
m
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
t
h
at
d
ep
en
d
ed
o
n
a
g
lo
b
al
p
u
n
is
h
m
en
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
e
n
f
o
r
ce
s
co
o
p
er
atio
n
b
etw
ee
n
n
o
d
es
as
w
e
ll
as
h
elp
s
to
d
i
m
in
is
h
th
e
s
el
f
i
s
h
ten
d
en
c
ies
ex
h
ib
ited
b
y
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
r
tr
ay
ed
m
is
b
eh
a
v
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
as
in
te
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g
en
t
en
t
ities
th
at
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m
to
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e
an
d
ta
k
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
er
e
w
as
n
o
m
en
tio
n
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
o
r
th
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ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
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k
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
th
e
co
ex
i
s
te
n
ce
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
an
d
s
elf
i
s
h
n
o
d
es
w
a
s
n
'
t ta
k
en
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
a
s
u
tili
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
R
o
u
te
De
n
s
it
y
Facto
r
,
as
w
ell
as
P
ac
k
et
Fo
r
w
ar
d
R
ate
[
6
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
[
6
5
]
ex
p
lo
r
es
a
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
id
e
n
ti
f
ies
s
el
f
i
s
h
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
a
v
o
id
s
n
o
d
es
ex
h
ib
iti
n
g
m
alicio
u
s
b
e
h
av
io
u
r
w
h
ile
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
p
ac
k
e
ts
in
a
M
A
NE
T
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ai
m
s
f
o
r
m
in
i
m
u
m
id
le
ti
m
e
an
d
e
f
f
icie
n
t
r
o
u
tin
g
in
an
y
ca
s
e
w
h
er
e
an
i
m
m
ed
iate
n
o
d
e
ex
its
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
an
alter
n
ativ
e
r
o
u
te
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
f
ac
ilit
a
te
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
l
s
o
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
ex
i
s
te
n
ce
o
f
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
,
an
d
s
elf
i
s
h
n
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Ho
w
ev
e
r
,
t
h
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
ee
m
ed
to
h
a
v
e
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
r
atio
n
ale
as th
e
y
ca
n
b
e
av
o
id
ed
b
y
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
R
o
u
te
Den
s
it
y
F
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
m
m
ar
i
s
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
ar
y
o
f
t
h
e
Fi
n
d
in
g
s
A
u
t
h
o
r
M
e
t
h
o
d
u
se
d
F
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
(
A
g
a
r
w
a
l
e
t
a
l
.
,
2
0
1
5
)
[
4
5
]
M
i
s
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
O
M
D
)
a
n
d
A
u
t
o
n
o
mo
u
s A
g
e
n
t
-
b
a
se
d
M
i
s
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
A
A
M
D
)
.
T
h
e
mo
d
e
l
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
a
ssu
me
s
mi
sb
e
h
a
v
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
s
a
s
o
n
e
t
y
p
e
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
b
o
t
h
se
l
f
i
sh
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
m
a
l
i
c
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
a
r
e
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
se
d
a
s
o
n
e
.
T
h
e
mo
d
e
l
a
l
so
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
t
h
e
p
o
ssi
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
o
e
x
i
st
i
n
g
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s,
a
n
d
se
l
f
i
sh
n
o
d
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
same
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
(
S
a
mr
e
e
n
a
n
d
N
a
r
si
mh
a
,
2
0
1
3
)
[
5
6
]
2
A
C
K
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
a
n
d
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
o
f
C
o
n
se
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
l
o
w
’
a
l
so
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
(
P
C
F
)
T
h
i
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
mi
s
b
e
h
a
v
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
s
a
s
o
n
e
e
n
t
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
mo
d
e
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
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r
d
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e
s
n
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t
a
k
e
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n
t
o
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
t
h
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d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
se
l
f
i
sh
,
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s,
e
r
r
o
n
e
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s e
t
c
.
(
H
e
r
n
á
n
d
e
z
-
O
r
a
l
l
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
2
0
1
4
)
[
5
7
]
W
a
t
c
h
d
o
g
me
c
h
a
n
i
sm
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
l
a
c
k
o
f
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
p
a
p
e
r
,
a
s
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m
w
a
s
d
e
si
g
n
e
d
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
se
s
e
l
f
i
sh
n
o
d
e
s
i
n
a
M
A
N
ET
i
r
r
e
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
n
o
d
e
s
t
y
p
e
s
t
h
a
t
may
e
x
i
st
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
f
a
l
se
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
s i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
ss o
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
a
se
l
f
i
sh
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m a
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
n
o
d
e
i
n
a
M
A
N
ET
i
s n
o
t
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
s a
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
c
a
se
.
(
A
k
h
t
a
r
a
n
d
S
a
h
o
o
,
2
0
1
3
)
[
5
8
]
M
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s u
s
a
g
e
mo
d
e
l
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
n
o
me
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
b
e
mo
t
i
v
a
t
e
d
b
y
o
t
h
e
r
mo
t
i
v
e
s b
e
si
d
e
s sa
v
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
.
(
H
e
r
n
á
n
d
e
z
-
O
r
a
l
l
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
2
0
1
5
)
[
5
9
]
W
a
t
c
h
d
o
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
a
n
d
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
M
a
l
i
c
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
r
o
l
e
w
a
s
l
i
mi
t
e
d
t
o
sp
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
f
a
l
se
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
s,
a
n
d
p
o
si
t
i
v
e
s.
A
l
so
,
t
o
e
l
i
mi
n
a
t
e
t
h
e
p
o
ssi
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
o
l
l
u
si
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s.
(
M
a
n
o
j
e
t
a
l
.
,
2
0
1
2
)
[
6
0
]
T
r
u
st
b
a
se
d
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
e
a
n
d
w
a
t
c
h
d
o
g
me
c
h
a
n
i
sm
S
e
l
f
i
sh
,
a
n
d
e
r
r
o
n
e
o
u
s n
o
d
e
s w
e
r
e
n
o
t
st
u
d
i
e
d
.
(
P
r
a
san
n
a
v
e
n
k
a
t
e
sa
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
2
0
1
4
)
[
6
1
]
P
a
c
k
e
t
D
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
D
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
P
D
A
)
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
a
n
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
t
h
a
t
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
a
t
t
a
c
k
e
r
b
y
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
n
g
n
e
w
n
o
d
e
s
f
r
o
m
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
b
r
o
a
d
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
g
l
o
b
a
l
a
l
a
r
m t
o
n
o
t
i
f
y
o
t
h
e
r
n
o
d
e
s i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
(
D
a
d
h
i
c
h
e
t
a
l
.
,
2
0
0
8
)
[
6
2
]
D
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
I
t
i
s
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
e
n
d
t
o
e
n
d
d
e
l
a
y
w
o
u
l
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
a
b
l
y
o
n
t
o
p
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ssi
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
w
o
u
l
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
a
s w
e
l
l
.
(
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
W
u
,
2
0
1
2
)
[
6
3
]
G
l
o
b
a
l
P
u
n
i
sh
me
n
t
me
c
h
a
n
i
sm
N
o
me
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
n
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
c
o
e
x
i
st
e
n
c
e
o
f
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s
a
n
d
se
l
f
i
sh
n
o
d
e
s
w
a
sn
’
t
t
a
k
e
n
i
n
t
o
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
(
D
a
s e
t
a
l
.
,
2
0
1
6
)
[
6
5
]
G
a
me
T
h
e
o
r
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
T
h
e
mal
i
c
i
o
u
s
n
o
d
e
s a
r
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
f
u
n
d
a
me
n
t
a
l
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
p
r
o
f
ili
n
g
m
i
s
b
eh
av
in
g
n
o
d
es
in
a
M
AN
E
T
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
p
r
o
lif
ic.
A
q
u
ite
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
in
t
er
ested
in
th
i
s
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
f
ie
ld
n
o
w
ad
a
y
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
p
o
ten
tial
it
p
o
s
s
e
s
s
e
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
d
o
n
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
s
i
d
er
th
e
e
x
is
te
n
ce
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es,
o
r
in
ca
s
e
t
h
e
y
d
o
th
eir
r
o
le
(
m
alic
io
u
s
n
o
d
es)
is
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
v
er
y
b
asic
an
d
li
m
ited
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
a
m
e
t
h
eo
r
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ilin
g
th
e
m
is
b
e
h
av
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
is
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
an
en
tire
l
y
n
o
v
el
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
a
s
th
er
e
i
s
n
o
t a
lo
t o
f
r
esear
ch
d
o
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a
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6
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G
h
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p
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s
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0
1
0
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;
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:
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5
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.
[6
]
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m
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6
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2
]
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4
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5
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3
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e
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c
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4
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1
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5
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6
]
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5
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l
1
0
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7
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5
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.
[1
7
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Re
ji
M
,
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ja
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a
g
y
a
la
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sh
m
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M
.
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a
n
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ter
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trica
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IJ
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8
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Ch
a
n
g
JM,
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so
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C,
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o
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n
g
a
n
g
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Ch
a
o
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f
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in
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in
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s:
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c
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ti
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9
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Ch
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3
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4
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T
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Op
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7
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Ch
lam
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b
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2
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[3
3
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Ku
m
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Do
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s
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AN
ET
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n
In
tellec
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A
p
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2
0
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2
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n
1
;
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8
:
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5
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1
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1
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[3
4
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lk
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in
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A
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JIR2
TA
:
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In
v
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Re
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In
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5
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0
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6
]
Kh
a
n
BU,
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n
re
w
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b
a
A
M
,
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a
p
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p
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r;
2
0
1
7
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4
9
-
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6
1
.
[3
7
]
Hu
ss
a
in
M
A
.
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p
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c
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c
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ti
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A
NET
u
sin
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In
d
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o
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rn
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trica
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En
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M
a
y
1
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(2
)
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6
3
.
[3
8
]
Ola
n
re
wa
ju
RF
,
Kh
a
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BU,
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b
A
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,
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.
2
0
1
8
Ja
n
1
4
;
1
1
(4
):
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9
]
A
lh
a
rb
i
A
.
S
e
c
u
rit
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Iss
u
e
s
in
W
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d
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.
2
0
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5
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5.
[4
0
]
Zh
a
n
g
P
,
L
in
C.
S
e
c
u
rit
y
T
h
re
a
ts
in
Ne
tw
o
rk
Co
d
in
g
.
I
n
:
S
e
c
u
rit
y
in
Ne
tw
o
rk
Co
d
in
g
.
S
w
it
z
e
rlan
d
:
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
C
h
a
m
;
2
0
1
6
:
9
-
1
9
.
[4
1
]
Jo
sh
i
P
.
S
e
c
u
rit
y
issu
e
s
in
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
ls
i
n
M
A
NET
s
a
t
n
e
t
w
o
rk
la
y
e
r.
Pro
c
e
d
ia
Co
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
.
2
0
1
1
Ja
n
1
;
3
:
9
5
4
-
9
6
0
.
[4
2
]
S
h
e
ik
h
R,
Ch
a
n
d
e
M
S
,
M
ish
ra
DK
.
S
e
c
u
rity
issu
e
s
in
M
ANE
T
:
A
re
v
iew.
2
0
1
0
S
e
v
e
n
th
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
W
irele
ss
a
n
d
Op
ti
c
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s Ne
tw
o
rk
s (W
OCN
).
IEE
E.
2
0
1
0
S
e
p
6
:
1
-
4.
[4
3
]
Kh
a
n
BU,
Ola
n
re
w
a
ju
RF
,
M
a
tt
o
o
M
UI,
A
z
iz
AA
,
L
o
n
e
S
A
.
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
M
a
li
c
io
u
s
M
u
lt
i
-
A
tt
a
c
k
e
r
N
o
d
e
C
o
ll
u
si
o
n
i
n
M
A
NE
T
s V
ia G
a
m
e
T
h
e
o
r
y
.
M
id
d
le
-
Ea
st Jo
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
Res
e
a
rc
h
.
2
0
1
7
;
2
5
(
3
):
5
6
8
-
5
7
9
.
[4
4
]
Kh
a
n
B,
Ola
n
re
w
a
ju
RF
,
Ba
b
a
A
M
,
M
ir
RN,
L
o
n
e
S
A
.
DTA
S
R:
d
u
a
l
t
h
re
sh
o
ld
-
b
a
se
d
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
se
c
u
re
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
.
W
o
rld
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
&
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s Jo
u
rn
a
l
.
2
0
1
6
;
7
(2
):
6
8
-
7
3
.
[4
5
]
Ag
a
r
w
a
l
D,
Ro
u
t
RR,
Ra
v
ich
a
n
d
ra
S
.
De
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
n
o
d
e
-
misb
e
h
a
v
io
r
u
sin
g
o
v
e
rh
e
a
ri
n
g
a
n
d
a
u
to
n
o
mo
u
s
a
g
e
n
ts
i
n
wire
les
s
Ad
-
Ho
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
.
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
In
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
s
in
M
o
b
il
e
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(A
IM
o
C)
,
2
0
1
5
.
I
EE
E.
2
0
1
5
F
e
b
1
2
:
1
5
2
-
1
5
7
.
[4
6
]
Ola
n
re
wa
ju
RF
,
Ha
b
a
e
b
i
M
H.
M
a
li
c
io
u
s
b
e
h
a
v
io
u
r
o
f
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
it
s
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
se
c
u
rit
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
M
A
NET
-
a
re
v
ie
w
.
Au
stra
li
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ba
s
ic a
n
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
.
2
0
1
3
;
7
(
1
2
):
2
8
6
-
2
9
3
.
[4
7
]
S
c
h
n
e
ier
B.
A
p
p
li
e
d
c
ry
p
to
g
ra
p
h
y
:
p
ro
to
c
o
ls,
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s,
a
n
d
s
o
u
rc
e
c
o
d
e
in
C.
Un
it
e
d
Ki
n
g
d
o
m
:
Jo
h
n
w
il
e
y
&
so
n
s; 2
0
1
5
.
[4
8
]
G
a
wa
n
d
e
P
D
,
S
u
ry
a
v
a
n
sh
i
Y.
C
ry
p
to
g
ra
p
h
y
b
a
se
d
se
c
u
re
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
o
n
d
e
ma
n
d
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
l
i
n
M
ANE
T
'
s
.
2
0
1
5
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s an
d
S
ig
n
a
l
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
(ICCS
P
).
IEE
E.
2
0
1
5
A
p
r
2
:
1
4
7
8
-
1
4
8
1
).
[4
9
]
Bu
tt
y
á
n
L
,
Hu
b
a
u
x
JP
.
En
f
o
rc
in
g
se
rv
ice
a
v
a
il
a
b
il
it
y
in
mo
b
il
e
a
d
-
h
o
c
W
ANs
.
M
o
b
iHOC,
F
irst
An
n
u
a
l
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
a
n
d
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
2
0
0
0
.
IEE
E.
2
0
0
0
:
8
7
-
9
6
.
[5
0
]
Ba
rsk
a
r
R.
A
Ba
sic
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
.
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
o
n
De
v
ice
s
M
EM
S
,
In
telli
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s &
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
(IS
DMIS
C).
2
0
1
1
;
1
-
4.
[5
1
]
Ro
d
rig
u
e
z
-
M
a
y
o
l
A
,
G
o
z
a
lv
e
z
J.
Re
p
u
tatio
n
b
a
se
d
s
e
lf
ish
n
e
ss
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
-
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s.
T
e
lec
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
.
2
0
1
4
Oc
t
1
;
5
7
(2
):
1
8
1
-
1
9
5
.
[5
2
]
Rizv
i
S
S
,
Ed
la
V
,
P
o
u
d
y
a
l
S
,
Ne
p
a
l
R.
Red
u
c
i
n
g
M
a
l
icio
u
s
Beh
a
v
io
r
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
No
d
e
s
in
Ad
H
o
c
Ne
two
rk
s
.
No
v
e
l
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
d
u
strial
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
.
D
o
rd
r
e
c
h
t:
S
p
r
in
g
e
r;
2
0
0
8
:
5
2
6
-
5
3
1
.
[5
3
]
Krish
n
a
p
p
a
P
K,
Ba
b
u
B
P
.
In
v
e
stig
a
ti
n
g
o
p
e
n
issu
e
s
in
s
w
a
r
m
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
m
it
ig
a
ti
n
g
s
e
c
u
rit
y
th
re
a
ts
in
M
A
NE
T
.
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
2
0
1
5
Oc
t
1
;
5
(5
):
1
1
9
4
-
1
2
0
1
.
[5
4
]
Ilav
e
n
d
h
a
n
A
,
S
a
ru
lad
h
a
K.
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
o
f
g
a
m
e
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
to
m
it
ig
a
te
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
la
y
e
r
a
tt
a
c
k
s
in
V
A
NET
s.
ICT
Exp
re
ss
.
2
0
1
8
Ja
n
6
;
4
(
1
):
4
6
-
5
0
.
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